To date, there are various versions of the origin of man on Earth. These are scientific theories, and alternative, and apocalyptic. Many people consider themselves descendants of angels or divine forces, contrary to the convincing evidence of scientists and archaeologists. Authoritative historians deny this theory as mythology, preferring other versions.

General concepts

Since ancient times, man has been the subject of study of the sciences of the spirit and nature. Between sociology and natural science, there is still a dialogue about the problem of being and an exchange of information. At the moment, scientists have given a person a specific definition. This is a biosocial creature that combines intellect and instincts. It should be noted that not one person in the world is such a creature. A similar definition can be hardly attributed to some representatives of the fauna on Earth. Modern science clearly divides biology and leading research institutes around the world are searching for the boundary between these components. This area of ​​science is called sociobiology. It looks deep into the essence of a person, revealing his natural and humanitarian features and preferences.

A holistic view of society is impossible without drawing on the data of its social philosophy. Today, man is a being that has an interdisciplinary character. However, many people around the world are concerned about another issue - its origin. Scientists and religious scholars of the planet have been trying to answer it for thousands of years.

The origin of man: an introduction

The question of the appearance of intelligent life beyond the Earth attracts the attention of leading scientists of various specialties. Some people agree that the origins of man and society are not worthy of study. Basically, those who sincerely believe in supernatural powers think so. Based on this opinion about the origin of man, the individual was created by God. This version has been refuted by scientists for decades. Regardless of which category of citizens each person belongs to, in any case, this issue will always excite and intrigue. Recently, modern philosophers have begun to ask themselves and those around them: "Why were people created, and what is their purpose of being on Earth?" The answer to the second question will never be found. As for the appearance of an intelligent creature on the planet, it is quite possible to study this process. Today, the main theories of the origin of man are trying to answer this question, but none of them can provide a 100% guarantee of the correctness of their judgments. Currently, archaeologists and astrologers around the world are exploring all sorts of sources for the origin of life on the planet, be they chemical, biological or morphological. Unfortunately, at the moment, mankind has not even been able to determine in which century BC the first people appeared.

Darwin's theory

Currently, there are various versions of the origin of man. However, the theory of a British scientist named Charles Darwin is considered the most likely and closest to the truth. It was he who made an invaluable contribution to his theory based on the definition of natural selection, which plays the role of the driving force of evolution. This is a natural-scientific version of the origin of man and all life on the planet.

The foundation of Darwin's theory was formed by his observations of nature while traveling around the world. The development of the project began in 1837 and lasted more than 20 years. At the end of the 19th century, another natural scientist, A. Wallace, supported the Englishman. Soon after his report in London, he admitted that it was Charles who inspired him. So there was a whole direction - Darwinism. The followers of this movement agree that all types of representatives of fauna and flora on Earth are variable and come from other pre-existing species. Thus, the theory is based on the impermanence of all living things in nature. The reason for this is natural selection. Only the strongest forms survive on the planet, which are able to adapt to the current environmental conditions. Man is just such a being. Thanks to evolution and the desire to survive, people began to develop their skills and knowledge.

Intervention theory

At the heart of this version of the origin of man is the activity of extraneous civilizations. It is believed that humans are the descendants of alien creatures that landed on Earth millions of years ago. Such a history of the origin of man has several outcomes at once. According to some, people appeared as a result of crossing aliens with progenitors. Others believe that genetic engineering of higher forms of mind, which brought Homo sapiens out of the flask and their own DNA, is to blame. Someone is sure that people originated as a result of an error in experiments on animals.

On the other hand, the version of alien interference in the evolutionary development of Homo sapiens is very interesting and probable. It is no secret that archaeologists still find numerous drawings, records and other evidence in various parts of the world that some supernatural forces helped ancient people. This also applies to the Maya Indians, who were allegedly enlightened by extraterrestrial creatures with wings on strange celestial chariots. There is also a theory that the entire life of mankind from origin to the peak of evolution proceeds according to a long-written program laid down by an alien mind. There are also alternative versions about the resettlement of earthlings from the planets of such systems and constellations as Sirius, Scorpio, Libra, etc.

evolutionary theory

The followers of this version believe that the appearance of man on Earth is associated with the modification of primates. This theory is by far the most widespread and discussed. Based on it, people are descended from certain types of monkeys. Evolution began in ancient times under the influence of natural selection and other external factors. The theory of evolution does have a number of interesting pieces of evidence and evidence, both archaeological, paleontological, genetic, and psychological. On the other hand, each of these statements can be interpreted in different ways. The ambiguity of the facts is what does not make this version 100% correct.

