Classification of social communities

What are the criteria for identifying and classifying social communities?

Systematization of the views of modern sociologists on this issue allows us to identify a number of potential and real, necessary and sufficient grounds for identifying commonality:

similarity, closeness of living conditions of people (as a potential prerequisite for the emergence of an association);

the commonality of people's needs, their subjective awareness of the similarity of their interests (a real prerequisite for the emergence of solidarity);

the presence of interaction, joint activities, interconnected exchange of activities (direct in the community, mediated in modern society);

the formation of her own culture: a system of internal norms of relationships, ideas about the goals of community, morality, etc.;

strengthening the organization of the community, creating a system of governance and self-government;

social identification of members of the community, their self-assignment to the ϶ᴛᴏth community.

social community - ϶ᴛᴏ set of individuals unitedthe sameliving conditions, values, interests, norms, social connectionand awareness of social identity, acting inas a subject of social life

How do social communities emerge?

There are various concepts of creating social communities. It is important to note that one of them was proposed by an American sociologist George Homans, kᴏᴛᴏᴩy thought that people in interaction with each other try to achieve good, and the more significant the good, the more a person undertakes efforts to unite with other people.

Considering collective behavior from the position presets(predispositions), sociologist Gordon Allport put forward a theory according to which a new social subject is formed through convergence of predispositions, i.e. unity of assessments, values, assigned values, stereotypes, which members of the emerging community possess. It is worth noting that he theoretically proved that the emergence of a new community is based on similarity of emotions, and rational preferences of people.

The famous American sociologist Neil Smelser in his book "Mass Behavior" (1964-1967) structured Allport's theory of convergence. It is worth noting that he quite unambiguously linked the ϲʙᴏu explanatory concept of the emergence of a new community not with emotional grounds, but with rational ones.

Note that the theory of rational value-oriented behavior by N. Smelzer made it possible not only to reflect and interpret stages formation of communities, but also to reproduce (scientifically model) logical stages of the ϶ᴛᴏth process:

the formation of the most generalized ideas about the ideals, goals, objectives of the future association;

forcing on the basis of a common vision of the problem a certain tension, primarily due to the exaggeration of threats and the identification of a “common enemy”;

cultivating an implicit, preliminary, rather vague belief about the principles of action of the community, cultivating preferences regarding the future model of activity (legal, illegal, violent, peaceful, etc.);

turning to history in search of models for borrowing (this is what the Cossacks, nobles and other revivalist communities do in the new Russia);

mobilizing forces for action: expanding the number of supporters and preparing them to organize;

the introduction of internal social control, i.e., rights and obligations that allow demanding, punishing, encouraging, expelling, wearing symbols;

the entry of a new mass organization (embedding, infusion, acceptance by public opinion, legalization) into existing social structures.

The last stage marks the incorporation of a new community into the system of established social relations - the formation of a public or legally fixed organization, institutionalization, promotion of "ϲʙᴏ" into power elites, etc.

Types of social communities

Social communities are distinguished by a huge variety of specific historical and situationally determined types and forms.

Yes, by quantitative composition they range from the interaction of two people (dyads) to numerous international political and economic movements.

By lifetime duration- from lasting minutes and hours (the audience of a particular spectacular event) to living centuries and millennia of ethnic groups, nations.

According to the density of communication between individuals- from closely knit teams and organizations to very vague, amorphous formations (for example, fans of a football team), etc.

By size there are three main groups:

1. Large social communities, i.e. groups that exist throughout the country as a whole (nations, classes, social strata, professional associations).

2. Average social communities, for example, residents of Arkhangelsk or the entire Arkhangelsk region.

3. Small social communities, or small (primary) groups, which include, for example, a family, a team of workers in a small store, etc.

1. Socio-economic (castes, estates, classes);

2. Socio-ethnic (kinds, tribes, nationalities, nations);

3. Socio-demographic (youth, elderly, children, parents, women, men, etc.)

4. Socio-professional, or corporate, communities (miners, teachers, accountants, financiers, doctors, etc.);

5. Socio-territorial (inhabitants of certain territories, regions, districts, cities, villages, villages, etc.).

Primary and secondary social groups

From the point of view of the nature of interaction within the human community, primary and secondary social groups are distinguished. The primary social group is a set of people who know each other well and enter into direct interaction, interpersonal relationships. The ties between the members of the primary group are very close, suggest mutual support, and the group itself has a significant influence on the people included in it. Examples of primary social groups: family, group of friends, stairwell neighbors. Secondary social group - a set of people who enter into formal business relations to achieve a specific common goal. Relations between group members are often impersonal and do not imply a close emotional connection. Examples of secondary social groups: creative union, political party, production and economic association. Representatives of one social group are aware of their belonging to it, regardless of whether there are close ties between them (primary social group) or whether these ties are superficial (secondary social group).

A complex set of features allows divide all communities into two broadest subclasses, types: mass and group communities, which are divided into large and small social groups. (According to Marx and Tönnies)

Mass social communities

Our life is comprehensively permeated with concepts, which constitute the main content of such a sociological category as “mass social community”.

Mass communities are characterized by the following features:

are structurally undivided amorphous formations with rather extended boundaries with an indefinite qualitative and quantitative composition, do not have a clearly defined principle of entering them;

for such communities characterized by a situational mode of existence, i.e. they are formed and function on the basis and within the boundaries of one or other specific activity are impossible outside of it, and therefore turn out to be unstable, changing from case to case formations;

them inherent heterogeneity of the composition, intergroup nature, i.e. these commonalities break class, group and other boundaries;

due to its amorphous formation, they are not able to act as part of wider communities as their structural units.

A typical example of mass communities will be participants in broad political or environmental movements(for peace, against the nuclear threat, against environmental pollution, etc.), fans pop stars, fans sports teams, members of amateur associations of interest (philatelists, etc.). the same type of behavior is often dictated not by reason, but by feelings, general emotions.

To mass social communities ᴏᴛʜᴏϲᴙ are:

ethnic communities (races, nations, nationalities, tribes);

socio-territorial communities - ϶ᴛᴏ aggregates of people permanently residing in a certain territory, formed on the basis of socio-territorial differences, having a similar way of life,

social classes and social strata(϶ᴛᴏ sets of people who have common social characteristics and perform similar functions in the system of social division of labor). Classes are distinguished in connection with the attitude towards ownership of the means of production and the nature of the acceptance of goods.

