Since ancient times, the forested lands of the left bank of the Kama, between its tributaries the Bui and the Belaya, have been inhabited by man. According to historians, local tribes spoke Finno-Ugric languages, related to modern Udmurt, Mari, Komi, Mansi, Verger and other languages. A small population was engaged in primitive agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, and fishing. The situation in the region changed drastically in the middle of the 1st millennium AD. e., in the era of the "Great Migration of Nations". The invasion of the Huns caused the movement of tribes throughout the Euro-Azmat steppe and adjacent forest-steppe regions. Fleeing from the militant nomadic hordes, the weaker groups of the population went north - to the banks of the Middle Volga, Kama. White.

From the second half of the century, our region was occupied by the tribes of the so-called Kushnarenko archaeological culture, who came from Western Siberia. Most researchers consider them Ugrians, although there is a point of view that they are Turks, Samoyeds, etc. (they led a nomadic lifestyle, partly farming, cattle breeding, hunting, fishing). In the VIII-IX centuries. a large group of nomadic Ugrians went west to the Danube valley, where the modern Hungarian people formed on the lands of Pannonia. During this period, along the forest-steppe left bank, groups of nomadic Pechenegs (ancient Bashkirs) also penetrated into the lower reaches of the Belaya River. Since ancient times, Eastern Slavs have made raids and campaigns of troops on the Kama and Volga Bulgaria (the state that existed in those days on the territory of modern Tatarstan). And starting from the XI - XII centuries, the Novgorodians are already mastering the upper reaches of the Kama and Vyatka. At the beginning of the 13th century, another invasion shook the lives of the peoples of Eastern Europe.

In 1236 the Mongols defeated the Bulgar state and its neighbors. The entire territory of the middle Volga region, the Urals, the Lower Kama region falls under the rule of the Golden Horde, in which Islam becomes the official religion, and the Turkic language dominates the state, fleeing from the fury of the winners, the population fled to the north behind the Kama or to the east. At the same time, the Aeneas clans were forced to move from the western regions to the right bank of the Kama, to occupy the mouths of the Belaya and Bui. The Uranian tribe, the Gareans, and others also moved here. From the end of the 14th century. XV centuries there is a fairly massive resettlement of the Enei to the right bank of the Kama. "History of Nikolo-Berezovka". M. I. Rodnov, O. V. Vasilyeva, Ufa-1997 Settlement of Russians in the Kama region Founding of Nikolo-Berezovka By the end of the 15th century. the upper reaches of the Kama were firmly mastered by the Russian population and the Kama lands again became the arena of mutual military campaigns. In 30-40 years. In the 15th century, the struggle of the strengthened Russian state with the Kazan Khanate for possession of the Volga basin, the main transport artery of Eastern Europe, unfolded with particular ferocity. As a result, Kazan fell in 1552.

In I554-1555. the northwestern Bashkir tribes voluntarily accept Russian citizenship, in 1557 the Kama Udmurts voluntarily become part of Russia. After that, a stream of Russian free settlers poured in here, mostly natives of the Russian north. One of the main groups of Russian settlers went to the valley of the Berezovka river. Ten banks below the mouth of the Buya, on the left low bank of the Kama, a large village of Nikolo-Berezovka was formed, "one of the most ancient settlements in this region." The territories above the mouth of the Belaya were reliably protected by a large river, dense forests and vast swamps from the raids of nomadic hordes. The early history of Nikolo-Berezovka is more or less clear and is supported by documents from the 1620s.

The most ancient period in the history of the village is shrouded in legends. This is due to the existence here, as Cathedral Archpriest Pavel Zhelatelev wrote, “according to legend, at the mouth of the Birya-bu (Berezovka) River, the Savvinovsky Monastery (Sava Storozhevsky), in which the miraculous icon of St. Nicholas Berezovsky was located” (the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker). One of the versions claims that allegedly “in one of the Bashkir riots, the Savva monastery was devastated and destroyed, and the icon miraculously survived in the hollow of a birch. And in 1560 (a researcher of local church history K. Cherubimov wrote: “it is not known on what basis, the acquisition of the holy icon dates back to 1560) “a caravan of ships and goods of the richest merchants of the Stroganovs went along the Kama.

