Plan

1. Normativity of the literary language.

2. The main features of the norm.

3. Imperative and dispositive norms.

4. Variants of the norm. Three degrees of the norm.

1. Normativity of the literary language.

The most important feature of the literary language, as mentioned above, is its normativity, that is, the presence of language norms in it, enshrined in dictionaries, grammars, reference books and mandatory for all native speakers. The norms of the literary language are reflected in various dictionaries: orthoepic, spelling, explanatory, dictionaries of the difficulties of the Russian language, etc.

Language norms are historically established rules for the use of language means, i.e., rules for pronunciation, word usage, choice of grammatical, stylistic and other means, adopted in the social and linguistic practice of educated people. This is a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of language elements: words, word forms, phrases and sentences. In other words, these are the rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language.

The norm is the only possible or preferred option for the correct use of words, their forms and syntactic constructions.

The main signs of the norm.

The main features of the norm literary language are: relative stability and dynamism, prevalence, common use, general obligatoryness, conformity with the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.

One of the main features of the norm is that it is mandatory for all those who speak and write Russian. Attention should be paid to two more important properties of the norm: it is stability and at the same time the ability for dynamic development.

If the norms were not stable, if they were easily subjected to various kinds of influences, the linguistic connection between generations would be broken. Of course, it is difficult for an unprepared reader, for example, to understand texts written in the 11th-12th centuries, but we fully understand the works of A. S. Pushkin, with the exception of individual words and expressions, although these works were created about two centuries ago. The stability of norms is also largely ensured by the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people.

The norm is one of the most important conditions for stability (stability), unity and originality of the national language. The literary norm is mobile: it develops and changes over time, and the degree of mobility is not the same at different language levels.

Imperative and dispositive norms

Norms are classified according to various parameters. According to the degree of obligation, they distinguish imperative(strictly required) and dispositive(variant) norms.

imperative rules are strictly required. Their violation is interpreted as a poor command of the Russian language. Imperative norms include incorrect pronunciation, incorrect placement of stress in words, violation of the rules of declension, conjugation, syntactic compatibility of words, incorrect word usage, erroneous construction of syntactic structures - phrases and sentences. Violations of imperative norms are regarded as gross errors in the use of the language.

dispositive(variant) norms presuppose the existence of variants of pronunciation, word usage, and the use of grammatical units. Violation of the dispositive norm is not regarded as a gross error; it is the choice of one of the coexisting and acceptable in the language options for using its means. For example, the dispositive norm is the norm of stress in such words as cottage cheese - cottage cheese; grammatical norm in the formation of certain forms of words, such as spasm - spasm, cuff - cuff ͵ hussars - hussars and etc.

The system of literary norms of the national Russian language, put forward and described by M.V. Lomonosov in "Russian Grammar" (1755), determined the entire future fate of the Russian language, was completed in the work of A.S. Pushkin and other Russian writers, masters of the word. This system has been preserved to our time, changing and improving in accordance with the internal laws of language development.

Norm options. Three degrees of normal

Language changes lead to options some norms. This means that the same grammatical meaning (for example, place, time, reason, purpose), the same thought can be expressed differently, through different words, their forms and combinations, using different phonetic means. The variance of norms is an invariable and inevitable companion of the development of living languages, and often the cause of difficulties for those who speak them. For example, a noun tractor in many h. has two equal normative forms: tractors, -ov and tractors, -ov. In other words, the form I.p. pl. hours on -a remains outside the literary language, qualifies as incorrect ( engineer) or slang used in professional speech ( driver).

The indicators of various normative dictionaries give grounds to speak of three degrees of normativity:

first degree norm- this is a strict, rigid norm that does not allow options (if options exist in speech, then they qualify as incorrect). Wed:! not right. aka[de]mia; ! grossly wrong.

norm of the second degree- a neutral norm that allows the existence of equal (equivalent) options, which in dictionaries are usually connected by the union and or printed with commas, for example: mattress and mattress(in such cases, there are no normative marks; in addition, it should be remembered that from the point of view of the norm, the order of the options connected by the union and, is insignificant, i.e. the first option has no advantages over the one given in the second place);

norm of the third degree- a more mobile norm, which presupposes the existence preferred (main) option and allows the use colloquial, obsolete forms(in dictionaries we meet litters add. - "permissible" obsolete - "tolerably outdated"), For example: maid, -oh ( additional obsolete sh), that is, options that characterize the scope of professional or artistic speech, for example: silk, -th, -th // in folk-poetic speech it is possible silk; lighthouse, -a // in the professional speech of sailors: lighthouse.

The historical change in the norms of the literary language is a natural and objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers.

The development of society, the change in the social way of life, the emergence of new traditions, the improvement of relationships between people, the functioning of literature and art lead to a constant renewal of the literary language and its norms. According to scientists, the process of changing language norms has become especially active in recent decades.

Questions for self-control

1. What is a “language norm”? Name the main types of norms.

2. How do the norms differ in terms of the degree of compulsion?

3. Define the concepts of imperative (mandatory) and variant norms. Give examples.

4. How do different versions of the norm manifest themselves in the conditions of modern Russian society?

Test tasks

1. Find a statement that is true. Correct speech means:

A) its compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior;

B) its compliance with the generally accepted use of language units;

C) its compliance with the norms of the literary language;

D) its compliance with dialect norms.

Lecture 2

NORMATIVE ASPECT OF SPEECH CULTURE

The concept of a language norm. The concept of literary norm. orthoepic norm. spelling norm. Punctuation rule. lexical norm. morphological norm. syntax norm. stylistic norm.

The concept of "language norm"

Under language the norm we will understand the totality of stable, traditional implementations of the language system as a result of the socio-historical selection of linguistic elements from among coexisting, newly formed or extracted from the passive stock of the past and elevated in the process of social communication to the rank of correct, suitable and commonly used.

The norm of the literary language in the minds of the speakers has the qualities of special correctness, universal validity, it is cultivated in certain radio and television programs, in the mass press, academic theaters and is the subject and goal of teaching the native language.

Style is always characterized by the principle of selection and combination of available language means and their transformation, always tied to a certain social and age group. Some researchers, for example, V. Elistratov, believe that the entire national language is a collection of slang from different social groups, and literary language- this is an intellectual slang. The speech behavior of a certain group is normative for it, and all other speech realizations are declared non-normative.

Thus, the norm is a multi-layered and complex phenomenon, and each variant of the language, each form of the language presupposes the existence of its own norm. One can speak of a dialectal norm, a vernacular norm, and, in opposition to the above, the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form. The norm is a scale of transitions from what is outside the given form, to what is permissible, but undesirable (not recommended), and then to what is the only possible, it is an indicator of the form of the language and a characteristic of the speaker as a carrier of a dialect, vernacular, jargon , literary speech and this is a systemic phenomenon that manifests itself at all speech and language levels and is reflected in its graphic explications.

Accordingly, we can talk about orthoepic, phonetic, word-formation, lexical, morphological, syntactic, intonational and graphic, spelling, punctuation norm.

