Unfortunately, textbooks on the Russian language do not always have enough material for work, during which students had to explain words that contain ethical meaning. To do this, we turn to literary texts, with the help of which we can derive the concept and select the necessary examples.

Consider several ethical concepts: what is justice, gratitude, fearlessness, responsibility, soullessness, pride, responsiveness, conscience, courage, heroism, the inner world of a person.

Gratitude

Text by V.P. Krapivina: (49) The dog was no longer lying. (50) He stood on his legs wide apart ... .. (70) And Seryozha knew: now he had a real friend.

Statement of task 15.3

Pupil sucking

What is gratitude? Gratitude is one of the most positive and pleasant emotions, an expression of appreciation for what has been done or given. People usually say words of gratitude, want to do something similar in return. And what about the animals that people help?

The author of the text tells about the boy Seryozha, who escaped from the camp, found a dog at the station, took care of her and became her friend. When they wanted to take the boy back to the camp by force (proposals 36, 38), the dog protected Seryozha (proposals 49, 50), thereby thanking him for his attention and care.

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pugachev thanked Pyotr Grinev for the donated rabbit coat: he saves the young man from the gallows, thereby showing his generosity. Pugachev, although he is a robber and a murderer, is also, according to the classic, capable of a noble deed and gratitude ...

Thus, we were convinced that gratitude can manifest itself not only as a feeling, but also as an act, both in people and in animals. (120 words)

Justice

Fragment from the source text

For analysis, the text of A. Aleksin from the story “Just think, birds!” from (1) Nobody called Kolka's mother by her first name and patronymic, everyone, even the guys, called her simply Lelya.<...>before (28) She never gave a loud whistle, never reminded aloud of the rules of life, but her father and Kolka always cheerfully and voluntarily obeyed her decisions, because these decisions were fair.

Statement of task 15.3

How do you understand the meaning of the word JUSTICE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is justice”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

There are moments in a person's life when he asks in bewilderment about justice. What is justice? This is respect for the rights and dignity, the fulfillment of one's duties in such a way as to prevent their violation. The main principle of a just person is to be impartial, leave no room for envy and disputes.

"To each the same as the others." This is exactly what Kolka's father does from A. Aleksin's story. It is no coincidence that all the guys respectfully call him “O fairest of the fair!”. For them, the referee's whistle was law. On the other hand, Kolka's mother, although she did not remind her loved ones of the rules of life, always made fair decisions, and father and Kolka "merrily and voluntarily obeyed" them.

In my life, too, there were moments associated with the manifestation of justice. In one of the matches, the ball hit the opponent's hand, and we began to challenge his behavior. The referee made such a decision that no one doubted his correct attitude towards the violation. He adequately coped with his duties and resolved the conflict situation.

I believe that neither oneself nor others should be treated unfairly, one must always maintain impartiality and respect the rights and dignity of a person.

Gratitude

Text by K.G. Paustovsky from the story "Hare Paws" from (1) This autumn I spent the night with my grandfather Larion on Lake Urzhenskoye.<...>to (35) So they live together - old grandfather Larion, his grandson Vanka and a hare with a torn ear.

Statement of task 15.3

How do you understand the meaning of the word GRATITUDE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What does it mean to be grateful?”, Taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

What is gratitude? Gratitude - a feeling of gratitude to someone for the help, attention, advice. It is the ability to appreciate the good that others do to us.

Gratitude is not just about relationships. In the text of K. Paustovsky, grandfather Larion was grateful to the hare who saved his life during a forest fire: “This hare,” said the grandfather, “is my savior: I owe him my life. I, one might say, should show gratitude to him, and you say - quit. The old man understood that he, too, had to help the poor animal, which had suffered from fire and smoke.

There is a person in my life to whom I am grateful. This is a coach who managed to support me and instill a sense of self-confidence. You should always respond to kindness with kindness, be able to do something good and useful to the one who helped you.

Gratitude is one of the most pleasant feelings that arises in response to noble and kind actions.

Fearlessness

Text from the story “The Boy by the Sea” by N. Dubov from (1) What do the boys do in all the streets and yards in the summer?<...>up to (40) Fyodor Mikhailovich smiled, Anton beamed: The battle was won.

Statement of task 15.3

How do you understand the meaning of the word FEARLESS? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What does it mean to be fearless?”, Taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

What does it mean to be fearless? Fearlessness is a human quality that allows you to overcome difficulties and not be afraid of them. Being fearless means making firm decisions when necessary, not retreating in the face of danger.

In the text of N. Dubov, this word is used in an ironic sense: "... all the fearless attackers, inflexible defenders and rock-hard goalkeepers were blown off the wasteland" at the mere sight of a Newfoundland. The huge dog scared even the adults who looked out of the windows of the house. However, at the end of the text it becomes clear that the guys are not such cowards as we see them at the beginning: “In ten minutes, the guys were yelling and squealing, but not from fear, but from delight.”

Fearless, for example, can be considered many epic heroes, such as Ilya Muromets or Dobrynya Nikitich. One can bravely defend the truth, like Archpriest Avvakum, fight the enemy to the last drop of blood, like the heroes of the Brest Fortress. When a person is sure that he is right, he is able to overcome the fear that doubts give rise to.

One who acts decisively, without confusion or anxiety, forgets about fear and is not afraid to face the unknown. Such a person can be called truly fearless.

Responsibility

A test from A. Aleksin's story "Signals and Buglers" from (1) Mom knew exactly who, in what apartment and what was sick.<...>until (31) And the good offices continued to operate.

Statement of task 15.3

How do you understand the meaning of the word RESPONSIBILITY? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is responsibility”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

Responsibility is the obligation to answer for actions and their consequences. Nothing significant in life can be achieved if you treat everything important irresponsibly: to the deed, to the word, to the time. A responsible person keeps promises, is never late, makes decisions not only for himself, but also for others.

The heroine of A. Aleksin's story can be considered such a responsible person. A doctor by profession, she saves people's lives at work, she is attentive to everyone at home. Her duty is to look after the physical health of those who need help. Neighbors turn to her not only for medical issues, but also with other requests, and she never refuses anything to anyone. Their apartment was therefore nicknamed "the bureau of good offices". A conscientious and kind person, she teaches her son to do the same: “But one person cannot work in a bureau. There must be at least two. Do you understand?".

My dad is also a responsible person. It is he who takes on the entire burden of responsibility for making decisions in the family, takes into account our interests and weaknesses, and helps us cope with complex problems. I try to be like him in many ways.

Thus, responsibility is such actions that are supported by good and decisive deeds, the ability to keep a given word, to help those in need. The measure of responsibility depends on each individual.

heartlessness

Text by A. Aleksin from the story “Just think, birds!” from (1) On that memorable day, when Kolka returned from the pioneer camp, in the center of the table there was a pie bought by Elena Stanislavovna.<...>up to (50) Just think, birds!..

Statement of task 15.3

How do you understand the meaning of the word UNDERSTANDING? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is soullessness”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

Heartlessness is heartlessness, cruelty, callousness. A soulless person is capable of terrible deeds, he is indifferent to the feelings of other people, he cares only about his own well-being and is absolutely indifferent to the needs and problems of others.

In the work of A. Aleksin, soullessness is manifested in the attitude of Kolka's relatives to his favorite bird. The boy saved a wounded seagull, treated it all winter, fed it with fish, made a spacious cage and planted a bush to make the bird comfortable. It struck him that no one cared for her, that her father spoke so rudely about her death. No one in the family, except for Kolka, cared about the bird, it interfered with everyone. Indifference also sounds in the words of Elena Stanislavovna: “Just think, birds! ..”

Another example of the manifestation of callousness: a person felt bad, and passers-by nearby pretended not to notice, as if nothing had happened. I believe that everything around should be treated with soul, be sensitive to other people's pain and feelings.

Thus, soullessness is the inability to carry the energy of love, to show a warm, lively, sympathetic attitude towards someone or something.

Pride

Text from the story "Personal Angel" by T. Ustinova from (1) When he was nine years old, he often came to the zoo, where he seemed to know every hole in the wooden fence, every nook and cranny between the cages. before<...>(43) Forever.

Statement of task 15.3

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word PRIDE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is pride”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

In my understanding, the word "pride" has several meanings. Firstly, pride is a feeling that conveys a person's self-esteem. Secondly, it is the ability to feel joy from the fact that someone has achieved success. Thirdly, it is self-esteem.

In the text of T. Ustinova, we see how difficult the relationship between the characters is. Being in great need, the boy, out of pride, cannot ask for help. Acquaintance with Masha allowed Timofey to feel his significance, importance. But pride develops into pride: the boy's narcissism and ambitions prevent him from correctly assessing his own and other people's actions. Once Masha made a mistake: she bought ice cream and treated Timofey, which offended him terribly. The boy took her gesture as a humiliating sop. His pride does not allow people to do what is below their dignity.

Let me give you another example of the manifestation of pride. My parents are proud of my brother, who passed the entrance exams with flying colours, and entered the best university in the capital. It exceeded our expectations and aroused feelings of joy and respect.

One can be proud not only of one's own successes and work, but also of the great achievements of the motherland, of the entire Russian people.

Responsiveness

Text from the story "The Living Soul" by K.D. Vorobyov from (1) Everyone, in his own way, returned from the war to his father's house.<...>up to (50) What a living soul!”

