Rules for independent and auxiliary parts of speech. The difference between independent and auxiliary parts of speech

Part of speech is a class variety of speech units of a language. In our native language, they are (significant) and. Sentences with service and independent parts of speech during parsing require a clear idea of how they differ from each other.

In contact with

- these are groups of words denoting objects, their properties and actions. What features do independent categories of words have and how do they differ from auxiliary ones? Their distinctive feature is the performance of syntactic functions, as well as the presence of morphological features.

Noun

Noun affects objects and phenomena (table, chair, fog, rain). Questions: Who? What?

To permanent characteristics of a noun include gender (male - backpack, bear; female - board, diagram; cf. - cloud, tree); declination (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th); proper name (full name, nicknames, names of countries, rivers, etc.) or common noun (they call a group of homogeneous objects - a writer, a plant); animate (all living things - a cat, a dog) or inanimate (inanimate objects - a stone, a wall).

The changing morphological features include number and case.

Attention! Some nouns are used only in singular. (honey, purity, midges) or many others. including (chess, twilight, trousers).

Nouns in syntactic constructions are subject, object, nominal predicate. Leaves fall off in autumn. Anton washed the floors. She is secretary.

Adjective

Adjective defines the attribute of an object. Questions: Which one? Whose?

The permanent characteristic features include the category: qualitative (the nature of the object manifests itself in varying degrees - a big house - larger / smaller, a red beam - redder, a deep lake - deeper / shallower), relative (do not form a degree of comparison - a wooden bench, a snowball, an urban area), possessive (to belong to someone - a fox hole, mother's bag, grandmother's scarf).

To non-permanent morph. signs include gender, number and case.

Adjectives in a sentence can be a definition, a nominal predicate or part of it. Ginger the cat is sitting on the window. My son is already large.

Numeral

The numeral determines the number objects, as well as their order in the count. Questions: How much? Which? The constant characteristics of the numeral include semantic types - quantitative (How much? - six, fifty-two) and ordinal (What is the number? - ninth, twenty-second). As well as structural types - simple (one root - one, six, forty), complex (two or more roots - fifty, six hundred) or compound (consist of two or more words - forty-eight, one hundred and seventy-nine).

To changing features numerals include case, gender and number. The numeral as an independent category can be any member of the syntactic construction: Twelve tourists camped on the beach (subject). Two tickets were missing at the box office (addition). First Gagarin became a man in space (definition). One plus four is five(predicate). She was born in 1989 year (circumstance).

Pronoun

The pronoun indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not define them. A view is an immutable morph. sign.

Pronouns distinguish:

Personal (who? what?): I there was, you sat at the desk it changed etc.
Reflexive (similar to the reflexive suffix -sya for verbs): The offender acquitted myself.
Interrogative: Who came? What did you do? Whose drawing is this? and etc.
Relatives coincide with interrogatives, but in a sentence with them a question mark is not put: those who listened; to discuss what what wrote newspapers; look in the closet which stood near the door; and etc.
Undefined: someone stole a bag hear something terrible; some types; some students; someone made; anyone will bring; and etc.
Negative: none did not write; nothing did not portend trouble; no one help; no result; and etc.
Possessive: my house; your garden; your son; and etc.;
Indicative: this way; that rule; such is plan; and etc.
Determinants: myself remade; the whole day; any once; different happening; any Human.

Changing morph. case is a sign of pronouns, and some pronouns can change gender and number.

Pronouns can be any member of the proposal: We went for mushrooms. This is it. AT them there were ten students in the class. The boss called his. I while I live you.

Verb

The verb is the action of the subject. Questions: What to do? What to do? The verb has the following constant morphs. signs: view (perfect - look, buy, play - What to do ?; imperfect - look, buy, play - What to do?); conjugation (I and II).

Changing morphs. verb signs are expressed in tenses. In present / future temp. the verb changes persons and numbers, and in the past. temp. - numbers and gender (in singular).

It can act as any member of the proposal. Guys caught beetle. Desire (What?) to study he lost. The teacher asked the class (about what?) keep quiet. The family went to the sea (why?) relax. Be in love- means forgive.The whole task is easier than seems part at the beginning.

Participle

The participle denotes the nature of the object according to the action. Question: Which one?

It borrows the features of a verb and an adjective. From the adjective he got gender, number and case; from the verb - time (present and past) and form (real - the object itself performs the action: a load-bearing wall, a working student, giving gifts, hurrying to the bus; passive - an action is performed on the object: a book being read, an example being solved, a visible solution.