Social connections

The functioning and development of the social community occur on the basis of social ties and the interaction of its elements-individuals.

In its most general form, a relationship is an expression of the compatibility of the functioning or development of two or more elements of an object or two (several) objects. Communication is the most profound manifestation of such compatibility. In social research, various types of connections are distinguished: connections of functioning, development, or genetic, causal connections, structural connections, etc. In the epistemological plan, it is important to distinguish between object connections and formal connections, that is, connections established only in the plane of knowledge and having no direct analogue in the field of the object itself, the mixing of these connections inevitably leads to errors both in the methodology and in the results of the study.

Under the "social" connection is usually understood as a set of factors that determine the joint activities of people in specific communities, at a certain time, to achieve certain goals. Social ties are established for a long period of time, regardless of the personal qualities of individuals. These are the connections of individuals with each other, as well as their connections with the phenomena and processes of the surrounding world, which are formed in the course of their practical activities. The essence of social ties is manifested in the content and nature of the actions of people who make up this social community. It is possible to single out connections of interaction, control, relations, as well as institutional connections.

Features of social communities

A characteristic feature of a social community (city, village, labor collective, family, etc.) is that social systems are formed precisely on its basis. A social community is a set of people that is characterized by the conditions of their life (economic, social status, level of professional training and education, interests and needs, etc.), common to a given group of interacting individuals (nations, classes, socio-professional groups, labor collectives, etc.); belonging to historically formed territorial entities (city, village, region), belonging of the studied group of interacting individuals to certain social institutions (family, education, science, politics, religion, etc.).

Reasons for the disorganization of social communities

Social processes (demographic, migration, urbanization, industrialization) as an undesirable result can have a destructive, disorganizational impact on social communities. The phenomena of disorganization are reflected both in the external (formal) structure of communities and in their internal, functional characteristics. So, if from the outside, processes such as migration, urban development, industry, etc. Lead to the disintegration of large families that previously consisted of two or three generations, in production groups - to staff turnover, etc., in territorial communities - to an increase in the number of migrants in the composition of the indigenous population, to a violation of the natural age and sex structure, then the disorganization of the functions of such communities is expressed in the loosening of values, the increase in the inconsistency of standards and patterns of behavior, the weakening of the normative structure of the community, which in turn leads to an increase in deviations in the behavior of its members.

Among the social causes that disorganize the personality, one can include its participation either in several social communities that impose on it conflicting social values ​​and patterns of behavior, or in those that are characterized by the uncertainty of social roles, i.e., the requirements for the individual, the lack of social control, ambiguity of criteria for assessing behavior. As a rule, such phenomena are associated with a weakening of the socio-psychological effect of community, which serves as a means of intra-group cohesion and mutual understanding.

Under these conditions, the so-called normal social communities are not in all cases able to ensure the performance of a number of their essential functions, i.e., to provide the individual with a consistent, internally consistent system of behavior standards, to stimulate a sense of solidarity and belonging to it, to provide an ordered system of social levels. prestige and recognition, etc.

Territorial communities are aggregates of people characterized by a common attitude towards a certain economically developed territory, a system of economic, social, political and other ties that distinguish it as a relatively independent unit of the spatial organization of the life of the population. Sociology studies the regularities of the influence of the corresponding socio-territorial community (city, village, region) on the social relations of people, their way of life, their social behavior.

The core of one or another unit of the socio-spatial organization of society, even in our age of intense migratory mobility, is quite stable. Therefore, it retains specific features acquired under the influence of the peculiar circumstances of the formation and development of a territorial community. Among these circumstances are the following:

historical past. It is precisely with the history of the territorial community that the persistently preserved certain labor skills of the population, traditions, certain features of life, views, relations, etc. are associated;

economic conditions, namely the structure of the national economy, the capital and energy intensity of labor, the duration of the functioning of industries and enterprises, the development of services, etc. They determine the social and professional composition of the population, the level of its qualifications and culture, education, the structure of leisure, the nature of life etc.;

natural conditions that have a significant impact on working conditions, the content and level of material needs, the organization of life, forms of interpersonal communication and many other features of the population's lifestyle.

Each territorial community has all the elements and relations of the general structure of a concrete historical social organism - productive forces, technological, organizational and production relations, classes and social strata, social relations, social management, culture and life, etc. Thanks to this, these communities can function as relatively independent social formations.

The territorial community unites people who, despite all the diversity of class, professional, demographic and other differences, have some common social traits. Taken together, the characteristics of all population groups living in a certain territory make it possible to judge the relative level of development of a particular community.

Territorial communities are of different levels. The highest is the Soviet people, a new historical community of people. It is the object of study of general sociological theory and scientific communism, and its individual components are studied by special sociological disciplines. The next level is national territorial communities, which are the object of ethnosociology and the theory of nations.

Initial in the system of territorial units is the primary territorial community, which has the properties of integrity and indivisibility according to the functional criterion. In other words, its constituent parts cannot perform those specific functions that are inherent in a given socio-territorial unit. Of the various functions of the primary, territorial community, the system-forming function is the function of sustainable socio-demographic reproduction of the population. The latter is ensured by the daily exchange of the main activities of people and thus the satisfaction of their needs.

Territorial communities (from Latin territorium - district, region) - communities that differ in belonging to historically established territorial entities. This is a set of people permanently residing in a certain territory and connected by ties of joint relations to this economically developed territory. Territorial communities include the population of a city, a village, a township, a village, a separate district of a large city. As well as more complex territorial-administrative formations - district, region, territory, state, province, republic, federation, etc.

Each territorial community has certain basic elements and relations: production forces, production and technological-organizational relations, classes, social strata and groups, management, culture, etc. Thanks to them, territorial communities have the opportunity to function as relatively independent social entities. In territorial communities, people unite, despite class, professional, demographic and other differences, on the basis of some common social and cultural features acquired by them under the influence of the peculiar circumstances of their formation and development, as well as on the basis of common interests.

As an example, let's briefly consider what a city and a village are.

