Considered: Agreed: I approve
at the meeting of the Ministry of Defense Head of the educational department Head of the branch of GBPOU AMK
protocol No. __ dated "__" _______ 20__ ______ G.T. Gazetdinova ______ M.A. Idrisov
Head ______ "__" _____ 20__ Etc. No. __ dated "__" _____ 20__
Working programm
by discipline
"Informatics"
Krasnousolsky village, 2015
Work program of the discipline « Informatics” was developed in accordance with the Federal Basic Curriculum and an exemplary curriculum for educational institutions of the Russian Federation implementing general education programs and an exemplary program for the discipline “Informatics” for specialties of secondary vocational education.
Organization-developer: GBPOU AMK branch of the village of Krasnousolsky
Developer: Yakimenko E.A. - teacherinformatics
CONTENT
№
NAME
page
1.
Pasport of the work program of the academic discipline
2.
Structure and approximate content of the academic discipline
3.
Conditions for the implementation of an exemplary program of the academic discipline
4.
Control and evaluation of the results of mastering the academic discipline
Table of changes by discipline
"Informatics and ICT" in the program for the 2015-2016 academic year
The hours in the work program were reduced due to the change in the hours in the curriculum.
1. passport of the working PROGRAM of the EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE
computer science and ic
Scope of the work program
The program of the academic discipline is part of an exemplary basic professional educational program in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard in the specialties of secondary vocational education .
The program is designed to implement state requirements for a minimum content and level of training of graduates in their specialties SVE is designed to form general and professional competencies.
The code
Name of learning outcome
PC.1.1
Organize and carry out maintenance and repair of vehicles.
PC 1.2
Carry out technical control during storage, operation, maintenance and repair of vehicles.
PC 1.3
Develop technological processes for the repair of components and parts.
PC 2.1
Planning and organizing the maintenance and repair of vehicles.
PC 2.2
Monitor and evaluate the quality of the work of the contractors.
PC 2.3
Organize the safe conduct of work during the maintenance and repair of vehicles.
OK 1.
Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show a steady interest in it.
OK.2
Organize their own activities, choose standard methods and methods for performing professional tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality.
OK.3
Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and bear responsibility for them.
OK 4.
To search for and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of professional tasks, professional and personal development.
OK.5
Use information and communication technologies in professional activities.
OK 6.
Work in a team and team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, consumers.
OK 7.
Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates), the result of completing tasks.
OK.8
Independently determine the tasks of professional and personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan advanced training.
OK.9
Navigate in the conditions of frequent change of technologies in professional activity.
OK.10
Perform military duty, including with the application of acquired professional knowledge (for young men).
1.2. The place of the academic discipline in the structure of the main professional educational program:
when mastering specialties, SPO "Computer Science" is studied as an academic subject.
1.3. Goals and objectives of the academic discipline - requirements for the results of mastering the academic discipline:
The purpose of the academic discipline is to develop students' information-communication and project competencies, including the ability to effectively and meaningfully use a computer and other information tools and communication technologies for their educational and future professional activities, as well as the formation of general and professional competencies.
When mastering the program, students develop information and communication competence - knowledge, skills and abilities in computer science necessary to study other general education subjects, for their use in the course of studying special disciplines of the professional cycle, in practical activities and everyday life.
As a result of mastering the academic discipline, the student should be able to:
evaluate the reliability of information by comparing various sources;
recognize information processes in various systems;
use ready-made information models, evaluate their compliance with the real object and the goals of modeling;
illustrate educational work using information technology tools;
As a result of mastering the academic discipline, the student should know:
purpose and types of information models describing real objects or processes;
purpose and functions of operating systems;
The discipline is studied for two semesters.
hours, including: obligatory classroom workload of a student 86 hours; student's independent work 43 hours.2. STRUCTURE AND EXAMPLE CONTENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE
2.1. Volume of academic discipline and types of educational work
Type of study work
Watch Volume
129
Mandatory classroom teaching load (total)
86
including:
workshops
40
checks, reports
6
Independent work of the student (total)
43
including:
Final certification in the form of a differentiated test
Course 1
Information technology (2 hours)
Information. Information objects of various types. information model.
Basic information processes: storage, transmission and processing of information.
The concept of the amount of information: different approaches. Units for measuring the amount of information. Binary representation of information.
Students should know:
the concept of information, its main properties;
types of organoleptic information;
main forms of presentation of information;
code and encoding of information;
information object, information model.
basic units of measurement of the amount of information.
Students should be able to:
determine the information volume of any text;
encode text in some way.
Coding and processing of text information. Encoding of text information. Creation of documents in text editors. Formatting documents in text editors. Computer dictionaries and systems for computer translation of texts.
(16+12 h)
Systems of optical recognition of documents. Coding and processing of graphic information. Coding of graphic information. Raster graphics. Vector graphics. Audio encoding. Computer presentations. Coding and processing of numerical information. Representation of numerical information using number systems. Spreadsheets. Construction of charts and graphs.
Computer workshop:
Practical work "Creating and formatting a document"
Practical work "Translating with the help of an online dictionary and translator"
Practical work "Scanning a "paper" and recognizing an electronic text document"
Practical work "Coding of graphic information"
Practical work "Raster graphics"
Practical work "Vector graphics"
Practical work "Creating Flash Animation"
Practical work "Development of a multimedia presentation" Computer device "
Practical work "Development of the presentation" My profession "
Practical work "Translating numbers from one number system to another using a calculator"
Practical work "Relative, absolute and mixed links in spreadsheets"
Practical work "Construction of diagrams of various types"
Students should know:
types of number systems used in the computer;
rules for converting numbers from the decimal number system to the number systems used in the computer, and vice versa;
the principle of coding textual information;
principles of encoding graphic information in the form of raster and vector images;
principles of encoding sound information;
Students should be able to:
to translate integer decimal numbers into binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems;
transfer from any positional system to binary;
encode any character using the ASCII code table;
to encode a color point for a 16-color palette;
create multimedia presentations;
distinguish between relative, absolute and mixed links in spreadsheets;
build charts and graphs.
Communication technologies (16+8h)
Local and global computer networks. Internet addressing. Internet. Email. File archives. Radio, TV and Webcams on the Internet. Geographic information systems on the Internet. E-commerce on the Internet. Libraries, encyclopedias and dictionaries on the Internet. Fundamentals of the hypertext markup language.
Computer workshop:
Practice "Sharing a printer on a local network"
Practical work "Creating an Internet connection"
Practical work "Connecting to the Internet and determining the IP address"
Practical work "Browser settings"
Practical work "Working with e-mail"
Practical work "Real-time communication in local and global computer networks"
Practical work "Working with file archives"
Practical work "Search on the Internet"
local network, global network;
basics of functioning of the Internet;
file archives;
tools for creating information objects for the Internet.
Students should be able to:
use e-mail, Internet resources
2 COURSE
Computer as a means of automating information processes (8+5 hours)
The history of the development of computer technology. Architecture of the personal computer. Operating Systems. Protection against unauthorized access to information. Password protection. Biometric security systems. Physical protection of data on disks. Malware protection.
Computer workshop:
Practical work "Information about computer architecture"
Practical work "Icons and shortcuts on the desktop"
Practical work "Setting up a graphical interface for the Linux operating system"
Practical work "Protection against computer viruses"
Practical work "Protection against Trojans and hacker attacks"
Students should know/understand:
computer architecture;
operating system;
ways to protect information;
Students should be able to:
customize icons, shortcuts on the desktop;
customize the graphical interface of the operating system;
protect information.
Modeling and formalization (7+3 hours)
Modeling as a method of cognition. System approach in modeling. Model representation forms. Formalization. The main stages of development and research of models on the computer. Research of physical and astronomical models. Study of algebraic and geometric models. Study of chemical and biological models.
Students should know:
purpose of modeling;
main types of modeling tasks;
the main stages of modeling and the sequence of their implementation.
Students should be able to:
develop a step-by-step modeling scheme for any task;
set the goal of modeling and formalize the problem at the stage of setting the problem;
create an information model and convert it into a computer model at the model development stage.
