Being born, a new personality receives a unique character as a gift. Human nature can consist of traits inherited from parents, or it can manifest itself in a completely different, unexpected quality.

Nature not only determines behavioral reactions, it specifically affects the manner of communication, attitude towards others and one's own person, to work. Character traits of a person create a certain worldview in a person.

A person's behavioral responses depend on the nature

These two definitions create confusion, because both of them are involved in the formation of personality and behavioral responses. In fact, the character and temperament are heterogeneous:

1. The character is formed from a list of certain acquired qualities of the personality's mental make-up.
2. Temperament is a biological quality. Psychologists distinguish four types of it: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic.

Having the same warehouse of temperament, individuals can have a completely different character. But temperament has an important influence on the development of nature - smoothing or sharpening it. Also, human nature directly affects temperament.

What is character

Psychologists, speaking of character, mean a certain combination of traits of an individual, persistent in their expression. These traits have the maximum impact on the behavioral line of the individual in diverse relationships:

• among people;
• in the work team;
• to one's own personality;
• to the surrounding reality;
• to physical and mental labor.

The word "character" is of Greek origin, it means "to mint". This definition was introduced into use by the naturalist of Ancient Greece, the philosopher Theophrastus. Such a word really, very accurately defines the nature of the individual.

Theophrastus first coined the term "character"

The character seems to be drawn as a unique drawing, it gives rise to a unique seal that a person wears in a single copy.

Simply put, character is a combination, a combination of stable individual mental characteristics.

How to understand nature

To understand what kind of nature an individual has, you need to analyze all his actions. It is behavioral reactions that determine examples of character and characterize the personality.

But this judgment is often subjective. Far from always a person reacts as intuition tells him. Actions are influenced by upbringing, life experience, customs of the environment where the person lives.

But you can understand what kind of character a person has. Observing and analyzing the actions of a certain person for a long time, one can identify individual, especially stable features. If a person in completely different situations behaves in the same way, showing similar reactions, makes the same decision - this indicates the presence of a certain nature in him.

Knowing which character traits are manifested and dominated by a person, it is possible to predict how she will manifest herself in a given situation.

Character and traits

A character trait is an important part of a personality; it is a stable quality that determines the interaction of a person and the surrounding reality. This is a defining method of resolving emerging situations, so psychologists consider a trait of nature as a predictable personal behavior.

Variety of characters

A person acquires features of character in the course of the entire life span, it is impossible to attribute individual features of nature to innate and characterological. In order to analyze and assess the personality, the psychologist not only determines the totality of individual characteristics, but also highlights their distinctive features.

It is the character traits that are defined as leading in the study and compilation of the psychological characteristics of the individual.

But, defining, evaluating a person, studying the features of behavior in the social plan, the psychologist also uses knowledge of the content orientation of nature. It is defined in:

• strength-weakness;
• latitude-narrowness;
• static-dynamic;
• integrity-contradiction;
• integrity-fragmentation.

Such nuances constitute a general, complete description of a particular person.

List of personality traits

Human nature is the most complex cumulative combination of peculiar features, which is formed into a unique system. This order includes the most striking, stable personal qualities, which are revealed in the gradations of human-society relationships:

Relationship system	Inherent traits of an individual
	Plus	Minus
To self	fastidiousness	Condescension
	Self-criticism	Narcissism
	Meekness	Boastfulness
	Altruism	Egocentrism
To the people around	Sociability	Closure
	Complacency	Callousness
	Sincerity	deceitfulness
	Justice	Injustice
	Commonwealth	Individualism
	sensitivity	Callousness
	Courtesy	shamelessness
To work	organization	Laxity
	obligatory	stupidity
	diligence	slovenliness
	Enterprise	inertia
	industriousness	laziness
to items	frugality	Waste
	thoroughness	Negligence
	Neatness	Negligence

In addition to character traits included by psychologists in the gradation of relationships (a separate category), manifestations of nature in the moral, temperamental, cognitive and sthenic spheres were identified:

• moral: humanity, rigidity, sincerity, good nature, patriotism, impartiality, responsiveness;
• temperamental: gambling, sensuality, romance, liveliness, receptivity; passion, frivolity;
• intellectual (cognitive): analyticity, flexibility, inquisitiveness, resourcefulness, efficiency, criticality, thoughtfulness;
• sthenic (volitional): categoricalness, perseverance, obstinacy, stubbornness, purposefulness, timidity, courage, independence.

