Open intervention of Poland and Sweden. First militia. In the autumn of 1609, the army of Sigismund III appeared near Smolensk, which remained loyal to Tsar Shuisky. The Russian army, marching to the city to the rescue, was defeated near the village of Klushino by hetman S. Zholkevsky. He approached Moscow again.

In a complicated situation in July 1610, a group of Moscow boyars and nobles overthrew Tsar Shuisky from the throne. Power has passed into the hands "seven boyars" led by Prince F.I. Mstislavsky, and they also offered the throne to Vladislav. At their invitation, a detachment of S. Zholkevsky entered the capital. The impostor flees to Kaluga, and here he is soon killed by the Tatar prince Urusov, who served him.

Moscow swears allegiance to Vladislav. But other cities and counties do not want to follow the example "seven boyars". Moreover, their inhabitants oppose the interventionists. They send letters to each other, agree to act together. Ryazan is ahead. It formed the First Militia, speaking for the liberation of Moscow. It is headed by P. Lyapunov. Nobles, townspeople, Cossacks from the southern counties take part in it. Near the capital, the remnants of the Tushino detachments of D.T. Trubetskoy and I.M. Zarutsky join this militia. Together with Lyapunov, they are included in "Council of All the Earth", a kind of provisional government. It is recognized by many cities and counties.

Meanwhile, in Moscow, even before the arrival of the militia, in March 1611, an uprising broke out against the Poles A. Gonsevsky (head of the garrison) and his Russian henchmen - the boyar Saltykov and the merchant Andronov. On Sretenka, the steward Prince D. M. Pozharsky bravely fights. Wounded in a hot battle, he is taken to his ancestral patrimony - the village of Mugreevo in the Suzdal district. Up to seven thousand Muscovites died at the hands of the interventionists. The whole of Moscow burned out, set on fire by them on the advice of Andronov.

The detachments of the First Militia, which approached the walls of the capital, stood at its southeastern, eastern and northern outskirts. overcoming "great tightness", the interventionists, who settled in Moscow, hardly got food supplies in its vicinity. The leaders of the militia restored power throughout the country. According to the verdict on June 30, 1611, orders were again created - central government bodies, it spoke about the functions "Council of all the earth" headed by Trubetskoy, Zarutsky and Lyapunov. He interpreted the verdict and the class rights of the nobles to land and peasants. Land, estates, salaries were supposed to be given to both the Cossacks and their chieftains. But it was forbidden to appoint them to lucrative positions of bailiffs in cities, black and palace volosts. On this basis, disagreements flared up between the Cossacks and the nobles, who received the right to these positions. The clause on the extradition of runaway peasants and serfs to the landowners, and many of them became Cossacks, including those in the First Militia, aroused their fury against Lyapunov. It was fueled by the Cossack leader Zarutsky - the struggle for power in the militia sowed enmity between them. Lyapunov was summoned to a Cossack circle, a general meeting, and killed. Soon the militia broke up - separate detachments went home, only Zarutsky's Cossacks remained near Moscow.

June 3, 1611, after a 20-month siege, Smolensk fell. The triumphant Sigismund III announced that he himself would become king in the Muscovite state. And in mid-July, the Swedes of Delagardie captured Novgorod with its lands; Novgorod metropolitan and voivode recognized dependence on Sweden and started talking about the election of her prince as Russian sovereign.

Polish-Swedish intervention of the 17th century - the actions of the invaders from the Commonwealth (Poland) and Sweden, aimed at dismembering Russia into separate parts and eliminating Russia as an independent state.

Poland and Sweden for several centuries wanted to seize the territories belonging to Russia and liquidate the state, since it was a strong enough rival for them. By the beginning of the 17th century, Russia was in a weakened state - many were dissatisfied with the rule of Tsar Boris Godunov, and conflicts constantly arose within the country. This was the perfect moment for Sweden and Poland to intervene.

Intervention is the intervention of one or more states in the affairs of another state. Intervention can be both military and peaceful, using exclusively political and economic means.

The Polish intervention is divided into two periods according to the reign of False Dmitry 1 and 2):

The period of False Dmitry 1 (1605 - 1606)

The period of False Dmitry 2 (1607 - 1610)

background

In 1591, under unclear circumstances, the heir to the Russian throne, Tsarevich Dmitry, died from a knife wound in the throat. Two people who were subordinate to Boris Godunov were accused of the murder, but Prince Vasily Shuisky, who soon arrived in Uglich, said that the death of the prince happened by accident, allegedly he fell with his throat on a knife. Despite the fact that the mother of the deceased prince was against Godunov, he soon ascended the throne, taking the place of Dmitry's legitimate heir. The people reconciled, but there were many dissatisfied people in the country who believed the words of the queen and did not want to see Godunov at the head of state.

False Dmitry 1

In 1601, a man appears who pretends to be the surviving Tsarevich Dmitry and declares his claims to the Russian throne. The impostor turns to Poland and King Sigismund 3 for help, promising in return to accept Catholicism and preach Catholicism in Russia. The appearance of an impostor becomes an excellent chance for Poland to start an intervention.

1604 - the army of False Dmitry 1 invades the territory of Russia. With the support of the Polish soldiers, as well as the peasants who quickly joined him (who were dissatisfied with the existing political situation), he quickly moved inland and soon reached the walls of Moscow.

1605 - Boris Godunov dies and his son Fyodor ascends the throne. However, the former supporters of Godunov go over to the side of False Dmitry 1 and soon the young tsar will be found killed.

1605 - False Dmitry 1 becomes king with the huge support of Moscow.

During the year of his reign, False Dmitry 1 showed himself to be a fairly good manager, but he made a mistake - he did not give the Poles the land that he promised and did not convert Russia to the Catholic faith. In addition, he refused to observe the original Russian traditions and caused discontent among many. There were rumors that he was a Catholic.

1606 - an uprising breaks out in Moscow, during which False Dmitry 1 is killed. Vasily Shuisky took his place.

Later it became known that under the guise of False Dmitry, the fugitive monk Grigory Otrepyev was hiding.

False Dmitry 2

In 1607, another impostor appears, False Dmitry 2. He gathers a small army from the lower and oppressed classes and goes with him to Moscow.

1609 - the army of False Dmitry 2 was defeated by a detachment led by the nephew of the sovereign Vasily Shuisky, who concludes an agreement with the Swedes. In exchange for help in the fight against the impostor, Sweden receives part of the Russian lands that it has long claimed. As a result, the lands captured by False Dmitry were returned, and he himself was forced to flee to Kaluga, where he would be killed some time later.