Violation of the language norm not always an indicator of the ignorance of the carrier (his illiteracy) or lack of knowledge of it. Violation of the norm can be a stylistic means (for example, when creating a speech portrait of a character). The disturbance may indicate the state of the speaker (nervousness, affectation, lack of self-control, fatigue, depression) or may be a symptom of a nervous, mental or somatic disorder.

The concept of "literary norm"

The most important feature of the literary language is its normativity, which is manifested both in its written and oral form.

Characteristic features norms of literary language the following are considered:

I) relative stability. The norm is mobile (cf. modern pronunciation of words officer, scam, topic with the old Petersburg [afytser], [afer], [tem]), linguistic norms are a historical phenomenon, and their change is due to the constant development of the language. What was the norm in the last century, or even 10-15 years ago, today may become a deviation from it: in the 30s-40s. 20th century graduate and graduate student meant the same applicants named all graduates dialectical motivated dialect and dialectic. So more than a hundred years ago, this text would have been absolutely normative: Some spit on the norms of literary speech. We are, they say, everything is allowed, we say so with our families, they will bury us like that. I shuddered when I heard this, but did not oppose. Change not only accentological norms but also morphological. The loss of the dual number caused variants with stress: two hours–an hour has not passed, in two rows–went out of line. Modern grammarians write that after the numeral two the genitive case is used. h., but historically it is the nominative case of the dual number. After the disappearance of the dual number, masculine nouns in the nominative case have a new ending -a, a -s disappears. This process is still observed: in the XIX century. spoke n[O]ride, now - train[A] and by analogy: contract[A], tractor[A], engineer[A], driver[A], carpenter[A] etc. If the old, original norm is denoted by the letter A, and the competing variant is denoted by B, then the competition between them for a place in the literary language takes place in four stages and graphically looks like this:

Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Stage 4
	admissible
B - nepr.		A is outdated.
uniqueness	Competition	Priority B and drop A	New uniqueness

Duality of the norm(stages 2 and 3) - the parallel existence of two equally possible, equally admissible options- always fragile. There is a clear preference for one of the options, it has more weight or more frequency, more prevalence or neutrality, universality, and after a while becomes the only possible one.

II) Distribution - this feature is rather desirable. The well-known sociolinguist B. Larin wrote that "literary languages ​​are genetically connected with the city." But during the formation of the Russian lit. language, most of the population of Russia did not live in cities.

III) Common use - this feature is also often violated, now they rarely say p[O] et, [zh'u] ri, cancer [U] rs, f[O] lga, [I] search; the norm is often a very conditional phenomenon, accepted at the moment, not always reflecting the real state of literary speech, conveying the desirable or outdated. Correspondence between normalization and the real state of literary speech is not always achievable.

IV) General obligation, more precisely general obligation for state means of speech communication, for the education system, for science, etc., since it is impossible to convince a sailor to speak compass, but not compass, the coach of the Olympians - not pass[o]in, a p[A]sov, it is difficult to teach the minister of the oil and gas industry to speak pipeline" instead of pipeline, and all employees of the Institute of Mineralogy SB RAS - call themselves mineral[O]gami, but not miner[A]logs: "fight" professionalism and literary terms continues.

V) Compliance with the use, custom and possibilities of language o v o y s ist e m s. This sign is violated by the codifiers themselves, since, for example, the words “[zh’u]ri” and “poet” are knocked out of the register of the possibilities of the Russian language. The norm exists where there is a choice, where there is the possibility of using such assessments as “acceptable-unacceptable”, “understandable-incomprehensible”, “publicly-inaccessible”, “enough-not enough”, “communicative-non-communicative”. The norm is a mechanism for regulating choice, a mechanism for preference. He is closely associated with cultural archetype native speaker. On the one hand, the norm reflects the desire of the language for stability, on the other hand, for expansion, going beyond the original, the inclusion of new material, new opportunities, new means. It is believed that linguistic norms are not invented by scientists, that they reflect the natural processes and phenomena occurring in the language, and are always supported by speech practice. But it is not always the case. It is impossible to abandon the idea of ​​a norm, since it is the norms that help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. The authors of many textbooks write that it is the norms that protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional slang, vernacular and this allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural. The question arises: from whom are they protecting? The norm only emphasizes the elitism of the literary language, therefore, to the question of whether normalized speech is needed or not, the answer should not be sought in the description language situations. Of course, the literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. Language means that are appropriate in everyday communication may turn out to be ridiculous in official business communication (with the exception of special cases, for example, political psychology, on the contrary, recommends that politicians, when fighting the opposition, call one of the lower-ranking members of the opposition to themselves for a conversation and use the means friendly household communication). In general, the norm does not divide the means of language into good and bad, but points to them. communicative expediency.

Possible three codifying approaches, reflecting three socio-historical types of attitude to the language: to prescribe - a rigid, regulatory position taken by technical, artistic and scientific editors; reflect - descriptive, fixing position (observed in dictionaries); to predict - this position is reflected in linguistic works on the culture of speech and is based on internal trends in the development of the language. Accordingly, the norm (as a policy in relation to the language) is able to have a prescriptive (volitional), reflective (passive) and predictive (guiding) character. Variants of norms are reflected in the dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language. But different dictionaries label variants differently:

Dictionary of modern Russian language	Pronouncing dictionary Russian language. 1983
normalize [A] t = normalize [I] normalize mark[A]t = mark[I] to mark thinking [E] nie \u003d m [S] shlenie creative [O] g, dogov [O] r	normalization[A]t marking[A]t thinking creative [O] g, dogov [O] r and additional d[o]talk

Shifts in normalization are clearly seen in the example of pronunciation - ch-:

Word	Talk. sl. RYA, 1935-40	Orfoep. words. RYA, 1983
everyday		[h] and add. [sn]
bakery		[sn] and add. [h]
diner
toy
on purpose
decently		[sn] and [ch]
decent		[sn] and [ch]
creamy		[h] and add. obsolete [sn]
scrambled eggs
apple		[h] and add. [sn]

Indicators of various normative dictionaries give grounds to speak of three degrees of normativity: norm 1 degree- strict, rigid, not allowing options; norm 2 degrees- neutral, allows equivalent options; norm 3 degrees- more mobile, allows the use of colloquial, as well as obsolete forms. The variability of the norm is formed historically. An example of the parallel duality of the pronunciation literary norm was the Moscow and St. Petersburg pronunciation:

The modern norm combines different options. But it should be noted that the obsolete norm is capable of returning: the processes in the language are reversible. The state of imbalance, vagueness of the norm often creates unsolvable positions: what to recommend? (cf. [Sorry or Sorry, by [F'F']E or by [LJE], [zhY] fly or [zhA] fly). The main method for detecting n. I. the outlined model of the expert commission with its accompanying services can serve. A special methodology requires the identification of the norms of oral colloquial and codified speech. Between n. I. and "abnormal" there are many transitional phenomena that are in a kind of "tambour zone": "systemic" options that are not included in the educated usus(*d [O] conversation, oil pipeline [O] water, locksmith [I]); elements of sociolects (* party, cool, life), neologisms of various types, obsolete and obsolete words, forms, constructions (* f[O]lga, cancer[U]rs, reserve[A]sny, Pole), obsolete linguistic facts undergoing reactivation (* governor, thought, just now, the other day).