Many leading psychologists are inclined to believe that some personality traits should be divided into two categories:

1. Productive (motivational). Such traits push a person to commit certain acts and actions. This is the goal-feature.
2. Instrumental. Giving personality during any activity individuality and way (manners) of action. These are traits.

Gradation of character traits according to Allport

Allport's theory

The famous American psychologist Gordon Allport, an expert and developer of gradations of personality traits of an individual, divided personality traits into three classes:

Dominant. Such features most clearly reveal the behavioral form: actions, activities of a certain person. These include: kindness, selfishness, greed, secrecy, gentleness, modesty, greed.

Normal. They are equally manifested in all the numerous spheres of human life. These are: humanity, honesty, generosity, arrogance, altruism, egocentrism, cordiality, openness.

Secondary. These nuances do not have a particular effect on behavioral responses. These are not dominant behaviors. These include musicality, poetry, diligence, diligence.

A strong relationship is formed between the traits of nature existing in a person. This regularity forms the final character of the individual.

But any existing structure has its own hierarchy. The warehouse of man was no exception. This nuance is traced in Allport's proposed gradation structure, where minor features can be suppressed by dominant ones. But in order to predict the act of a person, it is necessary to focus on the totality of the features of nature..

What is typicality and individuality

In the manifestation of the nature of each personality, it always reflects the individual and typical. This is a harmonious combination of personal qualities, because the typical serves as the basis for identifying the individual.

What is a typical character. When a person has a certain set of traits that are the same (common) for a particular group of people, such a warehouse is called typical. Like a mirror, it reflects the accepted and habitual conditions for the existence of a particular group.

Also, typical features depend on the warehouse (a certain type of nature). They are also a condition for the appearance of a behavioral type of character, in the category of which a person is “recorded”.

Having understood exactly what features are inherent in a given personality, a person can make an average (typical) psychological portrait and assign a certain type of temperament. For example:

positive	negative
Choleric
Activity	Incontinence
Energy	irascibility
Sociability	Aggressiveness
Determination	Irritability
Initiative	Rudeness in communication
Impulsiveness	Behavior instability
Phlegmatic person
persistence	Low activity
performance	slowness
calmness	immobility
Consistency	uncommunicative
Reliability	Individualism
good faith	laziness
sanguine
Sociability	Rejection of monotony
Activity	Superficiality
benevolence	Lack of persistence
adaptability	bad perseverance
Cheerfulness	Frivolity
Courage	Recklessness in actions
Resourcefulness	Inability to focus
melancholic
Sensitivity	Closure
Impressionability	Low activity
diligence	uncommunicative
Restraint	Vulnerability
cordiality	Shyness
Accuracy	Poor performance

Such typical character traits corresponding to a certain temperament are observed in each (to one degree or another) representative of the group.

individual manifestation. Relationships between individuals always have an evaluative characteristic, they are manifested in a rich variety of behavioral reactions. The manifestation of individual traits of an individual is greatly influenced by emerging circumstances, a formed worldview and a certain environment.

This feature is reflected in the brightness of various typical features of the individual. They are not the same in intensity and develop in each individual individually.

Some typical features are so powerfully manifested in a person that they become not just individual, but unique.

In this case, typicality develops, by definition, into individuality. This classification of personality helps to identify the negative characteristics of the individual that prevent them from expressing themselves and achieving a certain position in society.

Working on himself, analyzing and correcting the shortcomings in his own character, each person creates the life he aspires to.

Yulia Borisovna Gippenreiter

We have different characters ... How to be?

To my closest and dearest person.

For forty years now I have been thanking Fate for our meeting.

And for the fact that our characters are so different!

Introduction

The reader is used to the fact that I write books for parents - about how to better communicate with children, how to build harmonious relationships with them. Although many of these "hows" are quite suitable for adults, the books had in mind, first of all, caring for children. They wanted to draw attention to the complex inner world of children, their feelings and difficulties, how they perceive their parents with their "educational" efforts, and much more.