The participle can be a definition, a nominal predicate or part of it. Running the man waved his arms vigorously. The book was read. Performing regulations. Participles combine the properties of an adjective and a verb.

gerund

gerund- a verb form denoting an auxiliary (not central) action with the main one. Questions: Doing what? Having done what? (surprising, meeting; recognizing, looking).

The participle has absorbed the properties of the adverb (does not change) and the verb. From the verb, the participle took the perfect (folding, taking, baking) and imperfect (knocking, knowing, smiling) form.

The participle acts as a circumstance: Back, I found only my sister at home. The gerund combines the features of an adverb and a verb.

Adverb

Adverb- the service part of speech, shows the nature of the action. Questions: How? Where? Where? How? etc. (qualitatively, close, far, quickly); An adverb, unlike the rest of the self. parts of speech, does not change by gram. signs.

In a sentence, the adverb acts as a circumstance or definition: Rain soon stopped. I boiled eggs (how?) soft-boiled.

Service parts of speech

O differ service categories of words from independent themes that do not determine the phenomena, their features, and also do not act as members of the proposal. Constructions with service parts of speech (unions) can be compound (CSP) or complex (CSP).

Service parts of speech

Pretext

Suggestions are of the following types:

Derivatives: in the middle of the field, along the strip;
Non-derivatives: with milk, at home, on the table.

Attention! The word between the part, in a different way, the category of speech - a preposition, is written separately from the others, and between as a prefix - together: Between heaven and earth. Between floor covering.

Union

By construction, unions are distinguished:

Simple: don't be sad a funny; pure and invigorating water; cramped Yes not offended; modestly but with taste; and etc.
Composite: because we decided; since we came; I went to the city in order to visit brother etc.

In terms of meaning, unions are divided into:

Coordinating (they make up homogeneous members of the sentence and simple sentences in the SSP. - and, or, or, yes, however, etc.). Masha and Kolya has been friends since childhood (homogeneous subjects). In India, cars are not popular, a hard work is done by elephants (SSP).
Subordinating (connect simple sentences in NGN - although, when, barely, as if, etc.). When spring will come (dependent part), birds will return home from the south (main part).

Attention! The following word often causes difficulty: so the part (category) of speech is the union, has a final meaning, it is written together, and so the union with the pronoun is written separately. So we've come to the end. So went on for quite some time.

Particle

Formatives serve to form the forms of the word: let him spend the night; for God's sake; let `s play; and etc.
Negative: didn't drink; do not read; I won't; never;
Modal ones bring an additional emotional coloring: whether there will be more; don't you know; did it happen; just to bypass; that's the way things are; and etc.

Interjection

Interjection- an invariable part of speech that expresses, but does not name feelings / motivations for action. In syntactic constructions, interjections are separated by a comma or an exclamation point. Examples: Ay! Ouch! Wow! Guard! Hello! Bravo! and etc.

Russian language Grade 10 18-20 week Independent and service parts of speech

Russian language grade 11. Service parts of speech: preposition, union, particle

Conclusion

When determining the category of a word, first ask a question, then carefully analyze which grammatical features of the parts of speech will give you a clue. Do not lose sight of syntactic constructions, they will guide you on how to distinguish service parts of speech from independent ones. If you memorize the theory, you will be able to correctly and quickly apply your knowledge in practice.

Absolutely everything is divided into categories in Russian. The part of speech is determined by morphological features, syntactic function and lexical meaning.

Their composition was formed all the time while the grammar of the Russian language was developing. At the present stage, independent parts of speech (full-valued) and service ones are distinguished. Interjections, modal words and onomatopoeic are considered separately.

Independent (in some sources they are also called significant) indicate objects, quantity, properties, action, quality, state. They have a grammatical meaning and a lexical one. In addition, they perform a syntactic function, acting as the main or secondary member in the sentence.

Independent parts of speech consist of seven categories of words: adjective and noun, verb, pronoun, adverb and category of state. Not all of them can change their shape through a variety of means. This ability is characteristic only for adjectives, nouns, numerals, as well as verbs and pronouns. The category of state (lack of time, pity, glad) and adverbs do not have means that form various forms. A small exception is made by qualitative adverbs, which are able to create degrees of comparison.

The category of state (or predicate) should be discussed separately, since it is not distinguished in all grammars. For the first time this was done by L. V. Shcherba. Moreover, the understanding of the predicative is narrow and wide. In the first case, the category of state includes only those words that in an impersonal sentence (also in the one where the main member is expressed by the infinitive) play the syntactic role of the predicate: sunny, cold, difficult to understand, one cannot be silent, there is no time, one can agree, damp, warm . In the second case, the category of state includes all words that are not verbs, but act as a predicate: impossible, just right, must, glad, obliged, possible, ready.

