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NATURE IN ARCHITECTURE

Architecture from birth carries the idea of ​​dominance over the native environment. The first type of construction of the Stone Age that has come down to us, from which the history of architecture counts time, is a menhir, a vertically placed stone block. She proudly declares herself in the surrounding landscape, emphatically contrasting the horizontals of the earth with her aspiration to the sky. It may seem naive, but it is from here, from the menhir, that a direct road leads to Russian bell towers, Gothic cathedrals and Manhattan skyscrapers.

Since that archaic time, architecture has always sought to master the landscape, to occupy the most advantageous positions in it, to become its dominant. A fortress, a church, a manor invariably find their place on an elevated point of the relief, as if mastering the natural situation and spreading around the specific field of their architectural influence. Time has changed little the essence of this approach. One of the creators of modern architecture, Le Corbusier, said so when commenting on his idea: architecture spreads its waves in the surrounding natural landscape like a sounding bell.

Something else has changed - the very situation of an architectural structure standing apart in nature has become unique and highly uncharacteristic. The most common case was the setting of a building in the city, in close proximity to other buildings. The city forms a special type of artificial landscape in which, to use Corbusier's analogy, there is a multiple overlap and complex refraction of architectural "waves". Here you can hardly make out the "sound" coming from a separate structure - it drowns in the general rumble.

At first, while the city was relatively small, the urban landscape still reproduced the main characteristic features of the natural situation. The dominants of the buildings fixed the main points of the natural relief, the buildings emphasized the slopes of the hills and the river floodplain. But the city grew, its buildings grew, spreading to more and more new territories, leveling the unevenness of the relief, driving streams and even rivers into underground pipes. Now it was already a whole world that had almost completely lost its visual connection with its natural underlying basis - the second nature, which buried the first, real one under itself.

Gradually it became unclear what was more here - open street space or overlapped spaces enclosed in the walls of structures. In any case, the latter turned out to be more protected from burning, noise and other consequences of urbanization.

And then nature, retreating far beyond the city, expelled from its streets, enclosed in miserable reservations of city parks, suddenly began to revive inside the buildings themselves. Buildings pushed their walls apart, removed ceilings, despised all the canons of utilitarianism in order to take into themselves - no, not yet nature, but at least - symbols of nature.

Leaves of trees and jets of fountains rustle inside the buildings. There are already many such buildings. Huge, several floors high, the hall with a winter garden and a fountain has become an almost indispensable element of a large modern hotel or office building. This can be seen at the International Trade Center in Moscow. There are also more modest examples - the building of design organizations in Minsk.

Nature entered architecture. At the cost of considerable costs - here are financial and energy costs (extra cubic capacity!), And complex structures, and special engineering equipment. What is the reason for such waste? Socio-psychological factors? The desire to surprise, advertising? Perhaps this is partly. But why in this way? Indeed, in each, even seemingly completely random whim of fashion, there is a deep pattern. Perhaps behind all this there is a certain trend that makes it possible to run ahead, to correctly anticipate the objective development of impending events?

Nature is in architecture. Let's think about the paradoxical meaning of this formula, which turns the traditional concept of architectural space on its head. What by definition should be outside is inside. Wednesday enters the interior of the house. Everything is mixed up, the edges lose their clarity. The interior of the building becomes its face, in fact - its facade. The structure seems to be turned inside out. As a matter of fact, it ceases to be a house and becomes a fenced off part of the urban space. Fenced off - for now. The space of the building is preparing to become the space of the city.

And the focus, the culmination of this space is a mirror of water, a crown of a tree, a piece of land - particles of nature, albeit small, but real. Starting with the idea of ​​an invasion of nature, architecture gives up the holy of holies - its inner spaces - for the invigorating invasion of nature. Indeed, drive nature through the door, it will enter through the window.

In the motley and plentiful stream of today's architectural searches, it is not always easy to discern the real, healthy grains of the future behind random husks. But one thing is clear - a new attitude to nature in many ways transforms the nature of architecture itself. Visible evidence of this is the garden that blossoms inside the house.

Key Thought: Great Relay

Architecture came to people from ancient times.

More than once she threw off her usual appearance in order to appear before them renewed and full of strength. An antique order, a Gothic vault, a mirror wall of a skyscraper... It seems that there is something in common - every time you have to start over, learn everything from the very beginning. And now, when the book has come to an end, we peer into the changeable face of architecture, once again trying to see its future.