And I was going to write this book in the same spirit - for adults about children, namely, about the characters of children. However, it immediately became clear that the plan needed to be changed. After all, every adult has his own character, and in order to raise a child well, he must, first of all, understand himself. It so happened that this book about the characters of children and adults, i.e about everyone and for everyone.

Character is a fascinating topic for reflection, observation, knowledge of oneself and others. Almost everything in a person’s life depends on character: how he builds his life, how he lives in a family, how he communicates with friends and colleagues, how he raises children.

Since very ancient times, people have been occupied with questions: How to know your character? How to understand the character of another person? Are there similar characters that can be combined into groups? Is character innate or formed during life?

Physicians, philosophers and scientists have been investigating these questions for more than two and a half thousand years.

TEMPERAMENT, CHARACTER, PERSONALITY

Character and temperament

It all started with a description of four types temperament. This was done by the ancient physician Hippocrates in the 5th century BC. It is noteworthy that Hippocrates was interested in physiology person, not his behavior. According to the theory of that time (rather fantastic), it was believed that there were four main fluids in the body: blood, mucus, yellow bile and black bile, and each person had one of them predominating. The names of four temperaments originated from the Latin roots of such liquids: sanguine (blood), phlegmatic (mucus), choleric (yellow bile), melancholic (black bile). The very same word "temperament" meant a mixture or ratio of fluids throughout the body. So, Hippocrates did not connect temperament with the mental life of a person; he even spoke of the temperament of individual organs, such as the heart or liver.

But over time, conclusions appeared about what mental properties a person should have in whose body blood, yellow bile, etc. predominate. psychological portraits of the four temperaments. The first attempt was made as much as seven centuries after Hippocrates - by the ancient physician Galen in the 2nd century. n. e. Much later, at the end of the 18th century, the German philosopher I. Kant compiled psychological portraits of temperaments, and then, with different variations, they were repeated by many, many authors. From the very beginning, these were not so much scientific as artistic images.

For example, here is how the descriptions of temperaments by the famous French writer Stendhal look like (I quote in a greatly abridged form).

Sanguine temperament

Sanguine is a person with a dazzling complexion, rather full, cheerful, with a wide chest, which contains capacious lungs and testifies to an active heart, therefore, rapid blood circulation and high temperature.

Soul properties: elated state of mind, pleasant and brilliant thoughts, benevolent and tender feelings; but habits are fickle; there is something light and changeable in the movements of the soul; the mind lacks depth and strength. Sanguine cannot be entrusted with the protection of an important fortress, but he should be invited to the role of an amiable courtier. The vast majority of the French are sanguine, and therefore there was no order in their army during the retreat from Russia.

choleric temperament

Bile is one of the most peculiar elements in the human body. Chemically, this substance is combustible, proteinaceous, foaming. From the point of view of the physiologist, it is a very mobile liquid, highly stimulating and acting like yeast.

Soul properties: increased impressionability, movements are sharp, impetuous. The flame that devours a person of a bilious temperament gives rise to thoughts and impulses that are self-sufficient and exclusive. It gives him an almost constant sense of anxiety. The feeling of spiritual well-being that is easily given to a sanguine person is completely unfamiliar to him: he finds peace only in the most intense activity. A person of choleric temperament is destined for great deeds by his bodily organization. Cholerics, according to Stendhal, were Julius II, Charles V, Cromwell.

Phlegmatic temperament

It is much more characteristic of the northern peoples, for example, the Dutch. Visit Rotterdam and you will see them. Here is a fat, tall blond with an unusually wide chest walking towards you. You can conclude that he has strong lungs, a big heart, good circulation. No, these voluminous lungs are compressed by excess fat. They receive and process only a very small amount of air. The movements of the phlegmatic are sluggish and slow. As a result, a small and agile Gascon beats a huge Dutch grenadier.

Soul properties: phlegmatic is completely alien to anxiety, from which great things arise that attract the choleric. His usual state is calm, quiet well-being. It is characterized by softness, slowness, laziness, dullness of existence.