Orthoepic norm

Orthoepic norms - norms associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences. Among orthoepic norms there are pronunciation norms(composition of phonemes, their implementation in different positions, phonemic composition of individual morphemes: * in[s]sleep–in [ei] sleep, bulo[h] naya–bulo [sh] naya, washed [sa]–washed [with '] I- in writing, such options are usually not indicated; however, the variation in the phonemic composition of the root can also be reflected in writing: * shaving lia nt–brie lya nt, to aloshi– G aloshi, cr and nka–kr s nka, matra with –matra c, n about eh– n at eh) and norms of supersegmental phonetics (accentological n.) (stress and intonation: cf. options * Sparkling–sparkling, cottage cheese–cottage cheese, delicious–delicious and etc.).

Phonetic options - variants that differ in the pronunciation of sounds, the composition of phonemes, the place of stress, or a combination of these features. Varieties of pronunciation form a circle orthoepic variants (*[therapy–[te]rapia, ag[r'e]ssia–ag [re] ssia, do [zh‘zh’] ​​and–before [wait ‘] and). Varieties of words according to the place of stress refer to accent options (*walls–walls, cooking–culinary). Variants that differ in the composition of phonemes are called phonemic (*overshoe–galosh, tunnel–tunnel, zero–zero).

Orthoepic options - varieties of the same word, characterized, as a rule, by socially significant differences in sound composition. Orthoepic variants can characterize 1) “junior” and “senior” norms (the new pronunciation gradually replaces the old one, but at a certain stage in the development of the literary language, both norms coexist; for example, for some combinations of consonants, it is traditional to pronounce a soft consonant before a soft one: [z’v ’] er, e [s’l ’] and; according to the new norm, the first consonant is hard: [star ’] er, e [sl ’] and); 2) the national and professional sphere of use (the so-called professional standard options: *ext[S]cha–d[O] bull, [I] skra–sparks[A], mineral[O]g–mineralogist); 3) male and female speech (for example, lengthening of consonants in male emotional speech and lengthening of vowels in female); 4) territorial varieties of the literary language.

Orthoepic variants may belong to different styles. So for high style characteristic ekane: b[ei] ru, v[ei] la; pronunciation of unstressed [o]: n[o]cturne, p[o]ethical; hard posterior lingual before ending them. p. units h. adjectives: loud [k] th, strict [g] d, quiet [x] d. AT neutral style pronounced b[ie] ru, vz[ie] la, n[a] kturn, p[b] ethical, thunder [k'i] y, strict [g'i] y, ti [x'i] y. AT colloquial speech dropping of vowels and consonants is observed: wire–wire[lx]a, some–not[who]s, in general–in [a]bshe, a thousand–you[w']a, fifty–n[ii]syat. Due to their social significance, orthoepic variants can be used in stage speech for the social characterization of a character.

Spelling norm

Spelling norm - strict correspondence of the used letters to the system of rules establishing the uniform transmission of the sound language in writing. Spelling is a social institution, n. about. are obligatory, therefore spelling rules are approved not only by the relevant scientific, but also by state bodies.

As a result of the research, pronunciation recommendations are developed - orthoepic rules.

Orthology, units Section of linguistics, the subject of which is the description of the theory of correct literary speech. The concept of "about." associated with the mastery of the norms of oral and written forms of the literary language, i.e., with the study of the normative component of the culture of speech. The creation of grammars and dictionaries with orthological and functional-stylistic prescriptions that would ensure the compilation of the correct phrases in all cases of life and the understanding of everything spoken in a given language is now, perhaps, an unrealistic task for linguistics. In the discipline "culture of speech", a theory of language is currently being formed, taking into account the categories "meaning", "knowledge", "meaning". Such sections of linguistics as the philosophy of language, psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, the theory of speech communication, gave specialists in the culture of speech the following provisions: 1) thinking is preverbal, acts of thinking are instantaneous, biological in nature; 2) logical structures and language constructions are not isomorphic; 3) there are explicit and implicit ways of expressing meaning; 4) there are laws of non-expression of logical structures of thought; 5) verbal-semantic and averbal-thesaurus levels of organization of a linguistic personality function in close connection. The main task of Fr. - develop techniques and recommend conditions for successful communication - cannot be solved without studying the processes of speech-thought, i.e. cognitive processes, components of these processes: background knowledge structures, types of presuppositions, types of propositions (methods of conceptualization), evaluative knowledge, emotions , modal relations. For about. significant are the various ways of conceptualizing the world around us, captured in linguistic categories and their relationships, as well as those systems of syntactic, semantic, stylistic marks that should form an obligatory part of the articles in orthological dictionaries.

Orthological dictionaries - normative dictionaries serving the tasks of improving the language and speech, strengthening the existing norms of lit. language. There are three main types of o. with.

1. O. s., reflecting the norms of oral speech, primarily pronunciation and stress ( *Russian literary stress and pronunciation / Ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. I. Ozhegov. M., 1955–OK. 52 thousand words; Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Accent Dictionary for Radio and Television Workers / Edited by D. E. Rozental. M., 1960; Borunova S. N., Vorontsova V. L., Eskova N. A. Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Under the editorship of R. I. Avanesov. M., 1983, 1989–63.5 thousand words; Eskova N. A. Brief dictionary of difficulties in the Russian language. Grammar forms. stress. M., 1994–12 thousand words).

2. O. s., fixing the difficulties of modern lexical word usage, cases of shifting meanings, their unjustified extension or constriction, tautological combinations, contamination phraseological units, etc. (* Krysin L.P., Skvortsov L.I. Correctness of Russian speech. Difficult cases of modern word usage / Edited by S. I. Ozhegov. M., 1962, 1965; Belchikov Yu. A., Panyusheva M. S. Difficult cases of using single-root words of the Russian language. M., 1968(the 1994 edition is called "Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language"); Difficulties in word usage and variants of the norms of the Russian literary language / Comp. K. S. Gorbachevich, G. A. Kachevskaya, A. M. Nevzhinskaya et al. M., 1973, 1986; Difficulties of the Russian language. Journalist Dictionary. M., 1974, 1993– 94; Rozental D. E., Telenkova M. A. Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1976, 1987–OK. 30 thousand words; Lexical difficulties of the Russian language. Reference dictionary / Comp. A. A. Semenyuk, I. L. Gorodetskaya, M. A. Matyushina et al. M., 1994–OK. 13 thousand words).

3. O. s. grammatical type, indicating the correct choice of a grammatical variant, describing the formation and meanings of grammatical forms (* Graudina L. K., Itskovich V. A., Katlinskaya L. P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. Experience of the frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants. M., 1976; Efremova T. F., Kostomarov V. G. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1986, 1994; Sazonova I.K. Russian verb and its participial forms. Explanatory grammar dictionary. M, 1989).

Spelling error, and. An error resulting from a violation spelling norm.

Punctuation norm

Punctuation norm - compliance of the punctuation marks used in certain syntactic structures with the general codified rules for the functioning of units of the punctuation system.