Predicative: use together with a copula and the meaning of the state. In the case of a narrow understanding, the immutability of the word is added here.

There is a lot of special literature, which quite convincingly substantiates the attribution of the category of state to parts of speech. Indeed, there are words in the language that are not verbs, but perform the syntactic function of the predicate, like verbs. Some linguists correlate the concept of the category of state with the function of non-verbal word forms in a sentence. But, nevertheless, this question is still problematic and remains open.

The accepted distribution by parts of speech cannot be considered constant, since in the language there is often a transition of lexemes from one part of speech to another. However, not all words can do this freely. Some independent parts of speech more often turn into other independent ones, less often - into service ones. For example, adverbs can go into the category of prepositions: about, around. U appears the meaning of pronouns: The case (this) was in the fall. Participles turn into prepositions and adverbs: despite, thanks, sitting, silently, standing. Often nouns become parts of complex conjunctions, particles of prepositions: is it a joke, during, while, etc.

Parts of speech in English, as well as in Russian, are divided into full-valued (significant, independent) and service parts. The first also include those words that have a full lexical meaning, are members of a sentence and name actions, signs and objects. English grammar refers to them as adverbs, verbs, pronouns and adjectives, nouns and numerals.

The great Russian language is rich in its diversity. And that is why all words are divided into independent and auxiliary parts of speech. This means that some of them can represent something whole separately, while others - only in combination with the first.

Independent and service parts of speech: characteristics and classification

So, the science of morphology deals with parts of speech. This is one of the sections of grammar that studies words as separate "molecules of language". Independent parts of speech are words that separately represent a semantic connotation and meaning. Such groups include nouns, numerals and adjectives, as well as verbs, pronouns, adverbs and participles together with gerunds. Each of the above parts of speech has its own common morphological features, which include gender / case / number, time, immutability of the word, person, its conjugation or declension. Independent parts of speech are also called significant. They denote objects, as well as their any signs and actions.

Detailed description

Now it is worth talking about each part of speech in more detail. It should be noted right away that in the Russian language there is no consensus on the attitude towards one of the groups of parts of speech participles and participles. So, a noun is a word denoting an object or something that performs an action (for example, a window, a boy, dad, girl). A verb is a word that indicates and determines the action of an object. Accordingly, he answers such questions as “what to do”, “what did you do”, “what did you do” (for example, sawed, sang, will eat, walk). The numeral name speaks for itself - these are words that determine the degree and quantity (for example, fifth, six, eight, one and a half). An adjective is a word denoting a sign that performs an action, its qualities (for example, wooden, mother's, strong, smart). The next part of speech from the category of independent ones is an adverb that answers all kinds of questions like "where", "how", "why", "when" (for example, close, fun, fast, yesterday). A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a name (for example, he, it, and others). That is, pronouns, as it were, replace and spatially generalize the object that performs the action. Independent and service parts of speech have many meanings, so you need to know the peculiarities of each group. Participle and participle are special forms of the verb, only the first indicates the definition of the attribute, and the second indicates the image of the completed action. For example, "dreaming" is a gerund, "dreaming" is a participle.

Service parts of speech

Service parts of speech are non-independent words. This group traditionally includes particles, interjections, conjunctions and prepositions. It is worth recalling that these words that exist separately cannot be members of a sentence, but they can be part of them. For example, together with a noun. Thus, when parsing a proposal, one should not forget about such subtleties. Independent and service parts of speech are the basis of literacy. Knowing the characteristics of each group, you can easily make a correct morphological analysis, as well as draw up sentence schemes.

Parts of speech are large groups of words, each of which has similar features. The Russian language consists of various independent and service parts of speech, and independent ones include those that denote objects and their attributes, quantity, action, state, as well as those that serve as an indication of all of the above. A sentence may consist entirely of independent parts of speech and not contain service parts.

Independent parts of speech

The independent parts of speech include:

noun;
adjective;
verb (including its forms such as participle and participle);
numeral;
pronoun;
adverb.

Noun

A noun in a generalized form names an object and answers questions like “who? " and what? ". The nouns include both persons, and animals, and the names of objects, and abstract concepts like conscience and honor, and actions like walking or singing, and signs like height, and attitude. Nouns are divided into several categories and are proper and common nouns, as well as animate and inanimate. There are also number, cases and gender in nouns. In a sentence, a noun is usually either the subject or the object.