Stendhal was a participant in the war of 1812 and ended up in Moscow with Napoleon's army. He expresses surprise at the fact that Russians living in a country with a harsh climate do not have a phlegmatic temperament. He was convinced of this by the dashing Moscow cab drivers, and most importantly, by the fact that Moscow turned out to be empty. “The disappearance of the inhabitants of Moscow is so out of keeping with the phlegmatic temperament,” Stendhal concludes, “that such an event seems to me impossible even in France.”

Melancholic temperament

The melancholic is distinguished by constraint in movements, hesitation and caution in decisions. His feelings are devoid of immediacy. When he enters the living room, he makes his way along the walls. These people manage to say the simplest thing with hidden and gloomy passion. Love for them is always a serious matter. One melancholic young man put a bullet in his forehead because of love, but not because she was unhappy, but because he did not find the strength to confess to the object of his feelings. And death seemed to him less painful than this explanation.

In the writings of Stendhal we find all the signs worldly idea about temperaments, which exists today.

First, they continue to talk about the four types, calling them the names that Hippocrates gave; secondly, a physiological basis is attributed to each type; thirdly, they include in the temperament a very wide range of actions and deeds of a person, from protecting an important fortress to ways of declaring love.

However, the so-called Hippocratic doctrine of temperaments has become the property of history. Its four types no longer appear anywhere in the scientific literature, either psychologically or physiologically, although their descriptions still come across as "scientific" in popular journals.

In serious research, the search continues physiological foundations temperament. Scientists are trying to find these foundations in the structure of the body, the type of nervous system, the strength of biological needs, the functioning of the emotional centers of the brain. In the same time psychologists(together with philosophers and psychiatrists) enriched science with more subtle and thoughtful descriptions of human behavior, and psychological portraits of temperaments are now discussed as various character types. At the same time, temperament is given quite a place of honor. natural basis of character. By the way, such a “basis” is discussed in an excerpt from the notes of the remarkable doctor and psychologist Janusz Korczak.

Trait - it is a stable form of behavior in connection with specific, typical situations for this type of behavior. One can speak of any trait as a stable characteristic of a person if the probability of its manifestation in a certain situation is high enough. However, the probability means that this feature is not always manifested, otherwise it would just be a matter of mechanical behavior. A character trait includes a certain way of thinking, understanding. In the most general form, character traits can be divided into main, leading, setting the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and secondary, determined by the main ones.

Volitional character traits of a person. The group of volitional traits includes those character traits that are associated with manifestations of a person's will. On the one hand, this includes such character traits as purposefulness, perseverance, determination, confidence, perseverance, the desire to solve problems and overcome obstacles - all these qualities relate to the character of a person with a strong will. On the other hand, character traits corresponding to people with a weak will are also included here. This is spinelessness, compliance, lack of life goals, lack of will, unpredictability, inconsistency, etc.

Business personality traits. Business character traits are manifested in the area where human activity is carried out. This can be an attitude to work, to one's duties, to business or any other type of activity. These character traits can also be attributed to two poles: positive and negative. The positive pole of business traits will correspond to diligence, responsibility, conscientiousness, accuracy, dedication, etc. The negative pole includes: laziness, negligence, irresponsibility, dishonesty, slovenliness, etc.

Communicative traits of a person's character. Communicative character traits are those features of a person that are manifested in relationships with other people. The range of this type of human character traits is extremely wide. These are all the properties that are revealed when people communicate with each other. These are honesty and adherence to principles, kindness and disinterestedness, responsiveness and gentleness, sociability and attentiveness, modesty and restraint, calmness and rationality. At the same time, these are deceit and anger, callousness and selfishness, isolation and resentment, aggression and neglect, impulsiveness and cunning, vindictiveness and contempt. All this is manifested through the expression of emotions, through communication with others.

E. Kretschmer singled out and described the three most common types of body structure or constitution of a person, each of which he associated with character types:

1. Asthenic type characterizes a small thickness of the body in profile with an average or above average height. Asthenik is usually a thin and thin person, who, due to his thinness, seems to be somewhat taller than he really is. The asthenic has thin skin of the face and body, narrow shoulders, thin arms, an elongated and flat chest with underdeveloped muscles and weak fat accumulations. This is basically the characteristic of asthenic men. Women of this type, in addition, are often small.

