We often take for granted everything that happens to us on earth, but every minute our lives are controlled by many forces. There are a surprising number of unusual, paradoxical, or self-explanatory physical laws in the world that we encounter every day. In an entertaining exploration of physical phenomena that everyone should know, we'll talk about common occurrences that many people consider a mystery, strange forces that we can't understand, and how science fiction can become reality through the manipulation of light.
10. Cold wind effect
Our perception of temperature is quite subjective. Humidity, individual physiology, and even our mood can change our perception of hot and cold temperatures. The same thing happens with the wind: the temperature we feel is not real. The air that directly surrounds the human body serves as a kind of air cloak. This insulating air cushion keeps you warm. When the wind blows on you, this air cushion is blown off and you begin to feel the actual temperature, which is much colder. The cool wind effect only affects objects that generate heat.
9. The faster you drive, the stronger the impact.
People tend to think in a linear way, mostly based on the principles of observation; if one drop of rain weighs 50 milligrams, two drops should weigh about 100 milligrams. However, the forces that control the universe often show us a different result related to the distribution of forces. An object moving at a speed of 40 kilometers per hour will crash into a wall with a certain force. If you double the speed of an object to 80 kilometers per hour, the impact force will increase not two, but four times. This law explains why highway crashes are much more destructive than urban crashes.
8. Orbit is just a constant free fall.
Satellites appear as a notable recent addition to the stars, but we rarely think about the concept of "orbit". We know in general that objects move around planets or large celestial bodies and never fall. But the reason for the emergence of orbits is surprisingly paradoxical. If an object is dropped, it falls to the surface. However, if it is high enough and moving at a fast enough speed, it will deflect off the ground in an arc. The same effect prevents the earth from colliding with the sun.
7. Heat causes freezing.
Water is the most important liquid on earth. This is the most mysterious and paradoxical compound in nature. One of the little-known properties of water is, for example, that warm water freezes faster than cold water. It is not yet fully understood how this happens, but this phenomenon, known as the Mpemba paradox, was discovered by Aristotle about 3,000 years ago. But why exactly this happens is still a mystery.
6. Air pressure.
At the moment, you are affected by air pressure equal to about 1000 kilograms, the same weight as a small car. This is due to the fact that the atmosphere itself is quite heavy, and a person at the bottom of the ocean experiences a pressure equal to 2.3 kg per square centimeter. Our body can withstand such pressure, and it cannot crush us. However, airtight objects, such as plastic bottles, thrown from very high altitudes return to the ground in a crushed state.
5. Metallic hydrogen.
Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table, making it the simplest element in the universe. Its atomic number is 1, which means it has 1 proton, 1 electron, and no neutrons. Although hydrogen is known as a gas, it may exhibit some of the properties of metals rather than gases. Hydrogen is located on the periodic table just above sodium, a volatile metal that is part of the composition of table salt. Physicists have long understood that hydrogen behaves like a metal under high pressure, like the one found in stars and in the core of gas giant planets. Trying to make such a bond on earth is a lot of work, but some scientists believe they have already created small ones by applying pressure to diamond crystals.
4. Coriolis effect.
Due to the rather large size of the planet, a person does not feel its movement. However, the clockwise movement of the Earth causes objects traveling in the northern hemisphere to move slightly clockwise as well. This phenomenon is known as the Coriolis effect. Since the Earth's surface moves at a certain speed with respect to the atmosphere, the difference between the rotation of the Earth and the movement of the atmosphere causes an object moving north to pick up the energy of the Earth's rotation and begin to deviate to the east. The opposite phenomenon is observed in the southern hemisphere. As a result, navigation systems must take into account the Coriolis force to avoid yaw.
3. Doppler effect.
Sound may be an independent phenomenon, but the perception of sound waves depends on speed. Austrian physicist Christian Doppler discovered that when a moving object, such as a siren, emits sound waves, they accumulate in front of the object and scatter behind it. This phenomenon, known as the Doppler effect, causes the sound of an approaching object to become a pitch higher due to the shortening of the sound wavelengths. After the object passes by, the closing sound waves lengthen and, accordingly, become lower tones.
2. Evaporation.
It would be logical to assume that chemicals in the process of transition from a solid state to a gaseous state must pass through a liquid state. However, water is able to immediately transform from a solid to a gas under certain circumstances. Sublimation, or evaporation, can cause glaciers to disappear under the influence of the sun, which turns the ice into steam. In the same way, metals such as arsenic can go into a gaseous state when heated, releasing toxic gases in the process. Water can evaporate below its melting point when exposed to a heat source.
1.Disguised devices.