The failure of False Dmitry 2, as well as the weakness of the government of Vasily Shuisky, lead to the fact that Poland decides to launch a second stage of intervention, since the first failed. At the same time, Shuisky concludes an agreement with Sweden, which gives Poland (which is at war with Sweden) to officially declare war on Russia.

1610 - Polish troops approach the borders and begin to actively invade the country. The Poles defeat Shuisky's army, which causes discontent among the people. Another uprising breaks out and Shuisky is overthrown from the throne.

1610 - Moscow boyars recognize the victory of Poland, surrender Moscow and invite the son of the Polish king Sigismund - Vladislav to the throne.

The country plunged into another period of division.

Getting rid of the Poles

The arbitrariness of the Poles on Russian soil could not but lead to discontent. As a result, in 1611, patriotic movements began to actively manifest themselves. The first uprising failed, because there was no agreement in the army, but already in 1612 a new army was assembled under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky.

In August 1612, the army approached Moscow and began the siege.

In October 1612, the Poles finally surrendered and were expelled. Mikhail Romanov became Tsar of Russia.

1617 Peace is made with Sweden.

1618 - peace is concluded with Poland.

Despite the grave consequences of the Polish-Swedish intervention, Russia retained its state independence.

10. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov and his political actions

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov became king at a difficult time. He had to restore the country's economy, return the lands lost during unsuccessful wars. Correct all negative consequences Time of Troubles.

Domestic politics. During the reign of Mikhail Romanov, the question of the peasants became acute. In 1613, a mass distribution of state lands took place. As a result, masses of people rushed to the sparsely populated and empty lands. In 1627, a law was passed that allowed the nobles to transfer their lands by inheritance only on condition of service to the king. Noble lands were equated with boyar estates. A 5-year investigation of fugitive peasants was also established. But the nobility demanded the abolition of fixed summer. Then, in 1637, the period of detecting peasants was extended to 9 years, in 1641 - to 10 years, and those who were taken out by other owners could be searched for for 15 years. This was an indication enslavement of peasants. To improve the tax system, the compilation of scribe books was carried out twice.

It was also necessary to centralize power. A voivodeship administration appeared, the order system was restored. Since 1620, Zemsky Sobors began to carry out only deliberative functions. They met to resolve issues that require the approval of estates (questions about taxes, about war and peace, about the introduction of new money, etc.).

Michael also tried to create regular army. In the 30s, the so-called "regiments of the new system" appeared, they included free people and boyar children, and foreigners were officers. At the end of his reign, Michael created cavalry dragoon regiments that guarded the external borders of the state.

Mikhail was also involved in the restoration of Moscow. In 1624, the Filaret belfry (in the Kremlin), a stone tent and a clock with a fight (above the Frolovskaya (Spasskaya) tower) were built.

In 1632, the first railway plant near Tula was opened.

In 1633, a special machine was installed in the Sviblova Tower to supply water from the Moscow River.

In 1635-1639, the Terem Palace was built, and the Kremlin cathedrals were reconstructed. Velvet Yard appeared in Moscow - an enterprise for training in velvet making. Kadashevskaya Sloboda became the center of textile production.

Under Mikhail, imported garden roses first appeared in Russia.

The tsar also founded the men's Znamensky Monastery.

The German Sloboda was founded in Moscow. Foreign military and engineers lived in it. They will play an important role in reforms in 100 years Peter I.

Foreign policy. During the reign of Mikhail, the main task in foreign policy was to end the war with the Commonwealth and Sweden.

In 1617 in Stolbov was signed peace treaty with Sweden, which said that Russia was getting back the Novgorod region. But behind Sweden are Korela and the coast of the Gulf of Finland.

The Poles undertook campaigns against Moscow. In 1617 Vladislav reached the walls of the White City. But soon the Russian troops drove him further from the capital. In 1618 between Russia and Poland it was concluded Deulin truce. The king must leave Russia with his army. And Russia, in turn, cedes the Commonwealth of Smolensk, Chernihiv and Seversk land. This truce was concluded for 14.5 years. The Poles refused to accept Michael's right to the royal throne. Vladislav believed that he was the Russian Tsar.

The Nogai Horde left the subordination of Russia. In 1616, a peace agreement was concluded with her. But despite the fact that Russia sent expensive gifts to Bakhchisaray, Tatar raids on Russian lands continued.

Russia in 1610 - 1620 was in political isolation. To get out of it, the king tried to marry first a Danish princess, and then a Swedish one. But in both cases, he was refused.

Mikhail tried to return Smolensk. In 1632, Russian troops besieged the city. Then the Commonwealth and the Crimean Khan entered into an agreement against Russia. Vladislav IV approached Smolensk and surrounded the Russian army. On February 19, 1634, the Russian troops were forced to capitulate. Vladislav IV went east, but was stopped at the White Fortress.

In March 1634, Russia and Poland concluded Polyanovskiy peace treaty. Vladislav IV ceased to claim the Russian throne, recognized Michael as the legitimate king. And Russia received the city of Serpeisk for 20 thousand rubles.

In 1620-1640 Russia was able to establish diplomatic relations with Persia, Denmark, Turkey, Holland and Austria.

11. Schism in the Russian Orthodox Church

One of the most significant events of the 17th century. there was a schism in the church. He seriously influenced the formation of cultural values ​​and worldview of the Russian people. Among the prerequisites and causes of the church schism, one can single out both political factors, formed as a result of the turbulent events of the beginning of the century, and church factors, which, however, are of secondary importance.

At the beginning of the century, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail, ascended the throne. He and, later, his son, Alexei, nicknamed "The Quietest", gradually restored the internal economy, devastated during the Time of Troubles. Foreign trade was restored, the first manufactories appeared, and state power was strengthened. But, at the same time, serfdom took shape legislatively, which could not but cause mass discontent among the people.

Initially, the foreign policy of the early Romanovs was cautious. But already in the plans of Alexei Mikhailovich there is a desire to unite the Orthodox peoples who lived outside the territory of Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

This put the tsar and the patriarch, already in the period of the annexation of the Left-Bank Ukraine, before a rather difficult problem of an ideological nature. Most of the Orthodox peoples, having accepted the Greek innovations, were baptized with three fingers. According to the tradition of Moscow, two fingers were used for baptism. One could either impose one's own traditions, or submit to the canon accepted by the entire Orthodox world.