A city is a large settlement whose inhabitants are engaged in non-agricultural labor, mainly in industry, trade, as well as in the areas of service, science, management, and culture. A city is a territorial entity present in almost all countries of the world. The city is characterized by a variety of labor and non-productive activities of the population, social and professional heterogeneity, and a specific way of life. In different countries of the world, the allocation of a city as a territorial unit occurs according to different criteria, according to a combination of characteristics or population. Although a city is usually considered to be a settlement of a certain size (at least 3-4-10 thousand inhabitants), in some countries a lower minimum number of inhabitants is allowed, for example, only a few hundred people. In our country, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, a city is considered a settlement in which more than 12 thousand people live, of which at least 85% are employed outside of agriculture [see: 55. p.5]. Cities are divided into small (with a population of up to 50 thousand people), medium (50-99 thousand people) and large (over 100 thousand people) cities, cities with a population of over 1 million people are highlighted from the latter group .

If at the beginning of the 19th century there were only 12 cities on the globe, the population of which exceeded a million people, then by the 80s the number of such cities had already reached 200, while many had become multi-million [see: 150. p.5]. The growth dynamics of large cities around the globe is as follows.

Years Number of large cities (over 100 thousand people each) Including million-plus cities

1970 over 1600 162

Source: Lappo G.M. Stories about cities. - M., 1976. - P. 90. ; Lappo G.M., Lyubovny V.Ya. Cities-agglomerations in the USSR and abroad. - M., 1977. - P.4.

At the beginning of the 70s of the XX century. The population of cities was 1/3 of the total population of the world. In Africa, less than 1/5 of the population lived in cities, in foreign Asia - more than 1/5, in America and foreign Europe - up to 3/5 [see: 21, V.7. S. 112]. At the same time, the USSR, USA, Japan, China, India, Brazil, Great Britain and Germany concentrated almost 3/5 of the global number of large cities, and the USSR headed this list, where, according to the All-Union Population Census, 221 big city, and in 1976 - already 247 [see: 152. p.4]. In total, in our country in 1979 there were 999 cities with a total population of 82948.2 thousand people, and in 1989 (as of 01/15/1989) there were already 1037 cities in which 944449.5 thousand people lived [see .: 55. P.5].

All over the world, more than half (51%) of the urban population lived in large cities with more than 100 thousand people in 1970, and there were more than 1600 of them at that time [see: 152. C.4; 279. p.6]. What is the current urban population in different countries of the world, can be seen from table No. 3.

The emergence and development of cities is closely connected with the emergence and deepening of the territorial division of labor. The production functions of the city in the sphere of industry, transport, exchange and production of the services determined by this largely depend on this.

There are various types of cities based on administrative (combined with commercial and industrial) or military (fortified cities) functions associated with culture and science (university cities, for example, Oxford; "city of science", for example, Dubna), with health improvement and recreation (resort city, for example, Sochi), with religion (for example, Mecca), etc. There is also a typology of cities depending on their geographical location.

The development of cities is associated with urbanization. It has been possible to speak about the phenomenon of urbanization since the 18th century. Scientists identify a number of signs of urbanization: increase - the proportion of the urban population; the density and degree of uniformity of the distribution of the network of cities throughout the country; the number and uniformity of the distribution of large cities; the accessibility of large cities for the entire population, as well as the diversity of sectors of the national economy.

States Territory, thousand km Average annual population, million people Urban population, percent (1993) Capital of states

Russia 17075 147.8 72.9 Moscow

Germany 367 81.4 86 Berlin

India 3288 918.6 26 Delhi

Iceland 103 0.27 91 Reykjavik

Italy 301 57.2 67 Rome

China 9597 1209 29 Beijing

Poland 313 38.5 64 Warsaw

USA 9809 260.7 76 Washington

Tajikistan 143 5.7 28 Dushanbe

France 552 57.9 73 Paris

Switzerland 41 7.0 68 Bern

Sweden 450 8.8 83 Stockholm

Japan 378 125.0 77 Tokyo

Data are given for 1995. Source: Russia and countries of the world: Stat. Sat. / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 1996. - S.6-8.

The process of urbanization is accompanied by both positive and negative consequences. Among the positive consequences, the following can be noted: the formation and spread of new, more developed forms of lifestyle and social organization; a large selection of forms of activity, more intellectual and meaningful (choice of occupations, professions, education); the best cultural and domestic service, as well as spending free time.

And among the negative - the deterioration of the environmental situation; decrease in natural population growth; an increase in the incidence rate; the alienation of the masses of the urban population from the traditional culture characteristic of the village and small towns, as well as the emergence of intermediate and "marginal" sections of the population, leading to the formation of lumpenized (i.e. without property, not adhering to the norms of the main culture) and pauperized (i.e. . physically and morally degraded) groups of the population.

A large city on its relatively small territory, with the help of city institutions, controls several thousand or several million people (for example, in our country, according to data as of January 15, 1989, 26.6% of the total urban population lives in millionaire cities) [see. : 55. P.5], creates a certain way of life and forms a number of characteristic social phenomena. These include a huge number of subject contacts and the predominance of subject contacts over personal ones. The division of labor and narrow specialization lead to a narrowing of people's interests and, above all, to a limitation of interest in the affairs of neighbors. This leads to the phenomenon of increasing isolation, the pressure of informal social control is reduced and the bonds of personal relationships are broken. And the natural result of the above is an increase in social disorganization, crime, deviation. Although, on the other hand, a big city is a center of very intense mental labor, where it is easier to create an artistic and intellectual environment and which is a powerful factor in progress in the field of science, technology and art.

In the 20-30s of the XX century. for the first time in the United States began to conduct empirical research on this topic. The reason for their holding was the rapid growth of the urban population, in connection with which by 1920 their number exceeded the number of rural residents. Intensive urbanization52 was accompanied by a huge influx of immigrants from other countries. As noted above, all migration flows from the 16th century, the time when different countries began to be drawn into the orbit of capitalist development, which caused significant social movements of the population, until the end of the 18th century. were sent mainly to America. Their scale is evidenced by the following data: if in 1610 the territory now occupied by the United States was inhabited by 210 thousand people, then in 1800 the population increased to 5.3 million people [see: 305. p. 18] . A sharp increase in the population has caused a breakdown, a clash of the traditional life foundations of the indigenous and the newly arrived population. This led to an aggravation of class and ethnic contradictions, and additionally created a host of other problems. Therefore, American sociology in the first decades of the XX century. developed as a sociology of urban problems.