Opposite the place where the village of Nikolo-Berezovka is now, the caravan stopped for no apparent reason in completely calm weather and in a deep place. No matter how hard the sailors tried to move the ships forward or backward, they were not successful. Finally, it was inspired by a revelation that they would not move until they prayed before the image of the Holy and Miracles. Nicholas. At that time, this place was deserted and they undoubtedly did not know where to turn and where to find this image ... In a revelation, they were told that they would find this image on the shore. They went ashore and, according to legend, on a high birch they found what they were promised. Having prayed and thanked the Lord, they boarded the ships and they sailed easily. “Having melted the goods (that is, they went downstream), the shipbuilders returned to their owners and told them about everything that had happened to them.” The zealous Christians of the Stroganovs “gathered numerous clergy and, accompanied by a multitude of people, went to the place where the icon appeared. Here they found everything just as the sailors had told them, and performed an earnest prayer before the saint. At the same time, many patients, among others, accompanying the Stroganovs to the place of the appearance of the icon, praying to the Saint and Miracles. Nicholas in front of His newly-appeared icon, received healing in their illnesses. " Subsequently, the first wooden church was built here and a settlement of Russian settlers arose.

What did the first Berezovtsy do? By ordinary peasant tillage, and, apparently, they already gathered a lot of grain, once they started a mill. They raised cattle, and made all the household utensils themselves. Berezovtsy received a significant income from fishing, hunting and "gifts" of the forest. The life of the pioneers was not easy. The region was occasionally shaken by uprisings, which were brutally suppressed. Simultaneously with the Russians, the Mari moved to Bashkortostan. There is evidence that the Mari, who, like the Bashkirs, were part of the Kazan Khanate, moved to Bashkiria even before Russian rule. Actively fighting in the Kazan troops against the Russians, the Mari began to move to the east immediately after the fall of Kazan. The mass resettlement of Mari peasants beyond the Kama began in the 17th century. The reasons for migration were unwillingness to be baptized, dissatisfaction with the tax pressure, and land harassment. The Mari settlers came later than the Russians, so their villages, as it were, border the region of Russian settlement in the Berezovka valley from the north and south. The earliest Mari villages arose in the middle - second half of the 17th century. Reference: Nicholas of Myra (Nicholas the Wonderworker) - Bishop of the city of Myra in Lycia (Asia Minor) lived according to the Lives of the Saints in 260 - 343. One of the most popular Orthodox saints, is considered the patron saint of sailors and travelers, agriculture, all the "orphans and the poor." The Church honors his memory twice a year - May 9 (22) ("Spring Nicholas") - the day of the transfer of the relics of Nicholas the Wonderworker to Bari (Italy) and December 6 (19) ("Winter Nicholas"). half of the 17th - 18th centuries)

In the second half of the seventeenth century the situation in Bashkortostan is becoming more tense. One after another, the uprisings of the Bashkirs break out. For this reason, the growth rate of the Russian population during this period is declining here. 1662-1664 - clashes took place near Kungur and Menzelinsk. Government troops were sent to suppress the uprising, to the aid of which the Stroganovs again came. 1681-1684 - on the Kama lands. In 1662, the village was captured. Nikolo-Berezovka. To protect and suppress the uprising, an armed squad was created by the local nobleman Semyon Grigorievich Pekarsky, who personally not only sat in the siege, but also participated in the battles. 1701-1711 - events also covered the territory of present-day Tatarstan and the Kama region. Government troops under the command of Prince P.I. Khovansky participated in the suppression of the uprising. The uprisings often took the form of ethnic conflicts, accompanied by mutual brutal reprisals, robberies, and violence. 1735-1740 - the largest Bashkir uprising was associated with the construction of the city of Orenburg. In 1935, when N. Berezovka was threatened by an attack by the Bashkirs, the miraculous icon was transferred to Sarapul, and in subsequent years the village was threatened more than once. A greater number of residents of N. Berezovka are moving to new, calmer, protected lands and more suitable for arable farming. Therefore, the population has decreased. Berezovka, but the population is increasing in such villages as Kasevo, Kutlinka, Rotkovo, Tashkinovo, Marino.

In the process of developing the territory of the Kama region, Russian peasants bought land from the Bashkirs. The locals were also engaged in fishing. “The Kama River is replete with many different fish, which are sturgeon, beluga, white and red fish, sterlet, catfish, carp, pike perch, bream and the like. The taste of these fish is much superior to that of the Volga, and especially the Kama sterlet is recognized by all as the best. “The inhabitants of this country, having caught it, salt it with such skill that it is impossible to recognize that it is not the best salmon.” The abundance of forests gave rise to the trade in firewood, which was "sent in water to Astrakhan" and to other whitish regions and was very profitable. In general, in the second half of the 18th century. here a fairly economically developed area has developed with a center in the palace village of Sarapul, "which surpasses many county towns both in the structure of philistine houses and in the wealth of its inhabitants." There were tanneries and soap factories, a mill, shipbuilding was carried out, trade in firewood, lard, bread, iron flourished, the Kama river route functioned smoothly. Lynxes, wolverines, beavers, martens, foxes, minks, squirrels, chipmunks were found in the rich Kama forests.