Punctuation- an autonomous part of the system of means of the written language, the general purpose of which is the graphic organization (division) of the written (printed) text.

The operation of the system of punctuation marks is based on such essential features as a) the scope of the punctuation mark (sentence or text), b) the object of division (text or sentence), c) the result of division (text segment, sentence, element or group of sentence elements), d) grammatical (syntactic) and / or semantic characteristics of the object and the result of division.

Based on these features, a number of classes of punctuation marks can be identified, their core is made up of three classes: 1) separating final (period, question and exclamation marks, ellipsis "break"), 2) separating the middle of a sentence (comma, semicolon, dash, colon, ellipsis "gap"), 3) highlighting the middle of the sentence (paired brackets, dashes, commas, ellipsis, quotation marks), i.e. classes of punctuation marks that provide graphical organization of the sentence (class 1 - ensuring the right border of the text of the sentence, classes 2 and 3 - ensuring its internal division).

The basic principle of organizing punctuation as a functional system is based on the delimitation of three general functions of punctuation means: 1) delimitation of one syntax in the text. structure (or its element) from another (or from another), graphic fixation of the right border of the first and the left - the second (separation or separation); 2) double delimitation of the syntactic structure (or its element) from the adjacent ones - left and right, graphic fixation of the left and right boundaries of the structure in the text (highlighting); 3) combining several syntactic structures into a single whole in the text, graphic fixation of the outer boundaries of the latter and its inner parts (distribution as a function of complexes of punctuation marks).

The correlation of common functions is hierarchical: allocation includes division, both of them are included in the distribution. The center of the punctuation system is the corpus of punctuation marks, which provides the graphic organization of the sentence text. The punctuation system gives the writer some freedom in choosing a sign. For example, the writer has no doubts about the need to set a separating sign in the middle of a sentence between parts of a non-union complex sentence. But the decision on the choice of a specific sign is left to the writer himself - depending on how he understands the semantic-syntactic relations between the parts of an asyndetic complex: as an enumeration, a simple sequence of events ( * The bell rang, the horses rushed(N. Karamzin)) or enhanced (* Tatyana in the forest; bear after her(A. Pushkin)), explanations, causes or effects (cf. possible and colon and dash in the example The youth is gone· the party got boring). Similarly, the choice of a punctuation mark can also be added in other cases, for example, with homogeneous predicates connected by non-repeating conjunctions: this can be a dash (when describing opposition and unexpectedness of an action: * Wanted to travel around the world–and did not go round a hundredth; My horse thought–and jumped) and even an ellipsis in the latter case (* Burmin turned pale... and threw himself at her feet.(A. Pushkin)).

Freedom of choice is associated with the nature of the redundancy of the punctuation system, with synonymous rows of punctuation marks. So frequent are the cases of interchange of members of the gradual synonymous series in class 3 “paired commas - dashes - brackets”. Although brackets are considered a stronger switch-off character than a dash, both characters can be used equally to distinguish insert structures of the same type (cf. * The soldiers (there were three of them) ate, not paying attention to Pierre(L. Tolstoy) and bakers–there were four–kept away from us(M. Gorky)). The researchers note that the popularity of the dash sign is extremely growing compared to commas when highlighting isolated sentences expressed by nouns and directly related to the noun, as well as in the “colon-dash” competition.

Fluctuations in punctuation norm associated with going beyond fixed rules. The most interesting for the culture of written speech is the study of the mechanisms of expressive punctuation, for example, the use of final punctuation marks (and their combinations) in the position of the middle of a sentence: a question mark and a dash (* Karamazov–characteristic. Typical for Russian people?–yes, typical(D. Likhachev)), exclamation point and dash (* What a great one!–lived modestly, secretly, did not visit the technical bureau(V. Dobrovolsky)), dots and dashes (* Just one of...–can the goal be more humane and practical, more untested and more achievable(50/50. Experience of the dictionary of new thinking)). The techniques associated with the use of the final sign in the position of the middle of the sentence are opposed reception of anti-parcellation- the use of the mid-sentence sign in the position of the end of the sentence (cf. parceling - presentation of one sentence, thanks to the isolation parcel and designing the latter with an uppercase letter and a final punctuation mark as two or more). The reception of anti-parcellation leads to the presentation as a single punctuation whole of several sentences combined into one paragraph. The purpose of this technique is to convey the inner speech of the character, its impulsiveness, the flow of thoughts (cf. * Will sign, Kemp realized; this one is all right, worked hard, tied for life; if she dares to confess everything to him, he will cease to believe her; she understands that Roman will not be able to cross his memory(Yu. Semenov), the case of anti-parcellation with a colon vm. semicolons * That is–a completely exceptional case: colonels do not often visit “China”: they do not correspond to rank: there are “visiting houses” for official officials: without publicity, in the manner of furnished rooms, quite well(M. Mstislavsky)). There are constant deviations from punctuation canons when describing someone else's speech in literary texts (cf. * –Everyone has their own tastes(A. Bezuglov) vm. Raisa Semyonovna said imperturbably:

–Everyone has their own tastes.).

A specific form of punctuation (and spelling) codification are reference books in which combinations of rule formulations with comments to them are constantly taking place (see, for example, Bylinsky K. I., Nikolsky N. N. Spelling and punctuation guide for press workers. 4th ed. M., 1970; Bylinsky K. I., Rosenthal D. E. Difficult cases of punctuation. 2nd ed. M., 1961; Valgina N.S. Principles of Russian punctuation. M., 1972; Valgina N. S. Difficult questions of punctuation. M., 1983. Rules of spelling and punctuation. M., 1956; Rosenthal D. E. Punctuation Handbook: For Press Workers. M., 1984; Rosenthal D. E., Golub spelling and punctuation. M., 1990).

However, firstly, the punctuation situation in itself can be quite complex (for example, the junction of two unions (or an allied word and a union), which can occur in a complex, complex, and complicated simple sentence), as can be complex and the rules themselves (for example, the rules for punctuation when homogeneous members of the proposal, since homogeneity is determined more semantically than grammatically, when using semantically ambiguous service words that are difficult to distinguish, requiring selection in one meaning using a paired comma ( as= comparison) or non-selection in another value ( as= ‘in quality’), while this opposition is “blurred” by chance as = 'being'); secondly, the recommendations for setting a punctuation mark may not be fully determined - the decision of the issue is left to the will of the writer (for example, the case with double dashes and quotation marks is not regulated anywhere (* When Alexei entered and asked–"Can?"–Beshelev waved his hand(E. Voevodin); And yet the question–Koenigsberg or Riga?–remained open(Around the world, 1990, No. 6)).

Lexical norm

Lexical norm requires the use of the word in accordance with its inherent meaning in the language system and the corresponding compatibility with other words. Violation of the lexical norm occurs when the context of the use of the word contradicts its systemic meaning2. For example: " To this writer presupposed solid monographs abroad". Presled in Russian literary language means "to state before something, as an introduction to something." It is obvious that a lexical error was made here, which can be corrected by replacing the word presupposed on the devoted .