Theory of creation

This branch is called "creationism". His followers deny all major theories of the origin of man. It is believed that people were created by God, who is the highest link in the world. Man was created in his likeness from non-biological material.

The biblical version of the theory says that the first people were Adam and Eve. God created them from clay. In Egypt and many other countries, religion goes far into ancient myths. The vast majority of skeptics consider this theory impossible, estimating its probability in billionths of a percent. The version of the creation of all living things by God does not require proof, it simply exists and has the right to do so. It can be supported by similar examples from the legends and myths of the peoples of different parts of the Earth. These parallels cannot be ignored.

Theory of space anomalies

This is one of the most controversial and fantastic versions of anthropogenesis. Followers of the theory consider the appearance of man on Earth an accident. In their opinion, people have become the fruit of an anomaly of parallel spaces. The forefathers of earthlings were representatives of the civilization of humanoids, which are a mixture of Matter, Aura and Energy. The theory of anomalies assumes that in the Universe there are millions of planets with similar biospheres, which were created by a single informational substance. Under favorable conditions, this leads to the emergence of life, that is, the humanoid mind. Otherwise, this theory is in many ways similar to the evolutionary one, with the exception of the statement about a certain program for the development of mankind.

Aquatic theory

This version of the origin of man on Earth is almost 100 years old. In the 1920s, the aquatic theory was first proposed by a famous marine biologist named Alistair Hardy, who was later supported by another authoritative scientist, the German Max Westenhoffer.

The version is based on the dominant factor that forced the anthropoid primates to reach a new stage of development. This is what forced the monkeys to exchange the aquatic lifestyle for land. So the hypothesis explains the absence of thick hair on the body. Thus, at the first stage of evolution, man moved from the stage of hydropithecus, which appeared more than 12 million years ago, to homo erectus, and then sapiens. Today, this version is practically not considered in science.

Alternative theories

One of the most fabulous versions of the origin of man on the planet is that the descendants of people were some bats. In some religions they are called angels. It is these creatures from time immemorial inhabited the entire Earth. Their appearance was similar to a harpy (a mixture of a bird and a person). The existence of such creatures is supported by numerous rock paintings. There is another theory according to which people in the early stages of development were real giants. According to some legends, such a giant was a half-man-half-god, since one of their parents was an angel. Over time, higher powers stopped descending to Earth, and the giants disappeared.

ancient myths

There are a huge number of legends and tales about the origin of man. In ancient Greece, they believed that the progenitors of people were Deucalion and Pyrrha, who, by the will of the gods, survived the flood and created a new race from stone statues. The ancient Chinese believed that the first man was formless and came out of a clay clod.

The creator of people is the goddess Nuwa. She was human and dragon rolled into one. According to Turkish legend, people came out of the Black Mountain. In her cave there was a hole that resembled the shape of a human body. Jets of rain washed the clay into it. When the form was filled and warmed by the sun, the first man emerged from it. His name is Ai-Atam. Myths about the origin of man of the Sioux Indians say that people were created by the Rabbit universe. The divine creature found a blood clot and began to play with it. Soon he began to roll on the ground and turned into intestines. Then a heart and other organs appeared on a blood clot. As a result, the rabbit dashed off a full-fledged boy - the ancestor of the Sioux. According to the ancient Mexicans, God created the human form from potter's clay. But due to the fact that he overexposed the workpiece in the oven, the man turned out to be burnt, that is, black. Subsequent attempts over and over again became better, and people came out whiter. Mongolian tradition is one to one similar to Turkish. Man emerged from a clay mold. The only difference is that the god himself dug the hole.

Stages of evolution

Despite the versions of the origin of man, all scientists agree that the stages of his development were identical. The first upright prototypes of people were Australopithecus, which communicated with each other with the help of hands and were no higher than 130 cm. The next stage of evolution produced Pithecanthropus. These creatures already knew how to use fire and adjust nature to their own needs (stones, skin, bones). Further, human evolution reached the paleoanthrope. At this time, the prototypes of people could already communicate with sounds, think collectively. Neoanthropes became the last stage of evolution before the appearance. Outwardly, they practically did not differ from modern people. They made tools, united in tribes, elected leaders, arranged voting, ceremonies.