The eighteenth century was the era of the birth of the Ural mining industry. So, in 1741, Akinfiy Demidov, the founder of the famous family of industrialists, bought the Enei from the Bashkirs for 120 rubles. Kambarsky forest cottage, the former hunting grounds of the Berezovites, in the valley of the Kambarka River, where later his grandson Pavel Grigorievich Demidov built a hammer mill in 1767, where strip iron was forged. In 1760, the breeders Lukyan and Grigory Semenovich Krasilnikov bought land from the Bashkirs to build an "iron-water plant"

At the end of 1773, events in connection with the uprising led by Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev did not pass by. Pugachev, who besieged Orenburg in October 1773, sent detachments of his supporters throughout the Southern Urals. In November 1773, the rebels laid siege to Ufa. On the night of December 6, a detachment of rebels (Cossacks and Bashkirs) entered Karakulino, where they seized and took away the local steward and the Mir governor who was hiding in the village. Having learned about the appearance of the rebels who were in Sarapul, Lieutenant Goryachkin fled with a military team. The parish was left without protection. On December 13, the Sarapul volost foreman received news that the rebels had occupied Angasyak, and in the nearest Mari villages, the peasants posted guards to catch "passing boyars and factory people." Kazan governor Yakov Larionovich von Brant ordered to collect in Sarapul "from every residence of peasants with weapons." On December 17, the order was sent throughout the Sarapul volost. “Tokmo has not yet come to help.”

Moreover, when the messenger with the decree arrived in Berezovka, local peasants Fyodor Vorobyov and Mikhailo Likhachev seized him and took him to Angasyak. Detachments of the rebels from Angasyak, Karmanovo, Karakulino moved to Sarapul. On December 18, they entered the village of Karyakino, then to Kasevo, where they camped. The rebels "under death penalty" ordered the local peasants to gather people one by one from five yards "into Cossacks" with weapons and supplies. The rebels were led by the Bashkir foreman Karanay Mratov. December 22, 1773 Sarapul was occupied. The priest of the Trinity Church of H-Berezovka Danila Ivanov (Shitov) went over to the side of the Pugachevites. Two other Berezovsky priests - Yakov Anikiev and Fyodor Frolov did not recognize the impostor, for which they were captured and sent to Kasevo, to the camp of the rebels. Y. Anikiev was taken away by Shitov to Chesnokovka near Ufa, where he was hanged. And Frolov's children, the sexton Alexei and sexton Fyodor, were taken away from under guard and hidden. By the end of January 1774, supporters of the legitimate government created armed detachments and moved on to active operations. A detachment led by the clerk of the Sarapul management office I. Guryev, during the fighting on February 21, March 3 and 9, occupied Sarapul. Rebel detachments retreated near Ufa.

In late February - early March 1774, a group of rebels headed by Salavat Yulaev visited the territory for about ten days and left for Krasnoufimsk. By the beginning of March, the Arkhangelsk Carabinieri Regiment of Lieutenant Colonel A. Ya. Obernibesov approached from Menzelinsk, which withstood several battles with the rebels, moving through Karakulino to Sarapul. At the end of March, the right side of the Kama was occupied by the government detachment of Ivan Guryev, and the left-bank villages (including Berezovka, Kasevo) were occupied by rebels. But, the weakly armed detachments of the rebels failed, retreated. The rebels had a "scop" in the villages of Karmanovo, Sosnovaya, Shushnur, from where they enter Berezovka, Kasevo, Marino, Tashkinovo "every other day, two and a week in crowds of 50 people to the night they enter and not one of them does not allow a person from the houses of an excommunicator, intimidating while if anyone puts aside their wickedness, then the house will be plundered and they will be uprooted to the ground.

The next revival of hostilities in the Kama region falls on the summer of 1774. On June 20, a message came that an armed detachment of Mari rebels was stationed in Shshushnur, the road to Angasyak was closed. On June 22, the main army of Pugachev took the city of Osa, crossed the Kama and moved to Kazan. The only combat-ready force in the Kama region was a small detachment of volunteers I. Guryev. But he was clearly not strong enough, the men scattered, the inhabitants did not give either people or carts, and he retreated to the village of Vyatsky, and then to Berezovka. Here, a small team of I. Guriev (about 50 people) at midnight on June 26 was attacked by rebels (up to 500 people). For two and a half hours a battle went on in Berezovka. But the forces were unequal and Guryev had to retreat to Menzelinsk. The village suffered greatly. I. Guryev reported: "the rebels completely burned down the structure." By the beginning of July 1774, the rebels again took Sarapul and the Kama region was again under the control of the rebels. In the villages of Kasevo and Berezovka there was a detachment of the foreman of the rebels of the Bashkirs, Myadi Myadiyarov.