To prevent lexical errors, you should first of all use explanatory dictionaries, preferably modern Russian language. You can recommend, for example: Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. / Comp. and Ch. ed. . - St. Petersburg: "Norint", 1998; and Shvedova Dictionary of the Russian Language: 72500 words and 7500 phrases. expressions. M.: Az Ltd., 1992. and others.

A kind of lexical norm is phraseological norm requiring the correct use of phraseological units. Errors in the use of phraseological units may be associated with a distortion of the meaning of the phraseological unit or, more often, its form. So, for example, if an elementary school principal proudly says that his school “brings champions capitalized", he will make a phraseological mistake, because the phraseological unit " capitalized" says "about someone, something. worthy of the highest appreciation, admiration, "that is, about someone or something held. It would be more correct to say that in this school they strive to grow future champions. The journalist who used the phrase " Put your hand in one place and be honest...”, made a phraseological mistake, since in the Russian language there is a phraseological unit “hand on heart” - with all frankness, truthfully.

In mastering the phraseological norm, in addition to explanatory dictionaries, special phraseological dictionaries will be of great help, for example: Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language of the late XVIII - XX centuries. / Ed. . – M.: Topikal, 1995; , Zhukov phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. 3rd ed. – M.: Enlightenment, 1994.

Morphological norm

Morphological norm regulates the processes of word - and form formation, ways of expressing grammatical meanings and the use of parts of speech. So, for example, in the sentence " The cook diluted a tablespoon of gelatin in the broth. a morphological error was made, since the noun " gelatin" masculine and in the genitive case has the form " gelatin".

Syntactic norm

Syntactic norm regulates the formation (construction) of phrases and sentences, as well as complex syntactic integers (in the latter case, the syntactic norm is also a textual norm). So, for example, the phrase " pay the fare", since the verb " pay" normally governs a noun dependent on it in the accusative case without a preposition ( pay the fare); That the lake turns black but here it brightens up. This complex sentence is constructed incorrectly. In accordance with the syntactic norm, it should have been said (written) like this: ... That the lake turns black then brightens.

The morphological norm together with the syntactic norm constitute grammatical norm.

Stylistic norm

In addition to the above norms, there are also stylistic norm, which requires that linguistic means (words, phrases, grammatical forms) be selected and arranged in accordance with the chosen genre and style of speech. So, for example, if an informational newspaper article says that “ on the eve of the holiday, the central streets were washed with washing powder" , then the inappropriateness of the so-called “affectionate” form of the noun in this text is obvious (the form “ powder"). Offer " your requirements unacceptable" stylistically perceived as colloquial (this result is obtained by using the full form of the adjective as a nominal part of the predicate). The stylistic norm in this case recommends the use of a short form: “ your requirements unacceptable" .

Language norms are imperative (rigid, mandatory) and advisory (non-rigid, suggesting the possibility of choosing options). For example, most of the spelling rules (norms) are imperative in nature. Imperative norms include declension, conjugation. On the contrary, many stylistic norms are advisory (in colloquial speech - on vacation better in business style on holiday). Accordingly, errors can be divided into gross (violating imperative norms) and non-serious (violating recommendatory norms).

In addition to speech errors, there are speech defects. These are not violations of language norms, but such shortcomings of speech (text) that reduce its effectiveness, for example, the poverty of the dictionary, unjustified repetitions (tautology), verbosity, etc.

In recent years, in connection with a broader understanding of the culture of speech (good, cultural speech began to be understood not only as correct speech, but also as effective speech), there has been a tendency to single out, in addition to proper language norms, communication norms and ethical, which, together with language norms, are designed to provide culture of speech communication in any socially and professionally significant situation (at work, in the family, in interpersonal communication, etc.).

If the main principle (main idea) on which language norms are based is right, then justification communication norms is the principle expediency. Speaking about communicative norms (or, in other words, the communicative component of the culture of speech), they mean, first of all, “1) the correspondence between the goal of communication of the addresser and the expectations from the communication of the addressee; 2) an accurate understanding of the speech characteristics of the addresser and addressee in this situation; 3) taking into account the particular pragmatic characteristics of the addresser and addressee" 1.

2 Motivated deviations from lexical and other norms characterize fiction as a special sphere of the use of language in an aesthetic function.

1 Shiryaev of speech as a special theoretical discipline // The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. M., 1966. S.29-30.

Topic number 3. The concept of a language norm. The main types of norms.

Causes of mass speech errors

The causes of negative phenomena in speech practice include:

· people's trust in the printed word (the habit of considering everything printed and said on television as an example of the norm);

· reduction of editorial exactingness to journalists regarding observance of language norms;

Decrease in the quality of proofreading work;

· the gap between the complicated requirements of the new school curriculum in the Russian language and the real possibilities of today's Russian school;

Decreased interest of schoolchildren in classical literature;

· problems in replenishment of the library fund;

· the transformation of the "Rules of Spelling and Punctuation" of 1956 into a bibliographic rarity and the absence of their new edition;

disrespect for the humanities;

disrespect for addressees of speech;

disregard for one's native language.

In this regard, in the modern school, in the lessons of the humanitarian cycle, it is necessary to pay great attention to the problems of the modern language, not to ignore the existing linguistic facts, but to interpret them and form the attitude of schoolchildren to the development of their native language.

Topic number 3. The concept of a language norm. The main types of norms.

1. What is the norm of the language and what are its features?

Language norm (literary norm)- these are the rules for the use of language means, a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of elements of the literary language in a certain period of its development.

Features of the language norm:

Stability and stability, ensuring the balance of the language system for a long time;

General prevalence and obligatory observance of normative rules;

Cultural and aesthetic perception (assessment) of the language and its facts; in the norm, all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of mankind is fixed;

Dynamic character (variability), due to the development of the entire language system, which is realized in live speech;

The possibility of linguistic "pluralism" (the coexistence of several options that are recognized as normative).

Codification is a linguistically reliable description of the fixation of the norms of the literary language in specially designed sources (grammar books, dictionaries, reference books, manuals).

2. What is the inconsistency of the norm?

The linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposite features.

1. Relative sustainability and stability language norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system for a long time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of the language, which is constantly developing along with the creator and native speaker - society itself.

The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, change. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago, today may become a deviation from it. If you turn to dictionaries and literary sources 100 years old, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: closet (instead of a wardrobe), zhyra (instead of heat), strict (instead of strict), quiet (instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky Theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), vernivshis (instead of returning); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly (instead of mandatory), necessary (instead of necessary), etc.

2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized ubiquity and ubiquity compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to "manage" the elements of speech. On the other hand, one can also talk about "linguistic pluralism"- the existence of several options (doublets) at the same time, which are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (the author of the speech) and objective (language).

3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works of classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, generally accepted, widespread modern usage, as well as scientific research. However, recognizing the importance of literary tradition and the authority of sources, should also be kept in mind author's individuality capable of violating norms, which, of course, is justified in certain situations of communication.
The change in language norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants (doublets), which actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of the norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the Orthoepic Dictionary, the Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language, the Dictionary of Word Combination, etc.
At present, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. It should be remembered that the language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, on the characteristics of a particular style, a deviation from the norm is possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of the norms that exist in the literary language.