Statement of task 15.3

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word RESPONSE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is responsiveness”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

Watching people around, I understand more and more that the main quality in a person is responsiveness, that is, the ability to understand another and sympathize. A responsive person wants to do good not only at someone's request, but even when no one talks about it.

In the text of K. Vorobyov, a mustachioed driver-sergeant, who agreed to take an unfamiliar officer to his native village in a jeep, unexpectedly for everyone and to his own detriment, decides to help the peasants. He does not take payment either for transportation or for plowing, and compassion and nobility are manifested in this act of his. To be responsive means to be selfless and not to demand reward for good deeds.

I'll give you another example. Before, I did not always notice the reaction of people to my words. Once she said something to her friend, but she didn’t call the next day, she didn’t want to talk at the meeting. I began to evaluate my behavior more carefully, admitted the mistake, and we again did not spill water with her. Responding to problems in the lives of my friends or relatives, I now try to help in word or deed, to listen tactfully, to give advice.

Respect, empathize, help, being kind to the people around you is what it means to be a sympathetic person.

Conscience

Text from N. Safronov's story from (1) The new Russian teacher Ivan Vasilyevich appeared in our class unexpectedly.<...>up to (40) The new teacher, seeing that I was not writing, and wanting to immediately put things in order in the class, put a deuce in my diary.

Statement of task 15.3

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is conscience”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

Conscience is a sense of moral responsibility for one's behavior to other people. An excellent confirmation of this idea is the text of N. Safronov, where we are talking about a disrespectful attitude towards an adult.

The hero of the story took the new teacher with hostility and did not hold back the caustic question. Even the incident with a randomly placed three almost turned into a scandal. A fifth-grader was rude to his teacher and eventually got the grade corrected. However, the student was not happy with his victory, he had a sense of conscience, he wanted to apologize to the front-line teacher, but it was too late: Ivan Vasilievich did not come to the next lesson, he quit school.

And in my life there was a case when I had to experience remorse. They sent me to the store and gave me a lot of money, but I lost it. My parents scolded me for being so inattentive and distracted. Fortunately, I managed to find the money and my heart became calm and joyful.

Summing up, we can say that conscience helps to realize one's guilt, keeps from a bad deed. Undoubtedly, every person should have a conscience.

Courage

Text from the story of V. Krapivin from (1) Slavka walked along the long embankment.<...>until (33) Warbler was happy.

Statement of task 15.3

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word COURAGE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is courage”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

Courage is the ability to fight one's fears and suppress them, the ability to show courage and courage, determination and independence. The soldiers who fought for our fatherland can be called brave. "The courage of the city takes" - says the proverb. To defeat a protected and fortified city required not only military training, but also courage.

Courage is not always manifested in big and great accomplishments, it is also visible in small, but significant deeds for a person. For example, Slavka from the text of V. Krapivin jumps on slippery stones in order to save a small boat from the breaking wave and set it afloat. It was very difficult for him to move. But the boy stubbornly moves towards the goal and performs a good deed, childishly naive and touching. This is also a manifestation of courage, such actions give birth to a brave person.

In the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev boldly defends his honor. He openly declares that he cannot serve Pugachev, refuses to recognize him as a sovereign, and even promises to fight against him. The courageous deeds of the young officer inspire respect and understanding from the leader of the peasant uprising.

Courage is a moral quality when fear, uncertainty, fear of difficulties and adverse consequences are overcome.

Heroism

Text from the story of V. Oseeva from (1) Seva had a sore throat.<...>to (36) Seva, but I still think that in every honest person there is certainly this heroism ... there is certainly ...

Statement of task 15.3

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word HEROITY? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is heroism”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

In my understanding, heroism is the ability of a person to perform brave deeds, the willingness to do something useful for others, to sacrifice oneself for a good cause. But true heroism does not consist in a pathos demonstration of one's capabilities, but is manifested in courage and courage.

Let us turn to the text of V. Oseeva. Seva and his mother understand the meaning of the word "heroism" differently. According to the boy, he is good for nothing, does not know how to do much, is not capable of committing a risky act. Seva does not know that ostentatious heroism is not a feat. Mom tries to convince him that heroism should be disinterested, an honest person who does courageous deeds to save someone's life can become a real hero.

In the actions of the young lieutenant Kuznetsov, the hero of the novel "Hot Snow", Yuri Bondarev sees a manifestation of the heroic. Courage and steadfastness are combined in the commander with spiritual softness, nobility and humanity. Lieutenant Drozdovsky, who dreamed of distinguishing himself in battle and performing a heroic deed, behaves differently. At the most decisive moment, he risks not himself, but his subordinates, sending him to certain death.

And in civilian life, you can find examples of true heroism: firefighters rescue victims from burning houses, rescuers help in critical situations, doctors save from deadly diseases. I am proud of people who have made risk their profession.

Human inner world

Text from the story "Night Search" by A. Aleksin from (1) I did not like this doll.<...>until (39) We did not dare to call her a doll, but only called Larisa.

Statement of task 15.3

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the expression INTERNAL HUMAN WORLD? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is the inner world of a person”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

Student essay

What does the inner world mean? These are his ideals, interests, ideas about the environment. The richer this world, the richer and more diverse the life of a person. The inner world is usually formed in childhood. And a lot depends on what values ​​were then laid down.

In the text of Anatoly Aleksin, we are talking about a narcissistic girl who had "crowned manners" and loved to command. She is accustomed to rule and command. Fortunately, next to her are caring parents who have a serious influence and help to distinguish between good and evil.

Books can also influence the inner world of a person. They summarize the experience of many generations. Maxim Gorky grew up in incredibly difficult circumstances, but the love of reading and knowledge helped him overcome the "abominations of life" and grow up as a man with a rich inner world.

Thus, people should strive for spiritual development, enrich their inner world, be interesting conversationalists, be able to understand and accept another person.

Sample essays on other topics

What is beauty?

the beauty This is what we humans admire. It brings us positive emotions, filling our souls with joy, delight, sometimes sadness, making us think about the eternal... Speaking of human beauty, we mean not only external beauty, but also spiritual beauty. External beauty is impermanent: it is subject to the influence of time. Internal - forever. It is the beauty of the human soul that illuminates the world of people living nearby. I will prove this thesis using the arguments from the text of Yu. Sergeev and analyzing my own life experience.

Firstly, the proposed fragment of the text tells about grandfather Grinichka. He sang Cossack songs well: “he sang well, in a young, not at all creaky ... voice” (sentences 5-6) The children always gathered around him, and people “went to him as if to confession” (sentences 7). All this speaks of a kind and beautiful soul of a person. Despite his age, he is young at heart, and in his songs he returns to the time when he was a "dashing Cossack-slayer".

Secondly, the spiritual beauty of a person is evaluated, first of all, by his actions. There have always been, are and will be people whose deeds deserve respect. I want to name only two names - Serik Sultangabiev and Sergey Solnechnikov. Both at the exercises, saving people, sacrificing themselves, covered a grenade that fell from the hands of a soldier ... I don’t know if they were beautiful in appearance, but the fact that their souls are beautiful is indisputable.

Summing up what has been said, we can conclude: the main thing in a person is what is hidden from the eyes, what makes him a man is his soul.

2.
Beauty is not only what pleases the eye, but also what we cannot see. It is in everything: in things and in living beings; in nature, man, animals. But beauty, we can not only see, but also feel. It is not only external, but also internal. For example: spiritual beauty. It happens that a person, according to some aesthetic laws, is not very beautiful in appearance, but glows in the middle, that is, a person has spiritual beauty. And it happens the other way around - a person is very beautiful on the outside, but inside - emptiness, that is, as they say - a beautiful wrapper.

This question has been asked by more than one generation of the smartest people of their time. The philosopher Friedrich Nishtse believed that “Beauty is a promise of happiness”, F. Schiller, that “Beauty is also a virtue, a beautiful woman cannot have flaws”, the greatest Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy that “The beauty of bodily forms always coincides with the concept of healthy strength, the activity of vital energy, and other statements about beauty. And for everyone this concept has its own special meaning.

Beauty is a broad concept. Beauty exists in nature, in the human soul, in art. But first of all, beauty is nature. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin also wrote:

Sad time! Oh charm!

Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me -

I love the magnificent nature of wilting,

Forests clad in crimson and gold…

And indeed, nature, and especially the one that is not spoiled by man, is beautiful, How many amazing things she created! Endless fields, dense, impenetrable forests, great rivers, lakes, mighty volcanoes and waterfalls… the list is endless. It was with the help of nature that human development began. And all the cities that amaze us with their beauty, architecture, art, even poetry are the result of the interaction of man and nature.

Another important part of beauty is the spiritual beauty of a person. It is important for a person striving to become a beautiful soul to be a kind, sympathetic person, to help those in need, to develop his mind. Be fair and incorruptible, accept constructive criticism and analyze your actions and actions.

No need to look for beauty somewhere far away, no need to perceive it as something supernatural. Beauty is close to us, you just have to look around you. Have you ever noticed how even the simplest things suddenly become amazingly beautiful? For example, the city in which you have been living for so many years, and maybe you don’t even notice how it has changed, has become beautiful and modern. Or the face of a loved one, and it is always amazingly beautiful. Here it is, beauty is near and often in everyday things for us. You just need to be attentive and try to observe the beauty in everything.

What is humanity?