In our country, systematic sociological studies of cities began at the end of the 1950s, when the rapid growth of cities sharply raised the question of the ways of their further development. A special sociological theory has appeared - the sociology of the city, which studies the genesis, essence and general patterns of the development of the city as an element of the socio-spatial organization of society. The range of problems studied by the sociology of the city includes: the specifics of urbanization in various social conditions; connection of industrialization and urbanization; the main reasons for the emergence and factors influencing the development of the city; formation of the socio-demographic and socio-professional structure of the city; features of the functioning of its social institutions; urban lifestyle; the specifics of communication in an urban environment, etc.

The sociology of the city is engaged in the study of a wide range of problems, but some of them, for example, the social patterns of urbanization, the creation of a system of indicators for the development of social infrastructure, and a number of others, have been studied very insufficiently and require further study.

Village - in the narrow sense of the word means a small agricultural command [see: 21. V.8. S.110-1 II]. It is characterized by: the direct connection of the inhabitants with the land, the economic development of the territory, the dispersal of villages, the small size of rural settlements, the adaptation of the main types of occupations to the natural environment, seasonal cyclical work, a small variety of occupations, relative social and professional homogeneity and a specific rural lifestyle. .

The name "village" existed in North-Eastern Russia already in the 14th century, from where it spread to other regions of Russia. Another typical type of settlement was the village. It differed from the village mainly in its large size and the presence of a landowner's estate or church, smaller settlements were called: settlement, farm, zaimok, etc. On the Don and Kuban, large rural settlements were usually called villages. In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, the main type of settlement was called an aul, in Central Asia among farmers it was a kishlak. All these and other names were often replaced in Russian literature by the general term "village". In the broad sense of the word "village" is not only all types of permanent agricultural settlements, the inhabitants of which are peasants and agricultural workers and others (employed mainly in agriculture), but also the whole complex of socio-economic, cultural, community and natural-geographical characteristics and living conditions of the village.

The sociology of the countryside is concerned with the study of the laws governing the emergence, development and functioning of the countryside. The main problems studied by the sociology of the countryside are: the main factors influencing its development; social and professional structure of the population; organization of leisure activities in the countryside; socio-demographic reproduction of the population, etc.

At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s in Russia, and this is confirmed by statistical data [see: 210. p.67], cardinal changes began in the rural-urban migration exchange. In 1991, for the first time in many years, rural-urban migration changed its direction. Migration outflow of the population from the village in Russia for 1989-1991. in average annual terms decreased by 4 times compared with 1979-1988. [see: 205. p. 180). Since 1991, there has been a steady trend in our country to reduce the outflow of the rural population to the cities.

There are a number of factors hindering the further outflow of the rural population to the city: on the one hand, new forms of management are being developed in the countryside, land reform; on the other hand, in the cities, due to the growing crisis, the following factors that counteract the influx of rural residents are becoming more and more active - the upcoming mass unemployment, tension with food security, and the underdevelopment of the housing market. All these factors will continue to contribute to the "pushing out" of the townspeople in the countryside.

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Evstifeeva Olga Gennadievna Socio-territorial communities in the conditions of Russia's transformation: the experience of sociological analysis: dissertation... candidate of sociological sciences: 22.00.04. - Volgograd, 2005. - 163 p. : ill. RSL OD,

Introduction

Chapter I. Theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of socio-territorial communities 15

one . Socio-territorial community: concept and essential foundations 15

2. Genesis of socio-territorial communities 29

3. Classification and typology of socio-territorial communities 42

Chapter II. Socio-territorial communities in the context of Russia's transformation as an object of sociological analysis 57

1. City as a socio-territorial community and object of sociological analysis 57

2. Village as a socio-territorial community: historical dynamics and modernity 94

3. Social problems of the regions in the context of the transformation of Russian society 117

Conclusion 140

List of references 149

Introduction to work

The relevance of research. Russia has crossed the threshold of a ten-year period of reforms. Throughout this period of time, the reforms rapidly changed the nature of social relations, the usual foundations of life, the spiritual and psychological atmosphere of society, the life strategies of people in cities, villages, and regions. The principle of territorial differentiation of human, natural and material resources, its accounting and careful study creates conditions for the rational use of these resources for the triumph of the ideas of territorial justice, genuine federalism and democracy.

The relevance of this study is determined not only by problems common to the entire transit society, but also by its own specific contradictions for the city, village and regions. On the one hand, the number of cities concentrating material and financial resources is growing, on the other hand, many cities are impoverished and relegated to the social periphery. The new living conditions of citizens, the changing system of social relations require the development of adequate methods for managing the urban community. State and municipal governments should have a clear idea of ​​the nature and quality of life in the city, its advantages and disadvantages, opportunities for improvement, the composition and quality of available resources, and the social potential of the urban community.

If in the process of Russia's transformation the urban population acquired certain acquisitions (overcoming the deficit, progress in motorization and telephone installation, freedom in choosing forms of leisure and obtaining information, etc.), then the rural population is deprived of this as well. The Russian village is on the verge of collapse. The question is about the survival of the village. A fundamentally new agrarian policy is needed. The agrarian reform is carried out against the background of the absolutization of the production function of the village. A transition to a new paradigm of polyfunctional development of the village is required, which

undermines its comprehensive, economic and social development. The village can become a vast service market, a place to create new jobs in housing and road construction, transport, communications, trade, agro-service, tourism and recreation. 38 million people live in the countryside, and they should not be deprived of anything in comparison with other citizens of Russia.

At present, the functions of the regions (subjects of the federation) are changing significantly. The functions of life support for the population, social security and sustainable development come first. Many social problems that were previously solved at the national level are now being transferred to the regional level (overcoming disproportions in the development of cities and villages, social protection of the population, reforming housing and communal services systems, developing educational institutions, healthcare, culture, etc.).

The urgency of the territorial problem is also given by the fact that after the collapse of the USSR, the Soviet administrative borders were transformed into state ones, and many regions became border regions. In the border area, not only social problems arise for the local population, but also threats to Russia's national interests and security. Of particular importance is the large number of regions and the range of differences between them in terms of territory, population, socio-economic indicators, which puts on the agenda the issue of administrative-territorial division (ADT) of the state.

A sociological analysis of territorial structures is important not only theoretically, but also practically for resolving many crisis situations in modern Russia. Overcoming social differences in the territorial aspect is one of the foundations for the formation of civil society.

The degree of scientific development of the problem.

The history of the study of territorial communities is organically connected with three scientific areas: the sociology of the city, the sociology of the countryside, and the emerging sociology of regions.