3. What are the trends in the development of language norms?

In the development of language norms, certain trends are observed:

1) the trend towards savings. This tendency is manifested at all levels of the language (from nomination to syntax) and is expressed in the contraction of words and elements, for example scientific (scientific library), you brought me (out of balance); loss of suffixes, endings: rails - rail, grams - grams, wet - wet.

2) a tendency towards unification - trimming private grammatical knowledge under a general form: director, professor

3) the expansion of colloquiality into book speech and the neutralization of colloquial elements in literary speech.

4. What are the differences in the degree of normativity?

According to the degree of normativity, it is customary to distinguish the following types of norms:

1. Strict(mandatory) norm (norm of the 1st degree) - in this type of norm there is only one correct option. Ex: document.

2. Neutral norm (norm of the 2nd degree) - there are two equal options. Pr: cottage cheese - cottage cheese.

3. Movable norm (norm of the 3rd degree) - has two options, these options are not equal: the 1st option is the main one, the 2nd option is not literary.

The norm of 1 degree is called imperative, norms of 2 and 3 degrees - dispositive norms.

5.What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools?

In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools, the following are distinguished types of norms.

1. Orthoepic norms(gr. correct speech) - the norms of stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors interfere with the perception of the speaker's speech. The social role of correct pronunciation is very great, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the process of communication.

In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as the Dictionary of Russian Stress, Orthoepic Dictionary, Dictionary of Oral Speech Difficulties, etc.

Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive marks: “ no rivers."(Not recommended), "not right."(not right), "rude."(rough), "bran."(swear words), etc.

2. lexical rules, or norms of word usage are: a) the use of the word in the meanings that it has in the modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymic series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.

3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of the word. Note that morphological norms primarily include: norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, norms for the formation of the plural of nouns, norms for the formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms for the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.

4. Syntactic norms associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When building a phrase, it is necessary first of all to remember about management; when building a sentence, one should take into account the role of word order, follow the rules for using adverbial phrases, the laws of constructing a complex sentence, etc.

Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under the general name - grammar rules.

5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) and punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (writing a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (punctuation marks).

6. Where is the language norm fixed? Give examples.

The language norm is fixed in normative dictionaries and grammars. A significant role in the dissemination and preservation of norms belongs to fiction, theater, school education and the media.

Some names and denominations (for example, names of geographical objects) may exist in the language in various forms (variants), however, usually only one of them is normalized form, that is, in a form that is mandatory for use in scientific, reference and educational publications, as well as in periodicals. For example: St. Petersburg (Peter).

literary norm- uniform, generally accepted rules for the use of language units, fixed in dictionaries and existing in a certain period of language development.

Norms exist at all linguistic levels and in the oral form of the literary language.

Codified norms- entered in the dictionary.

Sources of norms:

1. Classical (fiction) Russian literature.

2. The language of some media (Culture TV channel).

3. The speech of the intelligentsia is not in the 1st generation.

4. Studies of linguists (data from questionnaire surveys).

Sources for changing norms:

1. Colloquial speech (forms of plural nouns in - a: tractor, doctor, professor, etc.).

2. Local dialects (they were dialectal, but the words zaimka, kvashnya, arable land, plow, etc. became literary).

3. Professional jargons (conductor, cruiser, huntsman, etc.).

4. Common speech (modern dictionaries allow the use of the word coffee as a neuter noun).

5. Other languages.

According to the degree of normativity, it is customary to distinguish the following types of norms:

1. Strict(mandatory) norm (norm of the 1st degree) - in this type of norm there is only one correct option. Ex: document.

2. Neutral norm (norm of the 2nd degree) - there are two equal options. Pr: cottage cheese - cottage cheese.

3. Movable norm (norm of the 3rd degree) - has two options, these options are not equal: the 1st option is the main one, the 2nd option is not literary.

Question 5. The main orthoepic norms of the Russian language: pronunciation norms for vowels, consonants.

Orthoepic norms- norms for the correct pronunciation of sounds and the placement of stress in words.

Basic norms for pronunciation of consonants:

1. The pronunciation of consonants /d/, /t/, /z/, /s/ and /r/ before /e/ in foreign words is difficult, since in some cases these consonants are pronounced only firmly, and in others - only softly , in some words a variable pronunciation is possible.

Usually, a hard consonant before /e/ is pronounced in words and expressions that have not been sufficiently mastered by the Russian language (in accordance with pronunciation in Western European languages), while in native Russian words, consonants before /e/ were soft ( veche, dough, river etc.).

The pronunciation of solid consonants before /e/ remains: a) in expressions that are often reproduced using the Latin alphabet ( de facto, de jure); b) in words denoting the realities of foreign life ( cocktail, cottage); c) in terms of ( grotesque, sepsis); d) in proper names ( Voltaire, Goethe).

In long-loaned words, the consonant before /e/ tends to soften ( beret, museum, tenor).

2. There are no extra consonant sounds (and letters) in the words: dermatin, schemer, incident, compromise, compromise, competitive, ascertain, mock, slip, post office, precedent, escort, legal adviser, food.

3. We write thu, but we read /pcs/ in a word what and its derivatives ( to, nothing, no way). Exceptions: something, insignificant, destroy.

Basic norms for pronunciation of vowels:

1. Unstressed / o / is pronounced clearly in the following words: radio, boa, modern, veto, rococo, baroque, oasis, beau monde, bonton and etc.

2. Without /th/ the words are read: project, design, designer, design, patient.

3. There are no extra vowels (and letters) in the following words: unmercenary, future, knowledgeable (but: next), porcupine, perturbation, cake, institution, excessive, extreme.

4. See page 57, number 5.

5. See page 56, number 1.

And accent rules. Lexical and phraseological norms

Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its features.

2. Variants of norms.

3. Degrees of normativity of language units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms of oral speech.

5.1. orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accent rules.

6. Norms of oral and written speech.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

The culture of speech, as mentioned earlier, is a multidimensional concept. It is based on the idea that exists in the human mind of the “speech ideal”, a model in accordance with which correct, literate speech should be built.

The norm is the dominant concept of the culture of speech. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova word meaning norm is defined as follows: "legalized establishment, ordinary obligatory order, state." Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs, traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of a socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of morphological forms of different parts of speech, syntactic constructions, etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of the language, recorded in grammars and normative dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) general usage;

3) general obligatoriness;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language and are supported by language practice.

The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative mass media.

Norm functions:

1) ensures the correct understanding of each other by speakers of a given language;

2) hinders the penetration of dialect, colloquial, vernacular, slang elements into the literary language;

3) educates language taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language tools. Sources for changing norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial variants such as calls- along with Lit. calls; cottage cheese- along with Lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit. [d'e]kan);

Vernacular (for example, in some dictionaries they are fixed as valid colloquial stress options contract, phenomenon, until recently, vernacular, non-normative options);

Dialects (for example, in the Russian literary language there are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. stress options actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, accepted in the speech of health workers).

The change in norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants that exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language Options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical form, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of the language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete, go out of use, others appear.