Rapidly advancing technology is turning science fiction plots into scientific fact. We can see objects when light is reflected off of them at different wavelengths. Scientists have put forward the theory that objects can be considered invisible under certain exposure to light. If the light around an object can be diffused, it becomes invisible to the human eye. Recently, this theory became a reality when scientists invented a transparent hexagonal prism that diffused light around an object placed inside. When placed in an aquarium, the prism made the goldfish that swam there invisible, and on the ground, livestock disappeared from view. This cloaking effect works on the same principles as aircraft that cannot be detected by radar.
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Everything that surrounds us: both animate and inanimate nature, is in constant motion and is constantly changing: planets and stars move, it rains, trees grow. And a person, as we know from biology, constantly goes through some stages of development. Grinding grains into flour, falling stones, boiling water, lightning, glowing light bulbs, dissolving sugar in tea, moving vehicles, lightning, rainbows are examples of physical phenomena.
And with substances (iron, water, air, salt, etc.) various changes or phenomena occur. The substance can be crystallized, melted, crushed, dissolved and again separated from the solution. However, its composition will remain the same.
So, granulated sugar can be ground into a powder so fine that at the slightest breath it will rise into the air like dust. Sugar specks can only be seen under a microscope. Sugar can be divided into even smaller parts by dissolving it in water. If water is evaporated from the sugar solution, the sugar molecules will again combine with each other into crystals. But when dissolved in water, and when crushed, sugar remains sugar.
In nature, water forms rivers and seas, clouds and glaciers. During evaporation, water turns into steam. Water vapor is water in the gaseous state. When exposed to low temperatures (below 0˚С), water turns into a solid state - it turns into ice. The smallest particle of water is a water molecule. The water molecule is also the smallest particle of steam or ice. Water, ice and steam are not different substances, but the same substance (water) in different states of aggregation.
Like water, other substances can also be transferred from one state of aggregation to another.
Characterizing one or another substance as a gas, liquid or solid, they mean the state of the substance under normal conditions. Any metal can not only be melted (translated into a liquid state), but also turned into a gas. But this requires very high temperatures. In the outer shell of the Sun, metals are in a gaseous state, because the temperature there is 6000 ° C. And, for example, carbon dioxide can be turned into "dry ice" by cooling.
Phenomena in which there is no transformation of one substance into another are referred to as physical phenomena. Physical phenomena can lead to a change, for example, in the state of aggregation or temperature, but the composition of substances will remain the same.
All physical phenomena can be divided into several groups.
Mechanical phenomena are phenomena that occur with physical bodies when they move relative to each other (the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, the movement of cars, the flight of a parachutist).
Electrical phenomena are phenomena that arise during the appearance, existence, movement and interaction of electric charges (electric current, telegraphy, lightning during a thunderstorm).
Magnetic phenomena are phenomena associated with the occurrence of magnetic properties in physical bodies (attraction of iron objects by a magnet, turning the compass needle to the north).
Optical phenomena are phenomena that occur during the propagation, refraction and reflection of light (rainbow, mirages, reflection of light from a mirror, the appearance of a shadow).
Thermal phenomena are phenomena that occur when physical bodies are heated and cooled (melting snow, boiling water, fog, freezing water).
Atomic phenomena are phenomena that occur when the internal structure of the substance of physical bodies changes (the glow of the Sun and stars, an atomic explosion).
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We are surrounded by an infinitely diverse world of substances and phenomena.
It is constantly changing.
Any changes that occur to bodies are called phenomena. The birth of stars, the change of day and night, the melting of ice, the swelling of buds on trees, the flashing of lightning during a thunderstorm, and so on - all these are natural phenomena.
physical phenomena
Recall that bodies are made up of substances. Note that in some phenomena the substances of bodies do not change, while in others they change. For example, if you tear a piece of paper in half, then, despite the changes that have occurred, the paper will remain paper. If the paper is burned, it will turn into ashes and smoke.
Phenomena in which the size, shape of bodies, the state of substances can change, but substances remain the same, do not change into others, are called physical phenomena(evaporation of water, the glow of an electric light bulb, the sound of the strings of a musical instrument, etc.).
Physical phenomena are extremely diverse. Among them are distinguished mechanical, thermal, electrical, lighting and etc.
Let's remember how clouds float across the sky, an airplane flies, a car drives, an apple falls, a cart rolls, etc. In all of these phenomena, objects (bodies) move. Phenomena associated with a change in the position of a body in relation to other bodies are called mechanical(translated from the Greek "mehane" means machine, tool).
Many phenomena are caused by the change of heat and cold. In this case, the properties of the bodies themselves change. They change shape, size, the state of these bodies changes. For example, when heated, ice turns into water, water into steam; When the temperature drops, steam turns into water, water into ice. The phenomena associated with the heating and cooling of bodies are called thermal(Fig. 35).
Rice. 35. Physical phenomenon: the transition of matter from one state to another. If you freeze drops of water, ice will reappear
Consider electrical phenomena. The word "electricity" comes from the Greek word "electron" - amber. Remember that when you quickly take off your woolen sweater, you hear a slight crackle. If you do the same in complete darkness, you will also see sparks. This is the simplest electrical phenomenon.