Ancestral home of mankind

Despite the fact that scientists and historians around the world are still arguing about theories of the origin of people, they still managed to establish the exact place where the mind originated. This is the African continent. Many archaeologists believe that it is possible to narrow down the location to the northeastern part of the mainland, although there is an opinion that the southern half dominates this issue. On the other hand, there are people who are sure that humanity appeared in Asia (on the territory of India and adjacent countries). Conclusions that the first people settled Africa were made after numerous finds as a result of large-scale excavations. It is noted that at that time there were several types of prototypes of man (races).

The strangest archaeological finds

Among the most interesting artifacts that can affect the idea of ​​what the origin and development of man actually was, were the skulls of ancient people with horns. Archaeological research was carried out in the Gobi Desert by a Belgian expedition in the middle of the 20th century.

On the territory of the former, images of flying people and objects heading to Earth from outside the solar system were repeatedly found. Several ancient tribes have similar drawings. In 1927, as a result of excavations in the Caribbean Sea, a strange transparent skull, similar to a crystal, was found. Numerous studies have not revealed the technology and material of manufacture. Descendants claim that their ancestors worshiped this skull as if it were a supreme deity.

For a long time there were no empirical data on human ancestors. Darwin knew only driopithecus (found in 1856 in France) and wrote about them as the distant ancestors of man. In the 20th century, excavations revealed the remains of fossil monkeys that lived about 20 to 12 million years ago. These include proconsuls (discovered in East Africa), Oriopithecus (a skeleton was found in 1958 in Italy), Ramapithecus (30s of the 20th century in India), Sivapithecus, etc., which already show similarities with humans in many ways.

Australopithecus and his tools

Currently, most experts believe that the closest predecessor of man are Australopithecus - upright mammals. Their bone remains, which are 5 to 2.5 million years old, were first discovered in 1924 in South Africa. To date, bone remains of about 400 Australopithecus individuals have been discovered.

Australopithecus was the link between the animal kingdom and the first people.

In modern anthropology, the most common point of view is that "the evolution of the human line took no more than 10 million years, and the monkey ancestor of hominids had similarities with chimpanzees, was essentially "chimpanzee-like" ... As a "model ancestor" of human and chimpanzoid line, some anthropologists consider the pygmy chimpanzee - bonobo - ... from the jungles of Equatorial Africa" ​​(Khrisanova E.N., Perevozchikov I.V. Anthropology, M.: 1991, pp. 37-38).

In 1891, the Dutch explorer Eugene Dubois on the island of Java for the first time found fossils of the most ancient man - the first Pithecanthropus, or Homo erectus. Already in our century, several more pithecanthropes were found in Java, in China - synanthropes close to them, etc. All of them are different geographical variants of Homo erectus, which existed approximately 0.5-2 million years ago. Along with obtaining plant food from pithecanthropes, hunting played an important role. They knew how to use fire, kept it from generation to generation.

In the 60-70s of our century, the remains of the most ancient people and the most primitive pebble tools were discovered in Africa. This ancient ancestor of man was called a skilled man.

Homo habilis, judging by the remains found, dating back 2.6-3.5 million years ago, existed for more than half a million years, slowly evolved until it acquired a significant resemblance to an upright man.

Cro-Magnon man, his tools and dwelling

The most ancient people - Pithecanthropes - were replaced by ancient people, who are called Neanderthals (after the place of the first find in the valley of the Neander River, Germany). Their skeletal remains have been discovered in Europe, Asia and Africa. Time of existence - 200-35 thousand years ago. They could not only support, but also produce fire. There was a development of speech. With the help of manufactured tools, ancient people hunted animals, skinned them, butchered carcasses, and built dwellings. Burials are found among Neanderthals for the first time.

In the grotto of Cro-Magnon in France, several fossil people of the modern type were discovered at once. According to the place of discovery they are called Cro-Magnons. Their earliest bone remains date back to 40 thousand years. The variety of types of stone and bone tools speaks of complex labor activity. Man already knew how to sew animal skins and make clothes and housing from them. Masterful drawings were found on the walls of the caves.