The defeat of Pugachev's main forces near Kazan in July, and then the arrest of "Peter III" himself on September 15, 1774, did not stop the uprising. The struggle against the government forces was continued by the remaining consolations of the rebels. In August-September 1774, fierce battles unfolded in the valley of the Bui River. Military units (command of Major I. Shterich) were based in Russian villages near Kama, from where they conducted operations against rebel groups. On September 4, Shterich's detachment was attacked by a 1,500-strong detachment of rebels led by Salavat Yulaev in the area of ​​the Amzya River. In the future, hostilities move to the east, where, under the blows of government troops, the uprising subsides by winter. On November 25, 1774, Salavat Yulaev was captured in the north of the region. The war did a lot of damage. During the Pugachev rebellion, the village of Berezovka "was devastated and burned by the rebels, who did not spare even the Berezovsky temple." According to the Vyatka ecclesiastical consistory, “in the village of Berezovka, near the church, the stone roof and other things were burned out and the thrones of God were chopped off.”

XIX CENTURY The first half of the XIX century was a period of calm and measured life. The position of the specific peasants was incomparably better than that of the landlord serfs. The population was still engaged in agriculture, gradually clearing forests. plowing new lands. By the beginning of the 19th century, the vil. Penza, part of the Berezovtsy moves there closer to farmland. In the 1830s potatoes spread. At the beginning of the 19th century, the fourth, now a stone church in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity, was being built in N-Berezovka. It was built in the style of classicism, with characteristic strictness in composition, restraint in the external design of buildings. The Trinity Church itself is a variant common in Russia - "an octagon on a quadrangle", that is, an octahedron stands on a tetrahedral base (ground floor). The dome covering the temple is also divided into eight faces, and at the end, the builders put a small octagon of light, on which a cross towered. By tradition, the semicircular apse of the altar protrudes strongly to the east. How did ordinary ordinary people live, the peasants of N-Berezovka?

As throughout Russia at the end of the 19th century, local residents were united into one rural community (society or world), the lowest administrative-territorial unit in the state. The full members of the community were peasants - men, householders, heads of families, owners of houses, personal property. Morals were strictly patriarchal. Only householders disposed of the whole life of family members, households, had the right to represent the family. Only with the consent of the householder, for example, could a brother or son get a passport and go somewhere to work. All the main issues in the life of the rural community were considered by a meeting of householders - a rural gathering. The decision was made by majority vote. After the death of the head of the family, the brother or eldest son was recognized as the householder. The current affairs of the community were managed by the village headman, who was elected by the householders for three years and received a small salary from the society. This position was very troublesome, and people in it changed often.

The village assembly and the headman resolved all intra-community issues, including the analysis of conflicts in the family, minor criminal offenses. The social order was monitored by seven peasants. The gathering could also sentence to a fine, and in extreme cases, send to Siberia for settlement. The basis of the community, its foundation was the so-called customary, traditional law - peasant morality. Numerous unwritten laws, customs, regulations regulated the whole life of a peasant family, the behavior of a person at home, in everyday life, in the countryside. Celibacy was condemned, a large family was encouraged, obedience to parents, commitment to kindred feelings, respect and care for elders and children, observance of religious traditions, individualism, opposition to society, disobedience to elders, disbelief were condemned. The communal system protected the peasant from the threat of crop failure, hunger, guaranteed him support in case of misfortune. The community voluntarily and free of charge helped weak families in harvesting, construction, fire, redistributed taxes from the poor to the rich, sometimes even supported lonely old people, beggars and cripples at their own expense. Assistance was widespread in the village - free help or for a treat in various works. In rural society, redistribution of arable land was regularly carried out. For the purposes of equality, justice, so that no one had better or worse plots of land, a striped strip served. The community, taking into account the quality of the soil, moisture, proximity to the village, etc., cut each householder a certain number of strips in different fields. The striped strip insured against unfavorable natural phenomena (hail, drought, heavy rainfall, etc.). However, frequent redistribution did not stimulate the peasants to take care of the land. Given the lack of land, peasants could take or, on the contrary, lease their land.

And during the years of the Stolypin reform (1906 - 1915), those who wished could leave the community, turn their land into private property, which some peasants took advantage of. There were also those who immediately sold the land they did not need. The tools were mostly wooden. To cultivate the land, they mainly used varieties of Russian plow - kungurka and chegandinka, wooden harrows. They harvested bread with sickles, mowed spring and rare crops. There were almost no factory agricultural implements. There were only winnowing machines, which the peasants made themselves. At the beginning of the 20th century, in N - Berezovka and Penza, almost half of the peasants were not engaged in farming, they lived on income from commercial and industrial activities, employment, etc. Many, due to the lack of their bread, combined work on their plots with work somewhere on the side. In an ordinary peasant yard they kept a lot of cattle. For example, on the farm of Ivan Dmitrievich Vorobyov there were three horses, a foal, three cows, two heels, three calves, 11 sheep, 10 lambs, five pigs, two gilts and five piglets, 20 beehives. A quarter of all households did not have horses and cows, being a buyer of meat, milk, butter.

