Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepy (Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepy is also called set of rules for literary pronunciation. Orthoepy determines the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is very important. Orthoepic errors always interfere with perceiving the content of speech; the attention of the listener is distracted by various irregularities of pronunciation and the statement in its entirety and with sufficient attention is not perceived. Pronunciation, corresponding to orthoepic norms, facilitates and speeds up the process of communication. So the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially at present in our society, where oral speech has become the means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and congresses.

Consider basic rules of literary pronunciation, which must be adhered to.

Ò Pronunciation of vowels. In Russian speech, among vowels, only stressed ones are pronounced clearly. AT in an unstressed position, they lose their clarity and clarity of sound, they are pronounced with weakened articulation. It's called law reduction. The reduction can be quantitative(when the sound only changes the length of the sound) and quality(when the sound changes its quality).

Vowels a and about at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]: ravine - [a] enemy, autonomy - [a] vt [a] nomia, milk - m [a] l [a] ko.

Letters e and I in the pre-stressed syllable denote a sound, the middle between [e] and [and]: nickel - n [and] so, pen - n [and] ro.

Vowel [and] after a solid consonant, preposition, or when the word is fused with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: medical institute - medical [s] institute, from a spark - from [s] hide.

Special mention should be made of words with E and Y. Errors in their use are due to the fact that these letters are usually not delimited in writing. Therefore, in oral speech, their mixing often occurs, that is, on the spot Yo pronounced E and vice versa. Yes, you should say op E ka, af E ra, os E length, cave E ra but man Yo vry, sv Yo cla. In some words, variant pronunciation is allowed: bl Yo cool - bl E cool, w Yo lie - w E lie, slander O channy - gilded Yo white, white Yo siy - white E syy.

Ò Pronunciation of consonants. Basic Laws pronunciation of consonants - stunning and assimilation.

In Russian speech, voiced consonants are obligatory stunned at the end of a word. We pronounce bread [p] - bread, sa [t] - garden, lyubo [f '] - love etc. O muting is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. It should be noted that the consonant [g] at the end of the word always turns into a deaf sound paired with it [k]: le [k] - lay down, poro [k] - threshold etc. The pronunciation in this case of the sound [x] is unacceptable as a dialect. The exception is the word god - bo[x]. [G] is pronounced like [X] and in combination gk and hh : le[x'k'] y - light, le[x "h"] e - easier.

Attention should be paid to the combination ch, since mistakes are often made in its pronunciation. There is fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with this combination, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation.

According to the norms of the modern Russian literary language, the combination ch that's how it's usually pronounced [h], This is especially true for words of book origin. (greedy, careless) as well as words that appeared in the recent past (camouflage, landing). Pronunciation [sn] instead of spelling ch in currently required in female patronymics on -ichna: Ilyini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Fomini[shn]a, and also stored in separate words: end [shn] o, transfer [shn] itz, empty [shn] th, square [shn] ik, eggs [shn] ica, dull [shn] yy, two [shn] ik, bitter [shn] ik, naro [ shn] o, very [shn] ik, highlight [shn] ik.

Some words with a combination ch in accordance with the norm are pronounced twice : order [shn] o and order [h] o, upper [n] th and upper [shn] th, bulo [hn] th and bulo [shn] th, laundry [n] th and laundry [shn] th. In some cases, a different pronunciation of the combination ch serves for semantic differentiation of words: heart [ch] th blow - heart [shn] th friend.

Ò Pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey modern orthoepic norms and only in some cases differ in features in pronunciation. For example, the pronunciation of a sound is sometimes saved [about] in unstressed syllables (m [o] del, [o] asis, [o] tel), those. in these words there is no reduction of vowels, and hard consonants before the front vowel [e] (s [te) nd, co [de] ks, cash [ne]). In some words, both hard and soft pronunciation of consonants before [e](dean and (de)kan). In most borrowed words before [e] consonants soften: ka[t’]et, pa[t’]efon, faculty[t’]et, mu[z’]her, [r’]ector, pio[n’]er. Always in front [e] back-lingual consonants are softened: pa [k '] no, [k '] egli, s [x '] ema, ba [g '] no.

Pay attention to the table, which describes spelling errors, the list of which could not be explained in the previous material.