Throwing off the facade, fusing into a single whole of the spatial structure, adapting to the dynamic rhythm of life, to the specific needs of everyone and everyone, opening itself towards nature, architecture is again preparing to become different. One that we find difficult to imagine. And yet - as always, architecture.

Because no matter how much architecture changes, no matter how similar it may seem to its own recent past, its essence remains unchanged. Every time it is an attempt to organize human space. An attempt to bring into the non-spiritual physical world what is characteristic of human nature - reason and feeling, logic and beauty. Where she succeeded, her masterpieces remained. Where not, she started a new attempt.

The story about architecture will be continued in the next book. It will be about those stages on which the dramatic spectacle of architecture is played out - about the city. Turning the pages of this book, peering into the familiar features of that real, non-bookish city in which each of us lives, even habitually plunging into its daily bustle, let's always remember that next to us, along the streets and squares of the City, architecture carries its great baton . An art in which mathematics and poetry continue their irresolvable dispute, which goes into eternity.

From time immemorial, architects have turned to nature for inspiration and introduced its image into individual elements, such as acanthus leaves in a Corinthian capital, a rose window in a Gothic temple, and in any other style, there was almost always a floral ornament.

From the second half of the 20th century, new trends and directions began to emerge, where natural forms dominated the overall design of the building. Metabolism, as a concept that came from biology, has become a new word in architecture. Externally, the building could not be compared with any object of wildlife, however, the architects created its internal structure according to the type of a living organism, consisting of cells, that is, from separate blocks in which a person can live. In the process of life, cells die and are born, and in the case of architecture, the easy replacement of old parts with new ones was implied. Appearing in Japan in the 1950s, metabolism left the main monument of architecture - the Nakagin Tower in Tokyo. In the future, many architects took the cellular structure as a basis, but not all ideas were implemented. Now this style has faded into the background, but such properties as the replacement of parts, complexity in the repetition of residential blocks are still found in modern projects.

Nakagin Tower in Tokyo, Japan

A. Isozaki. Cityinair, 1961

HouseinBobruisk, Belarus

ProjectFilene's Eco Pods, Höweller + Yoon,Boston, USA

The next style - organic - like metabolism, was developed in opposition to functionalism. In addition to the use of natural materials and the desire to fit the building into the natural environment, a distinctive feature of organic architecture is also the imitation of natural forms, but not at the “cellular” level, but in a broader sense. Asymmetry, curvilinearity, bends bring the building structure closer to biomorphic objects. Buildings resemble elements such as tree leaves, sea waves, etc.

In the 21st century, organics has grown into bionics, which is not just an imitation of individual elements, but precisely the borrowing of natural forms.

Like the previous styles mentioned, bionics is in opposition. Modern hi-tech with its direct unnatural urban structures is recognized as "inanimate" architecture. Many authors are beginning to move from the style in which they previously worked to the bionic one. They are increasingly collaborating with biologists and engineers to bring their project as close as possible to the desired result. The most famous architects can be called Santiago Calatrava, Nicholas Grimshaw, Vincent Callebo.

ProjectThe Coral Reef,Vincent Callebo

City of Arts and Sciences, Santiago Calatrava

Projectthe eden,Nicholas Grimshaw

Appeal not only to biomorphic forms, but also to the way of life in nature is also becoming a popular topic in architecture. The Shimizu TRY 2004 Mega-City pyramid, designed for overcrowded Tokyo, is an analogue of an anthill. Such a building with a developed infrastructure makes it possible for residents not to leave the boundaries of the pyramid.

In 2006, according to a project developed by Mexican architect Javier Senosyan, a building was built that exactly repeats the shape of a nautilus clam shell. The uniqueness of this project was the spiral internal structure, corresponding to the natural.

The project by the Spanish architects Mozas Aguirre arquitectos, in a sense, returns to the theme of metabolism, as the plan of the building resembles the interlacing of chromosomes that divide the exterior of the building into cells, and refers to the theme of the cellular structure.

New projects are increasingly surprising with their closeness to wildlife, not only due to the borrowing of forms, but also due to the development of concepts, in accordance with which this or that structure will exist as a separate organism.

Summing up, we can say that the main similarity in the development of architecture and biology is evolution - from metabolism to bionics through the cellular structure to the forms of an integral single organism. All three styles resisted the unnatural rigid geometry of functionalism, and later - hi-tech. Today, the distinctive features of metabolism, organics and bionics are often combined. Modern architects do not stop there, improving their ideas both in terms of visual similarity and in terms of construction.