Humanity - it is that invaluable quality that makes us real people. It consists, first of all, in the ability to sympathize, sympathize. In the modern world, humanity, unfortunately, is losing relevance. Striving only to satisfy our own needs, many of us become callous, selfish, indifferent to someone else's grief. But without humanity, inner beauty is unthinkable, the loss of which leads to spiritual misery.
In the story of Viktor Astafiev, village boys killed marten cubs for fun. Children, in my opinion, are completely devoid of humanity. They do not think about what grief they cause to Belogrudka, they do not know the feeling of compassion. Humanity is shown only by a local hunter, who understood the grief of the marten and released it into the wild. “The marten is not to blame. She was hurt,” he says.
Fortunately, there are still people in the world who are capable of humane deeds. One of them is Dr. Leonid Roshal. Risking his life, he unselfishly helped children who were victims of terrorist attacks on Dubrovka and Beslan.
It is sometimes difficult to show humanity: it requires enormous mental strength. Therefore, people with this quality should be treated with great respect.

Cruelty - this is a personality trait that manifests itself in malicious ridicule, offensive words, and harassment. Cruel people are ruthless, heartless and, one might say, inhuman. They do not know what humanity and mercy are.
Sentences 27 and 47 in E. Gabova's story contain evidence of how callously and cruelly Svetka's classmates behaved towards her. They had no idea what Redhead felt in those moments. These heartless children, by their behavior, wanted to put themselves above Sveta, to assert themselves in this way.
W. Golding's novel "Lord of the Flies" tells about a group of teenagers who ended up on a desert island. The cruelty of the boys leads to the fact that they begin to kill each other. And if at the end of the novel the adults had not arrived to help, it seems to me that no one would have been left on the island ...
Cruelty is terrible because it can lead to terrible consequences. Even if its tiny manifestation brings a lot of pain to the offended, divides people and simply destroys faith in goodness. Cruel people don't show strength, they show their weakness!

Compassion -e that inner quality of a person, manifested in the ability to empathize with someone else's grief, suffering. Sincere compassion is like living water. makes a person kinder, cleaner and more sincere.
Compassion, in my opinion, is based on the desire to free living beings from suffering and torment. I will prove the validity of my words with concrete examples.

As the first argument confirming my idea, I will take an example from A. Likhanov's text.
Aunt Grunya, despite the fact that she is a janitor, acts as a nurse, showing kindness and care to the wounded soldiers (preposition 4). Having achieved the recovery of Alexei, Aunt Grunya refuses money, saying that payment for services rendered between friends can lead to the world turning into a shop (prepositions 16-22).

The author of the novel "Eugene Onegin" A. S. Pushkin also has feelings of true compassion. In this novel, Pushkin, describing the plight of Tatyana, deeply sympathizes with her: “Tatyana, dear Tatyana! With you, I shed tears together ... "

Thus, I proved that true compassion is able to strengthen faith in oneself and in others, and is able to help living beings in difficult times.

Responsibility - this is what every person should learn, fully aware that your actions will certainly have consequences. A responsible person always tries to do his job or task as efficiently as possible and to enter into the situation of other people.

First, an example of responsibility can be found in the text: when Vanya went straight to the beekeeper, trying to save Vasya from the bees. You can also see an example of irresponsibility when Grinka and Fedya decided not to help Vasyatka, who was in trouble, but simply to leave.

Secondly, similar examples can be found in our life, for example: every student at school, institute must understand that his future will depend on how responsible he is in his studies. It's a pity that not everyone realizes this.

In task 15.3, the task is to write an essay-reasoning on a moral and ethical topic. Among the concepts there may be well-known moral categories: kindness, courage, beauty, friendship, nature, humanity, patriotism, diligence, honesty, modesty.

Let's try to figure out how to prepare for this task at the OGE in 2015.

Recall task 15.3

How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is conscience”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example - an argument from the text you read, and the second - from your life experience.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

The essay is built according to the plan:

1. Thesis and commentary on it.

2. Arguments:
a) from the proposed text,
b) life experience.

3. Conclusion - conclusion.

Each part of the essay is written from the red line!

Thesis is the main idea that requires explanation and proof.

Ways of interpreting the concept:

CONCEPTUAL

FRIENDSHIP IS A DIFFERENT PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE BASED ON LOVE, TRUST, SINCERE, MUTUAL sympathy, COMMON INTERESTS.

SYNONYMOUS

HUMANITY IS HUMANITY, HUMANITY.

DESCRIPTIVE

GOOD - ALL POSITIVE, GOOD, USEFUL.

COMBINED

COMPASSION IS PITY, COMPASSION CAUSED BY THE UNHAPPINESS OR TROUBLE OF ANOTHER HUMAN OR ANIMAL.

Now let's get acquainted with the text of N. Safronov:

(1) The new Russian teacher Ivan Vasilyevich appeared in our class unexpectedly. (2) A man has never taught us literature, and this seemed to us, fifth-graders, not only strange, but also unacceptable. (3) We took his quiet, as if apologetic voice as a sign of weakness. (4) No one has ever spoken to us like that, and I condescendingly asked him:

(5) - Well, what are you going to tell us today?

(6) He took out a book from a crumpled briefcase and began to read. (7) It was Kataev's story "The Son of the Regiment", which I read back in the summer. (8) Frowning and fidgeting noisily, with all my appearance I showed the teacher how bored I was in his lesson. (9) One of the boys hissed, they say, let me listen, and then I defiantly stared out the window.

(10) At some point, the teacher found an inaccuracy in Kataev and said that the tank could not fire at full speed.

(11) - How do you know? I asked sarcastically.

(12) - I fought, - he answered, and I immediately fell silent.

(13) Once Ivan Vasilyevich handed out notebooks with homework. (14) I opened mine and saw a "troika". (15) Vitalka Kuleshov, my desk neighbor, had a “four”. (16) I took his notebook and began to meticulously compare our work.

(17) - Wow! I exclaimed indignantly. (18) - Why do you give Kuleshonka a “four” for three mistakes, and a “three” for me for the same three mistakes ?!

(19) The class became quiet. (20) I, feeling support, drew myself up and, intoxicated with the consciousness of my rightness, put a notebook in front of the confused teacher. (21) He took it, brought it to his very eyes.

(22) - Why look there! (23) Everything is so clear!

(24) The teacher looked at me. (25) We met eyes, and I saw fatigue in them, motionless, like snow frozen into a block. (26) The old man nodded, as if agreeing to surrender, and quietly said:

(27) - I ask your forgiveness!

(28) Something seemed to come over me ... (29) I was not cruel and insensitive, but the desire for momentary superiority drowned out the plaintive cry of conscience in me.

(30) - Why do I need your apologies, you correct the assessment! I said mockingly.

(31) He took a pen and corrected my grade: he crossed out the “three” and put the “four”. (32) So I won my victory, and my soul became twilight and empty. (33) I promised myself that tomorrow I would certainly apologize to the teacher with the whole class. (34) However, Ivan Vasilievich did not come to the next lesson, he quit our school.

(35) Probably it’s not about me: it’s unlikely that the conflict with the fifth grader became the reason for his departure. (36) But when the next day, instead of Ivan Vasilievich, the head teacher, a strict, domineering woman, came, my heart sank. (37) For some reason, it seemed to me that a lonely old man with a crumpled briefcase was wandering somewhere along the bare steppe, the wind was swaying the edges of his coat and snow was falling on his gray head. (38) He is there, in boundless loneliness, and I am here, with my ridiculous rightness, with my shameful victory ...

(39) I stared out the window. (40) The new teacher, seeing that I was not writing, and wanting to immediately clean up the class, put a deuce in my diary.

Let's move on to text analysis. Let's ask ourselves questions:

• What is conscience?
• Have you had moments when your “conscience gnaws”?
• Have you experienced pangs of conscience?
• When does this happen?
• How do you usually behave when you feel you are wrong?

On the draft, we will write a few sentences about this. Let's try to formulate an answer to the question: "What is conscience?" For example:

What is conscience? This is a sense of moral responsibility for one's behavior before the surrounding people, society.

We avoid the wording: conscience is when ..., conscience is what ... .

Now let's comment on our thesis. Commentary is an interpretation, explanation, reflection leading to the main part of the essay. For example:

I know this feeling. There are situations in life when you feel shame, embarrassment from the consciousness of being wrong. Your conscience awakens, and you want to repent, apologize, improve.

Let's look at the text again to find out the relationship between the characters. We need to find arguments.

1. How did the hero react to the new teacher?

2. What motivated the student when he asked “uncomfortable questions” to the teacher?

3. What did you want to achieve?

4. Was he happy with the victory? What words does the author choose?

5. In what lines does the realization of one's own wrong sound?

6. What words express the main idea of ​​the text?

7. Why was it necessary to show that the teacher was an elderly man, a front-line soldier?

An excellent confirmation of this thought is the text ...

Turning to the proposed text, it is impossible not to see that the hero ...

This text is a great example...

Let's prove it by referring to the text...

We make the first argument:

An excellent confirmation of this idea is the text of N. Safronov. The narrator-student experiences a sense of shame for the perfect deed. He gets his way from an elderly front-line teacher, and "a momentary superiority drowns out a plaintive outburst of conscience." But, realizing all the absurdity of his victory, the boy is ashamed of what he has done, his soul becomes "twilight and empty." He promises himself to apologize to the teacher in front of the whole class. But he fails to perform a good deed, the teacher leaves the school.