Database. Database management systems (DBMS) (7+4 hours)
Tabular databases. The main objects of the DBMS: tables, forms, queries, reports. Using a form to view and edit records in a tabular database. Search for records in a tabular database using filters and queries. Sorting records in a tabular database. Hierarchical databases. Network databases.
Computer workshop:
Practical work "Creating a tabular database"
Practical work "Creating a form in a tabular database"
Practical work "Searching for records in a tabular database using filters and queries"
Practical work "Sorting records in a tabular database"
Practical work "Printing data using reports"
Practical work "Creating a report in a tabular database"
Practical work "Creating a genealogical family tree"
Practical work “Databases. Database management systems (DBMS)»
Students should know:
the concept of a database and its main elements;
DBMS interface structure;
classification and purpose of DBMS tools;
database creation and editing technology;
technology for searching and replacing data, sorting, grouping, filtering, introducing a calculated field;
purpose and technology of creating a form;
the purpose of the report and the technology of its creation.
Students should be able to:
create and edit the database structure;
fill in the created structure with data and edit them;
view the database in list and form mode;
format database fields;
create and edit a form, including pictures in it;
sort data;
create filters and select data;
create a database report.
Information society (2 hours)
Law on the Internet. Ethics on the Internet. Prospects for the development of information and communication technologies.
Students should know:
ethics on the Internet;
Repetition. Tests on the topics of the course "Informatics and ICT" (6 hours)
2.2. Approximate thematic plan and content of the academic discipline « And informatics and ICT»
Name of sections and topics
Watch Volume
Level of development
Introduction
Information and information processes
Section 1. Information technology
1.1. Encoding and processing of text information
1.1.1. Encoding of text information
1.1.2. Creating documents in text editors
1.1.3. Formatting Documents in Text Editors
1.1.4. Computer dictionaries and systems for computer translation of texts
1.1.5. OCR systems
1.2. Coding and processing of graphic information
1.2.1. Graphic information encoding
1.2.2. Raster graphics
1.2.3. Vector graphics
1.3. Audio encoding
1.4. computer presentations
1.5. Encoding and processing of numerical information
1.5.1. Representation of numerical information using number systems
1.5.2. Spreadsheets
1.5.3. Building charts and graphs
Workshops:
Practical work 1.1. Create and format a document
Practical work 1.2. Translation with an online dictionary and translator
Practical work 1.3. Scanning "paper" and recognition of an electronic text document
Practical work 1.4. Graphic information encoding
Practical work 1.5. Raster graphics
Practical work 1.6. Vector graphics
Practical work 1.7. "Creating Flash Animation"
Practical work 1.8. Development of a multimedia presentation "Computer device"
Practical work 1.9. Development of the presentation "My profession"
Practical work 1.10. Converting numbers from one number system to another using a calculator
Practical work 1.11. Relative, absolute, and mixed references in spreadsheets
Practical work 1.12. Building diagrams of various types
Test papers
Independent work: preparing a message on the topic:
Working in a text editor
Create a business card in a text editor
Translate text "Great Britain" using computer translation
Message "Using a PC in your specialty"
Creating an image in a raster editor
Creating an image in a vector editor
Creation and editing of graphic and multimedia objects by means of computer presentations
Creation of a spreadsheet;
Working with functions in ET. Working with absolute and relative links
Using ET to perform educational tasks from various subject areas
Creating an image in raster and vector editors
Work with information resources and software
Section 2 Communication Technologies
2.1. Local computer networks
2.2. Global computer network Internet
2.3. Internet connection
2.4. The World Wide Web
2.5. Email
2.6. Online communication in real time
2.7. File archives
2.8. Radio, television andweb- webcams
2.9. Geographic information systems on the Internet
2.10. Searching for information on the Internet
2.11. E-commerce on the Internet
2.12. Libraries, encyclopedias and dictionaries on the Internet
2.13. Fundamentals of Hypertext Markup Language
Workshops:
Practical work 2.1. Sharing a printer on a local network
Practical work 2.2. Create an Internet connection
Practical work 2.3. Internet connections and definitionIP-addresses
Practical work 2.4. Browser settings
Practical work 2.5. Working with e-mail
Practical work 2.6. Real-time communication in global and local computer networks
Practical work 2.7. Working with file archives
Practical work 2.8. Search on the Internet
Test papers
Independent work
Abstract "World Wide Web"
Message "Modern means of communication"
Finding IP-addresses on home computer
Create a personalized email
Organization of work with Internet-shop, Internet-media, Internet-travel agency, Internet library
Organization of software updates using the Internet
The message "The first post office in Russia"
Abstract "The advent of the Internet in Russia"
2 course
Section 3. Computer as a means of automating information processes
1.1. History of the development of computing technology
1.2. Personal computer architecture
1.3. Operating Systems
1.3.1. Main characteristics of operating systems
1.3.2. Windows operating system
1.3.3. Operating system Linux
1.4. Protection against unauthorized access to information
1.4.1. Password protection
1.4.2. Biometric security systems
1.5. Physical data protection on disks
1.6. Malware Protection
1.6.1. Malicious and antivirus programs
1.6.2. Computer viruses and protection against them
1.6.3. Network worms and protection against them
1.6.4. Trojans and their protection
1.6.5. Hacker tools and protection against them
Workshops:
Practical work No. 1"Virtual Computer Museums"
Practical work №2 "Computer Architecture Information"
Practical work No. 3 "Information about logical partitions of disks"
Practical work No. 4 "Signs and shortcuts on the desktop"
Practical work No. 5 "Configuring the Linux GUI". Practical work No. 6 "Installing Packages on Linux"
Practical work No. 7 "Biometric Security"
Practical work No. 8 "Protection against computer viruses"
Practical work No. 9 "Protection against network worms"
Practical work No. 10 Trojan protection
Practical work No. 11 "Protection against hacker attacks"
Test papers
Independent work
"Computer architecture information" message
Abstract "Biometric protection: identification by speech characteristics"
Software installation, use and updating
Working with licensed and freely distributed software products
Essay "Windows OS"
Essay "Linux OS"
Message "Best antivirus program in your opinion"
abstract on the topic "Types of PC software according to the profile of the specialty"
Section 4. Modeling and formalization
2.1. Modeling as a method of knowledge
2.2. System approach in modeling
2.3. Model representation forms
2.4. Formalization
2.5. The main stages of development and research of models on a computer
2.6. Research of interactive computer models
2.6.1. Research of physical models
2.6.2. Study of astronomical models
2.6.3. Study of algebraic models
2.6.4. Study of geometric models (planimetry)
2.6.5. Study of geometric models (stereometry)
2.6.6. Study of chemical models
2.6.7. Study of biological models
Test papers
Independent work: preparation of a message on a topic with parsed examples:
Research of physical models
2. Study of astronomical models
3. Study of algebraic models
4. Study of geometric models
5. Study of geometric models
6. Study of chemical models
7. Research of biological models
Section 5. Databases. Database management systems (DBMS)
3.1. Tabular databases
3.2. Database management system
3.2.1. Main DBMS objects: tables, forms, queries, reports
3.2.2. Usage Forms to view and edit records in a tabular database
3.2.3. Finding records in a tabular database with Filters and Requests
3.2.4. Sorting records in a tabular database
3.2.5. Printing data using Reports
3.3. Hierarchical databases
3.4. Network databases
Workshops:
Practical task 3.1. Create a tabular database
Practical task 3.2. Creation Forms in a tabular database
Practical task 3.3. Finding records in a tabular database with Filters and requests
Practical task 3.4. Sorting records in a tabular database
Practical task 3.5. Creation Report in a tabular database
Practical task 3.6. Creation of a genealogical family tree
Test papers
Independent work:
Work in DBMS. Create tables, forms, queries and reports
Creation of DBMS "Processors"
Formation of requests for working with electronic channels within the framework of training sessions from various subject areas
Sorting records
Creating a Hierarchical Data Model
Create a family pedigree
Section 6 Information Society
4.1. Law on the Internet
4.2. Ethics on the Internet
4.3. Prospects for the development of information and communication technologies
Independent work:
abstract "Prospects for development"
Repetition
Test lesson
Total:
Tablelevels of assimilation of educational material
Conventions
Indicators of the level of assimilation of educational material
First level - 1
introductory
(recognition of previously studied objects, properties)
The student is able to recognize the objects and processes being studied by re-perceiving previously learned information about them or actions with them, for example, selecting the object under study from a number of different objects presented. Conventionally, the activity of the first level is called Identification Knowledge-dating.