There are currently many theories of human origin on our planet. The question of the emergence of intelligent life on Earth has always attracted the attention of scientists from various fields. In this lecture, the main versions of the origin of man will be considered, although none of them has a 100% guarantee of its veracity. Archaeologists, together with astrologers from different countries, have explored the most diverse sources of the origin of life (morphological, biological, chemical). But all these efforts, unfortunately, did not help to find out in which century BC. the first people appeared.

Darwin's theory

The most probable and close to the truth version of the origin of man is the theory of Charles Darwin (a British scientist). It was this scientist who managed to make a huge contribution to biological science. Darwin's theory is based on the definition of natural selection. According to him, natural selection plays a big role in evolution. The foundation of Darwin's theory was created from numerous observations of nature, in the process of traveling around the world. The project began in 1837 and lasted for over 20 years. Another scientist A. Wallace supported Darwin at the end of the 19th century. At his report in London, he stated that it was Charles who inspired him, after which a direction appeared that had the name "Darwinism".

All followers of this movement argue that each representative of the flora and fauna is changeable and comes from pre-existing species. It turns out that Darwin's theory is based on the impermanence of living things in nature, and the reason for this process is natural selection. It turns out that only the strongest forms survive on the planet, capable of quickly adapting to the environment. Man is one of these beings. Evolution and the desire to survive contributed to the development of a variety of skills and abilities.

evolutionary theory

According to the followers of this theory, the appearance of people on Earth is associated with the modification of primates. In our time, evolutionary theory is one of the most discussed and widespread. Its essence lies in the fact that people are descendants of certain species of monkeys. As for evolution itself, it began from time immemorial under the influence of natural selection and other external factors. This version of the origin of man is confirmed by many testimonies and evidence (psychological, paleontological, archaeological). On the other hand, the ambiguity of many facts does not give the right to consider it 100% correct.

Rice. 1 - The evolutionary theory of the origin of man

Space anomalies

This theory is the most fantastic and controversial. Her followers are sure that man appeared on planet Earth by chance. Its essence lies in the fact that man is the fruit of parallel anomalous spaces. The forefathers of modern people were representatives of other civilizations, representing a combination of energy, aura and matter. The theory assumes that in the Universe there are a huge number of planets with the same biospheres as the Earth, which were created by the information substance. If the conditions for this were favorable, then they contributed to the emergence of life.

This offshoot is called "creationism". All his followers deny the main theories of the appearance of man. They are sure that it was God who created all people, who represents the highest link. At the same time, he created a person in his own image.

Rice. 2 - Theory of creation

If we consider biblical theory of the origin of man on earth, then the first people are Adam and Eve. For example, in countries like Egypt, religion goes deep into ancient myths. A large number of skeptics consider this version impossible. This version is not supported by any evidence, it just exists.

The basis of this version is the activity of extraneous civilizations. In other words, people are the descendants of alien creatures that arrived on our planet millions of years ago. There are several outcomes in this version of the origin of mankind. One of them is the crossing of progenitors with aliens. Other outcomes are to blame for the genetic engineering of a higher mind, which created a thinking person from its own DNA. The version about the intervention of aliens in the evolutionary development of people is considered very interesting. Archaeologists are still finding various evidence (records, drawings) that supernatural forces helped ancient people.

Rice. 3 - Intervention Theory

Stages of evolution

Whatever the history of human origins, most scientists agree on the identity of the stages of development. Australopithecus are considered the first prototypes of people. They communicated with each other with the help of their hands, and their height did not exceed 130 cm.

In the next stage of evolution, a Pithecanthropus appears, which has already learned to use fire and use the gifts of nature for its own needs (bones, skins, stones). The next stage of evolution is the paleoanthropist. Such prototypes of people already knew how to think collectively and communicate using sounds.

Before the appearance of a thinking person, neoanthropes are considered the last stage in evolution. Visually, they were very similar to modern people, they created tools, chose leaders, united in tribes, etc.

Ancestral home of people

While there are disputes about which theory of the origin of man is correct, it was possible to establish exactly where the mind originated. We are talking about the African continent. A large number of archaeologists believe that the location can be safely narrowed down to the northeastern part of the mainland. Although, there are scientists who suggest that humanity began its development from Asia, namely from India and other neighboring countries.

The fact that the first people lived precisely in Africa is confirmed by numerous finds in large-scale excavations. It can be noted that at that time there were several types of prototypes of man.

