War and peace guerrilla war chapter. Guerrilla warfare in the novel war and peace - an essay on literature

The events that took place in Russia in 1812 were sung by poets of all generations of descendants. In a few months, Napoleon led the French army under the walls of Moscow. Bonaparte rejoiced, along the entire path of the offensive, winning or losing the battle, he managed to exterminate the Russian soldiers. But faced with the wrath of the people, the French lost the military campaign. The guerrilla war in the novel "War and Peace" is retold by Leo Tolstoy in historical detail with an emphasis on the heroism of ordinary peasants, shown in the struggle for the Motherland.

What did the French expect?

Napoleon's army was well armed. Behind the combat formations were dozens of victories over neighboring states, strong fortresses and fortified cities. The commander-in-chief, preparing for the offensive, chose the most convenient elevations, dry hillocks, free plains, where it was profitable for his troops to build battle ranks and hide the cavalry. The French loved unexpected maneuvers and did them masterfully.

Recent years have shown that there is no more powerful army in Europe. Having conquered another country in a valiant battle, the victors did not meet serious resistance from the civilian population. The defeated enemy capitulated, the subjects unquestioningly listened to the authorities. This alignment of affairs after the victory became familiar to the French. Entering Moscow, Napoleon could not think that the inhabitants would behave differently.

How did popular resistance begin?

Leo Tolstoy, with the sadness of a patriot, describes the fire of the ancient city. People burned everything that could be of strategic value to the enemy. The Napoleonic army dragged behind them a powerful convoy consisting of cattle and horses. It was necessary to feed not only the soldiers, but the animals that pulled the equipment, carried the soldiers, served as food.

Overnight, the enemy faced the problem of a shortage of hay. The peasants preferred to burn their crops, if only the enemy did not get anything. Napoleon was offended, as historically evidenced by his letters to Emperor Alexander I. Bonaparte pointed out that the peasants did not comply with military rules, they burned provisions and supplies for the winter so that the French cavalry divisions had nothing to feed the horses.

Napoleon decided to retreat to the winter camp along another road that had not been ravaged by his soldiers during the offensive. The men met the enemy belligerently, the weakest massive villages went deep into the forest to sit out the trouble, taking with them everything edible. When there was nothing to eat, there was nothing left to do but attack the retreating French carts. At first, the attacks were chaotic.

Development of guerrilla warfare

Many wounded Russian officers, like Pierre Bezukhov, ended up in the thicket along with people hiding. Combat soldiers could not sit idly by, they possessed the knowledge of war and had solid combat experience. The military often became the head of the peasants in order to skillfully lead them into battle.

There were legends about the detachment of Denis Davydov, the officer rallied people, introduced military discipline. The partisan formation of Denisov had its own cavalry, medical unit, reconnaissance, and support. The men went through soldier's exercises in order to master the skill of close combat in the forest thicket and save the lives of their comrades.

Tolstoy mentions curious real cases. It is known about one partisan detachment during the Patriotic War of 1812, headed by a clergyman. And in another village, a young woman led the militia, she went down in history as the Elder.

The partisans, scattered in hundreds of detachments and thousands of small teams along the entire retreat of the enemy army along the road, bit it a little bit. The French soldiers, accustomed to closing up in battle lines, did not know how to fight against pitchforks and clubs. Meanwhile, the stream of retreating invaders was fading. The partisans dispelled the myth of Napoleon's invincibility. Feeling their organized strength, the partisans turned from a hiding crowd into a formidable liberation element.

The definition of guerrilla warfare in the novel "War and Peace"

According to military science, in times of war, "Law is always on the side of large armies." Talking about guerrilla warfare in the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy refutes this statement and writes: "Partisan warfare (always successful, as history shows) is directly opposite to this rule."

The French in 1812, believing that they had conquered Russia, were very mistaken. They did not expect that the war is not only the observance of the rules of military science, it is also that invisible force that lurks in the souls of the Russian people. It was this force that led both ordinary peasants and the military, uniting them into small detachments, which provided invaluable assistance to the Russian army in defeating the French.

Napoleon, behaving so pompously and pompously in Vilna, was sure that his army would conquer Russia easily and beautifully, and did not expect to meet resistance not only from the army, but also from the common people. He believed that his large army would march victoriously across the territory of Russia and add another page to the book of his glory.