The sociology of the city is the most developed theory, dating back to the fundamental works of the 19th - early 20th centuries. (M. Weber, G. Simmel, A. Weber, Ch. Booth). A significant contribution to the study of the urban community was made by American sociologists of the 20-30s. (E. Burgess, R. Park, L. Wirth, W. L. Warner, R. S. Lind and H. M. Lind, J. West, etc.). Their works touch upon almost all aspects of the life of the western urban community. It should be emphasized that none of these authors, with the exception of R. Park and E. Burgess, was involved in the development of research methodology, limiting themselves to describing the methodology and technique.

Domestic sociology (N.A. Aitov, T.I. Zaslavskaya, L.B. Kogan, M.N. Mezhevich, Z.A. Orlova, Yu.L. Pivovarov, F.S. Faizullin, B.S. Khorev , O.I. Shkaratan, O.N. Yanitsky) made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of the city, putting forward two fundamental provisions: 1) the city is a specific form of a community of people whose life is mediated by a system of social relations; 2) the city is a socio-spatial integrity in which the interaction of the social and spatial environment is carried out.

If the sociology of the city developed on the basis of Western, predominantly American, sociology, then the domestic sociology of the countryside inherited the progressive traditions of the Russian sociological school, which originated in the 19th century, thanks to the works of Russian zemstvos.

The rise of Soviet sociology of the countryside falls on the 60s of the XX century. Already in their first half, a series of monographic descriptions of villages, specific studies of the social structure, culture and life of the rural population appeared. Soon, monographic descriptiveness is replaced by a comprehensive study of the socio-economic, cultural, social and psychological problems of the village (Yu.V. Arutyunyan, P.P. Velikiy, V.I. Zorin, S.E. Krapivensky, I.T. V.I. Staroverov, S.I. Semin, P.I. Simush, I.M. Slepenkov, N.V. Tsurkanu, A.I. Yakushov and others).

In the early 90s. The picture of sociological research, both in the city and in the countryside, has completely changed, the front of research has sharply narrowed, and many scientific centers and laboratories have disintegrated. Research began to be local in nature by the efforts of individual enthusiasts. The attention of scientists was directed to the study of such problems as the social stratification of the population, the social consequences of economic reforms, entrepreneurial activity, the social adaptation of territorial groups to the new reality, the development of local self-government, the modernization of basic values ​​(Z.T. Golenkova, V.L. Glazychev, T .M.Dridze, A.G.Zdravomyslov, N.I.Lapin, Zh.T.Toshchenko, B.M.Firsov, V.A.Yadov - urban population; V.A.Artemov, G.N.Butyrin, P.P.Velikii, V.G.Vinogradsky, A.A.Vozmitel, P.Lindner, A.M.Nikulin, L.B.Khaibulaeva, T.Shanin - rural community).

The main scientific publications at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. on regional issues relate to market policy, relations between the Center and the regions (S. Barzilov, A. Chernyshov, Yu. R. Khairulina, N. P. Medvedev, F. B. Sadykov, N. Yu. leadership in the regions (V.N. Ivanov, A.P. Kotov, I.V. Lad odo, M. M. Nazarov, N. S. Sleptsov, K. S. Idiatullina), regional and cultural identity (N. V. .Svekunova, E.N. Danilova, N.A. Shmatko, Yu.L. Kachanov), regional psyche (I.V. Vasilenko). Despite the frequent use of the term "region" in modern journalism and the media, its scientific development, as a sociological category, is practically not undertaken.

In general, the analysis of the state of development of the problems of territorial communities and the units of analysis we have chosen (city-village-region) shows that these problems are studied separately, the political and economic approach prevails. Against the general background of publications on territorial issues, the sociological approach remains the least developed. It is required to clarify the conceptual apparatus, methodological principles of the study of territorial communities, the study of the dynamics of the way of life, consciousness and behavior of people, taking into account fundamental changes in the system of public relations.

wearing. It was from these circumstances and guidelines that the dissertation proceeded in determining the goals and objectives of his research.

Object of study is the socio-territorial structure of society.

Subject of study social-territorial communities act: city, village, region.

Purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the study is to reveal the nature of changes in the social structure, lifestyle, consciousness and behavior of territorial communities of people in modern Russian society. To achieve this goal, the dissertation researcher set the following tasks in his research:

1. Expand the content of the category "socio-territorial community
ness”, revealing its essential foundations and characteristic features.

Consider the historical and genetic prerequisites for the formation of territorial communities, substantiating the leading role of urbanization in the process of territorial organization of the population.

Select the types of socio-territorial formations of the agrarian and non-agrarian spheres of society.

4. Develop an analytical model of the city as a social
territorial community, on the basis of which to give a detailed character
the vital activity of the urban society in the context of the transition to a market
relations.

5. Explore the features of the life of the Russian village and
peasant community from the point of view of historical dynamics and conditionally
Viyah modern agrarian reform.

6. Consider the social problems of the regions in the context of transformation
Russian society, to substantiate the need to build a sociological
theory of regions.

Methodological basis of the dissertation. Based on the current trend towards a polytheoretical analysis of social processes, the author in his

following was based on the following methodological approaches: historical-genetic, systemic-structural, socio-cultural, socio-geographical.

In the study of specific territorial structures, the dissertation student used theoretical and methodological principles developed in the works of domestic and foreign scientists. So, when analyzing urban processes, the author relied on the works of E. Burgess, R. Park, L. Wirth, M. Weber, G. Simmel, T. Znanetsky, as well as modern Russian researchers V. L. Glazychev, Z. T. Golenkova, A.V.Dmitrieva, T.M.Dridze, L.A.Zemnova, E.D.Igitkhanyan, L.B.Kogan, M.N.Mezhevich, V.D.Patrushev, Yu.L.Pivovarov, F. S. Faizullina, B. S. Khoreva, O. I. Shkaratan, O. NLnitsky.

In the analysis of social processes in the countryside, valuable ideas were used,
incorporated in the works of Yu.V. Arutyunyan, Yu.I. Aseev, Yu.V. Akatiev,
V.A. Artemov, T.V. Blinov, P.P. Veliky, V.G. Vinogradsky,

T.I.Zaslavskaya, V.I.Zorin, S.E.Krapivensky, I.T.Levykin, R.V.Ryvkina, P.I.Simush, V.I.Staroverov, V.V.Ostrovsky, A. I. Yakushova.