2. Athletic type characterized by a strongly developed skeleton and muscles. Such a person is usually medium or tall, with broad shoulders, a powerful chest. He has a thick, high head.

3. picnic type differs in highly developed internal cavities of the body (head, chest, abdomen), a tendency to obesity with underdeveloped muscles and musculoskeletal system. Such a man of average height with a short neck sitting between his shoulders.

Asthenic and athletic types are distinguished by aristocracy, subtlety of feelings, alienation, coldness, selfishness, dominance, dryness, lack of emotions.

The picnic type is characterized by gaiety, talkativeness, carelessness, sincerity, energy, easy perception of life.

Character types. As shown above, there are a large number of character traits, each of which, to one degree or another, may or may not be present in a person. In connection with such a variety, it is clear that it is rather difficult to single out the types of characters, since they are completely different for different people. Nevertheless, in psychology there are various typologies of characters, which are based on one fact: the totality of traits that is included in the structure of a person’s character is not random. All traits of a person's character form quite definite combinations, which just the same make it possible to single out the types of people's characters.

One example of the classification of characters by type is their division into extroverts and introverts. The basis of such a classification of types of characters is the predominance of external or internal interests in a person's life. Extraversion and introversion how types of characters are manifested through the openness or isolation of a person in relation to the world around him and the people around him.

Personality type: extrovert. The extrovert character type corresponds to sociable people, who clearly show interest in the outside world, in everything that happens around them. Usually these people are active, energetic, inquisitive. They live by what surrounds them, their world is connected with what is around them. The life of people with this type of character is determined by their external interests, by the events that take place in the outside world. For an extrovert, the external world is above his internal subjective state.

Personality type: introvert. The introvert type of character is characteristic of closed people, whose attention is directed to themselves, to their own inner mental experiences. Such a person usually sooner or later becomes the sole center of his own interests. People with an introverted type of character put their individual inner world above what is happening in the world around them. Often they manifest such character traits as alienation, detachment, anxiety. At the same time, they are usually independent and practical individuals, whose life is based on the dynamics of their own internal mental state.

As mentioned above, there are many other options for distinguishing different types of characters. There is no single strict classification here - the variety of character traits, the formation of which begins from early childhood, is too great.

The second typology, the founder of which is K. Jung, connects characters with the orientation of the personality and identifies a number of psycho-sociotypes. Psychosociotype, from the point of view of C. Jung, is an innate mental structure that determines a specific type of information exchange of a person with the environment.

K. Jung identifies four types of character:

1. Extraverted - introverted;

2. Rationalistic - irrationalistic;

3. Thinking (logic) - emotional;

4. Sensing (sensory) - intuitive.

Each of these four types can be combined with any other to form new types of character.

Recently, a typology of character has become widespread, linking its features with accentuation - the excessive severity of individual character traits and aggregates. (K. Leonhard, A. E. Lichko and others)

Yulia Borisovna Gippenteiter is a professor at Moscow University, Doctor of Psychology, a well-known scientist and talented teacher, author of numerous articles, monographs, textbooks. The professional interests of the author lie in various areas - from the psychology of cognition to the psychology of personality. In recent decades, Yu.B. Gippenreiter is intensively engaged in...

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Noisy and quiet, suspicious and simple-hearted, bright and modest - what are they like, our relatives, friends, colleagues? The new book by Yulia Borisovna Gippenreiter, the most famous psychologist in Russia and the author of the bestseller "Communicate with a Child. How?", contains answers to life's questions.
Is there a perfect match and how to choose a partner? How to build relationships and resolve conflicts? What is a difficult character and can it be changed? What influences us more: innate qualities or those laid down by upbringing? Real life examples and practical recommendations will help you take a fresh look at others and get to know yourself better.
Yulia Borisovna Gippenteiter is a professor at Moscow University, Doctor of Psychology, a well-known scientist and talented teacher, author of numerous articles, monographs, textbooks. The professional interests of the author lie in various areas - from the psychology of cognition to the psychology of personality. In recent decades, Yu.B. Gippenreiter is intensively engaged in practical psychology: he advises on children's and family problems, issues of personal growth and self-determination, conducts communication trainings.