But Napoleon did not expect that this war would become a people's war and his army would be practically destroyed by small detachments of people, sometimes far from military science - partisans.

The guerrillas often acted contrary to the logic of war, on a whim, observing their own rules of warfare. “One of the most tangible and advantageous deviations from the so-called rules of war is the action of scattered people against people huddled together. This kind of action always manifests itself in a war that takes on a popular character. These actions consist in the fact that, instead of becoming a crowd against the crowd, people disperse separately, attack one by one and immediately run away when they are attacked by large forces, and then attack again when the opportunity presents itself,” Tolstoy wrote about them.

Because when it comes to protecting their Fatherland, all means are good, and, realizing this, absolutely unfamiliar people unite in a single impulse for this goal.

Partisans, description and characters

In the novel War and Peace, guerrilla warfare is initially described as spontaneous and unconscious actions of individual peasants and peasants. Tolstoy compares the destruction of the French with the extermination of rabid dogs: "thousands of people of the enemy army - backward marauders, foragers - were exterminated by Cossacks and peasants, who beat these people just as unconsciously as dogs unconsciously bite a runaway mad dog."

The state could not fail to recognize the strength and effectiveness of individual scattered detachments of partisans, who "destroyed the Great Army in parts" and therefore recognized the partisan movement quite officially. Many “parties” along the entire front line have already joined him.

Partisans are people of a special temperament, adventurers by nature, they are at the same time true patriots, without high-flown speeches and beautiful performances. Their patriotism is a natural movement of the soul, which does not allow them to stand aside from the events taking place in Russia.

The prominent representatives of the army in the partisan movement in the novel are Denisov and Dolokhov. With their detachments, they are ready to attack the French transport, not wanting to unite with either the German or the Polish generals. Without thinking about the hardships and difficulties of camp life, as if effortlessly, they capture the French and free the Russian prisoners.

In the novel War and Peace, the partisan movement unites people who, in ordinary life, might not even have met each other. In any case, they would not communicate and be friends. As, for example, Denisov and Tikhon Shcherbaty, so kindly described by Tolstoy. The war shows the true face of every person, and forces them to act and act as the significance of this historical moment dictates. Tikhon Shcherbaty, dexterous and cunning man, alone making his way into the enemy camp to capture the language - the embodiment of people from the common people, ready to serve to destroy enemies out of "loyalty to the tsar and fatherland and hatred for the French, which the sons of the fatherland must observe," as Denisov said .

The relationship between people during hostilities is interesting. On the one hand, Tikhon, having taken the “plastun” and deciding that he is not suitable for Denisov, because he doesn’t really know anything, easily kills him. And on the other hand, he also says that “We don’t do anything bad to the French ... We just played with the guys out of hunting. It was like a dozen or two Miroderov were beaten, otherwise we didn’t do anything bad ... "

Denisov, taking French soldiers prisoner, sends them on receipt, regretting to shoot them on the spot. Dolokhov even laughs at this scrupulousness of his. At the same time, both Denisov and Dolokhov are well aware that if they are captured by the French, there will be no mercy for either one or the other. And the fact that Denisov treated the prisoners nobly will not matter. “But they will catch me and you, with your chivalry, all the same on an aspen,” Dolokhov tells him.

Some come to the partisans for romance, since Petya Rostov came to the war, representing everything that happens in the form of a game. But most often, people participating in the partisan movement make a conscious choice, realizing that in such difficult and dangerous historical periods, each person must make every effort to defeat the enemy.

The Russian people, combining warmth, humility towards loved ones, simplicity and modesty, at the same time is full of rebellious spirit, bold, rebellious and spontaneous, which does not allow you to calmly watch how the conquerors walk on their native land.

findings

In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy, talking about the events, presents them not as a historian, but as a participant in these events, from the inside. Showing all the ordinary nature of essentially heroic phenomena, the author tells us not just about the war of 1812, but about the people who led Russia to victory in this war. He tells the reader about ordinary people, with their usual sorrows, joys and worries about how they look. The fact that, despite the war, people fall in love and suffer from betrayal, live and enjoy life.