XX CENTURY. FLOWER. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. N - Berezovka is once again experiencing its heyday, from an ordinary village it is turning into a large commercial and industrial center. The population is growing sharply. In 1914, there were 146 households in the village. In addition, separate small settlements appear around the village. The reason for the flourishing of Berezovka was its favorable location as a convenient pier on the Kama. A huge amount of bread produced in the western part of the Birsk district was exported mainly by river from the Berezovskaya pier. In terms of cargo turnover, N-Berezovskaya pier was one of the largest in the Kama-Belsky basin. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was considered the third largest marina in the Ufa province in terms of the scale of top operations.

Berezovsky merchants - grain merchants built many forest barns in the village, where the brought bread accumulated, and with the beginning of navigation, its dispatch began. N - Berezovka was a large center of trade "sales market for the entire volost". On December 6-10, a large fair was held annually in the village. Markets were held on weekends. There were many shops. For agricultural processing. products in the village there were water mills, mills with a steam engine and an oil engine, dryers, culinary establishments that belonged to merchants or wealthy peasants. Many wealthy merchants live in the village, whose buildings look completely urban. There is a post office and a private pharmacy. Population growth N - Berezovka caused an increase in building density. Located on a relatively small hill between the Kama and the Bereovka river, the village had practically no free land for destinies. Crossings were vital for the village. Transportation across the Berezovka River was leased by the Specific Department to the residents of Sukharevka, and through the Kama - rented by peasants from the village of Galanovo. In 1912, a wooden bridge was built across the Berezovka River. The presence of a hotel in the village was noted in 1870.

N - Berezovka 19I7 - the ego is already an urban-type settlement. In the village, numerous hired workers, clerks, merchants, artisans, and members of the intelligentsia lived off purchased foodstuffs. There were bakeries, bakeries, tea shops, and taverns. Merchants' daughters, dandy clerks "set the tone" in the local fashion. It was considered decent to dress in the city. At that time in the village there were seven tailors, four seamstresses, two shoemakers, two hosiers, two milliners who dressed the ladies of Berezovsky's "high society". There was even a "painter" Alexander Vasilievich Vtulov, who graduated from the course at the Kholu painting and icon painting school. There was a small stratum of intelligentsia, together with the clergy - about 20 families.

Trading requires the obligatory ability to read and count. Since 1869, a zemstvo school (school) operated in H - Berezovka. At first, teaching was conducted separately for boys and girls, and from 1910 joint education began. The status of the school increased: it became known as Nikolo - Berezovsky city 4th grade school. In 1917 there was a library. Wealthy merchants subscribed to newspapers and magazines. For the common people, the centers of culture were the school and the church. By the beginning of the 20th century, there was a zemstvo feldsher station of Sapozhnikov P.A., and a pharmacy in Lvov operated. There was a free fire brigade, consisting of selfless and brave volunteers.

The modern city of Perm is considered the third city in Russia after the two capitals in terms of area - almost 800 km2. Perm is located on the Kama River, and if we talk about the length, it is again ranked third, but after Sochi and St. Petersburg.

The name "Perm" and the laying of the plant

The origin of the name of the city does not have any one exact version. According to the first assumption, "Perm" comes from the word "Parma", which means a gently sloping hill overgrown with fir trees. Another version admits the variant of the origin of the word "Perm" from the hero of Pera. But there is another assumption. Soviet Finno-Ugric scholar D.V. Bubrikh believed that this word came from the peoples called Ves, who once inhabited the territory located between two lakes - Ladoga and Onega.

Permians celebrate the birth of their city in the spring, as the plant was laid at that time of the year. And this event happened in May 1723. It was an industrial copper smelter, and it was founded by peasants. In those distant times, they settled in dugouts, in summer - just in huts. After that, they began to build buildings made of wood. So the working settlement grew near the Yegoshikha river. The buildings, in which the heads of the plant were located, were protected by a fence of logs, and real bastions stood in the corners. The factory building is considered the first stone building in the city. Forges, several smelting furnaces, sheds for ore and coal were installed at the plant.

At the same time, a 55-meter dam was erected, the height of which reached 8.5 meters. This is how the future city of Perm was born. Today, a furniture factory stands at the site of the Yegoshikha copper smelter. At about the same time, when the plant was founded, a wooden temple was built to them. St. Peter and Paul. In 1726 it was consecrated and began to operate. In the mid-30s of the 18th century, several factories began to operate in the Kama region: Motovilikhinsky, Yugo-Osokinsky, Kurashimsky, Visimsky, Nizhny and Upper Yugovsky. In the very center was the first, the Yegoshikhinsky plant.