Alexei Mikhailovich and Patriarch Nikon chose the second option. The centralization of power taking place at that time and the emerging idea of ​​Moscow's future dominance in the Orthodox world, the "Third Rome", demanded a unified ideology capable of uniting the people. The subsequent reform split Russian society for a long time. Discrepancies in the sacred books and the interpretation of the performance of rituals required changes and the restoration of uniformity. The need to correct church books was noted not only by spiritual authorities, but also by secular ones.

The name of Patriarch Nikon and the church schism are closely connected. The Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia was distinguished not only by his intelligence, but also by his tough character, determination, lust for power, love of luxury. He gave his consent to stand at the head of the church only after the request of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The beginning of the church schism of the 17th century was laid by the reform prepared by Nikon and carried out in 1652, which included such innovations as tripartite, serving the liturgy on 5 prosphora, and other changes. All these changes were subsequently approved at the Zemsky Sobor in 1654.

However, the transition to new customs was too abrupt. The situation in the church schism in Russia was aggravated by the cruel persecution of opponents of innovations. Many refused to accept the change in rites. The old sacred books, according to which the ancestors lived, refused to give, many families fled to the forests. An opposition movement formed at court. But in 1658 Nikon's position changed dramatically. The royal disgrace turned into a demonstrative departure of the patriarch. Nikon overestimated his influence on Alexei. He was completely deprived of power, but retained wealth and honors. At the council of 1666, in which the patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch took part, the hood was removed from Nikon. The former patriarch was sent into exile, to the Ferapontov Monastery on the White Lake. However, Nikon, who loved luxury, lived there far from being a simple monk.

The church council, which deposed the masterful patriarch and eased the fate of opponents of innovations, fully approved the reforms carried out, declaring them not a whim of Nikon, but a matter of the church. Those who did not obey the innovations were declared heretics.

The final stage of the church schism was the Solovetsky uprising of 1667-1676, which ended for the dissatisfied with death or exile. Heretics were persecuted even after the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. After the fall of Nikon, the church retained its influence and strength, but not a single patriarch laid claim to supreme power.

Introduction

Introduction

At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Europe experienced a period of transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age. This is the era of the great geographical discoveries and the first colonial conquests. The discovery of the New World, a new sea route to India and the lands of Southeast Asia, and finally, the first round-the-world voyages not only formed new ideas for Europeans about the world as a whole, but also led to a change in the geopolitical interests of European states. The formation of Europe as a single whole opposing the rest of the world began.

The great geographical discoveries stimulated active international relations, primarily economic ones, this expanded the possibilities of the goods market to a global scale, which intensified intercontinental contacts, bringing Europe closer to America, Asia and Africa. Participation in colonial policy gave rise to irreconcilable conflicts between European states.

The transition of Europe to the New Age was characterized by significant shifts in all areas of social life - socio-economic, political, religious, scientific. The process of establishing new capitalist relations became irreversible.

The consequence of the bourgeois revolutions was not only the freedom of economic activity, but also changes in the forms of government and the promotion and formation of the rule of law and civil society.

The era of the XVI-XVII centuries. was a turning point not only for Europe, but also for Russia. The century brought numerous trials for Russia and its statehood. After the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584, a weak and sickly man became his heir and tsar. Fedor Ivanovich (1584-1598). A struggle for power within the country began. This situation caused not only internal contradictions, but also intensified attempts by external forces to eliminate the state independence of Russia. For almost the entire century, she had to fight off the Commonwealth, Sweden, the raids of the Crimean Tatars - vassals of the Ottoman Empire, to resist the Catholic Church, which sought to turn Russia away from Orthodoxy.

Troubled times.17th century laid the foundation for peasant wars; in this century there are riots of cities, the famous case of Patriarch Nikon and the split of the Orthodox Church. Therefore, this century V.O. Klyuchevsky called rebellious.

An attempt was also made to intervene. The ruling circles of the Commonwealth and the Catholic Church intended to dismember Russia and eliminate its state independence.

Polish Swedish intervention Russia

1. Polish-Swedish intervention. general characteristics

The Polish-Swedish intervention is an attempt by the Commonwealth to establish its dominance over Russia during the Time of Troubles.

At the beginning of the XVII century. Polish and Swedish feudal lords, taking advantage of the weakening of the Russian state, caused by the unfolding struggle within the ruling class, began an intervention. They wanted the dismemberment of the Russian state and the enslavement of its peoples. The Commonwealth resorted to a disguised intervention, supporting False Dmitry I. In return, False Dmitry I promised to transfer the western regions of the Russian state to the Commonwealth (and partly to his father-in-law Yu. Mnishek), support it in the fight against Sweden, introduce Catholicism in Russia and take part in the anti-Turkish coalition. However, after the accession, False Dmitry I, for various reasons, refused to make territorial concessions to Poland and conclude a military alliance against Sweden. The murder of an impostor in May 1606 during the anti-Polish uprising in Moscow meant the collapse of the first attempt at aggression by the Polish feudal lords against Russia.

The beginning of the 17th century was marked by a general political crisis, and social contradictions intensified. Board<#"center">2. Activities of the first and second militias

The "great devastation" of the Russian land caused a broad upsurge of the patriotic movement in the country. In the winter of 1611, the first people's militia was formed in Ryazan.

First militia 1611 (Ryazan militia), formed in Ryazan to fight the Poles, led by the nobleman Prokipiy Lyapunov. It consisted of a detachment of nobles from the southeastern districts and the Volga region, nobles and Cossacks from the Tushino camp, townspeople. On the way to Moscow, new forces joined the militia: residents of Nizhny Novgorod, Murom, Yaroslavl, Kostoroma, Cossacks led by I. Zarutsky, boyars and nobles led by D. Trubetskoy, the remnants of the detachments of M. Skopin-Shuisky.

In the spring of 1611, an unsuccessful anti-Polish uprising took place in Moscow. The Poles fortified themselves in the Kremlin, a significant part of Moscow was defeated and burned by the Polish garrison, who wanted to prevent an uprising, and several thousand inhabitants were beaten; Prince D.M. was seriously wounded in the battles. Pozharsky, who led the rebels.

By April 1611, the forces of the first militia approached Moscow and laid siege to the Poles. However, as a result of disagreements that arose between the Cossacks and the nobles, Lyapunov was killed, and the militias went home.