Consider the second argument from our life experience.

1. It can be your life story, a story that happened to a friend or relative.

2. Referring to a book that has been read, a film or a play that has been watched.

3. Historical facts.

The transition to the argument will be the following cliché phrases:

With an example of manifestation ... we often have to face in life. For example, …

Similar examples can be found in real life.

Another confirmation of the above can be the behavior (hero, work, author).

Now we make the second argument:

Another example can be cited from V. Tendryakov's story "Bread for the Dog". The main character Volodya was ashamed to be full when everyone around was starving. He tried to get rid of remorse in many ways, to feed the most hungry. Volodya found a stray dog ​​and began to feed it in order to calm his conscience that tormented him.

The conclusion should be logically connected with the introduction and argumentation. We use introductory words: so, thus, therefore, ...

Speech formulas:

• We came to the conclusion…
• Summing up, we can say that…
• Drawing conclusions from what has been said, we see ...

We write the output:

So, we see that conscience is necessary for a person. It helps to realize guilt, keeps from a bad deed, cleanses, morally heals a person.

Let's summarize everything that has been said. Need:

1. UNLOCK THE MEANING OF THE WORD PROPOSED IN THE TASK 15.3.

2. COMMENT ON YOUR DEFINITION.

3. GIVE TWO ARGUMENTS:
- FIRST - FROM THE TEXT PROPOSED TO YOU,
- SECOND - FROM LIFE OR READING EXPERIENCE.

4. MAKE A CONCLUSION.

5. OBSERVE THE VOLUME OF THE ESSAY (NO LESS THAN 70 WORDS).

6. DO NOT FORGET THE PROPORTIONALITY OF THE PARTS.

Latest Tips:

1. WITH EXAMPLES, DO NOT REPRESENT THE TEXT.

2. WRITE YOUR WORK IN A PUBLICISTIC STYLE.

3. START YOUR ESSAY WITH A RHETORICAL QUESTION.

4. WRITE AN ESSAY IN A CLEAR, LEGIBLE HANDWRITTEN.

The finished text of the essay-reasoning:

What is conscience? This is a sense of moral responsibility for one's behavior before the surrounding people, society. I know this feeling. There are situations in life when you feel shame, embarrassment from the consciousness of being wrong. Your conscience awakens, and you want to repent, apologize, improve.

An excellent confirmation of this idea is the text of N. Safronov. The narrator-student feels a sense of shame for the perfect deed. He gets his way from an elderly front-line teacher and "a momentary superiority drowns out a plaintive outburst of conscience." But, realizing all the absurdity of his victory, the boy is ashamed of what he has done, "the soul becomes twilight and empty." He promises himself to apologize to the teacher in front of the whole class. But he failed to do a good deed, the teacher quit the school.

Another example of the manifestation of conscience can be cited from V. Tendryakov's story "Bread for the Dog." The main character, Volodya, is ashamed to be full when everyone around is starving. He tries to get rid of remorse in many ways, to feed the most hungry. Volodya finds a stray dog ​​and feeds it to calm his tormenting conscience.

So, we see that conscience is necessary for a person. It keeps from a bad deed, helps to do good, realize guilt, purifies, morally heals a person.

Part 15.3 sets the task: to write an essay-reasoning on a moral and ethical topic.

Among the concepts there may be well-known moral categories: friendship, maternal love, beauty, kindness, humanity, selflessness, pride, giftedness, and others.

Let's get to know the task. How do you understand the meaning of the expression LIFE VALUES? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic "What are life values", taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the read text, the second - from your life experience.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Essay plan

1. Thesis and commentary on it.

2. Arguments:

a) from the proposed text + micro-inference;

b) from life experience + micro-inference.

3. Conclusion - conclusion.

It is necessary to write an essay in such a way that the commentary, micro-conclusions and conclusion-conclusion do not contradict each other.

Evaluation criteria

The answer to task 15.3 (essay-reasoning) is evaluated according to the following criteria:

№	Criteria for evaluating an essay-reasoning on a topic related to text analysis (15.3)	Points
	Interpretation of the meaning of the word
	The examinee (in one form or another in any part of the essay) gave a definition and commented on it.
	The examinee (in one form or another in any part of the essay) gave a definition, but did not comment on it.
	The examinee gave the wrong definition, or there is no interpretation of the word in the work of the examinee.
	Presence of examples-arguments
	The examinee gave two examples-arguments: one example-argument was given from the read text, and the second - from life experience, or The examinee gave two examples-arguments from the read text.
	The examinee gave one example-argument from the read text.
	The examinee gave an example(s)-argument(s) from life experience.
	The examinee did not give a single example-argument.
	Semantic integrity, speech coherence and sequence of composition
	The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, speech coherence and consistency of presentation: - there are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not broken; – there are no violations of paragraph articulation of the text in the work.
	The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, coherence and consistency of presentation, but one logical error was made, and/or There is one violation of paragraph articulation of the text in the work.
	In the work of the examinee, a communicative intent is visible, but more than one logical error was made, and/or There are two cases of violation of paragraph articulation of the text.
	Compositional harmony
	The work is characterized by compositional harmony and completeness, there are no errors in the construction of the text.
	The work is characterized by compositional harmony and completeness, but one mistake was made in the construction of the text.
	There are two or more errors in the construction of the text in the work.
	The maximum number of points for an essay according to the criteria С3К1–С3К4

Text by Muravyova I. Life values

(1) I close my eyes and see my lane. (2) First Workers. (3) A two-story wooden house where I lived for the first ten years of my life. (4) I never see him in summer, only in winter. (5) I smell the snow, I lick it off my colorful mittens.
(6) In the last preschool winter, I was sent to a “group” - that was the name of the children who walked in the park in the mornings with an “intelligent” teacher. (7) "Group" seemed like the perfect way to defeat my shyness. (8) Grandfather brought me to the park as expected: by ten. (9) The teacher, a thin lady from the “former”, said that I looked like Malvina, and her name herself was Vera Grigoryevna. towards the main alley leading from the square to the street (we walked on a small, side one!). (11) I sobbed and rushed to catch up with him. (12) Vera Grigoryevna rushed after me, intelligent children threw down their shoulder blades and rushed after Vera Grigorievna. (13) I was the first to run to my grandfather and, blinded by grief, buried myself in the pocket of his heavy, solid coat. (14) Grandfather gave up: the sound of my sobs, no doubt, acted flawlessly. (15) Shaking off the snow from a massive bench with openwork paws drowning in a snowdrift, he firmly sat down on it, turned up his collar and froze like a statue. (16) Vera Grigoryevna and the confused children returned to our side alley. (17) I calmed down: a wide back with a raised astrakhan collar was at a distance of ten meters from my eyes. (18) Dance around a huge hollow oak and sculpt “kustiki” from the snow, trying to make them no worse than those of other children , turned out to be much more fun than walking hand in hand with my grandmother, as I did before. (19) Every ten minutes I broke away from my fun and checked whether the motionless back was in place, slightly covered with slow snow. (20) The back was here and did not move. (21) One, however, since she was not there, and I was already preparing to sob, but immediately calmed down: my grandfather had not gone anywhere.
(22) Chilled, he jumped up next to the bench and rubbed his whitened cheeks with his palms.
(23) Exactly at one o'clock the festivities ended, and, holding hands, my grandfather and I went home. (24) The trees stood glassy from frost, and gentle bluish stove smoke rose from the chimneys.
- (25) Not frozen? - my grandfather asked me. (26) I shook my head. (27) New impressions overwhelmed me. (28) The winter was long, cold and snowy. (29) Every morning from ten to one I walked in the “group”, and my grandfather sat on a bench with openwork paws buried in snow. (30) How could I, a six-year-old, know what it means to sit still and freeze in the name of love ? (According to I.L. Muravyova)*
* Muravyova Irina Lazarevna is a modern writer, laureate of literary awards.

Initial essay writing

How not to write an essay "Life Values" (punctuation preserved)

Life values ​​are what a person values ​​most in life: for some it is health, but for many it is money, because you can buy everything with it.
In Muravyova's text, the grandfather appreciated the girl's peace. He had to freeze for many hours in the cold. It is unlikely that the granddaughter will appreciate this, because she is small, does not understand anything, and then, when she grows up, she will forget the victims. He probably valued peace in the family very much.
In support of this, I will give an example from the media. Often, through various channels, they turn to the population to help, transfer funds to the account in order to cure sick children. So, I'm right: money is most important, throwing ourselves together, we help cure the hopelessly ill.
Thus, money is one of the values ​​in life.

Working on composition

THESIS - the main idea that requires explanation and proof

We suggest starting the essay with a rhetorical question. It is logical to start the essay with the selection of a synonym for this concept. We avoid the wording: pride is when..., life values ​​are what...

ARGUMENT 1

An excellent confirmation of this idea is the text ...
Turning to the proposed text, it is impossible not to see that ...
This text is a great example...
Let's prove it by referring to the text...

ARGUMENT 2

The transition to the argumentation will be the following cliché phrases (templates):
This concept can be illustrated by the example of the text (examples from the text).
To confirm what has been said, let us turn to the text.
In the text (name of the author) you can find an example confirming the correctness of my definition (thought or thesis)
The sentence... confirms the idea that...
Examples (we call the word-concept from the task) can be found in life.
In confirmation, I will give an example from life (from fiction)

Conclusion

should be logically linked to the commentary, argumentation and micro-findings at the end of the second and third paragraphs. We use introductory words: so, thus, therefore.