SPELLING ERRORS

NATURE OF ERRORS	EXAMPLES
1. Assimilation (similarity of sounds)	labo R atoria ( NOT weak l atory); bran chipboard oit (NOT branSatoit); to R idor (NOT tolidor); bi d is he( NOT bitis he); car t is he( NOT cardis he).
2. Epentheza (unjustified insertion of sounds)	Besprets units entny (NOT unlimited e nd entny; voe on the chief( NOT newnoChief);leatherette (NOT dermisntin); porcupine (NOT wild about braz); comp no entny (NOT computernawning); compromising no( NOT compromisentitrate); competitive then able (NOT competitorncapable); const at irate (NOT constantirate); years os numbering (NOT summerandreckoning); ne rs perspective (NEPEReperspective); ne rt urbanization( NOT laneeturbation); P os slip ( NOT bydslip); light projector eu pressure ( NOT lightdsetting); chr extraordinary (NOT heextraordinary, I'm with your( Not meinstva). Should be remembered: horseyunkwho- "the situation that has been created in any area, the situation"; horseektour- "restoration of a corrupted text based on a guess."
3. Diareza (erroneous elimination of sounds)	Should be spoken wandered about ka(R.p., singular), and NOT keychain; Azerbaijan th jan, but NOT Azerbaijan; time pre holding, not pastime.
4. Metathesis (changing sounds), simplification	Skr ugly (NOT sk ur bullety); injury (NETRA mv a); du hose( NOT d RU hose).

Description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on the culture of speech, in special linguistic studies, for example, in R. I. Avanesov’s book “Russian Literary Pronunciation”. Orthoepic dictionaries fix words that cause difficulties in terms of pronunciation and the formation of grammatical forms.

Words are arranged in dictionaries in alphabetical order and are stressed. Selective transcription is used to display the correct pronunciation of words in dictionaries.

Orthoepic dictionaries include the most important phenomena of accentology necessary for the formation of literate speech. So, in orthoepic dictionaries, pairs of words are given, one of which is the norm, and the second is not for some reason. For example, in pairs S burs - choice BUT , contract Yo nnost - dogov O rennost, assoc. E nt - d O cent the second form is recognized as incorrect (its use is a common speech error).

References

1. L.A. Vvedenskaya and others. Russian language and culture of speech: examination answers. Series "Passing the exam"./ L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashaev. - Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2003 - 288 p. (pp. 31 – 33; 61 – 62)

2. Russian language and culture of speech: Course of lectures / G.K. Trofimova - M.: Flinta: Science, 2004 - 160s. (pp. 59 – 61)

QUESTIONS and TASKS

What is a literary norm?

What is the dynamic nature of the norm?

What are the sources of norm change in the language?

How do language variants and norms relate to each other?

What is the difference between imperative norms and dispositive norms?

What are the causes of speech errors?

What are the characteristics of Russian stress?

What functions are inherent in Russian stress?

What norms are called orthoepic?

What are the orthoepic norms for the literary pronunciation of vowels?

What are the orthoepic norms for the literary pronunciation of consonants?

What are the reasons for the soft and hard pronunciation of consonants before the vowel E?

What are the reasons for the different pronunciation of the combination CHN in modern Russian?

Assignments for independent work.

Exercise 1. Present the main provisions of the lecture course in the form of a table or diagram.

Task 2. Make a dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation of individual words related to your future profession.

Task 3. Observe the speech of the people around you. What accentological and orthoepic errors are most common?

Task 4. Write a reasoning on the topic: "Why do we need language norms?"

Introduction

1. Orthoepy as a science

2. Development of Russian orthoepy

3. Diversity of stress (accentological aspect)

4. Accent options

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of this topic lies in the development and formation of modern trends in the Russian language and linguistics. Modern technologies allow studying this topic using new approaches.

The historical development of orthoepy, as one of the areas of linguistics, allows you to search for an answer to long-existing expressions (their correctness and incorrect pronunciation).

The invasion of enemies in Russia was the cause of drastic changes in the pronunciation and spelling of words and phrases. Much during the historical period of development was erased by time and irrelevant, the reforms of the Russian made it possible to most actualize the Russian language and unify its composition.

The modern Russian language, which has a long historical basis, should reflect both the words from European languages ​​and the historical basis.

The purpose of this work is to trace the development of orthoepy and accentology; and also to determine what problems are studied by these disciplines.

