In fact, the obligatory program of a man's life sounds like this: raise a son, plant a tree, build a house and dig an underground passage. Don't ask where we got this from, no time to explain. Better listen to engineer Alexei Zhuravsky from the Gotthard & Partners design bureau - he told how to dig an underground passage correctly.
How to dig
If you are not going to make a secret out of the passage, you can dig in the “Berlin” way: a trench is dug, walls and a roof of the future passage are built in it, after which everything falls asleep. But the neighbors will come to see, everyone wants the same, only bigger, as a result, someone accidentally digs up hell. It is better to dig unnoticed, according to the "Parisian" method: a vertical well is dug, and an adit is led from it sideways.
Where to dig
Sandy soils are ideal. At one time, they made it possible to dig passages under the Berlin Wall, including the famous "Tunnel 29" 140 meters long. Clay is difficult to dig, and there is a higher chance of stumbling into interstratal waters. It is useful to drill wells in advance along the entire trajectory of the course and find out what you will be dealing with.
How to strengthen
If you are digging an adit without reinforcing the walls and ceiling, place a slab with the dates of life on top. When you fill up, relatives will be able to limit themselves to a buffet table. But it is better to strengthen the course every half a meter with a support - a frame of tarred boards. When it is ready, the walls and ceiling must be thoroughly sheathed with boards or even concreted, as the Palestinians do in the secret tunnels from the Gaza Strip to Israel.
How to equip
To keep the tunnel dry, it must be done under a slope. It is desirable to arrange forced ventilation: a fan at the entrance and pipes with holes along the entire length of the structure. One of the problems of the "tunnel of life" in Sarajevo, through which people got out of the besieged city, was the lack of ventilation. As a result, we had to get oxygen masks.
How not to fall asleep
You can dig an underground passage only in your own land. Otherwise, if it is discovered, it will be covered up, and you will pay for the event. Before starting the process, find out if there are cables, oil pipelines and missile silos in the way. A depth scanner will help with this. And underground gas analyzers for carbon dioxide and methane will not be damaged, otherwise the tunnel will be different - with a flight to a bright light and a feeling of grace.
In fact, the obligatory program of a man's life sounds like this: raise a son, plant a tree, build a house and dig an underground passage. Don't ask where we got this from, no time to explain. Better listen to engineer Alexei Zhuravsky from the Gotthard & Partners design bureau - he told how to dig an underground passage correctly.
How to dig
If you are not going to make a secret out of the passage, you can dig in the “Berlin” way: a trench is dug, walls and a roof of the future passage are built in it, after which everything falls asleep. But the neighbors will come to see, everyone wants the same, only bigger, as a result, someone accidentally digs up hell. It is better to dig unnoticed, according to the "Parisian" method: a vertical well is dug, and an adit is led from it sideways.
Where to dig
Sandy soils are ideal. At one time, they made it possible to dig passages under the Berlin Wall, including the famous "Tunnel 29" 140 meters long. Clay is difficult to dig, and there is a higher chance of stumbling into interstratal waters. It is useful to drill wells in advance along the entire trajectory of the course and find out what you will be dealing with.
How to strengthen
If you are digging an adit without reinforcing the walls and ceiling, place a slab with the dates of life on top. When you fill up, relatives will be able to limit themselves to a buffet table. But it is better to strengthen the course every half a meter with a support - a frame of tarred boards. When it is ready, the walls and ceiling must be thoroughly sheathed with boards or even concreted, as the Palestinians do in the secret tunnels from the Gaza Strip to Israel.
How to equip
To keep the tunnel dry, it must be done under a slope. It is desirable to arrange forced ventilation: a fan at the entrance and pipes with holes along the entire length of the structure. One of the problems of the "tunnel of life" in Sarajevo, through which people got out of the besieged city, was the lack of ventilation. As a result, we had to get oxygen masks.