However, the options may be equal - normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery and bulo [shn] th; barge and barge; Mordvin and Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, while others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. chauffeurA; catholOg and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm are specialized in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral - high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a] no, n[a] floor, m[a] turf and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o] no, p[o] floor, m[o] turf; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like shake up [g’i] wag, wave [x’i] wat, jump up [k’i] wat and the bookish, characteristic of the old Moscow noma, the firm pronunciation of these sounds: shudder [gy] walt, wave [hy] walt, jump [ky] walt. Wed also lit. contract, locksmith and and unfold contract, locksmith I.

Often options are specialized in terms of degree of their modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated. plum [shn] th.

In addition, options may have differences in meaning ( semantic variants ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, induce, force to act).

According to the ratio between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of language units are distinguished.

Norm I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, variants in dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive marks: choice s – not right. choice a; shi [n'e] l - not right. shi[ne]l; petition - not right. petition; pampered - not rivers. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Norm II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: the loop and the loop; swimming pool and ba[sse]in; stack and stack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the union and.

Norm III degree. A mobile norm that allows the use of colloquial, obsolete forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(permissible), add. obsolete(allowable deprecation). For example: August - add. August; budo[h]ik and additional mouth budo[shn]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are presented very widely. In order to choose the correct option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: orthoepic, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries, etc.

Language norms are obligatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means, the following types of norms are distinguished.

Norm types

Norms of oral speech	Norms of written speech	Norms of oral and written speech
- accentological(norms of stress setting); - orthoepic(pronunciation norms)	- spelling(correct spelling); - punctuation(norms for punctuation marks)	- lexical(norms of word usage); - phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - derivational(norms of word formation); - morphological(norms for the formation of word forms of various parts of speech); - syntactic(norms for constructing syntactic constructions)

Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system of phonetic means of expression, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation.

Specific for oral speech are the norms of pronunciation (orthoepic) and the norms of stress (accentological).

The norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries (see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. - M., 2000).

5.1. Orthoepic norms These are the norms of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy (from the Greek. orphos - straight, correct and epic - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms that have historically developed in the literary language.

The following groups of orthoepic norms are distinguished:

Vowel pronunciation: forest - in l[i]su; horn - r [a] ha;

Pronunciation of consonants: teeth - zu [p], o [t] take - o [d] give;

Pronunciation of individual combinations of consonants: in [zh’zh ’] and, [sh’sh’] astya; kone[shn]o;

Pronunciation of consonants in separate grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic [gy] th - elastic [g'y]; in verb forms: took [sa] - took [s'a], I remain [s] - I remain [s'];

Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pu[re], [t’e]rror, b[o]a.

Let us dwell on individual, difficult, cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.

The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] explosive. The pronunciation of [γ] fricative is dialectal, non-normative. However, in a number of words, the norm requires the pronunciation of exactly the sound [γ], which, when stunned, turns into [x]: [ γ ]God, Bo[γ]a - Bo[x].

In Russian literary pronunciation, there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words in which, in place of letter combinations CHN was pronounced SHN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, the pronunciation SHN preserved as obligatory in words kone[shn] o, naro[shn] o and in patronymics: Ilini[shn]a, Savvi[shn]na, Nikiti[shn]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).

A number of words allow for variants of pronunciation CHN and SHN: decent and orderly [w] ny, bool [h] th and bulo [shn] th, milk [n] and young lady. In some words, the pronunciation SHN is perceived as obsolete: lavo [shn] ik, sin [shn] evy, apple [shn] y.

In scientific and technical terminology, as well as in words of a bookish nature, it is never pronounced SHN. Wed: flowing, cardiac (attack), milky (way), celibate.

consonant group Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PCS: [pcs] about, [pcs] oby, none [pcs] about. In other cases, as Thu: not [th] about, after [th] and, after [th] a, [th] y, [read] ing.

For pronunciation foreign words The following tendencies are typical in the modern Russian literary language.

Foreign words are subject to the phonetic patterns operating in the language, so most foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain the peculiarities of pronunciation. It concerns

1) unstressed pronunciation O;

2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.

1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, an unstressed sound is (unstablely) preserved O. These include:

Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;

A small part of special terms that do not penetrate into colloquial speech: bolero, nocturne, sonnet, modern, rococo.

Pronunciation O in a pre-stressed position, it is characteristic in these words for a bookish, high style; sound is pronounced in neutral speech BUT: V[a]lter, n[a]kturne.

The absence of reduction in stressed position is typical for words cocoa, radio, credo.

2. The Russian language system tends to soften the consonant before E. In insufficiently mastered borrowed words, there is a preservation of a solid consonant in accordance with the norm of a number of European languages. This deviation from the typical Russian pronunciation is much more widespread than the unstressed pronunciation. O.

Pronunciation of the solid consonant before E observed:

In expressions that are often reproduced by means of other alphabets: d e facto, d e-ju r e, c r edo;

In proper names: Flo [be] r, S [te] rn, Lafon [te] n, Sho [bae] n;

In special terms: [de]mping, [se]psis, ko[de]in, [de]cadans, ge[ne]sis, [re]le, ek[ze]ma;

In some common words that are in wide use: pu [re], [te] mp, e [ne] rgia.

Most often, consonants retain firmness in borrowed words. D, T; then - With, W, H, R; occasionally - B, M, AT; sounds are always softened G, To and L.

Some words of foreign origin in the modern literary language are characterized by a variable pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before E [d'e] kan - [de] kan, [s'e] ssia - [se] ssia, [t'e] rror.

In a number of words, the solid pronunciation of the consonant before E perceived as cutesy, pretentious: academy, plywood, museum.

5.2. Accentology- a branch of the science of language that studies the features and functions of stress.

Stress norms regulate the choice of options for placement and movement of the stressed syllable among the unstressed ones.

In Russian, the stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity, and tone movement. Russian accent is free, or different places, those. not assigned to any specific syllable in a word (cf. stress in French attached to the last syllable, in Polish - to the penultimate one). In addition, the stress in a number of words can be mobile- changing its place in various grammatical forms (for example, accepted - accepted, right - right).

The accentological norm in the modern Russian literary language is characterized by variability. There are different types of accents:

Semantic variants (diversity of stress performs a meaningful function in them): clubs - clubs, cotton - cotton, coal - coal, submerged(for transport) - immersed(into water; in solving a problem);

Stylistic options (determined by the use of words in different functional styles of speech): silk(common) - silk(poetic) compass(common) - compass(prof.);

Chronological (differ in activity or passivity of use in modern speech): thinking(modern) - thinking(outdated), angle(modern) - cancerurs(outdated).

Stress in Russian is an individual sign of each word, which causes significant difficulties in determining the place of stress in a number of words. Difficulties also arise due to the fact that in many words the stress moves when the grammatical form changes. In difficult cases, when setting stress, you should refer to dictionaries. Correctly placing stresses in words and word forms will also help to take into account certain patterns.

Among nouns there is a significant group of words with fixed stress: dish(cf. plural named after P .: DISHES), bulletin (Bulletin of Enya, Bulletin of Enya), keychain (keychain, keychains), tablecloth, area, hospital, font, scarf, syringe, bow, cake, shoes, manger).