Second level - 2
reproductive
(performing activities according to a model, instructions or under guidance)
The student reproduces previously acquired knowledge from a literal copy to application in typical situations. Examples: reproduction of information from memory; solving typical problems (according to the model learned earlier). The activity of the second level is conditionally called Playback, and the knowledge underlying it - Knowledge-copy.
Third level - 3
productive
(planning and independent performance of activities, problem solving)
The student is able to independently reproduce and transform the learned information to discuss known objects and apply it in a variety of non-typical (real) situations. At the same time, the student is able to generate subjectively new (new to him) information about the objects being studied and actions with them. Examples: solving non-typical problems, choosing an appropriate algorithm from a set of previously studied algorithms for solving a specific problem. The activities of the third level are conditionally called application, and the knowledge underlying it is Knowledge-skills.
3. conditions for the implementation of the academic discipline
3.1. Minimum Logistics Requirements
The implementation of the academic discipline requires the presence of a study room "Computer science and information technology in professional activities."
Study room equipment:
Automated workplaces of students;
Automated workplace of the teacher;
A set of educational and methodological documentation;
A set of reference and regulatory documentation;
Information stands;
Visual aids on the main sections of the course;
Methodological aids for conducting practical classes.
Technical training aids:
multimedia computers
multimedia projector
interactive board
multimedia training programs and electronic educational publications on the main sections of the course
means of telecommunications
columns
Printer
Discipline software:
Operating system.
File manager (as part of the operating system or others).
Antivirus program.
Archiver program.
An integrated office application that includes a text editor, raster and vector graphics editors, a presentation design program, and spreadsheets.
Sound editor.
A simple database management system.
Multimedia player (included in operating systems or others).
Browser (included in operating systems or others).
Electronic means of educational purposes
LAN software
3.2. Information support of training.
Main sources:
N.D. Ugrinovich, "INFORMATICS and ICT", Basic level: textbook for grade 10 / N.D. Ugrinovich.-9th ed. M.: Binom. Knowledge Laboratory, 2012. - 192p.
N.D. Ugrinovich, "INFORMATICS and ICT", Basic level: textbook for 11 cells / N.D. Ugrinovich. - 9th ed. M.: Binom. Knowledge Laboratory, 2014. - 192p.
Additional literature:
Sergeeva I.I., Muzalevskaya A.A. "Informatics": textbook.-2nd edition, revised. and add.-M .: ID "FORUM": INFRA-M, 2012.-384 p.
Khlebnikov A.A. "Informatics": textbook / A.A. Khlebnikov.-Ed. 4th, revised. and additional - Rostov n / a: PHOENIX, 2013.-443.- (Secondary vocational education).
N.D. Ugrinovich, Methodological guide "INFORMATICS and ICT", 8-11 classes: / N.D. Ugrinovich.-M.: Knowledge Laboratory, 2010. - 187p.
Sokolova O.L. "Universal lesson developments in informatics". 10kl.-M.: VAKO, 2009.-400s.
Egorov E.A. INFORMATICS.10 CL. Lesson plans according to the textbook by N.D. Ugrinovich 10th grade - ed.
Egorov E.A. INFORMATICS.11 KL. Lesson plans according to the textbook by N.D. Ugrinovich 11th grade - ed.
Sviridova M.Yu. Operating system Windows: textbook for the beginning of vocational education / M.Yu. Sviridova. - 3rd ed., Ster. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009.-192s.
Lapchik M.P. methodology for teaching computer science: textbook for students of pedagogical universities / M.P. Lapchik.-M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2001. -624p.
Kiselev S.V. Computer operator: textbook. For the beginning prof. image / S.V. Kiselev. - 4th edition, Ster.-M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2008. – 352 p.
Simonovich S.V. "Special Informatics": textbook - M .: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2003. -480s.
Simonovich S.V. "General Informatics": textbook for secondary schools. - M .: AST-PRESS BOOK: Infocom-Press, 2002. -592p.
Solution of situational problems
to choose the method of presenting information in accordance with the task;
Checking abstracts, messages.
create information objects of complex structure, including hypertext ones;
Assessment of the quality of preparation and defense of educational projects
view, create, edit, save records in databases;
Checking and evaluating the implementation of practical tasks
Solution of situational problems
search for information in databases, computer networks, etc.;
Evaluation of the effectiveness of creating and using a catalog of educational resources by specialty profile
present numerical information in various ways (table, array, graph, chart, etc.);
Problem solving
Checking and evaluating the implementation of practical tasks
As a result of mastering the discipline, the student should know
: different approaches to the definition of the concept of "information";
Individual and frontal survey
methods for measuring the amount of information: probabilistic and alphabetical. Know the units of measurement of information;
Testing
Test
the appointment of the most common means of automating information activities (text editors, word processors, graphic editors, spreadsheets, databases, computer networks);
Test
Testing
Checking messages
Checking abstracts
using the algorithm as a way to automate activities;
Assessment of the quality of performance of competence-oriented tasks
purpose and functions of operating systems
Assessment of the quality of performance of competence-oriented tasks
"Informatics and ICT" for students of secondary vocational education.
Tickets have the following structure: each ticket contains two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part involves an oral response of students with a possible demonstration on a computer of the illustrative part necessary for the answer.
The practical part contains a task that must be performed on a computer. The main part of this part of the exam is to check the graduates' level of competence in the field of computer science (the formation of skills to operate with theoretical knowledge and studied software, the ability to apply what has been learned to solve practical problems.)
Each of the tasks is focused on testing the ability to perform a certain set of operations with a specific software package, but at the same time, general knowledge and skills in the field of Informatics are also demonstrated.
Approximate preparation time for students to answer the tickets can be in the range from 10 to 30 minutes. The response time for the ticket as a whole should not exceed 15 minutes.
Criteria for assessing the oral response.
Rating "5"
Knowledge, understanding and deep assimilation by students of the entire volume of material.
The absence of errors and shortcomings in the answer, the observance of the culture of oral speech.
Rating "4"(good) - exhibited:
Knowledge of all the material studied.
The ability to highlight the main provisions in the studied material, on the basis of facts and examples to generalize, draw conclusions.
Minor (non-rough) errors and shortcomings in the answer, compliance with the basic rules of the culture of oral speech.
Grade "3"
Knowledge and assimilation of the material at the level of minimum requirements, difficulty in self-response, the need for little assistance from the teacher.
Difficulties in answering modified questions.
The presence of a gross error, somewhat rough in the answer, a slight non-compliance with the basic rules of speech culture.
Grade "2"
Knowledge and assimilation of the material at a level below the minimum requirements of the program, separate ideas about the studied material.
Difficulties in answering standard questions.
The presence of several blunders, a large number of non-rude ones in the answer, a significant non-compliance with the basic rules of the culture of oral speech.
Criteria for evaluating practical work.
Rating "5"(excellent) - exhibited if:
completed the work in full in compliance with the necessary sequence of actions;
conducts work in conditions that ensure obtaining the correct results and conclusions;
complies with safety regulations;
in the answer correctly and accurately performs all records, tables, figures, drawings, graphs, calculations;
correctly performs error analysis.
Rating "4"(good) - exhibited:
if the requirements for grade 5 are met, but 2-3 shortcomings are made, no more than one mistake and one shortcoming.
Grade "3"(satisfactory) - exhibited if:
the work is not fully completed, but the volume of the completed part is such that it allows you to get the right results and conclusions;
errors were made during the course of the work.
Grade "2"(unsatisfactory) - exhibited if:
the work has not been fully completed and the amount of work performed does not allow drawing correct conclusions;
work was done incorrectly.
Questions on the theoretical part.
Information. Information classification. Types of information. Information properties.
Measurement of information. Basic approaches to measuring information. Units of measurement of information.
Information processes. Characteristics of the main information processes.
The evolution of computers. Functional diagram of a computer. Principles of building a computer.