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Books by Yulia Borisovna Gippentateter have helped numerous parents to establish relationships with their children, to better understand them and how to educate them. This time, Gippentater does not act as a child psychologist, but offers his help to all adults. Book " We have different characters ... How to be?"will help you understand your relationship, understand yourself and your loved ones better, and, therefore, live in harmony and tranquility.

Such sciences as sociology, psychology, socionics and even computer science are engaged in identifying different types of personality, and each of them offers special classifications. As a result of many studies, scientists began to notice that there are no clear boundaries between types. Therefore, in order to determine which type a particular person belongs to, it is necessary to find out which of the characteristics of a person’s personality types prevail in him. From the article you will learn about how people are divided into types in psychology: what temperaments and types of personalities people have.

Classification of people by temperament

One of the first who decided to deal with the typology of a person's personality was the father of medicine ─ the great Hippocrates. It was he who became the founder of personality types in modern psychology. As you know, he had an extensive clinical practice, thanks to which he was able to conduct many quantitative studies. This helped him to determine some connection between a person's temperament and his health. Since Hippocrates was a supporter of materialism, he began to look for a connection between temperament and the amount of content in the body of one of the four fluids: blood, lymph, black and yellow bile. Based on this, he proposed four main types of temperament:

• sanguine
• melancholic
• phlegmatic person
• choleric.

In the body of sanguine people, according to the theory of Hippocrates, blood predominates, in the second type - black bile, in the third - lymph, and in the fourth - yellow bile. Physicians are skeptical about these assumptions, because the great scientist did not leave an explanation of how he managed to determine this.

Not with a simple Hippocrates associated temperament with physical components. Indeed, in our body, thoughts, emotions and the state of organs, and therefore health in general, are inextricably linked. In psychology, there is such a thing as psychosomatics - the influence of a psychological state on the occurrence of diseases. Many people get rid of diseases based on psychosomatics and simply improve their state of health by clearing the mind. about the unique system of mind purification and its results.

What qualities does each of the above types have?

The melancholic is considered the "weakest" of the human personality types. He has weakened both inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms, which makes him an ultra-sensitive person. He can worry for hours even for something insignificant. Melancholics are often in a depressed mood, prone to depression. More about that. Neurasthenics are often found among them. They often hide their emotions, which leads to the development of nervous and mental disorders that contribute to the development of diseases of the stomach, liver, cardiovascular system, and oncology.

Choleric is an "unrestrained" type of personality. He has a strong, but unbalanced character. He is characterized by rage, hysteria, quarrelsomeness with other people. Choleric suffers from diseases of the gallbladder and liver more often than others. Determining this type among the crowd is a simple matter. After all, thanks to active gestures and quick movements, he immediately catches the eye. He is impulsive, fussy, cannot stand still.

Sanguine is the most "live" personality type. He is very strong, balanced, constantly in action, initiative. This is a typical case and a maximalist. He does not know how to relax, he is anxious, he is afraid not to be in time, to make a mistake, he is very demanding of himself and others - all this can cause stress. The most common diseases in a sanguine person are diseases of the cardiovascular system, heart attacks and strokes are not uncommon.

Phlegmatic refers to the "calm" type. People of this type are balanced and inert. They take care of themselves, try not to get upset over trifles, look at all problems philosophically. They are not characterized by manifestations of anger, rage, irritation. That is why phlegmatic people get sick less often than other types. But God forbid, they get sick - it will last a long time. It is also quite easy to identify them in the crowd: during the emergency, panic and general fuss, they are indifferent and remain calm. However, phlegmatic patients are more likely to have stomach ulcers than other types.

In sociology, personality types are considered as certain products that have occurred as a result of the interweaving of social, economic, historical, cultural conditions of society. As in psychology, there are many different personality typologies proposed by well-known sociologists.

According to Max Werber, the classification of people into types should occur in accordance with their social action, that is, the degree of rationality. In view of this, there are two main types of man: the rationalist and the irrationalist. But Erich From divides people into receptive, that is, passive (people who are ready to obey), exploitative - those who use other people's labor, and accumulators (people with a predominance of a market character).