By this time, the Swedes captured Novgorod, from mid-July 1611, an open Swedish intervention began.

The Poles, after a months-long siege, captured Smolensk, and the King of Poland, Sigismund III, announced that he himself would become the Tsar of Moscow, and Russia would become part of the Commonwealth. in mid-July, the Delagardie Swedes captured Novgorod with its lands, the Novgorod metropolitan and voivode recognized dependence on Sweden and started talking about the election of its prince as a Russian sovereign.

Second militia. Russia was threatened with the loss of national independence. Dismemberment of the lands. In this difficult, dashing time in the autumn of 1611, the entire Russian people rose up in an armed struggle against the Polish-Swedish intervention. The army consisted of detachments of nobles, townspeople, peasants of the central and northern regions of Russia and the Volga region. The starting point and center of the movement was Nizhny Novgorod, headed by its zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin, who in September 1611 spoke in a zemstvo hut with calls to help the Muscovite state, sparing no means and sacrifices. On his initiative, a "Council of the whole earth" was created, consisting of representatives of all segments of the population. The Council was a provisional government and led the collection of funds and the call of soldiers.

Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, a capable military leader and a man with an unblemished reputation, was invited as the head of the zemstvo militia; Kuzma Minin took over the economic and financial part. Thus, the militia had two leaders, and in popular perception the names of Minin and Pozharsky merged into one inseparable whole. Thanks to their decisive actions and complete agreement among themselves, Nizhny Novgorod soon became the center of patriotic forces throughout Russia.

In August 1612, the militia of Minin and Pozharsky entered Moscow and united with the remnants of the first militia. On August 22, Kuzma crossed the Moscow River with a detachment and inflicted a flank attack on the enemy, thanks to which the troops of the Lithuanian hetman Ya.K. Khodkevich, who tried to break through to help their compatriots besieged in Moscow, were defeated. The Polish garrison experienced severe hardships, because. Pozharsky arrived in Moscow at the same time as Khodkevich, who, meanwhile, had time to collect provisions for the Polish garrison settled in Moscow. This provision was recaptured from Khodkevich by the Cossacks, under the command of Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, which decided the fate of the Polish garrison: after 2 months, hunger forced him to surrender. And after the successful assault on Kitay-gorod, the Polish garrison capitulated on October 26 and surrendered the Kremlin, and both militias solemnly entered liberated Moscow with the ringing of bells and the jubilation of the people. As a result, Moscow was liberated from the invaders. The attempt of the Polish troops to retake Moscow failed. Moscow, the heart of all Russia, was liberated by the efforts of the people, who, in a difficult hour, showed endurance, steadfastness, courage, and saved the entire country from a national catastrophe.

The people's militia played a decisive role in the victory.

In memory of the liberation of Moscow from the invaders, on October 22, 1612, a temple was erected on Red Square in honor of the icon of Our Lady of Kazan.

3. The beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty

In January 1613, the Zemsky Sobor, which included the clergy, the boyars, the nobility, townspeople, the Cossacks, the black-haired peasantry, the archers, elected 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the son of Patriarch Filaret, as king, in the world - the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov. The election of the king meant the revival of the country, the protection of its sovereignty, independence and originality. The candidacy of Mikhail Romanov suited all the political forces of Russian society: aristocrats - the antiquity of the family, supporters of a legitimate monarchy - kinship with Ivan the Terrible, victims of terror and chaos of the "Troubled Years" - non-participation in the oprichnina.

Marrying the reign on July 11, 1613, Mikhail Romanov promised not to make decisions without the advice of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. In the first years of government, real power was in the hands of these state structures. However, soon the leading place in the government of the country was taken by his father, Patriarch Filaret.

After the restoration of tsarist power, all the forces of the state were thrown into restoring order within the country and fighting the interventionists. It took several years to exterminate the band of robbers that roamed the country.

At the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Romanov, the main efforts of the authorities were aimed at solving foreign policy problems related to intervention:

· In 1617, after several military clashes, the Stolbovsky peace was concluded with Sweden, according to which Russia lost the Baltic coast and paid monetary compensation. Sweden renounced claims to the Russian throne, most of the Novgorod land was returned to Russia, but the city of Korela with the county and the Izhora land with Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye and Oreshok were ceded to Sweden.

· In December 1618, after successfully repulsing the campaign against Prince Vladislav in Russia, the Deulino truce was concluded for 14.5 years, for which Russia gave the Smolensk and Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky lands to the Commonwealth.

The conclusion of the Stolbovsky treaty and the Deulinsky truce marked the collapse of the aggressive plans and the intervention of the Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish feudal lords

The main internal political problem was the elimination of uprisings and unrest, and especially the fight against impostors: in 1614, Marina Minshek and her son Vorenok, who had hidden in Nizhny Novgorod, were executed in Moscow.

4. Main events in the history of Russia, the countries of Central and Western Europe at the beginning of the 17th century

At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Europe experienced a period of transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age.

This period of time was characterized by significant changes in all areas of public life - socio-economic, political, religious, scientific. The process of establishing new capitalist relations became irreversible.

At this stage, the countries of the first echelon of capitalism came to the fore, where early bourgeois revolutions took place - Holland and England, in which there were appropriate prerequisites.

Major historical events of the XVI-XVII centuries. were the Reformation, the Peasants' War and the Thirty Years' War on a pan-European scale.

The era of the XVI-XVII centuries. was a turning point not only for Europe, but also for Russia.

At the beginning of the XVII century. Russia went through a period called Troubled times.17th century laid the foundation for peasant wars; in this age there are revolts of the cities.

Polish and Swedish feudal lords, taking advantage of the weakening of the Russian state, caused by the unfolding struggle within the ruling class, began an intervention. They wanted the dismemberment of the Russian state and the enslavement of its peoples.