Speech formulas:

• We came to the conclusion...
• Summing up, we can write that...
• Drawing conclusions from what has been said, we see ...

Trying to write an essay

What are life values ​​2(according to the original text of Muravyova Irina Lazarevna)

	Life values-beliefs, principles, guidelines, priorities. Every person has their own values. They are formed in childhood and lay the foundation for all later life. This is a compass that determines not only the fate of a person, but also relationships with others. But despite the difference of opinions, life values ​​are those beliefs that a person really values.
Argument 1+MB(microoutput)	This concept can be illustrated by an example from the text of Muravyova I.L. This fragment describes the attitude of a grandfather towards his little granddaughter. He waited motionless in the cold for the girl's walk to end just to ensure her peace. The old man really loved his granddaughter and was ready to sacrifice his own health for her sake. For grandfather, she was the meaning of life and the main value for which he is ready to do anything.
Argument 2+MV(microoutput)	In "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" M.Yu. Lermontov, you can find an example confirming the correctness of my thesis. The protagonist of this work, Stepan Paramonovich, and his entire family took honor very seriously, so for them the dishonor inflicted by Kiribeevich was a strong blow. Seeing his wife in a terrible state, the merchant suspected her of unworthy behavior, but after listening to Alena Dmitrievna's excuses, he believed her, because he knew that she was an honest and faithful woman. Kalashnikov considered it his duty to punish the oprichnik for his act and return the good name of his family. He was well aware that he would not return alive from this fight, so he transfers the care of his family to his brothers. The most important concepts for members of the Kalashnikov family are duty, loyalty and honor, for which they will sacrifice everything.
	Consequently, life values ​​are important guidelines, rules on which decision-making depends, the meaning of human existence. These are principles that a person follows all his life.
Evaluation criteria	S3K1-2b; S3K2-3b; S3K3-2b; С3К4-2b = 9 points

What is choice

What is choice
(1) Mom, when I was not yet at school, worked as an engineer and drew a lot. (2) The drawings were so beautiful, and her preparation with shiny things was so unusually attractive that I could not pass by. (3) Of course, they caught me, they didn’t let me in, but I still spoiled a few drawings, broke some compasses.
- (4) He is clearly attracted to the exact sciences, - mother said to father seriously.
(5) At school, it immediately became clear that I was not drawn to the exact sciences. (6) I studied very average. (7) Mom said that if I continue like this, I will become a loader. (8) The expression on my father’s face at that time was such that I guessed: he doubts that my mother is telling the truth.
(9) In short, the profession of a loader was never considered by me as a promising one.
(10) When I was in high school, my parents taught at the university. (11) Mom taught thermodynamics, and my father worked as the head of the department at the Faculty of Economics.
(12) But algebra, geometry and physics were still the darkest subjects for me. (13) My parents themselves understood that I would not follow in their footsteps, and did not even hint at it.
(14) What opportunities did I have? (15) University, institute of culture and, of course, medical. (16) I always liked medical. (17) Firstly, my beloved uncle taught there. (18) Secondly, my second cousin studied there, whom I also liked. (19) But somehow the so-called anatomist scared me. (20) I understood: I couldn’t even just enter the building where she is located. (21) Then I began to go to the Institute of Culture. (22) I listened and watched performances of the student choir, concerts of students of the pop department, performances staged and played by students. (23) Of course, I didn’t understand this well then, but I felt deadly boredom and terrifying joylessness of what I saw. (24) The smell of the “anatomist” seemed to haunt me, it came from everything there: in all the speeches, the uselessness of what was happening was visible. (25) Useless to anyone! (26) Neither speakers nor spectators. (27) This lack of hope for joy made me firmly abandon the idea of ​​​​entering the Institute of Culture. (28) But I wanted ... (29) I don’t know what I wanted. (30) Nothing definite. (31) I wanted to be a student. (32) I wanted to study not very difficult and not very boring ... (33) I wanted a fun, interesting, real life. (34) The main thing is real life, with the whole being. (According to E. Grishkovets) *

* Grishkovets Evgeny Valerievich (born in 1967) is a modern Russian writer, playwright, director, actor, musician. He became famous after he was awarded the national theater award "Golden Mask" in 1999.

How not to write an essay "What is a choice?" (punctuation preserved)

Choice is the adoption by someone of one decision from the available set of options. A person often finds himself in a situation of choice: profession, institute, loved one and friends. A person has to give to one values ​​and norms, rejecting others. The choice has to be made every day, even if it is insignificant.
The boy was determined with the choice of profession. He chose her based on his favorite subjects and his abilities. In the original text, the kid was scared about his future, but he didn't know what he wanted. He just wanted to have fun.
In the folk tale "Gingerbread Man" he had the choice to run away from his grandfather and grandmother or not to run away. Since he knew that they wanted to eat him, he decided to run. But on the way he met dangers, other animals also wanted to eat him. But he outwitted them. And ran away from them. But luck smiled at me and he was deceived and eaten by a fox. Whatever choice he chose, the outcome was one.
Sometimes the choice must be treated very carefully, because the wrong choice can cost a lot.

Option 1 of the essay "What is a choice?"

Introduction: thesis, commentary	Choice is a conscious decision-making by a person, for which he is always responsible, which lead to certain consequences. If a person does not know how to make the right choice, he will not be able to manage his life, since it is the choice that determines the situation. The right choice depends on willpower: a person is able to give up what he wants now in favor of a future perspective.
Argument 1+ MV (micro output)	In the text of Grishkovets E.V. the protagonist experiences great difficulties with self-determination in life: he cannot choose anything specific, rushes from one option to another and wants only "a fun, interesting, real life." When faced with minor problems, he immediately changes his mind and looks for a new option, with which he does the same. MV: To take the right step, you need fortitude, which does not allow you to retreat from your goal under the onslaught of problems.
Argument 2+MB (microoutput)	In support of my thesis, I will give an example from the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" This, of course, is Shvabrin's choice. He is ready to sacrifice ideals and principles for the sake of saving lives. The tragic events associated with the Pugachev uprising help to understand the character of the hero: having become a traitor, he thought only about saving his life, forgetting that he swore allegiance to the fatherland, the empress. He chose life, so he kissed Pugachev's hand and began to serve the impostor. This is the traitor's choice.
	Not only the choice of a profession should be deliberate, but in general any event in life should be correlated with moral norms and principles.
	C3K1-2; C3K2-3; C3K3-2; С3К4-2 = 9 points

Option 2 of the essay "What is a choice?"

Introduction and Commentary	Choice is an opportunity or necessity to choose one or another scenario, a path in life. The choice can be very painful, because sometimes the decision cannot be changed, or it is extremely difficult, and sometimes life does not leave a person a choice at all.
Argument 1+MB	The main character of the text E.V. Grishkovets stands at a crossroads. He needs to decide on the choice of profession and educational institution, in which he is prevented by the absence of any aspirations: "I don't know what I wanted. Nothing definite." To him, all options seemed equally unattractive. In the words "I wanted to study not very difficult", perhaps, there is a reluctance to overcome oneself. Probably, the main character should have done just that and went, say, to the medical one. MV: The choice requires courage, prudence, because the right option can be, at first glance, unpleasant, undesirable.
Argument 2+ MB	But life itself made a choice for me. In fifth grade, I was taught Javascript programming by my math teacher. It must have been a key event in my life, because it determined my future profession once and for all. It seems that I didn’t have a choice: it was so interesting. MW: Sometimes it happens as if His Majesty Chance decides for us.
	The choice determines how our life will turn out in the future. It can be very painful, or it can be an insight: mine! To make a choice, a person needs a willingness to meet the future face to face.
	C3k1-2; C3K2-3; S3K-2; С3К4-2 = 9 points

Concise Dictionary concepts and terms on moral and ethical topics

with essay examples

Altruism -a moral principle that prescribes to a person the suppression of his own egoism, disinterested service to his "neighbor", readiness to sacrifice his own interest in favor of the interests of others.

Asceticism -a moral principle that prescribes self-denial to people, the rejection of worldly goods and pleasures, the suppression of sensual aspirations in order to achieve any social goals or moral self-preservation.

Unselfishness- lack of self-interest, greed for property, desire to accumulate wealth, acquire wrong; unwillingness to use something to the detriment, offense or loss of others.

Gratitude - the attitude of a person towards a person (a group of persons, an organization) who has rendered him a beneficence, a service in the past, expressed in a special sense of readiness to respond with mutual beneficence and in appropriate practical actions.

Nobility -a moral quality that characterizes the act of people from the point of view of the lofty motives by which they are dictated. It includes a number of more specific positive qualities: courage, selflessness, loyalty to high ideals, generosity, etc.) This is high morality, dedication and honesty.

Politeness -a moral quality that characterizes the behavior of a person for whom respect for people has become a daily norm of behavior and a familiar way of communicating with others. The opposite of politeness is rudeness, rudeness, a manifestation of arrogance and a dismissive attitude towards people.

generosity -a property of character, expressed in disinterested compliance, condescension, lack of rancor, in the ability to sacrifice one's interests, generosity of the soul, nobility.

Mutual assistance -it is about helping each other, supporting each other in difficult situations. Mutual assistance is based on the principle "you - to me, I - to you". This means that the person who helped you expects responses from you, but these actions can not always be done for good.