1. Orthoepy as a science

Each literary language exists in two forms - oral and written - and is characterized by the presence of mandatory norms - lexical, grammatical and stylistic. At the same time, the written form of the language is also subject to spelling and punctuation norms (i.e., spelling rules), and the oral form is subject to pronunciation, or orthoepic, norms.

The word orthoepy is of Greek origin: orthos - correct, epos - speech. It denotes both the set of pronunciation rules and the science that studies these rules. Orthoepy is the doctrine of the norms of oral speech: the rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, the patterns of stress.

Good literary pronunciation is one of the important indicators of the general cultural level of a modern person. “The correct pronunciation of a word is as important as the correct spelling. It is known that incorrect pronunciation distracts the listener's attention from the content of the statement, thereby making it difficult to exchange information ... The role of correct pronunciation has especially increased in our time, when oral public speech at meetings and conferences, on radio and television has become a means of communication between thousands and millions of people ".

It is especially important to spread the correct Russian literary pronunciation, since the Russian language is not only the language of the Russian people, but also a means of interethnic communication of all peoples, Russia and one of the international languages ​​of our time.

This is facilitated by special reference and teaching aids, scientific and popular science publications, regular radio and television programs. However, the school teacher has been and remains the central figure in the dissemination of orthoepic skills. Therefore, a student of a pedagogical university himself must master the norms of orthoepy, clearly imagine the direction in which the language norm develops in the field of stress and pronunciation, and be able to distinguish variants of the norm from non-normative, incorrect pronunciation.

2. Development of Russian orthoepy

Russian literary pronunciation developed gradually, mainly on the basis of Moscow pronunciation norms. In the XIV century. Moscow became the center of the Russian state, so the pronunciation and many other norms of the emerging Russian literary language were formed on the basis of the Moscow dialect. The Moscow orthoepic norm finally took shape by the end of the 19th century. This was the pronunciation of the native Moscow intelligentsia.

By the second half of the XIX century. Petersburg pronunciation was also formed. If the Moscow pronunciation was based on the characteristic features of the living folk language and supported by the theatrical tradition (the Maly Theater was the greatest authority in the field of Moscow pronunciation), then the St. Petersburg pronunciation was characterized by the preservation of spelling features in oral speech, bookishness, "literalism". In addition, some features of the Northern Great Russian dialects, including the so-called ekanye, affected the St. Petersburg pronunciation. Petersburg pronunciation was not recognized by the theater, did not become a literary norm, but some of its features subsequently had a noticeable impact on the development of Russian literary pronunciation.

Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, there was also a noticeable influence on the oral literary speech of the pronunciation skills of such large cultural centers as Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod. Therefore, there were pronunciation options, local differences in pronunciation, which prevented the unification of orthoepic norms.

After October, the change in the social composition of the Russian intelligentsia caused a temporary loosening of the culture of oral literary speech. However, as the masses of speakers mastered the literary language, as their general culture increased, they gradually assimilated the pronunciation norms of the literary language. At present, orthoepic norms have become more uniform, more unified than in the pre-October era. The number of pronunciation options has been reduced. All kinds of pronunciation "idioms" have disappeared or are gradually disappearing, that is, a special pronunciation of individual words or their forms that do not correspond to the general orthoepic norms of the language. The most significant differences between Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad) pronunciation have been erased. This happened due to the loss of many specific features of the pre-revolutionary Moscow pronunciation.

The result was a convergence of Moscow and Leningrad pronunciation. When people talk about the “Moscow norm” today, they mean the old, pre-October Moscow pronunciation. It was preserved in Moscow in the speech of the older generation of Muscovites as early as the 1920s and 1930s. XX century, but in the post-war period it was subjected to enhanced processing. Now even the actors of Moscow theaters, radio and television announcers noticeably deviate from specifically Moscow norms.

Some minor discrepancies in the pronunciation of Muscovites and Leningraders still remain, but they are not regular and do not determine the nature of the pronunciation in general: in Moscow, hiccups are more pronounced, in Leningrad, sometimes there is still ekanye, cf .: [r "and e] ka and [r 'e] ka, [n'i e] middle and [n'e] middle; in Moscow, assimilative softening of consonants is more often observed: [z"d"e]s, [s"n"a]t; stronger is the reduction of non-high vowels: [gъl ^ va], [hort].