Trunk - modular principle of building a computer.
Computer architecture. Personal Computer. PC composition. PC user specifications.
Binary coding. Arithmetic fundamentals of building a computer.
Logical foundations of computer construction. Basic logical operations and means of their implementation.
Software control of the computer. Software classification.
System software. Operating Systems. Appointment. Main features.
PC memory. Types of memory and their main purpose. Information carriers.
Concept of file and file system. (folder, file hierarchical structure, file type.) Basic file operations.
Text processing systems. Text editor. Appointment. Main features.
Numerical data processing systems. Spreadsheets. Purpose and main features.
Image processing systems. Graphic editor. Appointment. Main features.
Database management systems. Database. Main features.
multimedia technologies. Appointment. Main features.
Computer networks. Appointment. Main features. Topology of local networks.
Principles of organization of global networks Internet. Methods of searching for information on the Internet. Search engines.
Internet information services. Email. Teleconferences.
WWW (World Wide Web) technology.
Protection of information in computer systems. Essential software for information security.
Information society. The main features and main features of the information society. Information culture.
Algorithms. Properties of algorithms. Methods for describing algorithms.
The concept of a model. Material and information models. Formalization as replacement of a real object by its information model.
A practical task to search for information in the global computer network Internet. In the Yandex search engine, find the biography of M. Gorky.
Practical task. Installing the program from a storage medium (floppy disks, CD-ROM disks).
A practical task for creating an archive of files and opening the archive using an archiver program. On the desktop, create an archive of the "Tekhnikum" folder
Practical task. Building a drawing in a graphic editor. Create a house in the graphics editor. Reflect it from top to bottom. Tilt vertically 45 degrees.
Practical task. Development of a multimedia presentation on a free topic
Practical task. Creating, converting, saving, printing a picture in a vector graphics editor.
A computer
Information and Information Technology
computer information technology
Basic course
informatics
Management processes
information modeling
Programming
Practical task. Creating, converting, saving, printing a picture in a raster graphic editor. In a graphical editor, draw your family tree.
A practical task for building a table and graph of a function in a spreadsheet environment.
Create charts based on the provided table.
| Month | Grain harvesting results (t) |
|||||
| year 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 year | 2006 |
|
| August | 36000 | 61 000 | 13000 | 65000 | 92000 | 30000 |
| September | 45000 | 23000 | 36500 | 20000 | 63000 | 45500 |
| October | 42500 | 26500 | 82000 | 12500 | 98000 | 50000 |
Practical task. Creating, editing, formatting, saving and printing a table in a text editor environment
Purchase report.
| Product | price, rub. | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday |
|||
| Qty | price | Qty | price | Qty | price |
||
| Bread | 2,5 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2,5 | 2 | 5 |
| Butter | 24 | 1 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 24 |
| Cheese | 22 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 22 | 0 | 0 |
| Apples | 5 | 3 | 15 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Kefir | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 16 | 2 | 8 |
| Cottage cheese | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 15 |
10. Practical task. Building charts based on tables in a spreadsheet environment.
Enter the suggested data and build a pie chart.
transcript
1 LECTURE MATERIAL ON INFORMATION FOR SPO 2 course 1
2 Table of contents Introduction Automated information processing: basic concepts and technology Information, information processes and the information society Information processing technology Computer communications General composition and structure of PCs and their software Computer architecture Computer software Windows operating system Application software Protection of information from unauthorized access Local and global networks, network technologies for data processing Applied software Word processors Spreadsheets Database management systems Graphic editors Information retrieval systems Automated systems The concept of an automated system Types of automated systems
3 Introduction The purpose of teaching the discipline "Informatics" is to study the main provisions and sections of informatics; obtaining skills of practical use of a computer; obtaining a clear understanding of the role of informatics and information technology in the modern world. The tasks of studying the discipline are: the development of logical and algorithmic thinking. mastering the basics of the functioning of personal computers, methods and means of storing and transmitting information, processing measurement results on a computer, computer graphics, developing the ability to independently solve problems of processing text and digital information, skills of practical work on a personal computer. The discipline "Informatics" is connected with the following disciplines: Mathematics (sections "Linear algebra"; "Numerical methods") Physics (section "Electricity and magnetism"). In accordance with the State Educational Standard, the course "Informatics" should include the following mandatory minimum topics: The concept of information, a general description of the processes of collecting, transmitting, processing and accumulating information; technical and software tools for the implementation of information processes; models for solving functional and computational problems; algorithmization and programming; high-level programming languages; Database; software and programming technologies; local and global computer networks; basics of protection of information and information constituting a state secret; information protection methods. 3
4 1. Automated information processing: basic concepts and technology 1.1. Information, information processes and the information society The fundamental feature of civilization is the growth of production, consumption and accumulation of information in all branches of human activity. All human life is somehow connected with the receipt, accumulation and processing of information. Whatever a person does: whether he reads a book, whether he watches TV, whether he talks - he constantly and continuously receives and processes information. Modern civilization is characterized by an unprecedented speed of development of science, technology and new technologies. So, about 440 years passed from the invention of printing (mid-15th century) to the invention of the radio receiver (1895), and about 30 years between the invention of radio and television. The gap in time between the invention of the transistor and the integrated circuit was only 5 years. In the field of accumulation of scientific information, since the 17th century, its volume has doubled approximately every year. Therefore, one of the most important problems of mankind is an avalanche-like flow of information in any branch of its life. It has been estimated, for example, that at present a specialist must spend about 80% of his working time to keep track of all new printed works in his field of activity. The increase in information and the growing demand for it led to the emergence of an industry associated with the automation of information processing - INFORMATICS. Concepts of information The existence of many definitions of information is due to the complexity, specificity and variety of approaches to the interpretation of the essence of this concept. There are 3 most common concepts of information, each of which explains its essence in its own way. The first concept (K. Shannon's concept), reflecting the quantitative information approach, defines information as a measure of the uncertainty (entropy) of an event. The amount of information in a particular case depends on the probability of its receipt: the more likely the message, the less information it contains. This approach, although it does not take into account the semantic aspect of information, has proved to be very useful in communication and computer technology and has served as the basis for measuring information and optimally encoding messages. In addition, he pre- 4
5 is convenient for illustrating such an important property of information as novelty, unexpectedness of messages. With this understanding, information is the removed uncertainty, or the result of a choice from a set of possible alternatives. The second concept considers information as a property of matter. Its appearance is associated with the development of cybernetics and is based on the assertion that information contains any messages perceived by a person or devices. This concept of information is most vividly and figuratively expressed by Academician V.M. Glushkov. He wrote that "information is carried not only by the sheets of a book covered with letters or human speech, but also by sunlight, the folds of a mountain range, the sound of a waterfall, the rustle of grass." That is, information as a property of matter creates an idea of its nature and structure, orderliness and diversity. It cannot exist outside of matter, which means that it has existed and will exist forever, it can be accumulated, stored and processed. The third concept is based on the logical-semantic approach, in which information is interpreted as knowledge, and not any knowledge, but that part of it that is used for orientation, for active action, for management and self-government. In other words, information is an active, useful part of knowledge. The representative of this concept, V. G. Afanasiev, developing a logical-semantic approach, gives a definition of social information: "Information circulating in society, used in the management of social processes, is social information. It represents knowledge, messages, information about the social form of the movement of matter and about in all other forms, to the extent that it is used by society..." Social information is a multilevel knowledge. It characterizes social processes as a whole - economic, political, social, demographic, cultural and spiritual, etc.; specific processes taking place in various cells of society - at enterprises, in cooperatives, families, etc.; as well as the interests and aspirations of various social groups - the working class, youth, pensioners, women, etc. In the most general sense, social information is understood as knowledge, messages, information about the social form of the movement of matter and about all its other forms, to the extent that they are used by the society involved in the orbit of public life. That is, information is the content of logical thinking, which, being perceived with the help of an audible or visible word, can be used by people in their activities. The approaches considered to a certain extent complement each other, illuminate various aspects of the essence of the concept of information and thereby facilitate the systematization of its main properties. Summarizing these approaches, we can give the following definition of information: Information is information that removes uncertainty about the world, which is the object of storage, transformation