It is believed that the first people lived in Africa. This is indicated by the found fossils and the results of genetic studies. However, scientists from China have a different point of view. They revised the theory of evolution, creating their own version. understands whether their research deserves serious attention or is it another example of marginal science.

Homo everywhere

There are two main hypotheses of the origin of modern man. The first - multi-regional - was proposed in 1984. According to it, the immediate ancestor of man - the archanthrope, or Homo erectus - came from Africa and settled throughout Eurasia during the early and middle Pleistocene. Some of its populations gave rise to all modern sapiens races: Caucasoids, Negroids, Mongoloids and Australoids. In addition, supporters of the multiregional hypothesis believe that Neanderthals, erectus, Denisovans belong to the same species - people (Homo) - and are simply its separate forms. And the common ancestor of people lived about 2.3-2.8 million years ago.

The main argument in favor of this hypothesis is the fossils of sapiens, archanthropes (the same erectus) and other ancient people. The remains found throughout Eurasia, according to supporters of this theory, testify to the regional continuity of certain human traits. In other words, modern man arose several times.

But there is a significant problem - multiregionalism contradicts scientific ideas about evolution. Yes, in evolutionary theory there is the concept of parallelism, when different types of animals, independently of each other, have common features. For example, the streamlined body shape and fins of sharks and dolphins. This makes the animals similar, but not close relatives. Or eyes: in squids, mammals and insects, they are so anatomically different that one cannot even assume the existence of some common “ancestral” organ. However, things are different with people.

The multiregional hypothesis is relentlessly refuted by genetic data. Back in 1987, an analysis of human mitochondrial DNA (it is inherited only from mothers) of a person showed that we are all descendants of one woman who lived about 200 thousand years ago, the so-called Mitochondrial Eve (has nothing to do with her namesake from the Bible). Naturally, she lived among other people, but only her mitochondrial DNA was inherited by all living Homo sapiens, including Asians, Australians and Africans.

This discovery is incompatible with multiregionalism. Humans had one ancestor, not several scattered across the planet. Yes, and 200 thousand years - much less than two million years. This, of course, does not answer the question of when sapiens originated: Mitochondrial Eve was a sapiens herself, like her parents. However, new information speaks in favor of the second main hypothesis of the origin of man - African.

All were blacks

This hypothesis suggests that the first anatomically modern humans appeared in Africa. From here came different branches of sapiens, including pygmies and bushmen. According to Alexander Kozintsev, a researcher at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, it was on this continent that a kind of mini-version of multiregionalism could be realized. Apparently, many different African groups formed here, and some of them gave rise to sapiens. Moreover, representatives of different branches were in contact, which ultimately led to the formation of modern man as a single species.

Multiregionalism in its more global version is not capable of ensuring the genetic unity of all Homo sapiens. Otherwise, the supporters of this archaic hypothesis would have to assume that the populations of ancient people on different continents somehow interacted with each other. But there is no evidence of such intercontinental contacts in the Pleistocene.

Sapiens came out of Africa about 70-50 thousand years ago. Settling in Eurasia, they forced out the Neanderthals and Denisovans, occasionally interbreeding with them. If modern humans evolved from Neanderthals, as multiregionalists suggest, then their mitochondrial DNA would differ little from ours. However, as the decoding of the Homo neanderthalensis genome has shown, there is a deep genetic chasm between us and them.

War on Darwinism

Nevertheless, attempts to rehabilitate this hypothesis continue. Thus, the geneticist Shi Huang of Central South University in China and an ardent opponent of Darwinism decided to strike at the genetic evidence. He published a preprint of the article in the bioRxiv repository.

A Chinese scientist has criticized the molecular clock method used to estimate the genetic distance between different species. The point is the following. With the change of generations in the DNA of a certain species, neutral mutations accumulate at a constant rate, which do not affect its survival in any way (this matters, since harmful mutations are rejected, and beneficial ones occur quite rarely). Related species also accumulate mutations at the same rate. Therefore, species of the same genus more or less equally differ from each other, and species of different genera have more differences.

Thus, the molecular clock is not only a tool for identifying relationships between species. From them, you can roughly determine when one species separated from another. "About" is the key word.