When studying the region, the dissertation proceeded from the theoretical and methodological approaches laid down by the works of N.A. Aitov, S.N. Barzilov, E.N. Danilov, V.B. Zvonovsky, G.E. Zborovsky, A.G. .S. Idiatullina, V.I. Staroverov, A.I. Sukharev and others.

Finally, when developing the concept of a socio-territorial community, it was impossible not to refer to the works of representatives of political and social geography (Yu.N. Gladkiy, V.A. Kolesov, N.S. Mironenko, N.V. Petrov, A.S. Titkov , V.A. Tishkov, A.I. Chistobaev and others).

Empirical basis dissertation is a secondary sociological analysis of research materials of domestic and foreign urban sociologists, ruralists, regional studies, as well as materials of the All-Union and All-Russian population censuses, including the All-Russian

population records in 2002. The author of the dissertation relied on the data of sociological polls of the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center and the materials of scientific reports of sociological laboratories of Volgograd universities. In addition, the dissertator used the materials of an expert survey (N=30) and in-depth interviews (N=50) of employees of city (Volgograd, Kalach, Uryupinsk, Mikhailovka) and rural administrations (Svetloyarsky, Kalachevsky, Olkhovsky, Nekhaevsky districts).

As a result of the analysis, the dissertation came to the following conclusions: conclusions which are subject discussion and defense:

A socio-territorial community is an integral, relatively stable set of people, the objective basis of which is the similarity of living conditions, due to living together in a certain territory that has ethno-cultural or political-administrative boundaries. The similarity of living conditions forms among the members of the territorial community common features of mass consciousness, culture, lifestyle and a sense of territorial identity, mediated by a system of social relations. The specificity of the sociological approach to the analysis of territorial communities lies in the consideration of the following components: social structure, lifestyle, consciousness and interaction of territorial subjects.

All the apparent diversity of socio-territorial communities can be reduced to two types - local, "point" communities (city, village) and regional, "dispersed" communities (region, region, autonomy). The general trend of settlement processes goes from "point" to more and more dispersed group systems, forming the "second floor" of the territorial organization of society. The city as a socio-cultural node turns out to be not only historically, but also methodologically the origin of coordinates in the social space. Only with the advent of the city are formed such dichotomies as: city - village, center - periphery, capital - province.

In the context of the transition to a market economy and the transformation of Russia, the urban population began to be structured on new grounds, important

the most important of which are: differentiation in income and sources of livelihood, status in the employment system, position in the system of power relations, labor autonomy, value orientations and life strategies, social self-identification, gender affiliation. The market "element" manifests itself in disturbing signs of the disorganization of urban space and development: there is a differentiation of urban space with the emergence of "rich" areas and areas with a tendency to degenerate into "slums"; migratory and ethnic areas of the territory appear, living according to their own special laws, often confrontational to the environment; there are separate areas of administrative and business development; there is an expansion of individual buildings in the suburban area.

The variety of forms and ways of life of the urban society reflects the category of "urban lifestyle". The specificity of urban processes is manifested in the change in the content of the urban lifestyle. The characteristic features of the former "socialist way of life" of the townspeople (labor character, lack of exploitation and social antagonism, collectivism, patriotism, internationalism, social justice, active life position) either go into the past or are filled with new content. The fundamental contradiction of the lifestyle of a modern city dweller is the gap between the opportunities that the city accumulates and the nature of the use of these opportunities. The dominant attitude of the city dweller, his meaning of life is income and consumption.

The urban environment forms a special social type of the citizen's personality, the characteristic features of which are the following: mobility, attitude to the possibility of changing the profession, status, social ties, place in the city, readiness to update information, centripetalism, discipline, tolerance. A real city dweller is aware of himself not only as a member of a production organization, family, group

11 friends, but also a member of the city community as a whole, feels the pulse of the life of the whole city, feels his involvement in the main events that take place in it, supports its traditions, that is, is the bearer of citywide and regional identity.

The village as a socio-territorial community is a historically emerged in the process of division of social labor, characterized by a special unity of natural and social conditions, a set of people employed in the field of agricultural production and industries serving it. The modern stage of development of the Russian countryside began with the agrarian reform of the 1990s. 20th century In fact, it was a process of decollectivization. Privatization of lands and share division of agricultural enterprises were chosen as the main methods. The collective-farm-state-farm system turned out to be an unviable, artificial formation. The surviving collective farms/state farms have overdue debts, often frozen bank accounts or are bankrupt. Today, four production and economic structures have clearly emerged in the countryside: 1) collective farms in the form of joint-stock companies, agricultural cooperatives, and associations of peasant farms; 2) personal households of peasants; 3) farms; 4) penetrating into the village agribusiness, private capital.

The processes of transformation of the countryside cannot be carried out only in the system of production relations. Changes occur in the whole complex of social interactions both in production and in everyday life; they are reflected in the mass consciousness and system of values ​​of the rural worker. The proportion of those who note as values ​​"health", "stability of living conditions", "the value of domestic work" and personal subsidiary farming has increased. At the same time, the value of “labor in the collective economy” has decreased, the importance of leisure activities has decreased, and satisfaction with spending free time has decreased. In the mass consciousness, a negative attitude towards the "rich" is rapidly maturing. Likely social consequences of economic reforms in the countryside

there may be the following: 1) landlessness of peasants, as a result of the forced sale of land shares, the concentration of land in an insignificant circle of people; 2) a decrease in the level of education, culture, deterioration in the health of the rural population, an increase in the number of people of retirement age; 3) reduction in the share of non-agricultural specialists (doctors, teachers, cultural workers); 4) a change in the national structure of the Russian village, due to the migration of the population from the southern regions.

8. The most important type of regional systems in modern Russia are regions, territories, autonomies that have received the status of subjects of the Russian Federation. This type of regions is a contradictory unity of social (city-village), economic (industry-agriculture), cultural (traditional-modern), political (state-municipal) space, within which social reproduction and livelihoods of the living population are carried out. A sociological analysis of regional problems allows us to state the following. Intra-regional differences between the city and the countryside have not been erased, but have increased, taking on the character of contradictions. In essence, we have two Russias: a rural Russia and an urban Russia. There is no state program for the social development of the countryside. The problem of overcoming the differences between the city and the countryside has been transferred to the regional level, which leads to endless litigation between the city and regional administrations.