1. What is mutual assistance? This question has a deep spiritual dimension. Indeed, without mutual assistance, I think, humanity itself would not exist. In mutual assistance, philanthropy is realized when strangers come to the rescue, helping you out of trouble.

2. Mutual assistance is, first of all, helping a person who needs it. It has a boomerang effect: your help to another person will return to you.

Mutual assistance -relations between people in a team that arise in conditions of common interests and goals, when the unification of efforts and the separation of functions implies mutual support for the individual efforts of each.

Power- this is the ability and ability to exert a decisive influence on the activity, behavior of people with the help of any means: will, authority, law, violence (parental power, state, economic, etc.).

The first associations with the word "power" that arise in me are politics, government, king, state and similar concepts, that is, power for me is, first of all, power in society .

Human inner world

This is his spiritual world, consisting of feelings, emotions, thoughts, ideas about the surrounding reality. There are people with a rich inner world, and there are people with a poor one. The inner world of a person can be judged by his actions. A set of qualities, a kind of a person's own reality, which not only distinguishes him from others, but also greatly influences his own life.

– this is a kind of mental space in which the entire spiritual life of the individual is located, all of its energy is concentrated in it. In the inner world, the formation and preservation of human cultural values, and then their transformation takes place. This is a kind of virtual reality that serves as an intermediary between the neural networks of the brain and the surrounding immediate reality of a person.

1. Psychologists and philosophers believe that the inner world has the following components: emotions, feelings, worldview and intelligence .

2. The inner world of a person or, in other words, the spiritual or spiritual world of a person has a complex structure, consisting of such basic elements as intellect, emotions, feelings, worldview.

3. The inner world of a person is a world that a person creates exclusively for himself. This is a world that is somewhere in the thoughts, in the information field of a person, but can be no less real for him than the world around him. First of all, the inner world is the mind, which, depending on its development, experience, flexibility, forms a person’s attitude towards others and the environment, makes him either hide from the real world in the inner world, or open up and transform the outer world according to the laws of the inner world.

War -a conflict between political entities - states, tribes, political groups, and so on - taking place in the form of armed confrontation, military (combat) actions between their armed forces. One of the goals of war is one's own survival or the destruction of the enemy. As a rule, war has a means of imposing one's will on the opponent.

L.N. Tolstoy, the great humanist of the 19th century, said: “War is madness that makes people doubt the mind. This is the most disgusting thing in life ... an event that is contrary to human reason and all human nature.

Upbringing

is a purposeful and organized process of personality formation.

- the impact of society on the developing person. In the narrow sense of the word, upbringing is the planned influence of parents and school on a child, i.e. for an immature person...

Choice

- this is a conscious decision-making from the proposed set of options, this is a preference for one option over another. A person is constantly faced with the situation of choice, this is a vital necessity. It is especially important to make the right decision when choosing a future profession, because a person’s future life depends on it. Sometimes it is very difficult to make such a choice.

– this is the adoption by a person of one decision from the proposed set of options, self-determination of the individual in relation to principles, decisions and actions. The preference for one over the other is a vital necessity for a person who, while living his life, is forced to constantly choose for himself “in his property”, in one way or another, evil or good.

1.What is choice? This question was very accurately answered by Abraham Maslow, the famous American psychologist, who said: “Life is a process of constant choice.” Indeed, every day we faced a choice, and it depends only on ourselves whether we will follow the path of good or evil.

2.What is the choice? According to Wikipedia, choice is the existence of various options for the exercise of will; the presence of choice is associated with the justification of human free will. And in the explanatory dictionary of V. Zorin "Eurasian Wisdom" the word "choice" is given the following definition: "choice is a spiritual and practical procedure during which the consciousness of the individual selectively prefers some values ​​and norms, rejecting others." As you can see from the above definitions, the choice requires the presence of several different options.

Moral choice

– this is a conscious decision made by a person, this is the answer to the question "What should I do?": pass by or help, deceive or tell the truth, succumb to temptation or resist. Making a moral choice, a person is guided by conscience, morality, and his own ideas about life. This is the adoption by a person of one decision in a situation where he has to act for the benefit of another person or in accordance with his views and beliefs.

1. Sooner or later, every person faces the question of a moral choice, whether it be a man or a woman, it does not matter. What is a person's moral choice? It is a choice between "good" and "evil", between what is "good" and what is "bad".

2. A moral choice is a choice between good and evil that a person makes in any variable situation.

Exposure -moral quality, in which certain aspects of self-control are found; includes:

* the ability of a person to exercise control over his feelings, to subordinate his actions to the achievement of the goal, despite emerging obstacles and unforeseen circumstances (perseverance);

* the ability to overcome difficulties, to suppress in oneself a cowardly desire to abandon the intended tasks (perseverance);

* fidelity to the chosen ideals and principles in spite of hardships and hardships, passive or active opposition and coercion from open enemies (fortitude).

Heroism -a special form of human behavior, which in moral terms is a feat. The hero takes upon himself the solution of an exceptional task in terms of its scale and difficulties, assumes a greater measure of responsibility and duties than is imposed on people in ordinary conditions by generally accepted norms of behavior, overcomes special obstacles in this regard.

Rudeness -the negative moral quality that characterizes the neglect of the culture of behavior is the opposite of politeness.

Humanism -the principle of the worldview, which is based on the belief in the limitlessness of human capabilities and his ability to improve, the demand for freedom and protection of the dignity of the individual, the idea of ​​a person’s right to happiness and that satisfaction of his needs and interests should be the ultimate goal of society.

Good -one of the most general concepts of moral consciousness and one of the most important categories of ethics. Good is the most generalized form of distinguishing between moral and immoral, having a positive and negative moral meaning, what meets the requirements of morality, and what contradicts them: good deeds, virtues, justice, etc.

Kindness -this is a spiritual quality of a person, which is expressed in a gentle, caring attitude towards other people, in an effort to do something good, to help them. Kindness makes our life brighter and happier. It can change a person, his attitude to the world around him.

What is kindness? Kindness is responsiveness, sincere disposition towards people, the desire to do good to others.

Confidence- attitude to the actions of another person and to himself, which is based on the belief in his rightness, loyalty, conscientiousness, honesty.

Duty -a necessity expressed in moral requirements in the form in which they appear before a certain person. This is the transformation of the requirement of morality into a personal task of this particular person, formulated in relation to his position and the situation in which he is at the moment. A person acts as a bearer of certain moral obligations to society, which is aware of them and implements them in its activities.

Dignity -the concept of moral consciousness, expressing the idea of ​​the value of every person as a moral personality, as well as the category of ethics, which means a special moral attitude of a person towards himself and the attitude towards him from the side of society, in which the value of the individual is recognized: self-consciousness and self-control of the individual, based on it man's demands on himself.

Friendship

– it's not just an emotional attachment, it's a close relationship based on trust and sincerity. A true friend will not deceive you under any circumstances. He will find the strength to tell the truth, even if it is not easy for him to do so.

1. Since the time of Socrates, it has been considered one of the main virtues, expressed in the mutual affection and spiritual community of two people. At the same time, friendship based on mutual love, respect, openness and absolute trust in each other was awarded the highest moral assessment.

2. What is friendship? Friendship is a form of communication between people based on common interests, mutual respect, mutual understanding and mutual assistance; involves personal sympathy, affection and affects the most intimate, sincere aspects of human life; one of the best moral senses of a person .

Life values ​​- it is what people consider important in their life. These are their beliefs, principles, guidelines. This is a compass that determines not only the fate of a person, but also his relationship with others. Life values ​​are formed in childhood, they lay the foundation for all later life.

1. What are Life Values? Life values ​​are the goals and priorities that, managing a person's life, determine his essence. For some, material well-being is important in life, that is, money, or power, or a career. The family, the Motherland are dear to others... Everyone chooses his own priorities.

2. What are life values? I think these are the values ​​that serve as guidelines in a person’s life, a standard, criteria for the quality of life and the “correctness” of decisions and actions.

3. Each of us strives for something, wants to achieve something. In this we are helped by the life values ​​that we adhere to. After all, what we do and who we become depends on our core values.

4. Life values ​​are our inner compass, by which we must compare our every step on the road of life. I think that any of us will attribute family, love, friendship to life values. It is they who serve as a support for a person.

Envy -a hostile feeling towards the success, popularity, moral superiority, or advantageous position of another person. Envy arises in a person on the basis of selfishness, ambition and vanity. The feeling of envy worsens the character, personality and relationships of people.

Evil -the opposite of good, the concept of moral consciousness, which serves as the most generalized expression of ideas about the immoral, contrary to the requirements of morality, deserving of condemnation. The negative actions of people are usually assessed as moral evil.

Treason -violation of loyalty to the common cause, the bonds of solidarity, comradeship, love.

Sincerity -moral quality that characterizes the personality and its actions; expressed in the fact that a person does and says what he believes is correct, acts for the sake of those considerations in which he is ready to admit to himself, etc. Sincerity is the opposite of hypocrisy and deceit.

Art. Real art

- this is a creative reflection of reality in artistic images. Real art is like a powerful force that can awaken strong feelings in a person, evoke emotions, make you think about serious life issues. Works of real art are national property, the most important spiritual values ​​that must be passed on to other generations.

1. Have you ever wondered what kind of art is called real? In my opinion, this is art that makes a person better, awakens his soul, makes him think about the meaning of life.