6 niya, transfer and use. Information is knowledge expressed in signals, messages, news, notifications, etc. Classification of information 1. Information is divided according to the form of presentation into 2 types: a discrete form of information presentation is a sequence of symbols that characterizes a discontinuous, changing value (the number of traffic accidents, the number of serious crimes, etc.); an analog or continuous form of information representation is a value that characterizes a process that does not have interruptions or gaps (human body temperature, car speed on a certain section of the road, etc.). 2. According to the area of origin, information is distinguished: elementary (mechanical), which reflects the processes, phenomena of inanimate nature; biological, which reflects the processes of the animal and plant world; social, which reflects the processes of human society. 3. According to the method of transmission and perception, the following types of information are distinguished: visual, transmitted by visible images and symbols; auditory, transmitted by sounds; tactile, transmitted by sensations; organoleptic, transmitted by smells and tastes; machine, issued and perceived by means of computer technology. 4. Information created and used by a person for public purposes can be divided into three types: personal, intended for a specific person; mass, intended for anyone who wants to use it (socio-political, popular science, etc.); special, designed for use by a narrow circle of people involved in solving complex special problems in the field of science, technology, economics. 5. According to the coding methods, the following types of information are distinguished: symbolic, based on the use of symbols - letters, numbers, signs, etc. It is the simplest, but in practice it is used only to transmit simple signals about various events. An example is the green light of a street traffic light, which indicates the possibility of pedestrians or vehicle drivers starting to move. text, based on the use of combinations of characters. Here, as in the previous form, the symbols are used: 6
7 letters, numbers, mathematical signs. However, the information is contained not only in these symbols, but also in their combination, in the order in which they follow. So, the words CAT and TOK have the same letters, but contain different information. Due to the relationship of symbols and the display of human speech, textual information is extremely convenient and widely used in human activities: books, brochures, magazines, various documents, audio recordings are encoded in text form. graphic, based on the use of an arbitrary combination of graphic primitives in the space. This form includes photographs, diagrams, drawings, drawings, which are of great importance in human activity. The properties of information can be considered in three aspects: technical - this is accuracy, reliability, signal transmission speed, etc.; semantic - this is the transfer of the meaning of the text using codes and pragmatic - this is how effectively information affects the behavior of an object Information processing technology Text information processing technology Program text editors are designed to edit programs in a particular programming language. Text editors are designed for program texts and perform the following functions: dialog text viewing; editing program lines; copying and moving blocks of text from one place to another; copying one program or part of it to the specified location of another program; contextual search and replacement of text substrings; automatic search for a line containing an error; printout of the program or its necessary part. Document editors programs for processing documents, focused on working with texts, having a document structure, i.e., consisting of sections, pages, paragraphs, sentences, words, etc. Therefore, document processing editors provide features such as: the ability to use different character fonts; setting arbitrary line spacing; automatic word wrapping to the next line; automatic page numbering; processing and line numbering; print top and bottom page headers (footers); alignment of paragraph edges; 7
8 typing in multiple columns; creation of tables and construction of diagrams; spell check and character selection. Program text editors can be used to create and correct small documents. However, if you need to work seriously with documents, it is better to use document-oriented editors. Modern word processors provide the user with ample opportunities for preparing documents. These are editing functions that allow any modification, insertion, replacement, copying and moving fragments within the same document and between different documents, contextual search, character formatting, paragraphs, pages, document sections, layout, grammar and spelling, use along with with simple text elements of lists, tables, pictures, graphs and diagrams. A significant reduction in document preparation time is provided by such typing automation tools as autotext and autocorrect, the use of forms, templates and masters of standard documents. The presence of external memory of the computer provides convenient long-term storage of previously prepared documents, quick access to them at any time. Significantly simplify the data entry procedure scanners and voice devices. Existing systems for recognizing texts received from a scanner include the function of exporting a document to text editors. A wide range of printing devices, combined with the functions of document preparation for printing, print preview, provides high-quality black and white and color copies on paper and transparency. Thus, modern programs provide many functions that allow you to prepare the text part of the document at the typographic level. In addition, modern programs allow you to include graphic objects in the text: drawings, diagrams, photographs. Thanks to these capabilities, a file, which is a text document, can contain, in addition to alphanumeric characters, extensive binary information about text formatting, as well as graphic objects. Graphics Information Processing Technology Almost since the creation of computers, computer graphics has also appeared, which is now considered an integral part of world technology. At first, it was only vector graphics, the construction of an image using the so-called vectors - functions that allow you to calculate the position of a point on a screen or paper. For example, a function whose graph is a circle, a straight line, or other more complex curves. The set of such vectors is the vector image. eight
9 With the development of computer technology and technologies, many ways of constructing graphic objects have appeared. But first, let's define the term "graphic object". This is either the graphic image itself or part of it. Depending on the types of computer graphics, this term refers to both pixels or sprites (in raster graphics) and vector objects such as a circle, square, line, curve, etc. (in vector graphics). To further consider the problem of building objects using vector graphics, it is necessary to understand the difference between the two main types of computer graphics - raster and vector. Vector graphics. The main logical element of vector graphics is a geometric object. As an object, simple geometric shapes (the so-called primitives - rectangle, circle, ellipse, line), composite shapes or shapes built from primitives, color fills, including gradients, are accepted. The advantage of vector graphics is that the shape, color and spatial position of its constituent objects can be described using mathematical formulas. An important object of vector graphics is a spline. A spline is a curve that describes a particular geometric figure. Modern TryeType and PostScript fonts are built on splines. Vector graphics have many advantages. It is economical in terms of disk space required for storing images: this is due to the fact that not the image itself is saved, but only some basic data, using which the program recreates the image every time. In addition, the description of color characteristics almost does not increase the file size. Vector graphics objects are easily transformed and modified, which has almost no effect on image quality. Scaling, rotation, warping can be reduced to a paretroika of elementary transformations over vectors. In those areas of graphics where it is important to maintain clear and distinct contours, for example, in font compositions, in creating logos, and so on, vector programs are indispensable. nine
10 Vector graphics can also include fragments of raster graphics: a fragment becomes the same object as all the others (albeit with significant limitations in processing). Raster graphics. Raster graphics describe images using colored dots, called pixels, arranged on a grid. For example, an image of a tree leaf is described by the specific location and color of each grid point, which creates an image in much the same way as in a mosaic. When editing bitmap graphics, you are editing pixels, not lines. Raster graphics are resolution dependent because the information that describes the image is attached to a grid of a specific size. When editing raster graphics, the quality of their presentation may change. In particular, resizing bitmap graphics can cause the edges of the image to "fuzzle" as the pixels are redistributed on the grid. Raster graphics output to devices with a lower resolution than the resolution of the image itself will reduce its quality. The basis of a raster representation of graphics is a pixel (dot) with an indication of its color. When describing, for example, a red ellipse on a white background, you have to specify the color of each point of both the ellipse and the background. The image is presented in the form of a large number of dots; the more of them, the visually better the image and the larger the file size. Those. one and even a picture can be presented with better or worse quality according to the number of dots per unit length of the resolution (usually dots per inch dpi or pixels per inch ppi). In addition, the quality is also characterized by the number of colors and shades that each point of the image can take. The more shades characterize images, the more bits are required to describe them. Red can be the color number 001, or maybe so. Thus, the better the image, the larger the file size. Raster representation is usually used for photographic-type images with a lot of detail or tint. Unfortunately, scaling such images in any direction usually degrades the quality. When the number of dots decreases, fine details are lost and the inscriptions are deformed (although this may not be so noticeable when the number of dots is reduced).