Interregional migration in the south of Russia, which was previously labor in nature, began to be ethnic. In a number of cases, the administrative borders of the regions have become state borders, which has given rise not only to social problems for the local population, but also to threats to Russia's national interests and security. The leading function of the regions is life support, social security, and sustainable development. The large number of regions (89 subjects of the Russian Federation) and the range of differences between them in terms of territory, population, socio-economic indicators,

organization of power structures, etc. require the strengthening of the territories and the reform of the administrative-territorial division of Russia, as well as the formation of a special sociological theory of the region.

Scientific novelty of the work, According to the dissertation, it is as follows:

the definition of the category “socio-territorial community” was clarified and supplemented by introducing such features as “boundary” and “territorial identity”;

the socio-territorial organization of the population is considered through the trinity of its constituent structures "city - village - region";

a sociological model of the city has been built, which includes spatial and social substructures interacting with each other;

the probable social consequences of economic reforms for the social development of the countryside and the rural community are determined;

unlike most publications that consider the region as an economic or political space 1 , the dissertation analyzes the region from the point of view of a sociological approach, as a territorial community;

Theoretical and practical significance of the dissertation. The scientific and practical significance of the study can be considered in several directions.

1. The presented work summarizes and supplements the extensive research material accumulated by domestic and foreign scientists in the field of studying the socio-territorial structure and spatial organization of society. The dissertation can play a positive role in updating the methodological principles and concepts

1 Barzilov S, Chernyshev N. Region as a political space // Free Thought. 1997, No. 2. S. 3; Medvedev N.P. political regionalism. M.: Gardariki, 2002; Regional economy. Rostov n / a.: Phoenix, 2001.

of the main apparatus of sociological research - the social sphere of society.

The dissertation materials can be used in the activities of various government institutions in the development of programs for the social development of cities, villages, regions and the improvement of social management of administrative-territorial entities.

The main provisions and conclusions of the work can be implemented in the process of teaching courses in sociology, social psychology, philosophy and regional studies at universities and colleges. The materials of the dissertation can be used in the system of continuing professional education in the training and retraining of specialists in programming and planning for the integrated development of territories, as well as specialists in management and marketing.

Approbation of the dissertation was carried out at the International Scientific and Methodological Conference "Actual Problems of Planning and Forecasting", dedicated to the 100th anniversary of M.N. Voznesensky (Orel, December 2003); at the International Scientific Congress “Science, Art, Education in the III Millennium (Volgograd, April 2004); at the I International Scientific and Practical Conference "Social Technologies in Human Resource Management: Russian and Foreign Experience" (Penza, March 2004) and others. The content of the dissertation is reflected in five publications of the author.

Thesis structure is subordinated to the logic of solving the set tasks and includes an introduction, two chapters consisting of six paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

Socio-territorial community: concept and essential foundations

The concept of a territorial community as a specific social formation "grasps" the objective connection between the territorial (spatial) and social sections of a public organization. In modern literature, there are various definitions of this concept. So, M.N. Mezhevich calls a territorial community the population of any territorial-administrative unit - a city, village, district, region, etc., the objective basis of which is the difference in the living conditions of people in their places of permanent residence1.

T.I. Zaslavskaya understands a territorial community as an integral cell of the territorial organization of society, the structural elements of which are the corresponding group of the population and the part of the living space used by it with its natural resources, production and social infrastructure.

Foreign researchers (F. Tennis, K. Blucher, R. Mackenzie) consider the territorial community mainly through the prism of people living together in a particular territory. At the same time, the “locality” of the community, in contrast to society, and the “territoriality”, in contrast to the factors of formation of other social groups, turn out to be in the foreground.

The American geographer R. Sakk gave a definition of territoriality that has already become a classic. In his opinion, this is "an attempt by an individual or a social group to control or influence people, phenomena and relationships by delimiting and controlling a geographical area"

The above definitions indicate a number of essential features of a territorial community (territoriality, integrity, permanence of residence), but at the same time there are no those that actually make a set of people a community: namely, interconnection, interaction, closeness of views and ideas, common interests, similarity, the same living conditions. The latter circumstance forms common features of mass consciousness, culture, lifestyle and a sense of territorial belonging among members of the community. The totality of people only then becomes a community when they realize the similarity of their conditions, when they show their attitude towards them, and in connection with this they develop a more or less clear idea of ​​who is "their own", "fellow countryman", and who is "stranger". ”, “newcomer”.

It should be emphasized that any territorial group turns into a community only when its members firmly recognize certain common rights and obligations in relation to each other and to their environment.

Another characteristic feature of the territorial community is social solidarity as a unity of beliefs and actions, mutual assistance and support, and joint responsibility. Social solidarity is an important (though not the only) element of social integration. For E. Durkheim, for example, solidarity is a synonym for social status, and its absence is a social pathology

Genesis of socio-territorial communities

The most important feature of the primitive communal system, due to the underdevelopment of production, is the lack of differentiation in it between the forms of human settlement: there is still neither a city nor a village. Accordingly, there is no assignment of people to certain types of settlements.

Archaeological materials show that the first settled places as elements of a settled way of life appear in the Late Paleolithic and, in particular, with the transition to the Neolithic1. The first major division of labor, the emergence of agriculture and cattle breeding, also belongs to the same period. If the development of agriculture determined the trend towards settled life, then shepherding, on the contrary, stimulated the territorial mobility of the population. In the same period, the first division of settlements into types - permanent agricultural and temporary shepherd - takes place.

Of great importance for the development of settlement was the beginning of the use of metals. A completely new type of labor appears - craft. Its development leads to the second major division of labor - the separation of craft from agriculture, and later the city from the countryside.

The primitive communal system is a society without classes and social differences, at the same time a society without cities and villages. The origin of these phenomena is based on the same process - the division of labor.

The separation of the city from the countryside is a complex multilateral process that had economic, political, socio-cultural and spiritual consequences. K. Marx paid special attention to the economic circumstances of the separation of the city from the countryside: “The basis of all development and the exchange of goods of an indirect division of labor is the separation of the city from the countryside. It can be said that the entire economic history of society is summed up in the movement of this opposition....

The division of people into specific forms of settlement turns out to be one of the important conditions for social development. This makes it possible to understand the essence of the fact confirmed by history that all the apparent variety of forms of settlement, including such new forms as conurbations, agglomerations, urbanized zones and even megacities, are completely reducible to the city and the countryside. People, beginning with a class society, had a very limited, ultimately socially determined choice of place of residence - a city or a village.