Someone uses the war for their own purposes in order to advance in the service, like Boris Drubetskoy, someone simply follows the orders of his superiors, trying not to think about the consequences of following these orders, as Nikolai Rostov begins to do over time.

But there are special people, those who go to war at the behest of the soul, out of patriotism, these are partisans, almost invisible, but at the same time irreplaceable heroes of the war. I want to finish the essay on the topic “Guerrilla warfare in the novel “War and Peace” with a quote from the novel: “The French, retreating in 1812, although they should have defended separately, according to tactics, huddle together, because the spirit of the army has fallen so that only the mass holds the army together. The Russians, on the contrary, in terms of tactics should have attacked en masse, but in reality they are fragmented, because the spirit is raised so that individuals beat without the order of the French and do not need coercion in order to expose themselves to labor and danger.

Artwork test

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in the work "War and Peace" paid great attention to the description of the guerrilla war. According to Tolstoy, "the right belongs to guerrilla warfare."

If we recall the year 1812, we can find such information that the French considered themselves the winners of Russia. They did not take into account the fact that the phenomenon of the Russian army in absolutely all battles of the 19th and 20th centuries is unity and spiritual response to the misfortune hanging over the Fatherland.

It was this phenomenon that became the basis for the formation of the partisan movement, which greatly helped the entire active Russian army.

Napoleon did not even allow the thought that ordinary people living in Russia were able to resist. He was sure that the French would conquer Russia very easily and quickly. He did not expect that the Russian people would enter into hostilities and that the war would take on a popular character.

Who are the partisans? These are ordinary inhabitants of our vast Motherland, sometimes not possessing military skills, but passionately loving their Fatherland, and ready to defend it from the enemy.

First, Tolstoy shows partisan actions as spontaneously created groups of peasants. He shows how these micro-collectives are destroying the French. Something similar happens with them with the destruction of rabid dogs.

Gradually, groups of people began to unite and thus a powerful people's army arose. This movement was officially recognized at the state level, because its actions proved to be effective in combating the enemy army.

Partisans are ordinary people. These are, one might say, true patriots of their country. For them, the defense of the Motherland is a natural impulse of the soul.

Lev Nikolaevich shows the reader Dolokhov and Denisov as true people's commanders of the detachments. They are fearless. The main thing for them is the calmness of Russia.

In addition to commanders, Tolstoy also describes ordinary peasants - partisans. For example, Tikhon Shcherbaty. This is a man whom the author endows with heroic strength, ingenuity. He alone went into the camp of the enemy in order to capture the tongue. And now the language is taken, but Tikhon realizes that he is not suitable for Denisov - he knows too little - he is killing him.

Tolstoy shows Denisov as a person who thinks about his actions. He takes the French prisoner, and sends them on receipt ....

Denisov is aware that if he is captured, he will be killed immediately, without carrying out any rehabilitation actions.

Describing the guerrilla war, Lev Nikolayevich acts as a participant in it. He shows the reader not just historical facts and realities, but also real people, their thoughts and experiences.

Tolstoy says that war is a means for everyone. Only everyone has different goals: someone is looking for fame and honors, someone is for the Fatherland with all his heart, someone cannot imagine himself without Russia ....

For Leo Tolstoy, it is important that the Russians remain united. Because unity is our strength. There will be no unity - the collapse of the Russian army will come ....

For the Russian army, coercion is not necessary in order to come out in defense of their Fatherland in a difficult and dangerous moment.

Composition Partisan war in Tolstoy's novel War and Peace

Lev Nikolayevich not only presented the war with Napoleon in his novel. He showed it through ordinary people, through their perception of what is happening and their attitude. He gave his assessment of various situations. At the same time, emphasizing that only one Kutuzov understood the true essence of affairs.

The great commander saw the senselessness of attacks on the fleeing army of the enemy. He was well aware that the small partisan detachments that had begun to form and the situation in which the French were would complete this war.

Indeed, the position of the enemy troops was deplorable. Weather conditions, unusual for them, did their job. And the fact that they deprived themselves of supplies, ruining Moscow, served as another nuisance for them.

And, at the end of all their troubles - guerrilla attacks. The goal of the people was one - to clear their native lands from the invaders. And he drove them to the border, destroying the great army in parts. The role of partisan detachments is very great.