Collection output:

NATURE AS THE BASIS OF ARCHITECTURE

Fomenko Natalya Alexandrovna

architect at LLPUSB- group”, master student of the Kazakh Agrotechnical University named after. S. Seifullina, Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana

NATURE AS A BASE OF ARCHITECTURE

Fomenko Natalya Alexandrovna

architect in “USB-Group” LLP, master student of S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Republic of Kazakhstan Astana

ANNOTATION

This article discusses the methods of interaction between natural images and architecture. The main ideas of the formation of natural styles over the years are displayed. Influencing factors on the formation of architecture are indicated. The works of the influence of the working methods of nature on architecture are considered. A variant of preserving the natural appearance is presented.

ABSTRACT

The methods of nature image and architecture interaction are view in matter. Basis ideas of nature style formation over extended time are image. The influence factors on the architecture formation are denoted. Works of influence nature system methods on architecture are view. Variant of save nature image is present.

Keywords: nature; human; architectural form; design ecology; harmony; architecture adaptability; landscape.

keywords: nature; man; architecture form; ecology of design; harmony; adaptability of architecture; landscape.

The connection between man and nature is inseparable, no matter how a person strives for progress, he still returns to natural sources. Nature is the source from which over the centuries people have drawn inspiration, creating ever new architectural styles. Undoubtedly, they reflect both the achievements of scientific and technological progress and spiritual beliefs. New views, new inventions allow a person to create life around him. Features of the nature of the place, climatic conditions, cultural and historical features of the people dictate the forms of formation of the architecture of recreational areas. The influence of natural appearance on aesthetic education, the formation of living values. The ability to preserve nature today for future generations is one of the most important tasks.

Nature is a manifestation of the world in a variety of forms. A unique organism with a harmoniously developed system of interaction of all its elements, one of which is a person. A social being with consciousness, reason; the subject of socio-historical activity and culture. From time immemorial, building culture on communication with spiritual forces. Surrounded by the products of scientific and technological progress, a person does not cease to draw inspiration from nature and increasingly strives for spiritual rest. That the architecture of recreational zones cannot always allow. The main criterion in the design is the economic factor, which is undoubtedly important, but only a competent combination of architecture and landscape creates a favorable recreational environment.

Initially, the term architecture meant the art of constructing buildings, in our time, architecture is a reflection of the capabilities of mankind and advances in technology. Recently, the most common materials are concrete, glass and metal. New building designs are being developed. Increasingly, the facades of buildings are decorated with metal structural elements, rough forms are used in the architecture not only of business and public centers of the city, but also in the architecture of recreational areas. Filling natural space with architecture with pronounced structural elements leads to the destruction of the image of nature as a single organism. Human dominance is causing the destruction of natural monuments. The architecture of recreational areas should serve not so much as an organization of residential processes, but as a guide from the world of mankind to the world of nature, sources of life energy. To meet the need for psychological and energy rest, the dominance of nature is important. It is important to be a guest of nature, and not be its master. Occupying a dominant position, nature invites, gets acquainted, communicates, shares energy, a sense of life, in the case when a person dominates, nature freezes, closes, turns away from a person, it seems to stop breathing, in the hope that a person will not notice her and will pass by. She is waiting for the very moment when a person leaves her forever to breathe in peace. At a time when a person can maintain the majesty of nature, be part of an ecosystem. Open a new breath in the formation of architectural styles of recreation areas.

The formation of architecture hidden in the natural environment preserves the original appearance of natural monuments. In the process of formation, it is very important to take into account the interests of the environment in order to obtain a favorable result of the interaction between the environment and man. The location of the recreational zone, climate and ecology of the area play an important role. Following the principles of ecology, the visual solution of the architectural and spatial environment depends on the location. The climate influences the choice of structures and materials used. The cultural and historical factor is of great importance. The presence of natural monuments requires greater attention to them in order to preserve their appearance. Being a natural treasure of their state, they are of great value in their uniqueness. Taking into account the historical and cultural elements in the formation of the architectural environment, the cultural values ​​of the people are preserved. With the advent of civilization, there is a decline in culture - the price of progress, but looking back in any culture, you can see that the ancestors were in close interaction with nature, that the formation of not only architecture, but the whole way of life came from natural processes.