Roads and streets of Perm

In 1763, the Siberian Highway was built, which connected Perm with other cities. In the middle of the 18th century, the Gostiny Dvor was located in the very place where the Perm-I station is now located. And on the site of the current river station there were houses of merchants, and here the first street appeared, which had nothing to do with the plant. A wooden chapel and an original wooden statue of Jesus Christ were built on this street. The statue reached 2 meters, and who installed it is unknown. As the population of the city grew, the church ceased to accommodate all parishioners, and in 1757, construction of a stone church began nearby, which was consecrated 7 years later.

In 1775, as a result of the administrative Russian reform, the Perm governorship appeared on the territory of Russia. The working settlement, located on the Yegoshikha River, gradually moved higher, to Zavodskaya Square. Since that time, the history of the city of Perm began. Then a city development plan was drawn up, the architect of which was Ivan Lem. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were already 10 streets in Perm, and they were located along the Kama River. They were crossed by 18 other streets. Modern Perm boasts 1300 streets and lanes.

The past and present appearance of the city of Perm

Thanks to a competent planning, already at that time the city was paved, had running water and electricity. There are many gardens on the territory of the city (the famous Theater and Zagorodny), beautiful buildings (Savior Transfiguration Cathedral, Holy Trinity Church), educational institutions. Here are the famous houses of Lyubimova, Gribushin, Meshkov.

Modern Perm is a beautiful, interesting city rich in history. City attractions will not leave indifferent any guest of Perm. Arriving here, you can stay in one of the city hotels or consider such an option as a private mini hotel. In any case, the city will remain in the memories of those who visited it for a long time.

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The history of the name of Perm is simple and unpretentious. Presumably means "distant land", if the word "perama" is translated from the Vepsian language. Indeed, the way there is not close. After all, Perm is located in the foothills of the Urals, 1158 km from Moscow. The big city (720 sq. km) has a rich history and is the cultural, industrial and scientific center of Russia.

The village becomes a city

The history of Perm begins in the distant 17th century, when a settlement was formed on the Yagoshikha River. At the beginning of the 18th century, in this area, by decree of Peter I, the construction of a copper smelter began, which produced coins for the whole country. In 1970, Catherine II drew attention to the favorable location of the settlement of Yegoshikha and ordered to make it a city. Thanks to the location on the shore, shipping and shipbuilding began to develop. Economic and trade ties are being strengthened. This is the history of the city.

The culture of Perm is also not far behind. Theaters, a museum, as well as a state university are opening. Despite the fact that the history of Perm began in the 17th century, in 1940, like many other cities in the Soviet era, it was renamed. Until 1957 it was called Molotov. Monuments of history and culture of Perm are worthy of study. These include sculptures, temples, museums and other objects.

Monuments of the history of Perm

The memorial for the 51st anniversary of the Ural Tank Corps was installed in front of the House of Officers on Sibirskaya Street. It is a composition that includes a relief wall, a T-34 tank and a stele. To erect a monument to Dr. Gral near the second clinical hospital, the whole world had to collect money. Donations were made by both residents of the city and organizations. In 2003, this hospital was named after a famous Perm doctor, and a monument was erected in 2005.

Polina Osipenko Street was named in honor of the famous pilot. And until 1940 it was the 1st Proletarian. Sibirskaya street led to the tract of the same name. Back in the 18th century, goods were transported to the East through it. He led from Moscow to Siberia.

There is a street in the city, the history of which is rather sinister. Its name is Uralskaya. Those who live on it certainly enjoy the close proximity to the circus and the park of culture. However, earlier this street was called Novo-Kladbischenskaya and led to the Motovilikha cemetery. In Soviet times, a park was built in its place. Sverdlov, the church was demolished, and now instead of it there is an ordinary residential building.

And what about cultural life?

Residents and guests of the city cannot complain about boredom and the fact that there is nowhere to go in Perm. There are many cultural activities here. Take at least the Opera and Ballet Theatre. It was built back in 1970 and has an extensive repertoire. His troupe participates in many competitions and receives prizes.

In addition, the Theater of the Young Spectator operates in the city and there is an art gallery with 43 thousand exhibits in it. Those wishing to learn more about the history of Perm can visit the regional museum, which is over 100 years old. There is also a modern art museum. In addition, you can have a good time in cinemas, restaurants and entertainment centers.

Schools in Perm

This city is quite old, some of its educational institutions are over 100 years old. The history of schools in Perm is quite rich. For example, school number 1 started operating in 1906. Initially, it was a wooden house that stood on the banks of the Kama. Only 35 children studied in it, divided into three groups. There was only one teacher - Maria Tikhovskaya. In Soviet times, the school moved several times, until in 1961 it got its own building at 19 Kalinina Avenue.