At the same time, there are a number of words in which, when the grammatical form changes, the stress moves from the stem to the ending or from the ending to the stem. For example: bandage (bandages), priests (ksendzA), front (fronts), pennies (penny), coat of arms (emblems), clock (clogs), hit (hit), wave (waves) etc.

When placing an emphasis on adjectives the following pattern applies: if in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the ending, then in the forms of the masculine, neuter and in the plural the stress will be the stem: right - right, right, right; and in the form of a comparative degree - a suffix: light - lighter, but beautiful - more beautiful.

Verbs in the past tense, they often retain the same stress as in the indefinite form: to speak - she said, to know - she knew, to put - she laid. In a number of verbs, the stress moves in feminine forms to the ending: take - took, take - took A, remove - removed A, start - started, call - called.

When conjugating verbs in the present tense, the stress can be mobile: walk, walk - walk and motionless: calling - calling, calling; turn on - turn on, turn on.

Errors in setting stress can be caused by a number of reasons.

1. The absence of a letter in printed text Yo. Hence the erroneous stress in words like newborn, prisoner, excited, beets(moving stress and, as a result, pronunciation instead of a vowel O sound E), as well as in the words ward, scam, bigamist, being, in which instead of E pronounced O.

2. Ignorance of the stress inherent in the language from which the word is borrowed: blinds,(French words in which the stress falls on the last syllable), genesis(from Greek. genesis -"origin, occurrence").

3. Ignorance of the grammatical properties of the word. For example, a noun toast- masculine, therefore in the plural form it has an accent on the last syllable toast(cf. tables, sheets).

4. Incorrect partial reference of the word. So, if we compare the words busy and busy, developed and developed, then it turns out that the first of them are adjectives with a stressed ending, and the second are participles that are pronounced with stress on the basis.

The norms of oral and written speech are the norms inherent in both forms of the literary language. These norms regulate the use of units of different language levels in speech: lexical, phraseological, morphological, syntactic.

6.1. Lexical norms are the rules for the use of the words of the language and their lexical compatibility, which is determined by the meaning of the word, its stylistic reference and emotionally expressive coloring.

The use of words in speech is governed by the following rules.

1. Words should be used in accordance with their meaning.

2. It is necessary to observe the lexical (semantic) compatibility of words.

3. When using polysemantic words, sentences must be constructed in such a way that it is clear what meaning is realized by the word in this context. For example, the word knee has 8 meanings in the literary language: 1) the joint connecting the femur and tibia; 2) part of the leg from this joint to the pelvis; 3) a separate joint, link, segment as part of smth., which is a connection of such segments; 4) bending something, going in a broken line, from one turn to another; 5) in singing, a piece of music - a passage, a separate one that stands out with something. place, part; 6) in dance - a separate technique, a figure that is distinguished by its spectacularity; 7) unexpected, unusual act; 8) branching of the genus, generation in the pedigree.

4. Words of foreign origin should be used justifiably, clogging of speech with foreign words is unacceptable.

Failure to comply with lexical norms leads to errors. Let's name the most typical of these mistakes.

1. Ignorance of the meaning of words and the rules of their semantic compatibility. Wed: It was very experienced thorough engineer (thorough - means "thorough" and does not match the names of persons).

2. Mixing of paronyms. For example: Leonov is the first rascal space(instead of pioneer). Paronyms(from Greek . para- near, next to + onyma- name) – similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning, cognate words. Differences in the meaning of paronyms lie in private additional semantic shades that serve to clarify thoughts. For example: human - human; economical - economical - economic.

Humane – attentive, responsive, humane. Human boss. Human – pertaining to a person, to humanity; characteristic of a person. Human society. human aspirations.

Economical – frugal spending something, respecting the economy. Economical hostess. Economical – enabling sth. save, profitable in economic terms, in operation. Economical way of loading. Economic – related to economics. Economic law.

3. Incorrect use of one of the synonyms: The scope of work is significantly increased (should say increased).

4. The use of pleonasms (from the Greek. pleonasmos- excess) - expressions containing unambiguous and therefore unnecessary words: workers again resumed work(again - superfluous word); most maximum (most- extra word).

5. Tautology (from the Greek. tautologia from tauto- the same + logos- word) - repetition of single-root words: united together, the following features should be attributed, the narrator told.

6. Speech deficiency - the absence in the statement of the components necessary for its accurate understanding. For example: The medicine is made on the basis of ancient manuscripts. Wed corrected version: The medicine is made on the basis of recipes contained in ancient manuscripts.

7. Unjustified use of foreign words in speech. For example: abundance accessories burdens the plot of the story, diverts attention from the main thing.

In order to comply with lexical norms, it is necessary to refer to explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of homonyms, synonyms, paronyms, as well as dictionaries of foreign words of the Russian language.

6.2. Phraseological norms - norms for the use of set expressions ( from small to large; beat the buckets; red as a lobster; salt of the earth; no year week).

The use of phraseological units in speech must comply with the following rules.

1. Phraseologism should be reproduced in the form in which it is fixed in the language: it is impossible to expand or reduce the composition of the phraseological unit, replace some lexical components in the phraseological unit with others, change the grammatical forms of the components, change the order of the components. So, erroneous use of phraseological units turn the bank(instead of roll); play a role(instead of play the role or matter); main highlight of the program(instead of highlight of the program);work hard(instead of to work hard); return to circles(instead of back to square one);eat dog(instead of eat the dog).

2. Phraseologisms should be used in their general language meanings. Violation of this rule results in errors like: The buildings are so close to each other that they don't spill water (turnover water will not spill anyone used in relation to close friends); At the solemn line dedicated to the holiday of the last bell, one of the ninth graders said: “We have gathered today to carry out the last journey their senior comrades(to spend on the last journey - “to say goodbye to the dead”).

3. The stylistic coloring of a phraseological unit should correspond to the context: colloquial and colloquial phrases should not be used in the texts of book styles (cf. the unsuccessful use of a colloquial phraseological unit in a sentence: The plenary session, which opened the work of the conference, gathered a large number of participants, the hall was packed - can't get through with a gun ). With caution, you need to use book phraseological units in everyday colloquial speech (for example, it is stylistically unjustified to use a book biblical phrase in the phrase This gazebo in the center of the park - holy of holies youth of our neighborhood).

Violations of phraseological norms are often found in works of fiction and act as one of the means of creating the individual style of the writer. In non-fiction speech, one should adhere to the normative use of fixed phrases, referring in cases of difficulty to phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Define the language norm, list the signs of the norm.

2. What is a variant of the norm? What kinds of options do you know?

3. Describe the degree of normativity of language units.

4. What types of norms are distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means?

5. What do orthoepic norms regulate? Name the main groups of orthoepic norms.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of foreign words.

7. Define the concept of accentological norm.

8. What are the features of Russian verbal stress?

9. Give the definition of an accent variant. List the types of accents.

10. What do lexical norms regulate?

11. Name the types of lexical errors, give examples.

12. Define the concept of phraseological norm.

13. What rules should be followed when using phraseological units in speech?

Lectures No. 4, 5

GRAMMAR STANDARDS