The fact is that for all its usefulness, molecular clocks have a number of disadvantages. The main one is that the rate of mutations is not always constant. This is influenced by certain factors that can slow down or accelerate mutations. For example, new repetitive DNA sequences may emerge, representing "hot spots" of random changes. As a result, species that are close in evolutionary terms turn out to be more distant in terms of molecular clocks than species that are not so related. Thus, multiregionalists like to point out that there are more differences between the mtDNA of different chimpanzees than between the mtDNA of humans and Neanderthals. That is, the genetic abyss that separates us from H.neanderthalensis, allegedly ceases to mean something.

Shi Huang goes further and tries to prove that the generally accepted mechanism of evolution does not work. To explain why the molecular clock fails, he offers a controversial and purely speculative theory, which he calls the hypothesis of maximum genetic diversity. According to Shi Huang, mutations in genes act as a driving force only for microevolution, that is, the occurrence of small changes at the intraspecific level. During macroevolution, when new groups of organisms are formed, epigenetic programs become more complicated. The more complex they are, the more mutations can break them, so genetic diversity must decrease. As a result, complex organisms allegedly have a limit on the number of neutral mutations. This, according to Juan, explains why sapiens and Neanderthals differ to a lesser extent than chimpanzee varieties.

Turn upside down

Huang applied his dubious theory to redefine human evolution. Thus, Africans turned out to be closer to each other than to other groups of the human population. This conclusion contradicts the African hypothesis, because if people originally lived in Africa, then nothing prevented their individual lines from accumulating a large number of mutations. In addition, the Chinese scientist established the approximate time of separation of the main Eurasian human populations - about two million years ago. A very immodest date compared to the age of Mitochondrial Eve, but quite fitting into multiregionalism.

Huang also suggested that there were two migrations out of Africa: Erectus with an ancestor of Neanderthals and Denisovans. And he came to the conclusion that modern Africans are closer to the latter than non-Africans. Mitochondrial Eve he moved from Africa to East Asia.

Interestingly, these conclusions are based on the exclusion of neutral mutations from genetic analysis, which allegedly distort the true picture due to epigenetic programs. Huang created a new version of the molecular clock - "slow", which takes into account changes only in conservative and hardly changing DNA sequences. By unjustifiably throwing away a whole piece of data, he literally turned everything upside down.

But the Chinese researcher did not take into account other possible explanations for the slowdown of the molecular clock. Thus, evolutionists refer to the generation time effect. Humans live longer than monkeys, so mutations in humans accumulate more slowly.

You can't compare the rate of mutation in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular clocks should be applied at the local level, that is, to estimate the time of occurrence of closely related species. Within the evolution of humans, the difference between Neanderthals and sapiens matters. On a larger scale, gross errors are possible. This once again reminds us how important it is to know the limits of applicability of scientific tools.

As for Shi Huang, his articles, including the one where he first proposes his hypothesis, have not been peer-reviewed by experts. Although supporters of multiregionalism support it, the Chinese geneticist has to limit himself to preprint repositories, where he can upload his drafts without fear of serious criticism from experts in the field of anthropogenesis.

The origin of man is a mystery. Even Darwin's theory is not considered fully proven, due to the lack of transitional links in evolution. How else do people explain their appearance from ancient times to the present day.

totemism

Totemism belongs to the most ancient mythological representations and is considered the first form of awareness of the human collective, as well as its place in nature. Totemism taught that each group of people had its own ancestor - a totem animal or plant. For example, if a raven serves as a totem, then it is the actual progenitor of the clan, and each raven is a relative. At the same time, the totem animal is only a patron, but is not deified, in contrast to later creationism.

Androgynous

The mythological ones include the ancient Greek version of the origin of man from the Androgyns - the first people who combined the signs of both sexes. Plato in the dialogue "Feast" describes them as creatures with a spherical body, whose back did not differ from the chest, with four arms and legs and two identical faces on their heads. According to legend, our ancestors were not inferior to the titans in strength and skill. Puffed up, they decided to overthrow the Olympians, for which they were cut in half by Zeus. This reduced their strength and self-confidence by half.
Androgyny is present not only in Greek mythology. The idea that a man and a woman were originally one whole is close to many world religions. So, in one of the Talmudic interpretations of the first chapters of the Book of Genesis, it is said that Adam was created by an androgyne.