11 visual dimensions of the picture itself, i.e. maintaining permission). Adding pixels leads to a deterioration in the sharpness and brightness of the image, because. new points have to be given shades that are average between two or more bordering colors. The formats .tif, .gif, .jpg, .png, .bmp, .pcx, etc. are common. Thus, the choice of a raster or vector format depends on the goals and objectives of working with an image. If you need photographic color accuracy, then raster is preferable. It is more convenient to represent logos, schemes, design elements in vector format. It is clear that in both raster and vector representations, graphics (as well as text) are displayed on the monitor screen or printing device as a set of points. On the Internet, graphics are presented in one of the raster formats understood by browsers without installing additional modules GIF, JPG, PNG. Numerical Information Processing Technology A spreadsheet is a numerical data processing program that stores and processes data in rectangular tables. A spreadsheet is made up of columns and rows. Column headings are indicated by letters or combinations of letters (A, G, AB, etc.), row headings by numbers (1, 16, 278, etc.). A cell is the intersection of a column and a row. Each table cell has its own address. A spreadsheet cell address is made up of a column heading and a row heading, for example: Al, B5, E7. The cell with which some actions are performed is highlighted with a frame and is called active. The spreadsheets that the user works with in the application are called worksheets. You can enter and edit data on multiple worksheets at the same time, and perform calculations based on data from multiple worksheets. Spreadsheet documents can include multiple worksheets and are called workbooks. Spreadsheets allow you to work with three basic types of data: number, text, and formula. Numbers in Excel spreadsheets can be written in the usual numeric or exponential format, for example: 195.2 or 1.952Ё By default, numbers are right-aligned in a cell. This is because when placing numbers under each other (in a table column) 11
12 it is convenient to have alignment by digits (units under units, tens under tens, etc.). Text in Excel spreadsheets is a sequence of characters made up of letters, numbers, and spaces, for example, "32 MB" is text. By default, text is left-aligned in a cell. This is due to the traditional way of writing (from left to right). The formula must begin with an equal sign and can include numbers, cell names, functions (Math, Statistical, Financial, Date and Time, etc.) and math operator signs. For example, the formula "=A1+B2" provides the addition of the numbers stored in cells A1 and B2, and the formula "=A1*5" multiplies the number stored in cell A1 by 5. When you enter a formula, the cell does not display the formula itself, but the result of this formula. When you change the original values included in the formula, the result is recalculated immediately. Formulas use cell references. There are two main types of links: relative and absolute. The differences between them show up when you copy the formula from the active cell to another cell. A relative reference in a formula is used to specify the address of a cell that is relative to the cell where the formula is located. When you move or copy a formula from the active cell, the relative links are automatically updated based on the new position of the formula. Relative links have the following form: A1, B3. An absolute reference in a formula is used to specify a fixed cell address. When you move or copy a formula, absolute references do not change. In absolute references, the immutable value of the cell address is preceded by a dollar sign (for example, $A$1). If the dollar symbol comes before a letter (for example: $A1), then the column coordinate is absolute, and the row coordinate is relative. If the dollar symbol comes before a number (for example, A$1), then, on the contrary, the column coordinate is relative, and the row coordinate is absolute. Such links are called mixed. Let, for example, in cell C1, the formula =A$1+$B1 is written, which, when copied to cell D2, becomes =B$1+$B2. Relative references have changed during copying, but absolute ones have not. Spreadsheets allow you to sort data. Data in spreadsheets is sorted in ascending or descending order. Sorting arranges data in a specific order. You can carry out nested sorts, that is, sort data by several columns, while assigning a sort order to the columns. 12
13 In spreadsheets, you can search for data in accordance with the specified filter conditions. Filters are defined using search conditions (greater than, less than, equal to, etc.) and values (100, 10, etc.). For example, more than 100. As a result of the search, those cells will be found that contain data that matches the specified filter. Spreadsheets allow you to present numerical data in the form of charts or graphs. Charts come in various types (bar, pie, etc.); The choice of chart type depends on the nature of the data. Technology of storage, search and sorting of information Each of us, starting from early childhood, has repeatedly encountered "databases". These are all kinds of reference books, encyclopedias. A notebook is also a "database" that each of us has. Databases are information models containing data about objects and their properties. Databases store information about groups of objects with the same properties. Information in databases is stored in an ordered form (for example, in a notebook all entries are sorted alphabetically, in a library catalog - either alphabetically or by area of knowledge). A database is an information model that allows you to orderly store data about a group of objects that have the same set of properties. There are several different types of databases: tabular, hierarchical, and networked. Tabular databases A tabular database contains a list of objects of the same type, that is, objects with the same set of properties. It is convenient to represent such a database as a two-dimensional table. thirteen
14 Consider, for example, the "Computer" database (table), which is a list of objects (computers), each of which has a name (name). The characteristics (properties) can be the type of processor and the amount of RAM. The columns of such a table are called fields; each field is characterized by its name (the name of the corresponding property) and the data type that reflects the values of this property. The fields Name and Type of processor are text, and RAM is numeric. Moreover, each field has a certain set of properties (size, format, etc.). So, for the RAM field, the data format is integer. A database field is a table column that contains the values of a specific property. Table rows are records about an object; these records are divided into fields by columns of the table. A database entry is a table row that contains a set of values for various properties of an object. Every table must have at least one key field whose contents are unique for any record in that table. Key field values uniquely identify each record in the table. Hierarchical databases Hierarchical databases can be graphically represented as a tree consisting of objects of different levels. The top level is occupied by one object, the second by objects of the second level, etc. There are links between the objects, each object can include several objects of a lower level. Such objects are in the relationship of an ancestor (an object closer to the root) to a child (an object of a lower level), while it is possible for the ancestor object to have no children or to have several of them, while the child object must have only one ancestor. Objects that have a common ancestor are called twins. The hierarchical database is the Windows Folder Directory, which can be accessed by starting Explorer. The top level is occupied by the Desktop folder (At the second level there are folders 14
15 My computer, My documents. Network Places and Recycle Bin, which are descendants of the Desktop folder, being twins among themselves. In turn, the My Computer folder is an ancestor in relation to third-level folders, disk folders (Disk 3.5 (A:), C:, D:, E:, F:) and system folders (Printers, Control Panel, etc. ). The hierarchical database is the Windows registry, which stores all the information necessary for the normal functioning of a computer system (data about the computer configuration and installed drivers, information about installed programs, GUI settings). The contents of the registry are automatically updated when installing new hardware, installing programs, etc. To view and edit the Windows registry manually, you can use the special program regedit.exe. However, editing the registry should be carried out with extreme caution, provided that you understand the actions performed. Unqualified editing of the registry can render the computer inoperable. Another example of a hierarchical database is the Domain Name System of Internet-connected Computers database. At the top level is a tabular database containing a list of top-level domains (264 in total). At the second level - tabular databases containing a list of second-level domains for each first-level domain. The third level can contain table bases containing a list of third-level domains for each second-level domain, and tables containing the IP addresses of computers located in the second-level domain. Computer communications A computer network is two or more computers exchanging information over communication lines. A computer network allows you to transfer information from one computer to another, and thus share resources, such as printers, modems, and storage devices. Networks are: 15
16 local combine computers located close to each other, for example, standing in adjacent rooms in the same building; global computers can be located in different cities and countries. Wide area networks, as a rule, combine several local networks. The Internet is a global computer system that is: logically interconnected by a space of globally unique addresses (each computer connected to the network has its own unique address); able to maintain communication (exchange of information); provides the operation of high-level services (services), for example, WWW, e-mail, teleconferences, conversations on the net, and others. The Internet is a peer-to-peer network; all computers on the network are equal, and any computer can be connected to any other computer. Thus, any computer connected to the network can offer its services to any other. The Internet provides users with all kinds of information and communication services. Information services - information access services: access to network information resources, that is, you can get the necessary information available on network servers, for example, documents, files, information from various databases, etc.; posting information on the web. There are many servers that provide the opportunity to place information on them for free. If the information is posted for publication purposes, then any Internet users can access this information and receive and view it at any time. Communication services - information exchange services, communication: information exchange in a delayed mode. This is how e-mail works. The sender sends a letter to the recipient's mailbox, who will view this letter at a convenient time for him. exchange in real time. For example, online conversations. People type their lines from the keyboard and send them to the conversational server, and these lines are seen by all participants of the conversation at the same time. The history of the emergence of the Internet computer merged into APRANET work on the Internetting Project (Networking Project). During the course of the project, the TCP/IP 16 protocol was developed