The history of school number 22 began in 1890, when it was decided to open a school for blind children. Their education and rehabilitation were paid for by donations and the sale of products made by the students themselves. In addition to weaving baskets, making boots, weaving, they studied arithmetic, the Law of God, the Russian language, geography, history, natural science, and singing. Even a choir was created, consisting of 20 children. There was a library for children, all the books in which were typed

During the Civil War, the building of the school was transferred to the hospital. In 1919, a school for homeless children was opened in the building. Gradually, it was reorganized into a seven-year plan, and the number of students grew. During World War II, the building was again occupied by a hospital. Currently, the school is studying foreign languages ​​in depth. In high school, subjects are taught in French and English, additionally study Latin, Spanish, German. The training is based on experimental programs.

Unfamiliar Perm

This city is located far from the capital of our country. Few people know that it was once called Great Perm. She gave a lot to our country in tsarist times and continues to do so to this day. But the Perm Territory is not only industry, but also wonderful nature. The city invariably attracts those wishing to do rafting, trekking, and go hiking.

A geological monument is also known - the Kungur cave. It is located 100 km from Perm and is a tourist attraction. Inside are also mysterious lakes. The cave stretches for 5.7 kilometers. It is especially beautiful inside when a laser show is held there.

In this article, we talked about Perm, an ancient and mysterious Russian city. It makes the most favorable impression on tourists who have visited it. Although some people, especially those who come from the capital, Perm seems too provincial. Reviews about the city are contradictory. Visit it yourself to see if you like it or not.

The first settlements on the territory of Perm appeared in ancient times - archaeologists discovered and studied historical monuments (more than 130) created by our ancestors from the Stone Age to the late Middle Ages.

Etymologists have two main versions - the name of the city came either from a modification of the words "Parma" or "Per Maa". In the language of the ancient people Vesi, the first is translated as "a hill overgrown with spruce forest", and the second (from Komi-Permyak) - "distant land".

The basis for the creation of the city was the rich reserves of copper ores discovered at the junction of the Yagoshikha (Egoshikha) and Kama rivers.

The history of Perm itself dates back to 1723, when the first copper-smelting enterprise and the settlement attached to it were built. By the way, the place of the future capital of the Kama region was chosen by the well-known historian, geographer V. N. Tatishchev. And in 1780, Catherine II issued a decree ordering the creation of a county town here.

Its coat of arms, approved three years later, has survived unchanged to this day: a silver bear walking on four legs (a symbol of fertility, and the most revered animal among the Komi people) on a red background. On his back he has a gospel in a gold frame, symbolizing the enlightenment that came to these parts thanks to Christian preachers. Crowned with a coat of arms, made in the form of a heraldic shield, a silver equilateral cross.

Today Perm is the largest industrial and scientific center of Russia, the first in importance in its eastern European part. The leading industries are represented by mechanical engineering (with a large share of military-industrial complex enterprises), oil and gas processing, chemistry and petrochemistry, electric power, woodworking, printing and the food industry.

The city is spread over an area of ​​almost 800 sq. km and is one of the three largest Russian cities (after Moscow and St. Petersburg). Historically, the city-forming axis was the Kama - the main water artery of the Western Urals, a tributary of the Volga. Along its banks, Perm stretches for 70 km and is inferior in length among Russian cities only to the "northern capital" and Sochi.

Thanks to the intersection of transcontinental automobile, railway and air routes, the city has become a major transport hub with a developed infrastructure and a significant logical center of the entire Ural region. In addition, along the Kama one can get by water both to the southern seas (Caspian, Azov, Black) and northern (Baltic and White).

By car, it is better to get to Perm using the Moscow-Chita federal highway.
Air transportation across the Russian expanses and beyond is carried out by the Bolshoe Savino airport of international importance, which has the necessary customs and border infrastructure.

N.A. Shvetsova.

A brief history of the village of Maikor (from the 12th to the 19th centuries).
Chapter I - A Brief History of the Perm Territory.