Urban and rural settlements were located in areas where the natural and geographical conditions - the relief of the individual and the climate, the natural fertility of the soil - were most favorable and optimally suitable for agriculture. The principle of honoring agriculture was consecrated by traditional ideology (religion), supported by customary law and subsequently legally enshrined in the legislative acts of agrarian societies. The significance of agriculture as an important economic foundation of the city, the ratio of the agricultural and non-agricultural population and the significant predominance of the former in the most ancient urban settlements are described in detail in the works of Russian historians - V.D. Blavatsky, I.M. Dyakonova, G.N. Koshe-Lenko and many others.

The emergence of many cities was directly related to the development of irrigated agriculture, the laying of plantations, the laying out of orchards, the construction of irrigation systems and water distribution facilities. The “agrarianism” of the economy dictated and determined the very structure of the city - its space, part of which was occupied by arable land, garden crops, buried in gardens, and the entire territory was cut off by irrigation canals and irrigation devices. Cities were the first strong impulses that had a huge impact on the formation of civilizations and the development of societies.

City as a socio-territorial community and object of sociological analysis

The city as a specific form of community of people is a complex social formation. Its integrity is characterized by the correlation and interaction of the social and spatial environment, forming the subject of sociological analysis. The latter presupposes a generalization of the huge factual material that has been accumulated in the process of studying the city by means of a number of scientific disciplines (economic geography, architecture, political science, cultural studies, social psychology, etc.). Knowledge of a huge mass of particulars does not yet give knowledge of the city as a holistic specific phenomenon. It is required to create a theory and a logical model of a modern large city.

In the works of domestic scientists, a system analysis of a large city is built on a functional basis. At the same time, the main spheres of life of the population are distinguished as its subsystems, in which the main specific functions are performed, which together ensure the reproduction of the city as a whole. These, according to the Leningrad group of researchers1 (P.N. Lebedev, R.S. Mogilevsky, Yu.A. Suslov), include:

1. Reproduction of the natural environment;

2. Sphere of employment;

3. Reproduction of the population;

a) demographic reproduction and human socialization;

b) material and spiritual consumption (life, leisure);

4. Social and political activity;

5. Crime and social pathology;

6. Management.

A somewhat different logical model of the city, or rather the urban society, is proposed by L.A. Zelenov2. The functional core of society, in his opinion, is an activity that sets a typology of needs, abilities, relationships, institutions, i.e. all social formations that form the sphere of society or the sphere of public life. The author identifies eight types of activities (economic, environmental, scientific, artistic, medical, physical education, pedagogical, managerial) and five social formations (needs, abilities, social activities, social relations and social institutions), which form the model of the city, its social portrait . If, on the whole, such a model raises no objections, then L.A. Zelenov's conclusion that "eight activities multiplied by five social formations are equal to forty problems"3, is, in our opinion, too simplified, formalized, because does not take into account the specifics and diversity of cities.

The indicated approaches to the construction of a logical model of the city suffer, in our opinion, from one common drawback: they are built and designed to study the nature of the socialist city, use the appropriate conceptual apparatus and cannot reflect the new specifics of the city and the urban community in the context of the transformation of Russia. With this in mind, the dissertation student developed a new model that includes the following components:

1. Social organization of urban space.

2. Social composition and stratification of the urban population.

3. Urban image and lifestyle.

4. Features of the consciousness and behavior of the urban population.

5. Modern urban culture.

6. Social type of personality of a city dweller.

7. Urban community and environment.

This model involves the use of architectural-planning, economic-geographical, socio-cultural and eco-sociological approaches, which together allow us to start a meaningful sociological analysis of the city as a social organism, as a form of settlement and territorial community.

Social organization of urban space. XX century - the heyday of the theory and practice of urban planning. The concepts of the system of population resettlement, district planning, planning and modeling of cities have entered into scientific and practical use. In the 20th century, such urban planning concepts as Le Corbusier's Radiant City, Frank Lloyd Wright's Spacious City, Ebenezer Howard's and Candylis's Garden City were formed. Over the course of the century, urban planners' vision of the city has been transformed from a simple sequential series of visual impressions to a spatially organized system, including functional zoning and a public service system for urban areas.

Society, understood as a "product of people's interaction", as the integrity of people's social relations to nature and to each other, consists of many heterogeneous elements, among which the economic activity of people and their relations in the process of material production are the most significant, basic, but not the only ones. On the contrary, the life of society consists of many different activities, social relations, social institutions, ideas and other social elements. All these phenomena of social life are mutually interconnected and always appear in a certain interconnection and unity.

This unity is permeated by material and mental processes, and the integrity of social phenomena is in the process of constant changes, taking various forms.

The study of society as the integrity of social relations in all its various manifestations requires grouping heterogeneous elements of society into separate entities in accordance with their common features and then identifying the relationships of such groups of phenomena.

One of the important elements of the social structure of society is the social group. Of great importance is the socio-territorial group, which is an association of people that has the unity of relations to a certain territory they have mastered. An example of such communities can be: a city, a village, and in some aspects, a separate district of a city or state. In these groups there is their relationship with the environment.

Territorial groups have similar social and cultural features that have arisen under the influence of certain situations. This happens even though the members of this group have differences: class, professional, etc. And if we take the characteristics of various categories of the population of a certain territory, we can judge the level of development of this territorial community in social terms.

Basically, territorial communities are divided into two groups: rural and urban population. Relations between these two groups developed differently at different times. Of course, the urban population prevails. Basically urban culture today with its patterns of behavior, activities penetrates more and more into the village, village.

The resettlement of people is also important, because regional differences affect the economic, cultural state, the social appearance of a person - there is a lifestyle.

All this is influenced by the movement of migrants.

The highest level of development of the socio-territorial community is the people. The next step is national territorial communities. The initial is the primary territorial community, which is integral and indivisible.

An important function of this community is the socio-demographic reproduction of the population. It ensures the satisfaction of people's needs through the exchange of certain types of human activities. An important condition for reproduction is the self-sufficiency of the elements of the artificial and the nature of the environment.

It is also important to take into account the mobility of territorial communities. In some cases, the living environment for reproduction requires the formation of a combination of urban and rural environments, taking into account the natural environment (agglomeration).