17 (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) On January 1, 1983, all computers in the ARPANET were simultaneously transferred to the TCP / IP protocol, the first Russian RELCOM network, created on the basis of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow. When connected to the Internet, the network should not be subject to internal alterations; If the information packet does not arrive at its destination, the source must retransmit it shortly; Network interconnection should use black boxes (gateways and routers) that should remain simple; There should not be a common global network management system. Protocols for the transmission of information on the Internet A protocol is a set of rules and conventions used in the transmission of data. The fundamental protocol of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a transmission control protocol. It defines how information should be broken into packets and sent over communication channels. TCP puts the packets in the right order, and also checks each packet for errors in transit. Each information packet contains the IP addresses (IP Internet Protocol) of the sending computer and the receiving computer. Special computers called routers, using IP addresses, send information packets in the right direction, that is, to the recipient indicated in them. News Net Transfer Protocol NNTP Post Office Protocol 3 POP3 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP File Transfer Protocol FTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol HTTP 17
18 Computer addresses on the Internet Each computer connected to the Internet has its own unique IP address. An IP address is a unique number that uniquely identifies a computer on the Internet. An IP address is four numbers (octets) separated by dots, for example (no dot after the last number). Each number can be in the range from 0 to 255, which corresponds to an information volume of 1 byte or 8 bits. So an IP address is 4 bytes or 32 bits. If with the help of one byte it is possible to transfer 28 = 256 options, then with the help of 4 bytes it is possible to transfer 232 4 billion options, then a maximum of 4 billion users can be connected to the Internet. Domain Name System Numerical addresses are good for communicating machines, but when you're on a network, it's more convenient to use names. Therefore, all computers on the Internet were assigned their own (domain) names (for example, Previously, the correspondence between an address and a name was determined from a special text file - host file (working computer file). network, which is now called the domain name system - DNS (Domain Name System).Domains in names are separated from each other by dots: nsc.ru - NSC network ict.nsc.ru - ICT SB RAS network nsu.ru - University network in Novosibirsk Russian Research Institute for the Development of Public Networks ru Russia, us USA, fr France, cn China, cl Chile, jp Japan edu - network of universities com - network of commercial organizations gov - network of government organizations mil - network of the US Department of Defense org - network of public organizations net - network network organizations 18
19 URL An IP address or its corresponding domain name uniquely identifies a computer on the Internet. But the fact is that a computer can contain a lot of different information in various formats, for example, in the form of files, e-mails, pages, and so on. In order to be able to accurately receive the necessary information and in the required format, a character string is used, which is called the Universal Resource Locator or URL (Universal Resource Locator). This string uniquely identifies any resource on the Internet. nineteen
20 2. General composition and structure of the PC and their software 2.1. Computer architecture Computer architecture is a general description of the structure and functions of a computer at a level sufficient to understand the principles of operation and the system of computer commands, which does not include details of the technical and physical structure of a computer. The architecture includes the following principles of computer construction: 1. the structure of computer memory; 2. ways to access memory and external devices; 3. the ability to change the configuration; 4. command system; 5. data formats; 6. interface organization. The basic principles of computer construction were formulated by the American scientist John von Neumann in the 40s of the 20th century: 1. Any computer consists of three main components: a processor, memory and input-output devices (I/O). 2. The information with which the computer works is divided into two types: o a set of processing commands (programs); o data to be processed. 3. Both instructions and data are entered into memory (RAM) the principle of a stored program. 4. The processor controls the processing, the control unit (CU) of which selects instructions from the RAM and organizes their execution, and the arithmetic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logical operations on the data. 5. I/O devices (I/Os) are associated with the processor and RAM. The architecture of modern personal computers is based on the trunk-modular principle. Information communication between computer devices is carried out through the system bus (another name is the system highway). 20
21 A bus is a cable made up of many conductors. On one group of conductors - the data bus, processed information is transmitted, on the other - the address bus - addresses of memory or external devices accessed by the processor. The third part of the highway is the control bus, control signals are transmitted through it (for example, a signal for the device to work, a signal to start the device, etc.). The system bus is characterized by a clock frequency and bit depth. The number of bits transmitted simultaneously on the bus is called the bus width. The clock frequency characterizes the number of elementary data transfer operations in 1 second. The bus width is measured in bits, the clock frequency in megahertz. Any information transmitted from the processor to other devices on the data bus is accompanied by an address transmitted on the address bus. This may be the address of a memory location or the address of a peripheral device. It is necessary that the bus width allows you to transfer the address of the memory cell. Thus, in words, the bus width limits the amount of computer RAM, it cannot be more than, where n is the bus width. It is important that the performance of all devices connected to the bus be consistent. It is unreasonable to have a fast processor and slow memory, or a fast processor and memory but a slow hard drive. Below is a diagram of the device of a computer built according to the main principle: In modern computers, the principle of an open architecture is implemented, which allows the user to complete the configuration of the computer he needs and, if necessary, upgrade it. A computer configuration refers to the actual set of computer components that make up a computer. The principle of open architecture allows you to change the composition of computer devices. Additional peripheral devices can be connected to the information highway, some device models can be replaced by others. The hardware connection of a peripheral device to the bus at the physical level is carried out through a special block - the controller (other names are adapter, board, card). To install controllers on the motherboard, there are special connectors - slots. 21
22 Software control of the operation of a peripheral device is carried out through a driver program, which is a component of the operating system. Since there is a huge variety of devices that can be installed on a computer, each device usually comes with a driver that interacts directly with this device. The connection of the computer with external devices is carried out through the ports of the special connectors on the rear panel of the computer. Distinguish between serial and parallel ports. Serial (COM ports) are used to connect manipulators, a modem and transmit small amounts of information over long distances. Parallel (LPT - ports) are used to connect printers, scanners and transmit large amounts of information over short distances. Recently, serial universal ports (USB) have become widespread, to which you can connect various devices. The minimum computer configuration includes: system unit, monitor, keyboard and mouse. Composition of the system unit The system unit is the main part of the computer. It consists of a metal case that houses the main components of the computer. The keyboard, mouse and monitor are connected to it by cables. Inside the system unit are located: a microprocessor that executes all incoming commands, performs calculations and controls the operation of all computer components; RAM for temporary storage of programs and data; a system bus that provides information communication between computer devices; the motherboard on which the microprocessor, system bus, RAM, communication connectors, microcircuits for controlling various computer components, a time counter, indication and protection systems are located; a power supply unit that converts the mains power supply into a low-voltage direct current supplied to the electronic circuits of the computer; fans for cooling heating elements; external memory devices, which include floppy and hard disk drives, a CD-ROM drive, designed for long-term storage of information. The hardware basis of the system unit is the motherboard - an independent element that manages internal communications and
23 with the power of the interrupt system interacts with external devices. All the important microcircuits are located on the motherboard. Personal computers are divided into stationary and portable. Stationary are usually installed on the desktop. Portable computers are divided into the following categories: 1. portable (portable), which have a small mass and dimensions and can be transported by one person; 2. knee-length (laptop), made in the form of a diplomat; 3. notebook (notebook), having the dimensions of a large notebook; 4. pocket (pocket), which are placed in a pocket. In accordance with the above classification, system units can have the following types of cases: desktop tower notebook The central processing unit is the central device of the computer that performs data processing operations and controls the computer's peripheral devices. For computers of the fourth generation and older, the functions of the central processor are performed by a microprocessor based on VLSI containing several million elements, structurally created on a semiconductor chip by using complex microelectronic technology. The composition of the central processor includes: control unit (CU); arithmetic logic unit (ALU); a storage device (memory) based on the registers of the processor memory and the cache memory of the processor; clock frequency generator (GTC). The control device organizes the process of program execution and coordinates the interaction of all computer devices during its operation. 23