To get acquainted with another electrical phenomenon, do the following experiment.
Tear off small pieces of paper and place them on the table surface. Comb clean and dry hair with a plastic comb and bring it to the pieces of paper. What happened?
Rice. 36. Small pieces of paper are attracted to the comb
Bodies that are capable of attracting light objects after rubbing are called electrified(Fig. 36). Lightning during thunderstorms, auroras, electrification of paper and synthetic fabrics - all these are electrical phenomena. The operation of the telephone, radio, television, various household appliances are examples of human use of electrical phenomena.
Phenomena that are associated with light are called light. Light comes from the sun, stars, lamps, and some living things, such as fireflies. Such bodies are called luminous.
We see when light hits the retina. We cannot see in absolute darkness. Objects that do not themselves emit light (for example, trees, grass, the pages of this book, etc.) are visible only when they receive light from some luminous body and reflect it from their surface.
The moon, which we often speak of as a night light, is in reality only a kind of reflector of sunlight.
By studying the physical phenomena of nature, a person has learned to use them in everyday life, everyday life.
1. What are called natural phenomena?
2. Read the text. List what natural phenomena are called in it: “Spring has come. The sun is getting hotter. Snow melts, streams run. Buds swelled on the trees, rooks flew in.
3. What phenomena are called physical?
4. From the physical phenomena listed below, write down the mechanical phenomena in the first column; in the second - thermal; in the third - electrical; in the fourth - light phenomena.
Physical phenomena: lightning flash; snow melting; coast; melting of metals; operation of an electric bell; rainbow in the sky; sunbeam; moving stones, sand with water; boiling water.
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The world is diverse - no matter how banal this statement may be, but it really is. Everything that happens in the world is under the scrutiny of scientists. Some things they have known for a long time, some things are yet to be known. Man, a curious creature, has always tried to learn about the world around him and the changes taking place in it. Such changes in the surrounding world are called "physical phenomena". These include rain, wind, lightning, rainbows, and other similar natural effects.
Changes in the world around us are many and varied. Curious people could not stand aside without trying to find an answer to the question of what caused such interesting physical phenomena.
It all started with the process of observing the surrounding world, which led to the accumulation of data. But even a simple observation of nature caused certain reflections. Many physical phenomena, remaining unchanged, manifested themselves in different ways. For example: the sun rises at different times, it either rains or snows from the sky, a thrown stick flies either far or close. Why is this happening?
The emergence of such questions becomes evidence of the gradual development of human perception of the world, the transition from contemplative observation to active study of the environment. It is clear that each changing, manifesting in different physical phenomenon, this active study only accelerated. As a result, attempts at experimental knowledge of nature appeared.
The first experiments looked quite simple, for example: if you throw a stick like this, will it fly far? And if the stick is thrown in a different way? This is already an experimental study of the behavior of a physical body in flight, a step towards establishing a quantitative relationship between it and the conditions that cause this flight.
Of course, all of the above is a very simplified and primitive presentation of attempts to study the world around us. But, in any case, albeit in a primitive form, but it makes it possible to consider the ongoing physical phenomena as the basis for the emergence and development of science.
In this case, it does not matter what kind of science it is. At the heart of any process of cognition is the observation of what is happening, the accumulation of initial data. Let it be physics with its study of the surrounding world, let it be biology that cognizes nature, astronomy that tries to cognize the Universe - in any case, the process will go the same way.
The physical phenomena themselves can be different. To be more precise, their nature will be different: rain is caused by some reasons, a rainbow by others, lightning by others. Only to understand this fact took a very long time in the history of human civilization.
The study of various natural phenomena and its laws is engaged in such a science as physics. It was she who established a quantitative relationship between the various properties of objects or, as physicists say, bodies, and the essence of these phenomena.
In the course of the study, special tools, research methods, units of measurement appeared, allowing to describe what is happening. Knowledge about the surrounding world expanded, the results obtained led to new discoveries, new tasks were put forward. There was a gradual isolation of new specialties involved in solving specific applied problems. This is how heat engineering, the science of electricity, optics, and many, many other areas of knowledge within physics itself began to appear - not to mention the fact that other sciences appeared that dealt with completely different problems. But in any case, it must be recognized that the observation and study of the phenomena of the surrounding world allowed, over time, the formation of numerous new branches of knowledge that contributed to the development of civilization.
As a result, a whole system of studying and mastering the world, the surrounding nature and man himself was formed - from a simple observation of physical phenomena.
This material describes physical phenomena as the basis for the formation and education of science, in particular, physics. An idea is given of how the development of science took place, such stages as observation of what is happening, experimental verification of facts and conclusions, and formulation of laws are considered.