The connection between man and nature can be observed in many manifestations of human activity. The desire of a person to surround himself alive is driven by the creation of landscape gardening areas, the domestication of animals and the cultivation of small gardens on windowsills. The display of images of nature can also be traced in the formation of architectural styles since the twentieth century. Living lines, smoothness and fluidity of forms became the main principles of modern style, the image of floral patterns on the parquet, the use of plant forms in forging. A style where the decor on the wall flows smoothly to the ceiling, clearly showing the presence of life inside each element, frozen only for a moment. Expressionist architecture displays natural forms in its works, most often evoking natural landscapes: mountains, rocks, caves, stalactites. The emergence of the direction of organic architecture is caused by desire, by combining architecture and landscape - the formation of a harmonious space, where the elements do not occupy dominant positions, but rather interact closely, complementing each other. A style where architecture, while maintaining the constructiveness of the image, is a continuation of the natural environment, like the evolutionary form of natural organisms. The borrowing of wildlife forms is observed in the new bio-tech style. The difference is the use of modern materials, a combination of glass and metal structural elements. But often architecture as a constructive element has the function of organizing space to meet human needs. A completely different kind of functionality of architecture is displayed in the works of Michael Paulin. The application of the working methods of nature leads to the most unexpected results. Allows you to save energy, resources, create waste-free production. Nature initially conceived the circulation of substances in nature, which implies the harmonious development of all its elements, but not always a person takes this into account. When extracting a resource, a person simply wastes it, extracting the smallest amount of profit and getting rid of the rest. The same happens with nature, often with the development of recreation areas, most of the natural resource is completely destroyed, because the main goal is monetary profit. The remaining nature is being killed by pollution. A person considers himself the owner of the land and everything that grows on it, despite the fact that he knows how much he depends on it. Currently, not many projects of "natural architecture" are known. Even in ancient times, living bridges were used in India and Japan, they were created by interlacing rubber trees, the structure was strengthened due to natural growth. There are cases of growing houses using the method of arboarchitecture. Directions originated from the direction of arbosculpture, created by Axel Erladsen, the meaning of which was the creation of various forms from growing trees. But it takes a lot of time.

Grass roofs are very common in the Scandinavian countries. Norwegian scientists have proven that this type of roof has excellent heat and sound insulation, which is not only environmentally friendly but also economically beneficial. In Germany, the decoration of roofs with flower arrangements has already become popular, which gives not only harmony with nature, but also a special individuality to the building.

A person spends most of his life in the concrete jungle that he creates himself, so recreational architecture requires a special approach and attention. A special role in environmental propaganda and education should be given to the promotion of a healthy lifestyle in harmony with nature, the development of ecological tourism.

The idea of ​​human existence in harmony with nature is displayed in many religious directions. Paganism implies the complete connection of man with nature. All living things have a soul. The gods are behind all natural phenomena. Communicating with nature means gaining knowledge. Gaining wisdom is a reasonable and careful attitude to your living planet, returning yourself to balance with the natural world. Buddhism shows the correlation of the processes of the world of spirituality, with the processes of the interactions of nature. The interaction of energies is considered as a physical interaction. Nature is a standard, an open book of knowledge that should be studied. Taoism, like Buddhism, suggests focusing on the present moment, since nothing in life is more permanent than change. The world is what it is, and if perfection exists, it is all around us, but not in our imagination. Based on this premise, any attempt to change the world is an attack on its perfection, which can only be discovered in a state of rest. The return to perfection is a movement from the unnatural to the natural.

Architecture is one of the important elements of human life, and has had a protective function since ancient times. The harmonious organization of space and appearance is an important factor for creating an environmentally friendly recreational environment. Formation of architecture as a single organism created by man in harmony with nature. Harmony is the balance of opposing forces, an equal combination of interaction, the main principle of nature. Equivalence of forces is the basis of harmonious life. Allowing the penetration of one into the other and vice versa clearly displays the yin-yang symbol. The search for architecture in nature and the embodiment of nature in architecture is the highest degree of harmonious interaction.

Bibliography:

1. The concept of environmental safety of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2004-2015, Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 3, 2003 No. 1241. - 19 p.

2. Polin M. Using the genius of nature in architecture. 2010. [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/ru/michael_pawlyn_using_nature_s_genius_in_architecture.html (accessed 03/11/2013).

At the end of the 19th century, pioneering architect Antoni Gaudí found inspiration for Barcelona's grandiose Sagrada Familia while walking through the woods. A hundred years after the amazing projects of Gaudí, a new trend appeared in architecture, called biometrics - the imitation of nature in man-made structures.

Nature is the best source of inspiration for architects

For several decades of its existence in architecture, biometrics has changed its content and general direction. At the very beginning, architects were guided by natural forms in the drawings of their projects, today they are interested not only in external beauty; the direction seeks to “understand” nature, its possibilities and the many ways in which nature makes the most of the minimum amount of resources.