Sociology also suggests the following personality types:

• traditionalists
• realists
• idealists
• hedonists
• frustrated type

The first includes a person who is aimed at order, law, duty and discipline. He is inert and does not strive for self-realization and self-improvement. Realists, on the contrary, strive for self-realization. Along with this, they are also not devoid of a sense of duty, they know how to control themselves and not panic. Idealists are fighters with norms of behavior developed over the centuries. They strive for independence. And hedonists are people who do not care at all about what is happening in society. For them, the main thing is to receive. At the same time, they are reduced only to material pleasures. To determine whether a person is a hedonist - just look at his home. If the house has everything except a TV, and if it is, but it is intended exclusively for watching movies and clips, then this is definitely a hedonist. As for the latter type, these people are different. They feel excluded and excluded from society. It is this attitude towards oneself that makes a person an outcast, and a homeless person.

In the second half of the 20th century, a new theory arose - socionics, according to which human types are determined in accordance with how the following features are combined in people: introversion and extroversion, logic and ethics, rationality and irrationality, sensory and intuition.

Today it is popular to divide people into, that is, individuals who are either immersed in themselves (introvert) or ready to communicate and interact with others (extrovert). The most prominent representative of this theory is H. Isaac. By the way, Jung's classification, proposed back in the second half of the 19th century, is, in principle, the same as Isaac's typology. Only Jung called these types differently: "Yin" (people turned inward) and "yang" (those who are oriented to the outside world).

Rationals and irrationals are also fundamentally opposite types. For rationals, reason is in the first place, as well as traditions that are pleasant in society, while irrationals are constantly striving for perfection, for innovations. They are true innovators and pioneers. Irrationals are distinguished by their non-standard thoughts, they are creative and original.

Ethics, as well as rationals, are very concerned about the norms accepted in society, but in this case, moral ones. They are very important form and appearance of things. Among them are great connoisseurs of beauty, art, and in the traditional sense, but the logicians are more guided by logical statements that correspond to the truth. For them, the most important thing is to get to the bottom of the problem, to clarify.

Intuitives like to consider the received information in accordance with the time and observe the development of events. Intuitives are distracted, they may not even notice obvious things if they are not interested in them at a given time. They like to answer most questions: “wait and see.” Sensors, on the other hand, try to sort information not in time, but in space. For them, their feelings are very important. There are many connoisseurs of art and natural beauties among sensorics. For them, what is happening here and now is very important, and what will happen next - they do not care.

Personality types in conflict situations

As they say, the true face of a person can be seen precisely in a conflict situation.

Depending on how people behave in a state of conflict, the following types of personalities are distinguished:

• Demonstrator man
• Rigid personality
• Uncontrollable personality
• Ultra-precise personality

For the demonstrator, life is nothing but a theater, and he is an actor in it. He constantly wants to attract the attention of others. And he doesn’t care at all what exactly they think or say about him, as long as they talk. People of this type often become the instigators of conflict. They make excellent provocateurs and extremists. At any rally or demonstration, there will definitely be demonstrators.

Rigid people are suspicious and suspicious. If they are in conflict, it is only because someone is suspected of something. They have a high, even, and when they see that others treat them with distrust, this begins to bother them, which leads to conflict. These people need constant flattery and praise, at the same time they are very grateful to those who treat them well.

Uncontrollable people sometimes can not cope with their emotions and actions. They are very impulsive, aggressive, angry. Among them are frequent cases of deviant behavior. In conflict, they are completely out of control, and can harm both themselves and those around them.

The exact opposite of this type is an ultra-precise personality. These people keep everything under control, they are very attentive and careful. Naturally, they make leaders who are ready to control not only themselves, but also the masses. However, these people are very sensitive to failure.

In addition to conflict types, there is also a conflict-free type. However, this does not mean that they are peaceful and kind. It's just that such people are too timid, which is why they try to avoid conflicts. They do not know how to defend their opinion, rights, so they always remain in the shadows.

In addition to the above theories of human personality classification, there are also others. However, we must not forget that a person is unique, and each of the people has a special character, inherent only to him.