The main events in the history of Russia, some countries of Central and Western Europe at the beginning of the 17th century are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 - Synchronic table of the main events in the history of Russia, the countries of Central and Western Europe at the beginning of the 17th century

CountryEventEnglandIn the XVI century. absolutism prevailed. Relations between the king and parliament escalated. 1642 - 1646. the first civil war took place. The cause of the revolution was the process of transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one, with respect for the interests of the bourgeoisie and the new nobility. the revolution proclaimed freedom of trade and enterprise. FranceAbsolutism also took root in France. The extravagance of the royal court, favoritism, high military spending, the payment of a huge bureaucratic apparatus. everything was accompanied by uprisings (1548,1624,1639 others). The position of the peasantry was difficult. The bulk of the peasantry was landless. For the use of land, the peasants paid rent, up to 1/4 of the harvest. In 1644 an uprising broke out. There were constant wars. 1618-1648. Thirty Years' War. Many countries participated, united in two blocs: Habsburg and anti-Habsburg. The result of the war was the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. France also lagged behind in the development of industry. There was a process of initial accumulation of capital. GermanyOn the threshold of modern times, Germany experienced economic decline. It remained politically fragmented, the autonomy of cities was strengthened. Serfdom revived, corvée exploitation expanded, and the influence of the landowners increased. These processes led to less mobility of the peasantry, which delayed the development of capitalism and the disintegration of feudalism. Germany became the birthplace of the Reformation. in form it was a struggle against the Catholic Church. The peasant war (1524-1526) was directed against the strengthening of feudal oppression. Demands were put forward to abolish personal dependence, to reduce feudal extortions, corvée, and so on. The main event was the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). NetherlandsBourgeois revolution. In 1566 a popular uprising broke out. In 1572 - a general uprising in the northern provinces. The reason is the contradictions between the nobility and the bourgeoisie. The liberation from Spanish rule ended with the formation of the bourgeois republic of the United Provinces. In the 17th century, it came to the fore in Europe in terms of economic development. AustriaAustria was in a difficult economic situation. The Ottoman Empire created a particular danger for her. In the summer of 1683, Turkish troops laid siege to Vienna. In 1699, Austria and its allies managed to defeat Turkey. Hungary In 1683 - 1699 - war with Turkey. The Turks were expelled. Hungary became part of the Habsburg possessions and became a country bound by an alliance with Austria. ItalyBy the beginning of the New Age did not represent a single state. The greatest difficulties were experienced by the peasants, who were in the position of tenants and farm laborers and completely dependent on the landowners. Political fragmentation hindered the development of industry and trade. Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. Russia went through a period called Troubled times (1598-1613). In 1601-1603. a "great gladness" fell upon Russia, caused by crop failures. 1603 - an uprising of serfs, led by Khlopok Kosolap. In 1606-1607. It was uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov. Polish-Swedish intervention 1609-1617 The reign of Mikhail Romanov 1613

The era of the XVI-XVII centuries. was a turning point not only for Europe, but also for Russia. The events that took place caused deep dissatisfaction among all classes of the Russian state.

Civil war in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. a chain of popular uprisings (Khlopka, Bolotnikov, and others) became an integral part of which opened a whole era of powerful social upheavals. They were caused by the onslaught of the feudal lords, the state on the lower ranks of the people, primarily the final enslavement of the peasantry, the bulk of the population of Russia. The war is filled with violence and death. No wonder it opens the century, nicknamed in Russia rebellious.

The process of forming a single state is in full swing. Russia is expanding its territory, is actively participating in geographical discoveries and is increasingly involved in the orbit of pan-European politics and trade. Just as in the countries of Western Europe, in Russia in this era there was a tendency to weaken the church and move the state system from a class-representative monarchy to absolutism.

The consequences of the Swedish-Polish intervention were difficult for Russia, the country was on the verge of death, it was threatened with the loss of national independence and the dismemberment of the territory, but the invaders failed to achieve the destruction of the state and the enslavement of the people. Russia has retained the most important thing - its statehood.

Bibliography

1.Bobyleva O.M. Time of Troubles in Russia (late 16th - early 17th centuries): textbook. allowance for the discipline "National History". - Irkutsk, 2006.

2.History of Russian Goverment. Reader. Evidence. Sources. Opinions. 17th century Book Two / Comp. G.E. Mironov. - M.: Publishing House "Book Chamber", 2000.

.History of Europe. - M.: Nauka, 1993. - V.3.

.Klyuchevsky V.O. Works in nine volumes. - M.: Thought, 1988. - T. III. Russian history course. Lecture XLIII.

.Morozova L.E. History of Russia in faces. First half of the 17th century: Statesmen of the Time of Troubles. - M.: School-Press, 2000. indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

The position of the Shuisky government was still very precarious due to the ongoing struggle between the various strata of the feudal class, which was actively invaded by foreign forces. The Polish-Lithuanian magnates and gentry, as well as the Catholic Church, did not give up hope of taking advantage of the aggravation of contradictions in Russia. The failure of the adventure of the impostor "Dimitri" did not stop them. In the summer of 1607, another “Dimitriy” appeared in the city of Starodub, who “miraculously escaped” in 1606 in Moscow. A part of the Polish gentry gathered to him, rebelling against their own king and hoping to make amends with the king by participating in the campaign of False Dmitry II (as he is called in literature). Dissatisfaction with the government of Shuisky pushed the Cossacks led by Ivan Zarutsky, the remnants of Bolotnikov's detachments, to False Dmitry II (whose identity remained unidentified). In Seversk Ukraine, in the Ryazan district, in Pskov, Astrakhan and other places, mass unrest continued.
In the spring of 1608, a number of cities in Seversk Ukraine swore allegiance to False Dmitry. In early June, he was near Moscow, but in the battles near Khimki and on Presnya he was stopped and set up his camp in Tushino, soon receiving the nickname "Tushinsky Thief". Almost simultaneously, a detachment of the gentry under the command of Sapieha began an unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, behind the walls of which the peasants gathered from the surrounding villages and villages courageously defended themselves.
In an effort to release forces to fight against False Dmitry, the Shuisky government concluded a truce with Poland in July 1608, according to which both sides released prisoners captured during the adventure of the first impostor. Under this agreement, Marina Mnishek and her father were released from Moscow, but they ended up in Tushino. Having promised them 300,000 gold rubles and the entire Seversk land with 14 cities after accession to Moscow, False Dmitry II was "recognized" by Marina as her husband and "Tsarevich Dimitri". False Dmitry received an order from the Catholic Church - to introduce the union of the Catholic Church with the Orthodox Church in Russia, similarly to how it was done in Ukraine and Belarus, and also to transfer the capital of the Russian state from Moscow to one of the cities closer to Poland. While False Dmitry stood in Tushino, detachments of interventionists
scattered throughout the country, robbing, raping, oppressing the inhabitants. In response, popular uprisings broke out more and more often. Militias were created, which soon drove the interventionists out of Kostroma and Galich. Successfully withstood the siege and repelled the attacks of Yaroslavl, uprisings broke out in Murom and Vladimir. During 1609, the liberation movement swept through a significant part of the country to the north and northeast of Moscow.
While the masses were unfolding the struggle against the interventionists, many service people and even representatives of the nobility, dissatisfied with the Shuisky government, moved to Tushino. False Dmitry willingly accepted them, gave them lands and peasants as a reward, and promoted them in ranks. Some then returned back to Shuisky and received even higher ranks and new estates for this. These defectors were called "Tushino flights" among the people.
Tushino created its own state apparatus. Metropolitan Filaret, who suffered under Godunov, was brought from Rostov, captured by the Tushins, and "named" patriarch. So the father of the future Tsar Mikhail Romanov received the highest church rank in the camp of adventurers and traitors.