Some of the participants in these organizations were driven by true patriotism. Someone - a thirst for glory. So, Petya Rostov, having arrived in a partisan detachment, presented all this as a game, not taking seriously the true dangers. He was constantly looking for an opportunity to excel.

This or that led the people is not so important. It is important that this was the final chord of the war. Napoleon did not expect such stamina and fortitude from the Russians. He thought that victory would be easy for him. He kept wondering what kind of unknown force forced them again and again to rise against him. And that power is the people. This power is great and invincible.

The partisan detachments, in the majority, included ordinary people. He was not familiar with either the tactics of battle or other subtleties of military affairs. But, he was familiar with the feeling of love for his native land and the unwillingness of the presence of an enemy on it. Driven by this, he united for attacks.

While intrigues were woven in the highest circles, the people did not hesitate. He just acted. The detachments of Denisov and Dolokhov, represented in the novel, were of great importance. There were many more such associations. And they all contributed invaluably to the course of the war.

The turning point in favor of the Russians came precisely because of the influence and conditions for which the French were not ready, and due to the attacks of the guerrillas. It would seem that small groups of people could not harm the enemy so much. However, their advantage was precisely in the suddenness of the attacks and the ability to hide, inflicting a wound on an already exhausted army. At this stage of the war, the French army was a pitiful sight.

Partisan intelligence was also of great importance. It was not so much difficult for one or two people to find out the necessary information. And then use this information for the next attack.

The strength of the people is a great strength. This was proved by detachments of volunteers who sought to expel the enemy from their country to the last.

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After the French left Moscow and moved west along the Smolensk road, the collapse of the French army began. The army was melting before our eyes: hunger and disease pursued it. But worse than hunger and disease were partisan detachments that successfully attacked carts and even entire detachments, destroying the French army.

In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy describes the events of two incomplete days, but how much realism and tragedy in that narrative! Death is shown here, unexpected, stupid, accidental, cruel and unfair: the death of Petya Rostov, which occurs in front of Denisov and Dolokhov. This death is described simply and briefly. This exacerbates the harsh realism of writing. Here it is, the war. Thus, Tolstoy once again recalls that war is “an event that is contrary to the human mind and all human nature”, war is when people are killed. It is terrible, unnatural, unacceptable to man. For what? Why would an ordinary person kill a boy, even if from another nation, leaning out because of his inexperience and courage? Why would a person kill another person? Why Dolokhov so calmly pronounces a sentence on a dozen captured people: “We won’t take it!” These questions are put by Tolstoy before the readers.

The phenomenon of guerrilla warfare fully confirms Tolstoy's historical concept. A guerrilla war is a war of a people who cannot, does not want to live under the invaders. The guerrilla war became possible thanks to the awakening in various people, regardless of their social position, of the “swarm” principle, the spirit, in the existence of which in every person, in every representative of the nation, Tolstoy was sure. The partisans were different: “there were parties that adopted all the methods of the army, with infantry, artillery, headquarters, with the conveniences of life; there were only Cossack, cavalry; there were small, prefabricated, foot and horse, there were peasants and landlords ... there was a deacon ... who took several hundred prisoners. There was an elder, Vasilisa, who beat hundreds of Frenchmen. The partisans were different, but all of them, driven by different goals and interests, did everything that could be done to drive the enemy from their land. Tolstoy believed that their actions were caused by innate, instinctive patriotism. People who in peacetime calmly went about their daily business, in time of war arm themselves, kill and drive away enemies. So the bees, flying freely over a vast territory in search of nectar, quickly return to their native hive when they learn about the invasion of the enemy.

The French army was powerless against partisan detachments, as a bear, climbing into a hive, is powerless against bees. The French could have defeated the Russian army in battle, but they could not do anything against hunger, cold, disease and partisans. “Fencing went on for quite a long time; suddenly one of the opponents, realizing that this was not a joke, but about his life, threw down his sword, and, taking ... a club, began to roll with it ... The fencer was the French, his opponent ... were Russians ... "

Napoleon's army was destroyed thanks to guerrilla warfare - the "club of the people's war." And it is impossible to describe this war from the point of view of “fencing rules”, all attempts of historians who wrote about this event were unsuccessful. Tolstoy recognizes guerrilla warfare as the most natural and fair means of the people's struggle against the invaders.

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