2. Real art is a form of knowledge of life, it is a figurative understanding of reality.

3. “Art is the great struggle against loneliness. And the eternal power of art lies precisely in the fact that it reaches out to all the lonely,” said the famous director Pavel Lungin. Interesting point of view, isn't it? I agree that this is the essence of true art.

4. The answer to the question "What is real art?" I find in the words of Yuri Bondarev, who said: "Art is designed to preserve the human in a person." Only such art can be called real.

5.What is art? Art is a creative reflection of reality in artistic images. The contact of a person with works of art contributes to his spiritual enrichment. Real art is like a powerful force that can awaken strong feelings in a person, evoke emotions, make you think about serious life issues.

6. Art is a creative reflection of reality in artistic images. Real art is not only able to awaken strong feelings and emotions in a person, distract from the gray everyday life for a while, give pleasure, but also fill life with meaning, find the key to oneself.

Books. Precious Books - these are books that develop the imagination and fantasy of a person, give him new impressions, transfer him to another world and lay the foundations of morality. Every child should have such books, because the acuteness of perception in childhood is very high and early impressions can later influence the whole life.

What book can be called precious? I think only the one that awakens the best aspirations in a person, softens the heart, teaches to think, educates. A precious book is an engine of thought, feelings, a source of knowledge, a friend and adviser. Precious books include a book that is dear to a person as a memory of someone, as a family heirloom.

the beauty- something that delivers aesthetic and moral pleasure.

The moral conflict moral choice. In a conflict situation, it is required to make a choice between the clashing moral values ​​in favor of one of them and, through the resolution of the contradiction, realize the moral goal.

culture

A set of traditions, customs, social norms, rules that regulate the behavior of those who live now and are passed on to those who will live tomorrow.

- a system of values, life ideas, patterns of behavior, norms, a set of methods and techniques of human activity, objectified in subject, material carriers and transmitted to subsequent generations.

Some complex whole that includes spiritual and material products that are produced, socially assimilated and shared by members of society and can be passed on to other people or subsequent generations.

cultured man

1. What kind of person can be called cultured? I think this is a civilized, intelligent person.

2. A cultured person is a person who observes the basic norms of behavior of a civilized society, but correlates himself and society only in the proportion that allows him to remain a personality and individuality.

3. A cultured person can be called a person who knows and is always ready to observe the basic norms of behavior, while he is internally convinced of their necessity. A truly educated person behaves properly not only at official receptions, does not flaunt his refined manners, but shows his good breeding in the most insignificant acts of everyday life.

hypocrisy -a negative moral quality, consisting in the fact that moral meaning, lofty motives and philanthropic goals are attributed to deliberately immoral acts. Hypocrisy is the opposite of honesty, directness, sincerity - qualities in which a person's conscious and open expression of the true meaning of his actions is manifested.

Personality -subject of moral activity. A person becomes a moral person when he voluntarily subordinates his actions to the moral requirements of society, realizes their content and significance, is able to set moral goals and develop solutions in relation to specific circumstances, independently evaluate his own actions and the actions of others, educate himself.

Love -this is the most intimate feeling that one person can experience for another. This is a kind of attraction, desire, desire to be close to the object of your love. Love ennobles, makes you perceive the world around you differently, admire and admire the one you love, and even perform feats. The opposite of love is hatred.

1. What is love? Love is a feeling inherent in a person, a deep affection for another person or object, a feeling of deep sympathy.

2. A surprisingly accurate definition of the word “love” was given by the writer George Sand, who said: “Love is happiness that is given to each other.” One cannot but agree with this statement. Love is a feeling that makes a person happy and makes him do crazy things for the sake of his beloved or beloved.

maternal love - this is the most beautiful and strong feeling, this is a huge force that can work miracles, revive to life, save from dangerous diseases. Maternal love is multifaceted, it manifests itself in disinterested self-giving, care, worries for your own child.

1. What is motherly love? This is the most beautiful and powerful feeling in the world. Mother will never betray, always support, share your joy and sorrow with you.

2. Maternal love is a concept that is almost impossible to describe in words. Maternal love makes a woman rejoice, looking at her child, worry about all sorts of trifles as if something serious had happened, and a difficult moment a mother is ready to do anything for her child.

3. Maternal love is the source of life on earth, radiating light, warmth, tenderness and affection. A mother is ready for a lot for her child, even for self-sacrifice.

Cowardice -a negative moral quality that characterizes the weakness of the will of the individual; expressed in the inability to defend and implement the moral principles in which he believes, because of fear for personal interests, fear of incurring adverse consequences, fear of difficulties or lack of confidence in his own strength.

Dream- a special kind of imagination, a cherished desire, the fulfillment of which often promises happiness.

1. In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov, the following definition is given: a dream is “an object of desire, aspiration, something created by the imagination, mentally represented.” I think a dream is the first step towards a goal! There will be no dream, there will be no goal and there will be no movement forward on the path to your happiness. Only dreams can make a person do the impossible, they kindle a flame of hope and self-confidence in our souls.

2. A dream is a certain feeling of desire for something specific, for which a person is ready to start acting. A dream is our thoughts-desires that seem inaccessible and impossible to us, this is strength, this is the meaning of life, this is an interest in life. A dream is the most valuable thing a person has: it fills his life with meaning.

Mercy- Compassionate willingness to help those in need.

Moral -a form of social consciousness, acting in the form of norms, rules and principles that guide people in their behavior. Morality regulates human behavior in all spheres of public life without exception.

Courage -a moral quality that characterizes the behavior and moral character of a person. Courage has such qualities as courage, fortitude, endurance, self-control, selflessness, self-esteem, calm courage, presence of mind in trouble, danger, courage, fearlessness.

Skills -actions that a person has learned so much in the course of a long exercise that he began to carry out them more or less automatically. In moral activity, by means of skill, the choice of the necessary methods, ways, means of action can be regulated.

Hatred -a moral feeling corresponding to relations of mutual enmity between people. It includes a number of interrelated moments, for example: disgust and desire for evil to another, refusal to help a hated person, opposition to all his aspirations.

Self-doubt - it is a lack of faith in oneself, one's strengths, capabilities and abilities. Insecure people have low self-esteem, they suffer from an inferiority complex. This feature is very disturbing in life. It needs to be fought and overcome.

1. What is self-doubt? I think this is, first of all, a person's dependence on the opinions of others and doubts about their physical and mental strengths. In addition, this inability to make independent decisions and low self-esteem, and, as a result, uncertainty is the cause of many troubles.

2. Uncertainty is the fear of making an independent decision because of doubts about one's strengths, capabilities, abilities, fear of failure.

3. Uncertainty is fear, internal fears associated with low self-esteem. Fears that bind a person, preventing him from growing and developing further, forcing him to hesitate when solving any issues, taking actions - all this is the definition of what self-doubt is.

Moral- a set of norms that determine human behavior.

Responsibility - such a property of a person in terms of fulfillment, by her, of the moral requirements imposed by society; expressing the degree of participation of the individual and social groups, both in their own moral improvement, and in the improvement of social relations. If it is man's duty to practically carry out the moral requirements, then the question of the extent to which this task is carried out, or the extent to which a person is guilty of not fulfilling it, is a matter of personal responsibility.

Deviant behavior (deviant) - a special kind of moral evil, expressed in negative deviations from the norms and patterns of behavior.

Behavior -a set of human actions that have moral significance, committed by him in a relatively long period in constant or changing conditions.

Utility- one of the forms of manifestation of the social significance of objects and phenomena, as well as human actions; the positive role they play in satisfying someone's interests or achieving goals.

Integrity - a positive moral quality that characterizes a person and his actions; means fidelity to a certain idea in beliefs and consistent implementation of this idea in behavior.

Nature -the material world of the Universe, in essence, is the main object of study of the natural sciences. In everyday life, the word "nature" is often used in the meaning of the natural habitat (everything that is not created by man).

1. What is nature? We will find the answer to this question in the words of the Russian writer M.M. Prishvin. In his opinion, nature is "fire, water, wind, stones, plants, animals ...", that is, everything that surrounds a person, and the person himself, of course.

2. Have you ever wondered: what is nature? It seems to me that the answer is obvious: it is the world that surrounds us and of which we are a part. It is a "living being", as the American writer Fenimore Cooper said, "to be understood"

3. Nature is everything that surrounds us: from the most distant star in space to the smallest grain of sand under our feet, Nature is endowed not only with an amazing self-preservation instinct, but also with an inner intuition that allows you to understand where is the enemy and where is the friend. And if there is a friend in front of her, wildlife, she is ready to share love, joy ...

4. Nature is the natural habitat of a person, the world around him in all its variety of manifestations.

Professional honor - caring for the authority of their profession in society.

Remorse -recognition of one's own guilt and condemnation of one's past actions; It manifests itself either in a public confession to others of one's guilt and readiness to be punished, or in a special feeling of regret for the deeds and thoughts committed. Repentance can be a manifestation of conscience or a sense of shame, but in both cases it plays the role of a person's self-assessment of his actions, which guides his further actions.

Independence

A generalized personality property that appears in initiative, criticality, adequate self-esteem and a sense of personal responsibility for one's activities and behavior

- this is a property of a person who knows how to set a goal and achieve it, solve problems that arise on his life path. Independence is the freedom of choice and the ability to pay for this freedom, to take responsibility for one's actions, for one's own choice of solving a particular problem.