Start of the Swedish intervention

The Shuisky government also embarked on the path of collusion with foreign forces. It turned for help to the Swedish king Charles IX, who had long nurtured plans to seize the Novgorod land and Karelia from Russia and even earlier offered assistance in protecting these lands from the Commonwealth. Shuisky's government did not dare to rely on the mass popular movement against the interventionists that was developing in the country. An agreement with Sweden was reached at a heavy price - Shuisky renounced the conditions of the Tyavzinsky peace and, in general, claims to the Baltic coast, gave the city of Korela with the county and allowed the free circulation of Swedish coins on the territory of Russia. Thus, the Swedish intervention was actually unleashed.
This caused great unrest among the population of the northwestern Russian lands, in Novgorod and Karelia, and the Pskovites in this situation preferred to swear allegiance to the impostor, but not obey the Shuisky government, which allowed Swedish interventionists into the country.
In the spring of 1609, the young commander, Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky, using the help of the Swedish detachment under the command of Delagardie, struck at the Polish-Lithuanian invaders and, relying on the militia of the northern cities, liberated the north of the country. However, the Swedes soon refused to continue participating in hostilities, demanding that they be paid the promised salary, and also immediately transferred Korela into their possession. Shuisky had no money, and he imposed heavy taxes on the people. In turn, this led to new unrest and uprisings against the feudal lords. In the Ryazan district, the Volga region, near Moscow and other places, new groups of rebels appeared.

Open intervention of the Polish-Lithuanian feudal lords

The appearance of Swedish troops on the territory of Russia made it possible for the Polish-Lithuanian rulers to launch an open invasion of Russia, because the Commonwealth and Sweden were at war. In the summer of 1609, the Polish king Sigismund III, at the head of a large army, moved directly to Smolensk. There were very few troops in it, because Shuisky assigned them to fight Tushin.
Shuisky's government, fearful of the people's movement and striving to liquidate it, opened the way for both Swedish and open Polish intervention. But again, the high patriotism of the masses was revealed with all its might. This was shown by the heroic defense of Smolensk, which did not surrender to the enemy and was held almost exclusively by forces - townspeople and the peasant population gathered in the city. The defense of Smolensk, which was headed by the governor Mikhail Borisovich Shein, delayed the advance of the Polish troops for a long time. The Tushino camp soon crumbled, False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga with a handful of followers.
Remaining in a difficult situation after the flight of False Dmitry II, the “Russian Tushins” sent an embassy to King Sigismund III, headed by the boyar M. G. Saltykov. The agreement concluded on behalf of the Boyar Duma with the king in February 1610 provided for the accession of Vladislav, an alliance with the Commonwealth, the preservation of the privileges of the boyars in Russia and the strengthening of serfdom.
M. V. Skopin-Shuisky at the head of the troops in March 1610 solemnly entered Moscow. The nobles tried to use the increased authority of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky to overthrow Vasily Shuisky. But the young commander died unexpectedly - perhaps he was poisoned by Shuisky. The incompetent and cowardly brother of the tsar Dmitry Shuisky was placed at the head of the government troops. With a 40,000-strong army, D. Shuisky moved towards the Polish troops of Hetman Stanislav Zholkevsky moving from Smolensk. In June 1610, Shuisky's troops in the battle near Klushino suffered a complete defeat. In this battle, the mercenary detachments were changed, one part of which went over to the side of the enemy, and the other, led by Delagardie, went north to consolidate the Russian lands that were passing under the rule of Sweden. Using the general dissatisfaction with the Shuisky government, False Dmitry II again stepped up his actions. He captured Serpukhov, took possession of Kolomna for a while, approached Moscow and stood in Kolomenskoye. Zolkiewski's troops approached Moscow from the west. The fate of the government of Vasily Shuisky was decided. On July 17, 1610, Vasily Shuisky was deposed from the throne and forcibly tonsured a monk by the nobles, headed by Zakhar Lyapunov, with the support of the townspeople of Moscow.
But the boyars headed by F. I. Mstislavsky took advantage of the results of the coup. In an effort to maintain the privileged position of the Moscow boyars and prevent the rise of the anti-feudal movement in the country, F. I. Mstislavsky called on Hetman Zholkevsky to come out of Mozhaisk to protect Moscow from False Dmitry 11 and then began negotiations with Zholkevsky regarding the recognition of Prince Vladislav on the Russian throne.
On August 17, 1610, in the Polish camp near Moscow, the Moscow boyars signed an agreement recognizing Prince Vladislav as the Russian Tsar, and on the night of September 21, 1610, the boyars secretly let the Polish detachments into Moscow. The most difficult time of foreign intervention has come. As a result of the treacherous policy of the boyars, a significant part of the country, including the capital, was captured by foreign invaders, power in Moscow actually belonged to the Polish governor Gonsevsky, the boyar government, the so-called "seven boyars", headed by F. I. Mstislavsky, had no role in governance played. The calculations of some representatives of the boyars that the calling of Vladislav would help get rid of both False Dmitry II and Sigismund turned out to be untenable. The king refused to let Vladislav go and demanded an end to resistance in Smolensk. Attempts by some members of the embassy to persuade the defenders of Smolensk to lay down their arms before the Polish king were unsuccessful.

In the spring of 1607, False Dmitry II appeared in Russia. His identity has not been established. According to one version, he is the son of a priest, according to another - a home teacher, according to the third - the son of A. M. Kurbsky, according to the fourth - the son of a Starodub nobleman, according to the fifth - a Jew. On June 12, 1607, the inhabitants of Starodub swore allegiance to him. The army of the impostor was commanded by the Polish commander Mekhovetsky. She occupied Kozelsk, Karachev, Orel and laid siege to Bryansk. When government troops delivered food to Bryansk, False Dmitry II lifted the siege.