Abrahamic tradition

Three monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) go back to the Abrahamic religions, going back to Abraham, the patriarch of the Semitic tribes, the first person who believed in the Lord. According to the Abrahamic tradition, the world was created by God - Existing from Non-Being, literally "out of nothing". God also created man - Adam from the dust of the earth "in our image and likeness", so that a man would be truly good. It is worth noting that both in the Bible and in the Koran the creation of man is mentioned more than once. For example, in the Bible about the creation of Adam, in the beginning it says in the 1st chapter that God created man "out of nothing in his own image and likeness", in the 2nd chapter that he created him from dust (dust).

Hinduism

In Hinduism, there are at least five versions of the creation of the world and man, respectively. In Brahmanism, for example, the creator of the world is the god Brahma (in later versions identified with Vishnu and the Vedic deity Prajapati), who appeared from a golden egg floating in the oceans. He grew up and sacrificed himself, created from his hair, skin, meat, bones and fat the five elements of the world - earth, water, air, fire, ether - and the five steps of the sacrificial altar. Gods, people and other living beings were created from it. Thus, in Brahminism, by making sacrifices, people re-create Brahma.
But according to the Vedas, the ancient scripture of Hinduism, the creation of the world and man is shrouded in darkness: “Who truly knows who will proclaim here. Where did this creation come from? Further, the gods (appeared) through the creation of this (world).
So who knows where it came from?

Kabbalah

According to Kabbalistic teachings, the creator of Ein Sof created a soul that received the name Adam Rishon - "the first man." It was a construction, consisting of many separate desires, interconnected like the cells of our body. All desires were in harmony, since initially each of them had a desire to support each other. However, being on the highest spiritual level, similar to the creator, Adam took on a huge spiritual light, which is equivalent to the "forbidden fruit" in Christianity. Unable to achieve the goal of creation by this action alone, the primary soul split into 600,000 thousand parts, and each of them into many more parts. All of them are now in the souls of people. Through many circuits, they must carry out a “correction” and gather again into a common spiritual complex called Adam. In other words, after the "breaking" or fall into sin, all these particles - people are not equal to each other. But returning to their original state, they again reach the same level, where they are all equal.

Evolutionary creationism

As science developed, creationists had to compromise with natural science concepts. An intermediate stage between the theory of creation and Darwinism was "theistic evolutionism." Evolutionary theologians do not reject evolution, but consider it an instrument in the hands of God the creator. Simply put, God created the "material" for the appearance of man - the genus Homo and launched the process of evolution. The result is a man. An important point of evolutionary creationism is that although the body changed, the human spirit remained unchanged. This is the position officially held by the Vatican since the time of Pope John Paul II (1995): God created an ape-like creature by putting an immortal soul into it. In classical creationism, a person has not changed either in body or soul since the time of creation.

"Theory of ancient astronauts"

In the 20th century, the version about the extraterrestrial origin of man was popular. One of the founders of the idea of ​​paleocontact in the 20s was Tsiolkovsky, who announced the possibility of aliens visiting the earth. According to the theory of paleocontact, sometime in the distant past, approximately in the Stone Age, aliens visited the Earth for some reason. Either they were interested in the colonization of exoplanets, or the resources of the Earth, or it was their transfer base, but one way or another, part of their descendants settled on Earth. Perhaps they even mixed with the local genus Homo, and modern people are mestizos of an alien life form and natives of the Earth.
The main arguments on which supporters of this theory rely are the complexity of the technologies used in the construction of ancient monuments, as well as geoglyphs, petroglyphs and other drawings of the ancient world, which supposedly depict alien ships and people in spacesuits. Mates Agres, one of the founders of the theory of paleovisits, even claimed that the biblical Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed not by God's wrath, but by a nuclear explosion.

Darwinism

The famous postulate - man descended from a monkey, is usually attributed to Charles Darwin, although the scientist himself, remembering the fate of his predecessor Georges Louis Buffon, who was ridiculed at the end of the 18th century for such ideas, cautiously expressed that humans and monkeys should have some common ancestor, monkey-like creature.

According to Darwin himself, the genus homo originated somewhere around 3.5 million in Africa. It was not yet our compatriot Homo Sapiens, whose age is dated today at about 200 thousand years, but the first representative of the genus Homo - the great ape, hominid. In the course of evolution, he began to walk on two legs, use his hands as a tool, he began to progressively transform the brain, articulate speech and sociality. Well, the reason for evolution, like in all other species, was natural selection, and not God's plan.