How not to fall asleep
You can dig an underground passage only in your own land. Otherwise, if it is discovered, it will be covered up, and you will pay for the event. Before starting the process, find out if there are cables, oil pipelines and missile silos in the way. A depth scanner will help with this. And underground gas analyzers for carbon dioxide and methane will not be damaged, otherwise the tunnel will be different - with a flight to a bright light and a feeling of grace.
How to mask
The recently caught Colombian drug lord Guzman led his underground passages into the sewers, and this helped him for the time being. Crashing into general communications is illegal, but you can apply the principle itself and disguise the exit as a familiar part of the landscape - a board toilet, a beach locker room or a corporate party with Nagiyev.
Today, building a bunker is not as relevant as it was 30 years ago, but, nevertheless, if you have the desire and need to hide in the event of some kind of natural disaster, then this is a very good idea. Building a bunker is very important if you live in an area where, for example, there is a chemical plant or other facility that contains a potential hazard. Thus, in case of an accident, you can hide in the bunker and wait until the situation normalizes.
When building a bunker, you need to take into account 2 factors: for what purposes it is needed and how long you plan to stay in it. The more serious the potential danger and the longer you stay in it, the deeper and more solid it is necessary to make the bunker so that you can reliably protect yourself and be comfortable in it. Consider how to build an underground bunker with your own hands.
When you have determined for what tasks you need a bunker, you can approximately estimate its dimensions, the depth at which it will be located and the height of the ceiling. A fairly simple bunker can be built from metal. As for a reliable and strong bunker, it is best to build it from concrete.
How to build a simple bunker
A simple hopper is assembled from thick metal sheets, it is best to use sheets 5 mm thick. In order to build a simple bunker, you need to dig a pit for it. This pit should be 50 centimeters larger than the bunker itself. Also dig a hole for the entrance to the bunker. We recommend making it separate from the main structure. The choice of the depth of the bunker again depends on the danger that is present. The bunker is best done at a depth of 5 meters from ground level.
The entrance to the bunker can be made in the form of a hatch, with a hermetically sealed lid. Separately, it is worth touching on the tightness of the entire structure. As you understand, the bunker must be completely sealed, so all seams must be thoroughly welded and additionally treated with a layer of insulation. But more on that later. For the construction of the bunker itself, it is necessary to weld the bottom, then the walls, and then the roof. We advise the corners of the structure on both sides to be scalded with metal corners for strength. If the bunker is large enough, then after a certain distance make supports so that the roof does not sag under the weight of the earth. When the frame is welded, it is necessary to cut out the access hatch with an autogenous tool, as well as holes for supplying various communications: electricity, water, antennas, etc. We will talk about communications a little later. Also make hooks with which you can lower the hopper with a crane. Then treat the surface of the bunker with mastic in order to create a reliable waterproofing and prevent metal destruction, in addition, you can cover the bottom of the bunker with a layer of mastic.
Next, you need to prepare the basis for the bunker. It can be made from both sand and concrete. If the area is swampy, then, of course, you need to make a concrete base, in general it is more reliable. If you have a dry area - you can limit yourself to a sand cushion. We will talk about how to make a concrete base below, and now we will mention a few words about the sand base. Sand is poured onto a previously leveled surface. The layer of sand should be about 20 centimeters. Sand also needs to be well compacted. After that, we immerse the bunker to the bottom of the pit. Then we weld the entrance hatch and bring communications.
The edges of the bunker are best covered with clay, as it will be a good protection for the structure. We fill the rest of the pit with earth and tamp it down. Next, we set up the work of communications and check the ventilation.
How to build a reliable bunker
To build a reliable bunker, we need concrete, and a lot of concrete. We are digging a pit for our future building. Then we level its bottom, lay a waterproofing film and fill in 20 centimeters of sand, which we compact well. Then we construct the formwork and lay a two-level mesh of reinforcement. After that, we fill the structure with concrete. In general, we do everything as described in the article about.