In April 1608, 4,000 Poles under the command of Rozhinsky came to the camp of the impostor. They removed Mekhovetsky and elected Rozhinsky as hetman. In June 1608, the army of False Dmitry II approached Moscow and stopped in Tushino, so they began to call him the "Tushino thief." On July 25, 1608, Russia and Poland signed a truce for three years. On September 23, 1608, the army of the impostor under the command of J. Sapega laid siege to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. See Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times. T. 8. Skrynnikov R. G. Minin and Pozharsky. pp. 94 - 119.

In 1609, Vasily Shuisky turned to the Swedish king Charles IX with a request for help in the fight against False Dmitry II. The Swedes captured all the Russian fortresses on the Baltic coast, except for Nut. The Polish king Sigismund III used the involvement of Swedish mercenaries in the Russian army to fight False Dmitry II as a pretext for declaring war on Russia. The reasons for the war were the aggressive policy of Poland towards Russia and the desire of Russia to unite all the East Slavic lands. The aggressiveness of Poland was explained by the fact that the support of the government was the petty nobility. It sought to maintain its possessions in Ukraine and Belarus and hoped to get new lands in Russia. On September 19, 1609, the Poles besieged Smolensk. The defense of the city was led by the boyar M. B. Shein. In the spring and summer of 1609, M. V. Skopin-Shuisky liberated the north of Russia from the Tushino people.

On January 12, 1610, Ya. Sapega was forced to lift the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The beginning of an open war led to the collapse of the Tushino camp. Most of the Poles went over to the side of their government. Only Rozhinsky remained with the impostor. He treated False Dmitry II like a prisoner, so in December 1609 the impostor fled to Kaluga and on December 11, 1610 was killed. The nobles who were in the Tushino camp nominated the Polish prince Vladislav as a candidate for the throne. On February 4, 1610, they concluded an agreement with Sigismund III on the election of Vladislav as the Russian Tsar.

According to the agreement, Vladislav was obliged to accept Orthodoxy and did not have the right to issue new laws without the consent of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. The treaty forbade the transfer of peasants from one landowner to another. D. I. Shuisky tried to free Smolensk from the siege, but on June 24, 1610 he was defeated near Klushino. The defeat of the Russian army near Klushino opened the way for the Poles to Moscow. On July 17, 1610, the conspirators led by P.P. Lyapunov overthrew Vasily Shuisky. Power passed to the boyar government, which went down in history under the name of the Seven Boyars.

• On August 17, the inhabitants of Moscow took the oath to Vladislav. The nobles saw in him a lesser evil compared to False Dmitry II. On September 20, the government let a Polish detachment into Moscow under the command of S. Zolkiewski. On his initiative, the Moscow boyars and nobles sent an embassy to the Polish king, headed by V.V. Golitsyn and F.N. Romanov. Sigismund III refused to let his son go to Moscow, because he wanted to take the Russian throne himself and completely subordinate Russia to Poland. Thus, there was a threat to the independence of Russia. In January 1611, P.P. Lyapunov organized a people's militia. Its basis was made up of nobles and Cossacks. The closest associates of P.P. Lyapunov were Prince D.T. Trubetskoy and Cossack ataman I.M. Zarutsky. Prince D. M. Pozharsky was elected commander-in-chief. In March 1611, the militia approached Moscow.
• On March 19, an uprising broke out in the city. The reason for it was the insult by the Poles of Patriarch Hermogenes. The vanguard of the militia under the command of D. M. Pozharsky entered Moscow. The Poles set fire to the city, the rebels were poorly armed, so they were defeated. D. M. Pozharsky was seriously wounded. The militia retreated to the outskirts of Moscow. According to N. I. Kostomarov, the Poles killed about 8 thousand civilians. See Kostomarov N. I. The Tale of the Liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612 and the Election of Tsar Mikhail. // Kostomarov N. I. Historical monographs and research. M., 1989. S. 75. On July 22, 1611, the Cossacks accused P. P. Lyapunov of intending to destroy the Cossacks and return the runaway peasants and serfs to their former owners and killed him. According to N. M. Karamzin, P. P. Lyapunov was slandered by I. M. Zarutsky. According to R. G. Skrynnikov, a fake letter on behalf of P. P. Lyapunov with a call for the destruction of the Cossacks was written by the Polish colonel A. Gonsevsky. See Skrynnikov R. G. Minin and Pozharsky. S. 197.

After the death of P.P. Lyapunov, the nobles left the militia and waged a partisan war against the Poles in the vicinity of Moscow. On June 3, 1611, the Poles stormed Smolensk. The surviving defenders of the city, led by M. B. Shein, were captured. In the same year, the Swedes occupied Novgorod. Novgorod governor I. N. Odoevsky concluded a peace treaty with the commander of the Swedish army, J. Delagardie, confirming the terms of the Tyavzinsky peace. I. N. Odoevsky recognized the son of Charles IX as the Russian Tsar, and J. Delagardie - his governor and pledged to obey him in everything. See Kostomarov N. I. The Tale of the Liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612 and the Election of Tsar Mikhail. P. 75. Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian state. T. 12 // Moscow. 1989. No. 12. S. 142 - 144.

Only the turmoil that reigned in our country at that time saved the Novgorod governor from responsibility for treason - a crime that at all times and among all peoples was considered one of the most serious. In September 1611, K. M. Minin appealed to the people of Nizhny Novgorod to create a new militia. K. M. Minin was born in Balakhna in the family of a small salt industrialist, in his youth he came to Nizhny Novgorod and engaged in trade. In 1611 he was a zemstvo headman. Letters from K. M. Minin, Patriarch Hermogenes and the monks of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery were distributed throughout the country. In Nizhny Novgorod, the formation of the second people's militia began. D. M. Pozharsky was again elected commander-in-chief. In March 1612, the militia left Nizhny Novgorod and arrived in Yaroslavl. There he continued his formation and training. K. M. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky created the Council of the whole earth - a provisional government.

At the same time, the second Council of the whole land operated under the leadership of D.T. Trubetskoy and I.M. Zarutsky. A conflict arose between the leaders of the two militias, since I. M. Zarutsky and D. T. Trubetskoy recognized the Pskov impostor. In July 1612, K. M. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky learned that a strong and numerous Polish army under the command of Hetman Ya. Khodkevich was heading towards Moscow. D. M. Pozharsky was ahead of Ya. Khodkevich and, thus, seized the strategic initiative. This largely ensured the victory of the Russian army.