Today, humanity is increasingly faced with the need to save resources, from electricity to territory, and biometrics suggests imitating not only natural forms, but also processes and structures by which a building becomes an active part of the natural world, without taking away resources, but rather adding them. Understanding the need to be close to nature, architects study termite mounds and anthills to understand the natural ventilation pattern. Roofs, facades and even walls of houses are used to grow plants and sometimes living organisms. We invite you to get acquainted with the most striking projects of biometric architecture.

Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, ​​Spain

Gaudi always considered nature to be the best architect, and each of his projects became a kind of ode to natural forces. The most majestic work of Antoni Gaudí is the Sagrada Familia, which is scheduled to be completed in 2026, exactly one hundred years after the death of the architect.

The interior of the cathedral, and especially the colonnade, is inspired by the image of a quiet forest. The columns, like the trunks of giant trees, shoot up, where they are illuminated by the sunlight that enters the cathedral through the green and gold stained glass windows.

Art Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

The most remarkable feature of the elegant Milwaukee Museum of Art building is the sun roof, which resembles the wings of a bird and is controlled by a lifting mechanism capable of lowering and raising the 90-ton protective structure.

The architect, according to whose project the museum was built, Santiago Calatrava, drew inspiration from watching Lake Michigan, it is on its shore that the museum stands. The lake inspired the architect with the image of wings and sails, which was reflected in the design of the building.

Kunsthaus, Graz, Austria

The Kunsthaus has a biomorphic structure and is in great contrast to the historical part of the city in which it was built. The main architects looked for inspiration from nature, but did not try to imitate anything. The result of their labors was a building that locals and lovers of modern architecture dubbed "friendly alien." The Kunsthaus is equipped with a media façade, which makes it look more like a living being than a structure made of reinforced concrete panels.

National Theatre, Taichung, Taiwan

Architect Toyo Ito was inspired by natural caves, stone mounds and water currents. He managed to combine all this into one design, which became like a natural island of smooth lines and rounded shapes in the noisy and "rectangular" city of Taichung.

Mary Ax, 30, or The Gherkin, London, UK

The tower, shaped like a cucumber and located in the center of London, is one of the first buildings to rethink the concept of imitation of nature in architecture. In this project, it is not only the form and consumption of daylight and planting areas that are sustainable. The gherkin is built using an "exoskeleton", a structure that carries ventilation through the entire building. The architects were inspired by the nutritional process of the sea sponge, which passes water through itself. The absolute absence of corners near the building does not allow air flows to go down, thereby providing natural ventilation.

Eden Project, Cornwall, UK

A huge botanical garden with an area of ​​22 thousand square meters is located on the territory of an abandoned and cultivated quarry. On the territory of Eden grow species of trees, grasses and shrubs of tropical latitudes and the Mediterranean climate, as well as jungle flora. The garden consists of several domes, reminiscent of soap bubbles in shape and appearance.

Inside the spheres are divided into biomes - territories united by common climatic conditions and vegetation. In the center of "Eden" is an educational center that imitates the Fibonacci spiral - a shape that is repeated by pine cones, pineapples, sunflowers and snail shells.

Algae House, or Green House, Hamburg, Germany

The unique house in Hamburg includes in its design living organisms - microalgae that live in aquariums located within the walls of the building. These algae grow dozens of times faster than any other organisms on the Earth's surface and are regularly harvested and used as biomass for fuel production. Residents of such a house use 100% green energy. In addition to the energy function, algae regulate the lighting of the building. In sunny weather, they multiply rapidly and cover the walls of the aquarium with a green translucent veil, acting as a natural filter. In bad weather, the glass remains transparent and allows maximum daylight through.

Eastgate office building, Harare, Zimbabwe

The chief architect of this office and shopping center managed to design a house using the very natural ventilation of termite mounds. The idea came to him while watching a documentary about termites. The outer structure of the building, its facade are covered with holes, like skin with pores.

Architects call "Eastgate" the best example of biomimicry to date, and not only in construction and design. The result of Mick Pierce's idea was the concept of passive ventilation, a concept in which the building does not need a heating or air conditioning system, which saves on energy.

Downland Gridshell Building, Chichester, UK

This light and airy building is part of the open-air museum of the same name. Its construction was completed in 2002, the main material was thin oak planks, bent in such a way as to create a double curve, imitating the shape of a shell.

In addition to the natural form, the construction of the building resembles the process of building a nest, by interweaving thin twigs. Thus, a very light, but strong structure is created. The use of renewable natural resources and the location of the building in the heart of the forest make it even closer to nature.