Brief history of the Perm region.
For the first time the word "Perm" is found in the outstanding monument of Ancient Russia of the beginning of the XII century "The Tale of Bygone Years". Among the peoples who "already give tribute to Russia", Perm is also named. If we consider that the first Russian campaigns in the Urals took place north of the Kama basin, then the word "Perm" most likely originally referred to the population of the Vychegorsk basin, the ancestors of the Komi - the Zyryans. Subsequently, this territory in Russian chronicles was called old Perm, Perm Vychegodskaya. As Russians get to know the indigenous population, the name "Perm" is assigned to the lands. Unlike Perm Vychegodskaya, the Upper Kama lands became known as the Great Perm. This name is found in written monuments of the XIV century: in the Trinity Chronicle for 1324, when describing the campaign of Ivan Kalita's brother Yuri (Dolgoruky) Danilovich in 1324, in the "Life of Stephen of Perm" (1396), etc.
The word "Perm" came from the Finnish-speaking Vepsians (or they were called the whole). The Vepsians occupied the territory between the Onega and Ladonezh lakes, through them passed the trade routes of the Novgorodians to the European north in Zavolochye. Having met the Vepsians, the Novgorodians learned that there were still lands far away, that is, beyond their borders. In the language of the Vepsians, the land is distant and was called “Pera ma” (We still pronounce “perem”).
In official sources of the 15th - 17th centuries, the ancient population of the upper Kama was designated as Permians, Permians, Permyaks (Not to be confused with Komi-Permyaks. In the Soviet years, "Komi are residents of the Kama region, in contrast to" Komi - Zyryans ").
Novgorod ushkuiniki went to Perm lands for furs and tribute, and until the 14th - first half of the 15th century, the lands along the Upper Kama were considered volosts of Novgorod the Great.
Following the merchants and warriors, Russian peasants came to the banks of the Kama. Various reasons led them to the Permian settlements: the oppression of the feudal lords, unfair trial, the desire to settle on free lands, they simply escaped from enemies. But the rich Permian lands also attracted Moscow princes. After the annexation of Veliky Novgorod to Moscow, the Upper Kama lands became part of the Russian state. And Russian settlements began to appear in Perm the Great. Thus, the Dvinsk boyar Anfal Nikitin, who came to the Moscow service, at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries, founded a town on the upper Kama, and the Kalinnikovs, the Vologda townsmen, built varnits along the tributary of the Kama - the Borovaya River - and laid the foundation for salt production. And in 1430 a new settlement appeared - the city of Sol Kamskaya (Solikamsk).
After the penetration of Russians into the Permian lands, the Christianization of the population begins. In 1455, "Vladyka Pitirim came to Perm the Great to Cherdynia to baptize the holy faith of the Cherdyns."
In 1451, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Vasilyevich sent his governor here - Prince Mikhail Ermolaevich. In 1472, the Moscow army was sent to the Urals, led by Prince Fyodor Motley and the Ustyug governor Gavrila Nemedov. This year Great Perm was finally annexed to the Russian centralized state. The town of Cherdyn became the village of this region. The first Ural cities were at the same time fortresses:
- behind the "stone belt" was the Siberian Khanate, in the south - Kazan.
Often Russian and Komi-Permyak settlements suffered from raids, but the two peoples together repelled the attacks. Russian settlements arose more often in the northern part of the upper Kama region: the dense taiga was a defense against the cavalry of the Kazan khans. However, after the victory of Ivan the Terrible over Kazan, settlements began to appear in the south. But this truce was so unreliable that Ivan IV allowed the Stroganovs, wealthy merchants from Vychegodskaya Salt, to build fortresses on these lands, recruit garrisons and maintain them at their own expense, guarding the eastern borders of the state. In 1558, the tsar allowed them to be "granted" with lands along the Kama from the mouth of the Lasova River to the mouth of the Chusovaya River.
In the same year, the town of Kankor was founded, then Kergedan, and received the name Orel - a town. The Stroganovs freed the settlers from paying the “tax” and many other duties, generously endowed them with land, and new villages quickly grew over 146 miles.
In 1568, they received land along the Chusovaya River, and after 30 years their lands were the most extensive in Russia, stretching to the Oshap River.
The main occupations of the peasants were:
- agriculture;
- digestion of salt;
- logging, construction of houses, roads;
- extraction of furs, swan's down;
- sometimes they became defenders of the eastern borders (although after the conquests of Ermak of Siberia, this need disappeared).
In their patrimony, the Stroganovs were full owners, they themselves administered court and administration, settled peasants, and were engaged in fish and salt trades. Oryol, a small town, became the center of the patrimony.
In the 16th century, there were two districts in the Kama region - Solikamsky and Cherdynsky. These were quite large cities for that time:
In 1579, in Cherdyn there were 290 households with a population of 326 males, 67 shops, 5 forges, and in Solikamsk - 190 households, 201 males, 27 shops, 16 salt pans.
In the 18th century, when Peter I started a war with Sweden, the Urals became the center for the construction of new factories, one of the main suppliers of copper and cast iron. A privileged serf factory ownership appears in the region. State peasants were assigned to private factories. The situation of the Kama peasants was extremely difficult. In the midst of field work, they were torn off the ground and forced to go to the factories (sometimes the path was more than 500 miles). Peasants bought bread and horse feed at their own expense at prices three times higher than in their own county.
The ascribed system had a negative impact on the development of agriculture. There are documents that testify to the refusal of the peasants to go to the factories.
In the estates of the Stroganovs and their heirs, enterprises were built (by the end of the 18th century there were 12 factories).
In the last quarter of the 18th century, almost the entire territory of the Kama region (Perm province) was divided into 12 counties since 1797.