In the speech of the inhabitants of the Volga region and the North, the ringing pronunciation may still be preserved.

However, these deviations from the literary norm are irregular and do not affect modern orthoepy as a whole.

Thus, the main pattern in the development of pre-modern Russian orthoepy is the elimination of local peculiarities of pronunciation, the establishment of uniform orthoepic norms for all native speakers of the Russian literary language.

The unification of literary pronunciation occurs largely under the influence of writing: pronunciation in many cases approaches writing. This is due to the strengthening of the social role of written speech in the conditions of universal literacy achieved in the Soviet Union. We learn many linguistic facts not from the oral speech of others, but from books and newspapers. The loss of the specific features of the old Moscow pronunciation is primarily due to the influence of the graphic appearance of the word. This is the pronunciation of [l] after hissing (sh] and [g] in the first pre-stressed syllable (heat, naughty, steps); the pronunciation of soft back-lingual before [and] in adjectives and verbs (quiet, flexible, strict; tap, scare, wave) ; distinction in the pronunciation of the endings of the 3rd person plural of verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations (they will say, take out, lay, cackle, but hear, walk, praise, love); pronunciation of a solid long [zh:] in the roots of words ( reins, yeast, squeal); the pronunciation of the soft [s"] in the postfix -sya (-s) (decided, took, bathed).

3. Diversity of retention

(accentological aspect)

The diversity and mobility of the Russian stress create significant difficulties in its assimilation. However, these features of Russian stress make it possible to distinguish different words (homographs) coinciding in spelling with it: sharpness (blades) and sharpness (witty expression), ear (petting ear for the word) and ear (hole), atlas (geographical) and atlas ( silk fabric), sharp (sharpen) and sharp (witty), bald (cut) and bald (keep the checkers naked), wrinkle (forehead) and wrinkle (about clothes): the dress wrinkles in the "shoulders; chaos (in mythology) and chaos (disorder), pickaxe (Protestant church) and pickaxe (tool); knocks down (lumberjack knocks down a pine tree) and knocks down (people are knocking down the street, bringing down smoke, snow); flour (suffering) and flour (grains ground into powder); cowards ( afraid) and cowards (running, jogging), immersed (on the platform) and immersed (in water), etc.

With the help of the place of stress, grammatical forms of words (homoforms) that coincide in spelling are also distinguished: blood test (R. p.) - in the blood (P. p.); will not give hands (R. p.) - clean hands (I. p. pl.); crop (perfect view) - crop (imperfect view); load (indicative) - load (imperative); little coat (short form of adjective) - slept little (adverb); around (Tv. p. noun circle) - around (adverb or preposition) - silently (adverb) - silently (gerund participle); stand at ease (adverb, circumstance) - he was free to leave (category of state, predicate); it is tricky to say (adverb, circumstance) - it is tricky to figure it out (category of state, part of the predicate to figure it out).

Being an important distinctive means, the Russian variegated and mobile stress eliminates the monotony of speech and contributes to its rhythmic organization. In particular, due to the diversity of stress, Russian poetic speech is distinguished by an exceptional richness of rhythms, a variety of musical construction of the verse.

Dialects

Dialects are variations in the system of one language. They are not characterized by global differences in phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar and other aspects of the language, but private ones. Naturally, only one version of a language cannot normally exist and develop. Dialects arise because people living in different territories, but speaking the same language, are exposed to different linguistic influences from neighbors, immigrants, etc. What orthoepy and dialects are is easier to understand with examples: remember the softened "r" that is often pronounced in the Kuban - the influence of Ukrainian, or the "letter by letter" pronunciation of St. Petersburg is a consequence of too many literate people.

Literary Russian speech

In Russia, as elsewhere, there is a great variety of dialects. They are even classified into species and subspecies! The most famous are probably Vologda and Kuban. Literary speech is considered to be the pronunciation common in St. Petersburg and Moscow.

Basic rules of orthoepy of the Russian language

a) stun. in Russian sometimes they become noisy (that is, completely deaf) before, in fact, noisy and at the end of a word. Examples: in the word mushroom we pronounce "p", although we write "b" (end of the word);

b) before sonants, voiced and vowels, as well as at the beginning of a word, sounds are sometimes voiced ("s" in the word request).

We will consider the pronunciation separately, since it is it that differs most in different dialects:

a) akanye is the transformation of "o" into "a" in an unstressed position. The opposite phenomenon - okanye - is common in Vologda and other northern dialects (for example, we say "malAko" instead of "milk");

b) hiccup - "e" turns into "and" in an unstressed position (we say vilikan, not giant).

c) reduction - that is, the reduction of vowels in over- or pre-stressed positions, that is, their faster and more crumpled pronunciation. There is no clear difference, as with a stun or a hiccup. One can only observe on our own that we pronounce some vowels longer than others (marmalade: the last "a", if you listen carefully, is pronounced much longer than the first).

What is orthoepy for different languages ​​of the world?

In Russian, morphological spelling is common - that is, the uniformity of the morpheme throughout the entire process of word formation (exceptions are alternations in roots and the spelling "ы" after prefixes to a consonant). In Belarusian, for example, the system is phonetic: as we speak, so we write. Therefore, for Belarusian schoolchildren to understand what orthoepy is, it is much easier and much more important. Or, for example, in some languages ​​​​of the world (Finnish, Turkish) words are very, very long - it is impossible to pronounce many different vowels in one word. Consequently, the vowels all adjust to one - shock. Over time, this principle passed into writing.

Correct speech

It is even more difficult to master and constantly use than to write correctly, but, nevertheless, this skill is one of the most important for an intelligent person.

Competent oral speech is the key to successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, it is necessary to know and observe the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.

What is orthoepy?

The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech - that's what orthoepy is.

Graphic abbreviations

Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, volume or distance designations, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. All these truncated words when reading must be deciphered, that is, you need to pronounce the word in full.

The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may be appropriate only in certain circumstances.

Names and patronymics

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.

The use of the full name and patronymic of a person is necessary under different circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Especially often such appeals are used in a working environment and official documents. Such an appeal to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with older and older people.

Most of the Russian-speaking names and patronymics have several pronunciations, which may vary, among other things, from the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is desirable to pronounce the name and patronymic of the interlocutor clearly, as close as possible to writing.

However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for a method of use that has historically developed in oral speech.

• Patronymics ending in "-evna", "-ievich". In female versions, it is necessary to observe the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. In men's - let's say a short version: Anatolyevich / Anatolievich.
• On "-aevich" / "-aevna", "-eevich" / "-eevna". For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Alekseevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
• On "-ovich" and "-ovna". In the male version, the contraction of the form is permissible: Alexandrovich / Alexandrich. In women's - necessarily full pronunciation.
• In female patronymics formed from names ending in "n", "m", "v", [s] is not pronounced. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.

How to pronounce borrowed words

The orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules for the pronunciation of foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter "o" in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same as if it were in a strong position: oasis, model.

Also, in some foreign words, the consonants before the softening vowel "e" remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with a variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce "e" both firmly and softly: therapy, terror, dean.

In addition, for borrowed words, the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to refer to the orthoepic dictionary.

Accentological norm

Now let's take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. To begin with, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name of the rules for placing stress in a word.

In Russian, the stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of language play, but also provides great opportunities for violating the accepted norm.

Let's consider the function that unfixed stress performs. So it is:

• makes it possible for the stylistic coloring of words (silver - silver) and the emergence of professionalisms (compass - compAs);
• provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (meli - meli, Atlas - atlas);
• allows you to change the morphological features of the word (pines - pines).

Also, the placement of stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word "girl" will refer to the literary, and "girl" - to the neutral.

There is also a class of such words, the variability of stress in which does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a single norm and equal existence of the dialect and the literary language.

Also, the stress in some words may just be an obsolete form. For example, music - music, employee - employee. In fact, you are only changing the accent, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.

Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since the existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of the literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a line of poetry sound more even.

However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Stress and its correct formulation is too extensive and complex a topic, so it is usually taken out in a special section and studied separately. Those who wish to get acquainted with the topic in more detail and exclude violations of the norm of setting stresses from their speech are advised to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.

Conclusion

It would seem that it can be difficult to speak your native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated daily.

VI. NORMS OF MODERN RUSSIAN SPEECH

Word orthoepy- international: it exists in many languages ​​​​and means the same thing - a system of pronunciation rules. Translated from Greek orthos- "straight, correct", a epos- "speech"; "orthoepy" literally means "correct speech".