24 The arithmetic logic unit performs arithmetic and logical operations on data: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparison, etc. The storage device is the internal memory of the processor. Registers serve as intermediate fast memory, using which the processor performs calculations and stores intermediate results. To speed up work with RAM, a cache memory is used, into which commands and data from RAM are pumped ahead of time, which are necessary for the processor for subsequent operations. The clock frequency generator generates electrical impulses that synchronize the operation of all computer nodes. The central processing unit works in the rhythm of the GTC. The main characteristics of the processor include: Speed (computing power) is the average number of processor operations per second. Clock frequency in MHz. The clock cycle is equal to the number of cycles per second. A tact is the time interval between the start of the current GTS pulse and the start of the next one. Typical microprocessor clock rates: 40 MHz, 66 MHz, 100 MHz, 130 MHz, 166 MHz, 200 MHz, 333 MHz, 400 MHz, 600 MHz, 800 MHz, 1000 MHz, etc. Up to 3 GHz , according to which this processor was manufactured. It also characterizes a computer, so by the name of the microprocessor model, you can get a fairly complete picture of which class the computer belongs to. Therefore, often computers are given the names of the microprocessors that make up their composition. Below are the names of the most popular processors released by Intel and the years of their creation: 8080 (1974), (1982), 80386DX (1985), 80486DX (1989), or Pentium (1993), Pentium Pro (1995), Pentium II (1997), Pentium III (1999), Pentium IV (2001). As you can see, increasing the frequency is one of the main trends in the development of microprocessors. In the market for mass computers, the leading place among processor manufacturers is occupied by 2 firms: Intel and AMD. They were assigned the basic name, passing from model to model. Intel has a Pentium and a Pentium Celeron model with a cut-down cache memory; AMD has Athlon and a model with a trimmed Duron cache. The processor bit depth is the maximum number of bits of information that can be processed and transmitted by the processor at the same time. The capacity of the processor is determined by the capacity of the registers in which the processed data is placed. For example, if the register is 2 bytes wide, then the processor bit size is 16 (2x8); if 4 bytes, then 32; if 8 bytes then
25 For users, the processor is primarily interesting for its system of instructions and the speed of their execution. The instruction set of a processor is a set of individual operations that a processor of a given type can perform. Different models of microprocessors perform the same operations for a different number of cycles. The higher the microprocessor model, the fewer cycles, as a rule, are required to perform the same operations. For mathematical calculations, a mathematical coprocessor is added to the main microprocessor. Starting with the 80486DX, the processor and coprocessor run on the same die. Computer memory devices Computer memory is a set of devices for storing programs, input information, intermediate results and output data. The classification of memory is shown in the figure: Internal memory is designed to store relatively small amounts of information when it is processed by a microprocessor. External memory is designed for long-term storage of large amounts of information, regardless of whether the computer is turned on or off. Volatile memory is memory that is erased when the computer is turned off. Non-volatile memory is memory that is not erased when the computer is turned off. Non-volatile internal memory refers to Read Only Memory (ROM). The content of the ROM is installed at the factory and does not change later. This memory is made up of chips, usually of a small size. Usually, ROM contains programs that provide a minimum basic set of computer device management functions. When the computer is turned on, control is initially transferred to the ROM program, which tests the computer's components and launches the operating system loader. 25
26 Volatile internal memory includes random access memory (RAM), video memory, and cache memory. In the random access memory in binary form, the processed information, the program for its processing, intermediate data and results of work are stored. RAM provides the modes of writing, reading and storing information, and at any time it is possible to access any randomly selected memory cell. This is reflected in the English name of the RAM RAM (Random Access Memory memory with random access). Access to this information in RAM is very fast. This memory is made up of complex electronic circuits and is located inside the computer case. Part of the RAM is allocated to store images received on the monitor screen, and is called video memory. The more video memory, the more complex and high-quality pictures a computer can display. High-speed cache memory is used to increase the speed of computer operations and is used in the exchange of data between the microprocessor and RAM. Cache memory is an intermediate storage device (buffer). There are two types of cache: internal, located inside the processor, and external, located on the motherboard. External memory can be random access and sequential access. Random access memory devices allow an arbitrary block of data to be accessed in approximately the same access time. There are the following main types of random access memory devices: 1. Hard disk drives (hard drives, HDD) - non-removable hard magnetic disks. The capacity of modern hard drives is from hundreds of megabytes to several hundred gigabytes. On modern computers, this is the main type of external memory. The first hard disks consisted of 2 disks of 30 MB each and were designated 30/30, which coincided with the marking of the Winchester hunting rifle model - hence the name of these drives came from. 2. Floppy disk drives (floppy drives, floppy disk drives) - devices for writing and reading information from small removable magnetic disks (floppy disks), packed in a plastic envelope (flexible - for 5.25 inch diskettes and hard for 3.5 inch ones) . The maximum capacity of a 5.25 inch floppy disk is 1.2 MB; 3.5 inch floppy disk - 1.44 MB. Currently, 5.25 inch floppy disks are obsolete and are not used. 3. Optical discs (CD-ROM - Compact Disk Read Only Memory) - computer devices for reading CDs. CD-ROM discs have become popular after audio CDs. These are plastic discs coated with a thin layer of reflective material, on the surface of which information is recorded from 26
27 using a laser beam. Laser discs are the most popular removable storage media. With dimensions of 12 cm in diameter, their capacity reaches 700 MB. Currently, the DVD-ROM format is becoming increasingly popular, allowing for the same media size to accommodate 4.3 GB of information. In addition, compact disc recorders have become available to the mass buyer. This technology is called CD-RW and DVD-RW, respectively. Sequential memory devices allow data to be accessed sequentially, i.e. in order to read the desired block of memory, it is necessary to read all the previous blocks. Among the memory devices with sequential access are: 1. Magnetic tape drives (NML) devices for reading data from a magnetic tape. Such drives are quite slow, although they have a large capacity. Modern devices for working with magnetic tapes - streamers have an increased write speed of 4-5 MB per second. There are also devices that allow you to record digital information on video cassettes, which allows you to store 2 GB of information on 1 cassette. Magnetic tapes are commonly used to create data archives for long-term storage of information. 2. Punched cards cards made of thick paper and punched tape reels with paper tape, on which information is encoded by punching (perforating) holes. Serial access devices are used to read data. Currently, these devices are morally obsolete and are not used. Different types of memory have their own advantages and disadvantages. So, the internal memory has good performance, but limited capacity. External memory, on the contrary, has low performance, but unlimited capacity. Computer manufacturers and users have to compromise between the amount of memory, access speed, and price of the computer, combining different types of memory so that the computer performs optimally. In any case, the amount of RAM is the main characteristic of the computer and determines the performance of the computer. Let's take a quick look at how RAM works. The minimum element of memory - a bit or bit - is capable of storing the minimum possible amount of information - one binary digit. A bit is a very small unit of information, so bits in memory are combined into bytes - eight bits, which are memory cells. All memory cells are numbered. The cell number is called its address. Knowing the cell address, you can perform two basic operations: 1) read information from a cell with a specific address; 2) write information to a byte with a specific address. 27
Module 2. Computer architecture 1. A set of devices designed for automatic or automated processing of information is: 1) information system 2) information technology 3)
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Buryatia
State autonomous educational institution
Secondary vocational education of the Republic of Buryatia
"Republican intersectoral technical school"
WORKING PROGRAMM
OUD.07 INFORMATICS and ICT
__________________________________________________________________________
Profession/specialty: 35,01,14 Master for maintenance and repair of machine and tractor fleet
Program developer: Yakovleva N.S.
v. Novaya Bryan
The work program of the discipline was developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard (hereinafter referred to as the Federal State Educational Standard) in the specialty of primary vocational education (hereinafter NPO) 35.01.14 Master in the maintenance and repair of the machine and tractor fleet
Organization-developer: GAPOU RB Republican intersectoral technical school
Developer: Yakovleva Nadezhda Sergeevna, teacher
passport of the working PROGRAM of the EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE
Informatics
Scope of the program
The work program of the discipline is part of the main professional educational program in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard in the specialty NPO 35.01.14 Master in the maintenance and repair of the machine and tractor fleet
The work program of the academic discipline can be used in the professional training of workers in the field of the enlarged group
1.2. The place of discipline in the structure of the main professional educational program: the discipline is included in the profile disciplines
1.3. The goals and objectives of the discipline are the requirements for the results of mastering the discipline:
As a result of studying the discipline "Informatics and ICT", the student must:
know/understand
the appointment of the most common means of automating information activities (text editors, word processors, graphic editors, spreadsheets, databases, computer networks);
purpose and types of information models describing real objects or processes;
methods for measuring the amount of information: probabilistic and alphabetical.
know the units of measurement of information;