• On August 22-24, 1612, a decisive battle took place between the Russian and Polish armies. The militia of K. M. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky numbered 10 thousand people, the army of J. Khodkevich - 12 thousand, the Polish garrison in the Kremlin - 3 thousand. Consequently, the Polish army outnumbered the Russian one by 1.5 times. D. M. Pozharsky deployed his army on the western outskirts of Moscow, and not on the eastern outskirts, as suggested by D. T. Trubetskoy. D. M. Pozharsky gave D. T. Trubetskoy five horse hundreds.
• On August 22, J. Khodkevich launched an offensive. The Russian army recaptured it and went on the counterattack several times. J. Khodkevich brought infantry into battle. The noble cavalry could not withstand the onslaught and retreated. Then D. M. Pozharsky ordered the nobles to dismount and fight on foot. In the afternoon, J. Khodkevich threw all his forces into battle in order to break through the defenses of the Russian militia on the Arbat and in the area of ​​the Tver Gates. The archers opened deadly fire on the enemy and forced him to stop attacking. At the same time, the Polish garrison made a sortie from the Kremlin. She was repulsed. A hand-to-hand fight ensued. The troops placed at the disposal of D.T. Trubetskoy and the Cossacks from the first militia counterattacked the enemy and forced him to retreat. On August 24, the Poles launched an offensive from Zamoskvorechye. D. M. Pozharsky sent cavalry against them. D.T. Trubetskoy launched an offensive from the Kolomenskaya Sloboda. However, he acted indecisively, which allowed J. Khodkevich to throw his main forces against D. M. Pozharsky. D. M. Pozharsky brought all his regiments into battle and, thus, stopped the enemy. Then the Poles intensified their offensive against the army of D. M. Trubetskoy and captured the Cossack prison.

The Cossacks resisted the enemy, but when the militia of K. M. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky did not immediately come to their aid, they left the battle. The Polish garrison in the Kremlin made a second sortie. She was repulsed. The cellar of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery A. S. Palitsyn convinced the Cossacks to return to duty. The outcome of the battle was again decided by the swift attack of the Cossacks. They were supported by the cavalry under the command of K. M. Minin, then the infantry under the command of D. M. Pozharsky went on the offensive. The Poles took to flight. See Kostomarov N. I. The Tale of the Liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612 and the Election of Tsar Mikhail. P. 81 - 82. Skrynnikov R. G. Minin and Pozharsky. pp. 256 - 263.

The assault on the Kremlin was unsuccessful, so the Russian army laid siege to it. On October 22, Kitai-Gorod was liberated. On October 26, the Polish garrison in the Kremlin capitulated. The liberation of Moscow was a radical turning point in the course of the war. On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov as Tsar. Patriarch Hermogenes back in 1610 put forward his candidacy for the throne. The boyars were attracted by Mikhail's youth and inexperience, his unpreparedness to govern the state, and therefore the ability to govern on his behalf. Since the father of the new tsar, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, was the patriarch in Tushino and, together with Prince V.V. Golitsyn, headed the embassy to the Polish king, the boyars who collaborated with the Poles, that is, committed high treason, saw in Mikhail a guarantor of their impunity. He was the cousin-nephew of Fyodor Ivanovich, the last tsar of the Rurik dynasty, which created the appearance of continuity of power.

At first, Mikhail refused the throne and explained this by the disorder in administration and the lack of money in the treasury, then he agreed to come to Moscow and take the throne. The Poles tried to kill the young tsar, but the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin led them into an impenetrable forest. On July 11, 1613, Mikhail was married to the kingdom. See Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times. T. 9. M., 1990. S. 7 - 28.

He was elected on the same terms as Vasily Shuisky. The real power belonged to the king's relatives. They removed D. M. Pozharsky from command, since, in their opinion, he was not notable enough, and replaced him with Prince D. M. Cherkassky.

In 1613, the Russian army fought with the Poles near Kaluga and Vyazma. An attempt to liberate Smolensk was unsuccessful due to the indiscipline of the nobles. The new government increased taxes and decided to return the runaway peasants to their former owners. This caused an uprising led by Mikhail Balovnya. The driving forces of the uprising were the Cossacks and peasants. In 1615 it was suppressed. In the same year, the Polish army under the command of A. Lisovsky invaded Russia. The tsar again appointed D. M. Pozharsky commander in chief.

On June 29, 1615, the Russian army left Moscow. On August 30, the Battle of Orel took place. I. Pushkin's detachment attacked the Polish camp, followed by three attacks by the main forces. The regiment of S. Isleniev and the Tatars left the battlefield. 600 people remained with D. M. Pozharsky. The confrontation continued for three days. The mercenaries who were in the Polish army transferred to the Russian army. This decided the outcome of the battle. A. Lisovsky fled. In July 1616, the Russian government sent an army to Smolensk under the command of M. K. Tinbaev and N. Likharev. At the same time, the Lithuanians attacked Starodub, devastated the neighborhood of Karachev and Krom, burned Oskol and approached Belgorod. On October 22, 1616, the governors who were stationed near Smolensk reported on the impending campaign against Moscow of the Polish army under the command of A. Gonsevsky. The Russian command sent an army under the command of N. Boryatinsky to Dorogobuzh.

In March 1617, the Russian army defeated the Poles near Dorogobuzh, but the Dorogobuzh governor surrendered the city to the Poles. In the same year, Vladislav undertook a campaign against Moscow in order to take the Russian throne. On October 18, the Russian army under the command of D. M. Pozharsky approached Kaluga. The Poles besieged the city and on December 23 tried to take it by storm, but were met with fire and fled. In October 1618, the Poles approached Moscow and tried to take it, but their attack on the White City was repulsed.

On December 1, 1618, Russia and Poland signed the Deulino truce, according to which Smolensk was ceded to Poland. The treaty also provided for the exchange of prisoners. According to the Stolbovsky peace treaty, concluded on February 27, 1617, Sweden returned Novgorod to Russia, but Russia completely lost access to the Baltic Sea. See Tarle E. V. The Northern War and the Swedish invasion of Russia. // Tarle E.V. Selected works. T. 3. Rostov-on-Don, 1994. Since that time, the main foreign policy tasks of Russia have been the return of their original possessions in the Baltic, the return of Smolensk and the reunification of Ukraine and Belarus with Russia.