As you know, the main distinguishing quality of the literary language is its normativity. Each sphere of the literary language has its own system of norms, which is obligatory for all its speakers (for example, lexical, morphological norms). If the system of spelling norms provides a single spelling, then orthoepic (pronunciation) norms are designed to unify pronunciation.

The orthoepic norm is the only possible or preferred version of the correct, exemplary pronunciation and the correct placement of stress. Compliance with orthoepic norms is a necessary sign of cultural, literate speech.

There are many norms that represent the only pronunciation possibility in the language. Most of the phenomena of the sound structure of the language are realized at the level of the norm in a uniform way. So, for example, in place of the spelling about a vowel close to [a] is always pronounced: in hell a" (water"), [a]kno"(window"), and in place of spelling a, i, e- a vowel close to [and]: [h "and] sy"(clock"), [p "and] ti"(five") [in "and] dy"(I lead"). Be sure to deafen voiced paired consonants at the end of the word in pronunciation: go "ro [t](city), du[n](oak); pronoun what pronounced like [what].

However, many orthoepic norms are embodied simultaneously in several versions: boo "lo [shn] th and bakery(bakery); vi [w "w"] a "t and vi [lj] a "t(squeal "th); to [w "w"] and up to [pcs"](rain); [se"] ssia and [with "e"] ssiya, creative "g and your "horn, oh" gave and return"l etc.

How do pronunciations come about?

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian language developed in the first half of the 18th century, but initially as the norms of the Moscow dialect, which only gradually began to acquire the character of national norms.

Russian literary pronunciation was fixed, acquired the character of a national norm in the first half of the 19th century. But already in the second half of the 19th century, the Moscow norm had a competitor - the St. Petersburg pronunciation, which gradually strengthened its claims to the role of a general literary model. Petersburg pronunciation did not become an orthoepic norm, it was not recognized by the stage, it was the Moscow norm that the artists of the St. Petersburg imperial theaters followed. Some features of the St. Petersburg pronunciation subsequently had a significant impact on the development of the system of Russian literary pronunciation.

However, the Moscow pronunciation, while retaining its main features (for example, akanye), in many cases lost its former role as a pronunciation canon.

Indeed, many features of the "exemplary" Moscow pronunciation are now practically lost in the literary language. For example, according to the old Moscow orthoepic norm, most verbs of the II conjugation in the 3rd person plural. numbers were pronounced with the ending -ut, -ut(i.e., in the same way as the verbs of the I conjugation): words "[shu] t, ho" [d "u] t, hwa" [l "u] t. The change in pronunciation went here along the path of convergence with spelling. Now they say: words "[w] t, ho" [d "b] t, hwa" [l "b] t, i.e. closer to writing -am, -yat.

According to the old Moscow norm after consonants k, g, x in adjectives “lonely”, “strict”, “quiet” and verbs like “tap”, “scare”, “swing”, a sound is pronounced that is close in pronunciation to a very short [a] (in transcription it is usually transmitted as [b]). They said: alone "[k] d, stro" [g] d, ty" [x] d; post "[k] wat, release" [g] -wat, spread "[x] wat. In the poetry of the last century, this feature of pronunciation was widely used in exact rhymes. These endings were often written through about. Therefore, in M. Yu. Lermontov's poem "Sail" one should read:

White sail lonely

In the fog of the blue sea! ..

What is he looking for in a distant country? ..

What did he throw in his native land? ..

Now, such adjectives and verbs have orthographic pronunciation: alone "[k" and] d, stro" [g" and] d, ti "[x" and] d; post [to "and] wat, release "[g" and] wat, smear [x" and] wat.

The competition between hard (Old Moscow) and soft (Old Petersburg) pronunciation of reflexive particles (in the personal forms of the verb and in the past tense forms) is now practically fixed by the victory of the soft variant. The soft pronunciation of return particles has become generally accepted: battle "[s"], gathered "l [s" a], but not battle "[s], gathered" l [sa], as was typical of the old Moscow norm.

Thus, the former opposition of the Moscow pronunciation to the St. Petersburg one has lost its former meaning, and it can be argued that a single pronunciation norm has been formed in the modern Russian language.