What is independence? We find the answer to this question in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov: “Independence is independence, freedom from external influences, coercion, from outside support, help. Independence - the ability to act independently, make judgments, possess initiative, decisiveness. One cannot but agree with this interpretation. Indeed, independence is the ability of a person to make a decision and be responsible for it.

Family

1. If we turn to a social science textbook, we will read that a family is a group of people based on consanguinity or marriage. However, it seems to me that this definition does not fully answer the question: what is a family? In my opinion, a family is a special world that unites the closest people, in which everyone is comfortable, because it is saturated with love, tenderness and care. If this is not the case, then the family breaks up or becomes unhappy.

2. A family is a living organism: if it’s bad for one, then it’s bad for everyone, if one is happy, then he “infects” all relatives with this happiness. Family relationships imply a high degree of trust, and if trust is lost, then family ties are torn, only it, together with love, holds the family together, makes it strong and strong.

Strength of mind -one of the main qualities that make a person strong not physically, but morally. The strength of the spirit is made up of self-confidence, determination, perseverance, perseverance, inflexibility, faith in the best. The strength of the spirit makes a person find a way out of a difficult situation, look to the future with optimism, and overcome life's hardships.

1. What is fortitude? Strength of mind is one of the qualities that make a person persistent and inflexible. This strength is made up of will and perseverance. Courageous people are said to be made of iron, not to bend or break.

2. Fortitude (fortitude) - high spiritual, mental stamina. Thanks to it, goals are achieved and peaks are conquered. This is all our internal energy, without which we cannot achieve anything in life.

3. The strength of the spirit is the core of a person. It is spiritual strength that allows him to achieve life goals and overcome obstacles, makes us capable of a real act.

Meaning of life -a concept that shows in the name of what life and human activity are necessary.

Conscience -the ability of a person to exercise self-control, to formulate moral obligations for himself, to demand from himself their fulfillment and to make a self-assessment of the actions performed.

What is conscience? Conscience is an internal assessment, an internal consciousness of the morality of one's actions, a sense of moral responsibility for one's behavior.

Shame -one of the manifestations of the moral self-awareness of the individual; a moral sense in which a person expresses condemnation of his actions, motives and moral qualities.

Happiness -this is the state of the human soul, this is the highest satisfaction with life. Each person puts his own understanding into this word. For a child, happiness is a peaceful sky above his head, entertainment, fun, games, loving parents. And it's scary when the happy world of a child collapses.

1. What is happiness? “Happiness is the state of a person that corresponds to the greatest internal satisfaction with the conditions of one’s being, the fullness and meaningfulness of life, the fulfillment of one’s human purpose,” we read on Wikipedia. I would add that happiness is harmony in the human soul.

2. Have you ever thought about the question of what happiness is. It seems to me that happiness is such a state of mind when everything is seen in pink, when every world of life brings joy. Happiness must be real... A warm home... Love is mutual... Friendship is reliable...

3. Happiness ... How much ambiguous and magical is inherent in this word, how much incomprehensible lies in the meaning of this feeling. I think a person becomes happy when he gives himself, his work, his love to another person...

4. The word "happiness" includes several concepts: love, family hearth, the possibility of self-realization, financial success, career... Everyone determines what happiness is for him. For me, this is definitely family. Only next to my family I feel happy.

5. Happiness is love for one's father's house, it is the ability to dream, make plans, make the most unrealizable dreams and live by faith that they come true. Happiness is a feeling of the warmth of the spring sun, it is confidence in the future, it is the care of loved ones, dear people...

5. Happiness is a state that a person experiences here and now, a state of mind when a person is overwhelmed with joy, delight, and other positive feelings. In addition, the state of happiness implies that there are no negative feelings and emotions that give rise to suffering and pain.

6. The happiness formula can be defined as follows: “Happiness is a set of powerful sources of joy in a person’s life and the absence of sources of suffering”, when the sources of joy are put in the numerator, and the more of them, the better, and the denominators are the sources of suffering.

7. Happiness is the joy that lives in the human heart, and the greater and more powerful it is, the stronger the state of happiness.

8. Happiness is the state that you experience when you realize that you are loved by those whom you love.

Family happiness

Family happiness... This state can be defined only in such words as love, harmony, mutual respect and the desire to do something important and meaningful for each other.

Respect -one of the most important requirements of morality, implying such an attitude towards people, in which the dignity of the individual is practically recognized.

Formalism -purely external observance of commandments and norms, the formal fulfillment of duty, when a person does not think about the social significance of his actions, does not realize the real meaning of his moral activity or is not able to motivate it from the point of view of the needs of society and man.

Values(see "Life Values")

Cynicism -a moral quality that characterizes a contemptuous attitude towards the culture of society, towards its spiritual and moral values. Cynicism refers to words and deeds that desecrate what constitutes the historical achievements of human culture, mockery of moral principles, ridicule of ideals dear to people, trampling on human dignity.

Humanity -humanism, humanity, humane attitude towards others. In a general sense - a system of moral and social attitudes, suggesting the need to show sympathy for people, to provide assistance, not to cause suffering. Since man is a social being, humanity is a required behavior in society.

Callousness of the soul- heartlessness, callousness, dryness, coldness, insensitivity, unresponsiveness.

Honour -the concept of moral consciousness and the category of ethics, closely related and in many respects similar to the category of dignity. The concept of honor reveals the attitude of a person to himself and the attitude towards him from society.

Reading is a specific form of linguistic communication of people through printed or handwritten texts, one of the main forms of mediated communication.

1. Reading is the perfect combination of business and pleasure. On the one hand, this is a hobby, an undeniable pleasure from the process, on the other hand, knowledge in its purest form.

2. The reading process is an increase in vocabulary and literacy too, but the most important thing is the development of a person's inner world.

3. Reading is a fascinating, useful and important activity: it's nice to dive into the world of imagination and fantasy after a long day; it is warm and comfortable to sit with a book in a large armchair, wrapped in a blanket, while it is raining and cold outside the window ... Many interesting and new things can be gleaned from huge Talmuds and large volumes; where knowledge hides between dusty pages...

4. Reading is the art of managing oneself, one's thoughts, feelings, intellect, it is a creative process (dialogue with the author), this is one of the best pastimes that allows you to become better.

Generosity- providing disinterested assistance to others, lack of stinginess.

Selfishness -life moral principle and moral quality that characterizes a person from the point of view of his relationship to society and other people; means giving preference in choosing a line of behavior to one's own interests over the interests of society and the people around it, and is the most open manifestation of individualism.

Ethics- philosophical science, the object of study of which is morality: the origin, structure, functions, as well as the problems of the development of morality: questions about how a person should act (normative ethics) and actually theoretical questions about the origin and essence of morality (theoretical ethics).

Etiquette -a set of rules of conduct relating to the external manifestation of attitude towards people.

Task Formulation:

How do you understand the meaning of the word HUMANITY? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is humanity”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the read text, and the second - from your life experience.

As you already understood, one argument must be from the read text (Read the text in full), and the second - from your life experience. And this greatly simplifies the task.

The structure of the essay-reasoning 15.3. OGE in Russian:

1. Thesis.
2. Argument 1 + example + comment.
3. Argument 2 + example + comment.
4. Conclusion (according to the thesis).

Cliche for composition 15.3. OGE in Russian

Part (paragraph)	Cliches (typical schemes of phrases and sentences)
Thesis	In my opinion, humanity is... (or) In my opinion, humanity is... (or) I think humanity is... (or) I think humanity is... (or) What is humanity? Few think about it. I think that...
Argument 1	Let us turn to the text of B. Vasiliev, which refers to ...(or) In the text, B. Vasiliev raises the problem ... In sentence no. ... the author says that ... (or)
Argument 2	I can support my opinion with examples from life experience ...(or) In life we ​​often see...(or) I once witnessed an event that... Once upon a time...
Conclusion	Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that... (or) Thus, it can be concluded that... (or) In closing, I would like to say that...

These clichés are intended only to help you formulate thoughts, it is not necessary to use these particular phrases. Essay on task 15.3. may look more creative, a prerequisite is the observance of the structure of the essay.

Sample essay in task format 15.3

Humanity is a moral quality that implies respect and sympathy for people, benevolence and tolerance. In the modern world, there is already enough evil, people need to be more attentive and kinder towards each other.

The behavior of two girls and a boy from B. Vasiliev's text cannot be called humane. They committed a theft, taking advantage of the old woman's blindness. Letters from the front were the dearest for Anna Fedotovna. The inhuman act of the guys led to the fact that her soul "became blind and deaf."

Pupils of our school provide all possible assistance to veterans of the Great Patriotic War and widows of veterans. I think it is necessary not only for them, but also for us. Helping others, a person shows his best qualities, humanity is one of them.

Good feelings should be formed from childhood, assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and important truths. Without humanity, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible. (125 words)

How to find arguments in text?

The hardest part is finding arguments in the text. If you are not very well versed in the means of artistic expression, then, of course, it is better to repeat them before the exam. In task 15.3. it is not necessary to use them as an argument, but the skillful use of expressive means will certainly be appreciated by the verifier. On the exam itself, oddly enough, the exam paper itself will be of great help to you. Argument number 1 you take from the read text. Think about the problem raised in the text, how the problem is solved in the text. Argument number 2 will tell you your own life experience. Think about whether this problem is relevant at the present time? How does the problem manifest itself today? And write about it