Until the concrete has hardened, we insert reinforcing bars into it, they will be the basis of the walls. We insert the rods both around the perimeter and in the center, where partitions will be built. When the foundation has frozen - proceed to the walls. To fill them, also use formwork. Do not forget to leave openings for the passage through the bunker and an opening for the entrance. As for the roof, we construct it from floor slabs, laying it on a concrete solution.
After the construction of the bunker, we build an entrance to it from concrete rings or from a metal tunnel. Then we cover it from the outside with mastic, for waterproofing.
As for communications, water, electricity, Internet and television can be connected to the bunker. Also install a radio antenna to receive both long and short wave radio signals. Install a dry closet, and also install an electric generator. This completes the construction of the bunker, now it can be equipped.
Initially, the tunnels served to deliver water and drain sewage and sewage; the first tunnels were built in the Roman Empire. Tunnels began to be used for transportation in the 17th century, including them in canal systems. With the advent of railways in the 19th century and automobiles in the 20th, tunnels became widespread, becoming longer and more structurally complex. The most common ways to build a tunnel are to dig a trench and install a deck, create an underwater tunnel from lowering sections, and use a tunnel boring machine.
Steps
Part 1
Factors Considered in Tunnel Construction- Tunnels dug in soft rock. To prevent such tunnels from crumbling, their vaults are additionally strengthened. As a rule, these tunnels are shallow; they are laid for metro trains, water delivery and sewage.
- Tunnels in rocks. The arches of such tunnels do not require a thorough additional reinforcement, often it is not needed at all. Similar tunnels are built for roads and railways.
- Underwater tunnels. As the name implies, these tunnels are laid along the bottom of rivers, lakes and canals; for example, the so-called Eurotunnel passes under the English Channel. These tunnels are the most difficult in construction, since water must be drained from them at the construction stage and during further operation.
- Digging a tunnel under a city is also fraught with difficulties, as the soil above the tunnel can sag under the weight of the buildings above it. Knowing the geology of a particular area allows you to predict how much the soil will sink, and to minimize its subsidence.
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Study the route of the tunnel. Long straight tunnels are fairly easy to dig with a tunnel boring machine. The situation is more complicated with the construction of curved tunnels.
- For laying short tunnels, a drilling machine is not used, since it is unprofitable.
- The need to use drills of different diameters also complicates the use of a tunnel boring machine, since changing the drill significantly slows down the work.
- The use of a drilling machine is also irrational if the tunnel has turns or branches.
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Think about the purpose of the tunnel. This will determine the additional work that needs to be carried out after the tunnel has been dug before putting it into operation.
Part 2
Digging a trench and installing a deck-
Dig a trench. From the place allotted for the tunnel, the rock is completely removed, after which a roof is made over the dug area. This type of tunnel is done in two ways:
Form the walls and roof of the tunnel. Walls and roof can be made after the tunnel is dug, or can be created in advance and placed in the tunnel when it is ready. You can use the following materials:
- Corrugated steel arches.
- Pre-cast concrete arches.
- Walls made of concrete.
- Sprayed or powdered concrete. Often it is used along with pre-cooked arches.
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Complete the tunnel. The specific method depends on the method you use ("bottom-up" or "top-down").
Part 3
Tunnel from lowering sectionsDig a trench where the tunnel runs. This method is similar to the previous one, however it is used to create tunnels underwater. Dig a trench along the entire route that the tunnel will take.
Lay steel pipes in the dug trench. Pipes must be sealed at the ends to prevent water from entering them. If the tunnel is intended for road transport, the pipes must contain a pre-built roadbed.
Fill the pipes with something so that they do not deform under the pressure of water at depth. For example, during the construction of the Ted Williams Tunnel in Boston, pipes were filled with one and a half meter stones.
After removing the covers from the ends of the pipes, connect them together. Fragments of a road or railroad created in advance in pipes will also dock with each other.
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Consider the place where the tunnel will be laid. The method and equipment used depends on the place where the tunnel is built. Tunnels can be divided into three types:
