Currently, Russia provides for a normal one, which cannot be more than 40 hours. This is stated in article 91 of the Labor Code. That is why there is an 8-hour working day during which each employee of the organization performs his official duties. is not included in this period of time and is not paid.
From the history
In November 1917, a very significant event took place in Russia that changed the lives of many working people of that time. A decree was passed that fixed the day. By this time, in many countries there was an exhausting struggle to reduce the number of workers.
In the future, the 8-hour working day lost its relevance, and in 1928-1933 a transition was made to a 7-hour work period. The duration of the working week was 42 hours. After the outbreak of World War II, an 8-hour working day was established. Later (1656-1960) the working day was again reduced to 7 hours. And only in 1991, a law on the protection of workers' rights was adopted, which stipulated that the duration of the working week could not exceed 40 hours. This provision was enshrined in the Labor Code.
Break
In accordance with the labor legislation of Russia, every employee has the right to rest and eat. Breaks during an 8-hour working day cannot last more than two hours. However, lunch cannot be less than thirty minutes. Here it should also be noted that a break for rest and eating is not included in the working time of the worker. And that's why it's not paid.
Example
The employee goes to work according to the established schedule from 8:00 to 17:00. In fact, she performs her duties for 8 hours a day. Because she has a five-day work week. In addition, she is given one hour to rest and eat. This is provided for by law and labor regulations. She cannot ignore them. If you set her a working day without lunch, then this will be a violation of labor laws.
Is it productive
In modern life, the question of reducing or increasing the working day and, in general, the length of the working week is quite acute. Of course, all state and municipal enterprises are accustomed to the fact that the working day begins at 8 am and ends at 5 pm. And is it productive? And how much can an employee do during this time? Many entrepreneurs believe that a person is able to work well and productively only for a few hours. After that, the subordinate is simply distracted. Therefore, with an 8-hour working day, it is difficult for an employee to fulfill all the instructions of the management competently and quickly.
Not so long ago, in 2010, Mikhail Prokhorov proposed to increase the existing working week by as much as 20 hours. However, no one really supported his idea. After all, a person, in addition to work, must rest and do other, no less important things.
How to plan your work time
This question is asked by many citizens of our country who have a job. An 8-hour working day implies that a person must perform certain job duties and instructions from the management throughout this time. Therefore, it is important here not to be distracted and not to engage in your personal affairs. This is especially not worth doing in the case when the head of the organization does not treat his employee very well.
A person must learn to do the most important work first, and then deal with the remaining documents (if we are talking about an office).
Example
Three new employees were hired by the company at once. Accordingly, the HR specialist had more work to do immediately. In addition, he needed to draw up additional agreements to the existing employment contracts. The specialist began to deal with both, as a result, he did not manage to do anything.
Schedule
Each organization or enterprise has a working time schedule. It's called a chart. It reflects the beginning of the work and its end. It is also necessary to specify the work schedule in the employment contract with the employee. After all, infringing on the rights of a citizen is simply unacceptable. What are we talking about?
Suppose a person working in an organization has an 8-hour working day. The schedule of the duration of his labor activity should be strictly limited to a given period of time. After that, it is unacceptable to detain an employee at the workplace. He has the right to rest and engage in his personal affairs.
In addition, lunch during an 8-hour working day cannot be less than 30 minutes. This rule is enshrined in labor law.
Other categories
As a general rule, the working week is 40 hours. This means that there are eight hours per working day. But there are always exceptions to the general rule. For example, for some categories of workers, the average per day may be less.
Thus, employees of educational institutions cannot perform official duties for more than 36 hours a week. Accordingly, their working day will be less than eight hours.
Employees of medical institutions should work no more than 39 hours a week. Therefore, with a five-day work week, the duration of their official activities per day will be no more than seven and a half hours.
pros
During the working day, which is 8 hours, the employee manages to do a lot of good deeds and fulfill all the instructions of the management, it is possible even to visit other institutions. In addition, we should not forget that citizens who work at enterprises according to such a schedule can safely go on sick leave, take a vacation. They also do not have to work on weekends and holidays. Because their salary is fixed and is written in the employment contract.
The management of the organization always sees the advantages of an eight-hour working day in the fact that subordinates are under their control all this time, which means they will better perform their duties and will not be able to go home earlier.
In addition, with such a stable schedule, a person can set aside time for lunch. In an eight-hour workday, it is at least thirty minutes, but in most organizations, this is allotted a full hour. This period of time is not paid, but the employee gets the opportunity to relax, get distracted, normally, slowly, have lunch. This is his legal right, which is provided for by labor legislation and the contract. And no one can attack him.
Minuses
Most people work in enterprises and organizations where an 8-hour working day is set (lunch lasts, as a rule, one hour), which is quite convenient. Nevertheless, many still believe that it would be better to shorten the period of service. This is especially true for people engaged in heavy physical labor. This is primarily due to the fact that people are very tired, as a result of which they do not always have time to complete their tasks. For employees, this is a minus, and for unscrupulous heads of organizations, on the contrary, a big plus. After all, a person who is tired after an 8-hour working day will not demand promotion and salary, because he will no longer have free time for this. He is not able to develop and set new goals and objectives.
People who work on a standard schedule most often spend their free time at home in front of the TV and computer, they do not want to play sports. On the prescribed two days off, they go shopping and pick up a lot of unnecessary things and products. Because after work, you don’t always want to go to the supermarket for a new portion of vegetables and fruits.
In addition, office workers gain weight very quickly during the 8-hour day. After all, you need to spend all the time sitting at the table at the computer, and at lunchtime you want to eat something delicious. The movements of such workers are minimal.
People who work 8 hours a day get sick very often. As a result, their income decreases and their expenses increase.
In what cases can the working day be reduced
In a 40-hour week, a normal working day is 8 hours. This time does not include a lunch break, that is, it is not paid. Before a holiday, working hours must be reduced by one hour. This rule is enshrined in the TC. In addition, persons who work part-time in another organization must work there for no more than four hours. On weekends, they are allowed to work a full shift.
In addition, the eight-hour working day can be reduced for certain categories of employees. For example, for women in position, mothers with children under 14 or disabled people under 18, people who care for sick relatives. Citizens who are on parental leave, but are forced to continue their official activities, should be given a part-time job (4 hours).
Important
Despite the fact that most people work in factories for 8 hours a day, their efficiency does not increase from this. Because employees who have a stable salary, independent of performance, are not interested in performing their job duties more quickly. Because this does not affect their wages. This is despite the fact that all official activities are under the control of management. The lunch break for an 8-hour working day should not be less than thirty minutes, but not exceed two hours.
All employees working in this mode are entitled to vacation and sick leave. The payment of the latter will depend on the length of service of the subordinate.
A citizen who works eight hours a day cannot always immediately fulfill the tasks assigned to him. But even in this case, the head of the enterprise cannot detain him on the spot after the expiration of working hours.
Working hours - the time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal labor regulations and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties, as well as other periods of time that, in accordance with this Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, relate to working time.
Normal working hours may not exceed 40 hours per week.
The procedure for calculating the norm of working time for certain calendar periods (month, quarter, year), depending on the established length of working time per week, is determined by the federal executive body that performs the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor.
(Part three was introduced by Federal Law No. 157-FZ of July 22, 2008)
The employer is obliged to keep records of the time actually worked by each employee.
Article 92. Reduced hours of work
Reduced working hours are set:
for employees under the age of sixteen - no more than 24 hours a week;
for employees aged sixteen to eighteen years - no more than 35 hours per week;
for employees who are disabled people of group I or II - no more than 35 hours a week;
for workers employed in jobs with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions - no more than 36 hours a week in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations.
(part one as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of 30.06.2006)
The length of working time of students of educational institutions under the age of eighteen, working during the academic year in their free time, may not exceed half of the norms established by the first part of this article for persons of the corresponding age.
(As amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ dated June 30, 2006)
This Code and other federal laws may establish reduced working hours for other categories of employees (pedagogical, medical and other employees).
(As amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ dated June 30, 2006)
Article 93. Part-time work
By agreement between the employee and the employer, part-time work (shift) or part-time work week can be established both at the time of employment and subsequently. The employer is obliged to establish a part-time working day (shift) or part-time working week at the request of a pregnant woman, one of the parents (guardian, custodian) who has a child under the age of fourteen (a disabled child under the age of eighteen), as well as a person exercising caring for a sick family member in accordance with a medical certificate issued in accordance with the procedure established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.
(As amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ dated June 30, 2006)
When working on a part-time basis, the employee is paid in proportion to the time worked by him or depending on the amount of work performed by him.
Work on a part-time basis does not entail any restrictions for employees on the duration of the annual basic paid leave, the calculation of seniority and other labor rights.
Article 94. Duration of daily work (shift)
The duration of daily work (shift) cannot exceed:
for employees aged fifteen to sixteen - 5 hours, for those aged sixteen to eighteen years - 7 hours;
for students of general educational institutions, educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, combining study with work during the academic year, at the age of fourteen to sixteen years - 2.5 hours, at the age of sixteen to eighteen years - 4 hours;
(As amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ dated June 30, 2006)
for the disabled - in accordance with a medical certificate issued in accordance with the procedure established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.
(As amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ dated June 30, 2006)
For workers employed in jobs with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, where reduced working hours are established, the maximum allowable duration of daily work (shift) cannot exceed:
with a 36-hour work week - 8 hours;
with a 30-hour work week or less - 6 hours.
The collective agreement may provide for an increase in the duration of daily work (shift) in comparison with the duration of daily work (shift) established by part two of this article for employees employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, subject to the maximum weekly duration of the worker. time (part one of Article 92 of this Code) and hygienic standards of working conditions established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.
(Part three as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006)
The duration of the daily work (shift) of creative workers of the media, cinematography organizations, television and video crews, theaters, theater and concert organizations, circuses and other persons involved in the creation and (or) performance (exhibition) of works, in accordance with the lists jobs, professions, positions of these workers, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations, may be established by a collective agreement, a local normative act, an employment contract.
(Part four was introduced by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of 30.06.2006, as amended by Federal Law No. 13-FZ of 28.02.2008)
Article 95
The duration of the working day or shift immediately preceding a non-working holiday is reduced by one hour.
In continuously operating organizations and in certain types of work, where it is impossible to reduce the duration of work (shift) on the holiday day, processing is compensated by providing the employee with additional rest time or, with the consent of the employee, payment according to the norms established for overtime work.
On the eve of the weekend, the duration of work with a six-day working week cannot exceed five hours.
Article 96. Night work
Night time is from 22:00 to 06:00.
The duration of work (shift) at night is reduced by one hour without subsequent working off.
(As amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ dated June 30, 2006)
The duration of work (shift) at night is not reduced for employees who have a reduced working time, as well as for employees hired specifically for work at night, unless otherwise provided by the collective agreement.
The duration of work at night is equalized with the duration of work in the daytime in cases where it is necessary for working conditions, as well as in shift work with a six-day working week with one day off. The list of the specified works can be determined by the collective agreement, the local normative act.
To work at night are not allowed: pregnant women; employees under the age of eighteen, with the exception of persons involved in the creation and (or) performance of works of art, and other categories of employees in accordance with this Code and other federal laws. Women with children under the age of three, disabled people, employees with disabled children, as well as employees caring for sick members of their families in accordance with a medical certificate issued in accordance with the procedure established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation , mothers and fathers raising children under the age of five without a spouse, as well as guardians of children of this age, may be involved in night work only with their written consent and provided that such work is not prohibited to them for health reasons in accordance with medical advice. At the same time, these employees must be informed in writing of their right to refuse to work at night.
(as amended by Federal Laws No. 97-FZ of 24.07.2002, No. 90-FZ of 30.06.2006)
The procedure for work at night of creative workers of the media, cinematography organizations, television and video crews, theaters, theater and concert organizations, circuses and other persons involved in the creation and (or) performance (exhibition) of works, in accordance with the lists of works professions, positions of these workers, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations, may be established by a collective agreement, a local normative act, an employment contract.
(as amended by Federal Laws No. 90-FZ of 30.06.2006, No. 13-FZ of 28.02.2008)
Article 97. Work outside the established duration of working hours
(As amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ dated June 30, 2006)
The employer has the right, in accordance with the procedure established by this Code, to involve an employee in work outside the working hours established for this employee in accordance with this Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, a collective agreement, agreements, local regulations, employment contract (hereinafter referred to as the length of working time established for the employee):
for overtime work (Article 99 of this Code);
if the employee works on irregular working hours (Article 101 of this Code).
Article 98 - Federal Law of June 30, 2006 N 90-FZ.
Article 99. Overtime work
(As amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ dated June 30, 2006)
Overtime work is work performed by an employee at the initiative of the employer outside the working hours established for the employee: daily work (shift), and in the case of summarized accounting of working time - in excess of the normal number of working hours for the accounting period.
An employer may involve an employee in overtime work with his written consent in the following cases:
1) if necessary, perform (finish) the work that has been started, which, due to an unforeseen delay due to the technical conditions of production, could not be performed (completed) within the working hours established for the employee, if failure to perform (non-completion) of this work may lead to damage or loss of property the employer (including the property of third parties held by the employer, if the employer is responsible for the safety of this property), state or municipal property, or endanger the life and health of people;
2) during the production of temporary work on the repair and restoration of mechanisms or structures in cases where their failure may cause a significant number of employees to stop working;
3) to continue work in the absence of a replacement employee, if the work does not allow a break. In these cases, the employer is obliged to immediately take measures to replace the shift with another employee.
Engaging an employer of an employee to work overtime without his consent is allowed in the following cases:
1) in the performance of work necessary to prevent a catastrophe, industrial accident or eliminate the consequences of a catastrophe, industrial accident or natural disaster;
In accordance with Federal Law No. 417-FZ of December 7, 2011, from January 1, 2013, in clause 2 of part three of this article, the words "water supply systems, gas supply, heating, lighting, sewerage," will be replaced by the words "centralized hot water supply systems, cold water supply and (or) water disposal, gas supply systems, heat supply, lighting, ".
2) when performing socially necessary work to eliminate unforeseen circumstances that disrupt the normal functioning of water supply, gas supply, heating, lighting, sewerage, transport, communications;
3) in the performance of work, the need for which is due to the introduction of a state of emergency or martial law, as well as urgent work in emergency situations, that is, in the event of a disaster or threat of disaster (fires, floods, famine, earthquakes, epidemics or epizootics) and in other cases, endangering the life or normal living conditions of the entire population or part of it.
In other cases, involvement in overtime work is allowed with the written consent of the employee and taking into account the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization.
It is not allowed to involve pregnant women, workers under the age of eighteen, other categories of workers in overtime work in accordance with this Code and other federal laws. Involvement in overtime work of disabled people, women with children under the age of three years is allowed only with their written consent and provided that this is not prohibited by them for health reasons in accordance with a medical certificate issued in accordance with the procedure established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. At the same time, disabled people, women with children under the age of three, must be familiarized with their right to refuse overtime work against signature.
The duration of overtime work should not exceed for each employee 4 hours for two consecutive days and 120 hours per year.
It is the employer's responsibility to ensure that each employee's overtime hours are accurately recorded.
In a Swedish government-initiated nursing home, they conducted an experiment to get reliable data on how reducing working hours affects productivity. So, the nurses of this institution during the year worked instead of 8 hours a day - 6, receiving the same salary. The results showed that their productivity increased (one of the metrics - the number of activities with the wards - increased by 64%), they became more energetic, better care for the sick and, more predictably, their level of happiness increased by 20%.
The trend towards shorter working hours in Sweden extends not only to public institutions, but also to the private sector. The 6-hour working day is introduced here by both technology startups and representative offices of the largest international companies with a history, such as the Toyota service center in Gothenburg.
The Swedish baton is picked up in other European countries. So, a two-month experiment to reduce the working day was conducted at the British marketing agency Agent in early 2016, and here they also got positive results. And a British executive survey in April 2016 found that 6 out of 10 respondents believe that the introduction of a shorter working day will result in increased productivity.
The standard working week in Russia is 40 hours (with an 8-hour working day). The exception is some areas in which they work 4-6 hours a day, and this norm is enshrined in law.
1. Teachers, educators and university professors. The duration of the working day of teachers is no more than 6 hours, and weeks - no more than 36 (and for senior teachers, except for preschool institutions - no more than 30). Such norms were established in connection with the strong nervous and mental stress of those who work with children.
2. Veterinarians. The working day lasts the longest for veterinarians who examine animals (6.5 hours), and the shortest, 5 hours, is set for those who decontaminate and dispose of animal corpses, and for those who work at zoo plants, collecting poison from snake.
3. Doctors. A health worker must work a maximum of 39 hours per week. Some specialists work even less. For example, orthopedic dentists - 33 hours, doctors at blood transfusion stations - 36 hours, and in tuberculosis centers - only 30 hours.
4. Workers in the food and textile industries. Employees engaged in the textile industry, dressing cotton seeds, disinfecting raw hides, washing wool, work no more than 6 hours a day. Livestock processing workers who receive bitter almond oils, rock salt miners, as well as producers of shag and some other products also work only 6 hours a day.
5. Workers in the extractive industry. Those working in the mountains and mines, oil and gas producers and those involved in some other industries also have a reduced 6-hour working day. For metallurgists, in most cases, the working day also lasts 6 hours (for example, in the production of lead or gold, in smelters), but for some workers who come into contact with mercury, only 4 hours.
6. Builders. Working with asbestos, fiberglass, in damp tunnels, building the subway, a 6-hour working day is laid.
7. Working in hazardous industries. In the production of glucose, glass, batteries, thermometers, paper and in many other areas where you have to deal with substances harmful to humans, the working day will not last more than 6 hours.
8. Power industry. Those involved in cleaning boilers, loading fuel and insulating work need to perform these difficult duties for no more than 6 hours a day.
9. Transport. Many railway, ship and aviation employees work 6 hours a day, while most metro workers (escalator handrail repairman, storekeeper, trackman, tunnel worker) only 5 hours.
10 Chemists. In chemical industries, conditions are especially dangerous for human health, so for most specialists there is a 6-hour working day. But if you decide to work with yellow phosphorus, mercury, sewage treatment or produce ethyl liquid, it will only take 4 hours a day.
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Now there are more and more materials stating that the attitude of the younger generation (millennials, the generation of YAYA) to work differs from the attitude of representatives of other age groups. They are not loyal, they are not ready to do boring work, they change it easily and are not always ready to spend 8 hours 5 days a week in offices. At the same time, the market itself often cannot meet these needs, which are formed largely due to the presence of examples based on the careers of successful freelancers. And at the moment there is no real alternative that can change the current organization of employment for most people. Having read up to this point, you can start scrolling down the page in order to leave an angry comment, but after reading the article in its entirety, most likely, you will agree with it, if not completely, then at least with its individual postulates.
Recently, many companies (what only Google Inc. is worth) refuse the concept of an 8-hour working day. The schedule in them is not strictly regulated, employees can work remotely and at a time that they themselves determine as working. At the same time, the rejection of the usual 8 hours does not in the least affect the success of the enterprise. So why don't others share this positive experience?
And it's not just the presence of close and understandable examples. Various kinds of scientific theories are also emerging, confirmed, including experimentally, about the principles of the functioning of the human brain, the maximum efficiency. For example, ultradian rhythms. The bottom line is that the brain can be focused on solving a specific problem for no more than 2 hours in a row. After that, a "recharge" is necessary. Not the one promoted by advertising (chocolate bar or coffee), but a change of activity during which the brain can “rest”. So why do the vast majority of employers pay no attention to such research? Why don't they listen to innovators like Richard Eisenberg? But in fact, there are several reasons why remote work or work with a free schedule loses to a standard 8-hour work day.
Market conditions
At the dawn of the struggle for an 8-hour working day in the industrial era, everything was much simpler: I stood at the machine at the factory - I made a certain number of blanks. Today, not only production is moving towards the intangible, but the approach to work is changing. It is much easier for an employer to keep a permanent staff and pay salaries even when, for various reasons, employment cannot be called maximum, than to search for the necessary specialists in a hurry. That is why many office workers have times when they can compare themselves to Barney Stinson. And it's not about going to a bar on a Friday night, but about the lack of a clear idea of \u200b\u200bwhat exactly he does when there is no work as such.
The point here is that in certain aspects the labor market does not differ from the market in the classical sense. And the subject of bargaining on it is often time - a resource that can be easily measured, in contrast to the result (in the non-material sphere). Evaluating a secretary by the number of calls received per day is not entirely correct. After all, it is important that no matter how many there are (2 or 20), they do not go unanswered. Therefore, the purchase of time just guarantees that at the right time the right specialist will be ready to work. And 8 hours is just a ready-made and established system of organization.
Discipline and motivation
Often you have to read and hear about how hard it is to get up in the morning and go to work. About how uncomfortable it is to go to the office with a face swollen from lack of sleep, eating a sandwich on the go. The picture is familiar and even ironic. But will it be possible to do without this irony otherwise? Just imagine that people woke up one morning without having to drive or go anywhere. Will many people be able to readjust and work from home the same way they do in the office? The answer smacks of pessimism, but hardly. After all, remote work is not only an opportunity to manage your own, but also a huge effort on oneself, and responsibility. And it increases at times when only you force yourself to get out of bed and start doing something.
Undoubtedly, such a situation is the dream of individuals and efficiency experts. But let's be frank and think about whether humanity is ready for such a turn now and will it ever be ready? Most probably not. Why? Because, to be perfectly honest, we are lazy, disorganized, prone to postponing things for later. And this list can be continued, but the most offensive thing here is not even this, but the fact that “we” are a very large number of people who are much more comfortable working within long-established limits than trying to set them themselves.
Impracticality
Like it or not, there are areas where there is simply no place for a free schedule, like any other concept of employment organization that rejects an 8-hour working day. And it may very well be that sellers or cleaners would like to work 4 hours a day, but the harsh reality of such aspirations shatters. For at least two reasons. The first is material. Will the money earned in 20 hours a week be enough to feed a family? The second is technical. To organize an army of shifters, to plan everything clearly, to exclude many factors (for example, banal delays) is a very difficult task. There is only one way out: all this should be done by robots. But someone should not only design and build them, but also clean and lubricate them with oil.
Stability
When you look at how readily performers sort out penny orders on copywriting exchanges, you involuntarily think - is remote work as good as they sometimes say? Where is the guarantee that orders will be permanent? How quickly can you reach a satisfactory level of income? This is good for programmers, for whom there is always a job and highly paid, but what about everyone else? Even without a portfolio?
There are many questions, because these fears are not unfounded. Even being overconfident in his abilities, it is foolish to be confident in everything else. In contrast to the "normal" work, where everything is simple: from 9 to 6, salary 2 times a month, social package, 3 weeks of vacation. It's just that stability breeds confidence, and a person likes to be confident.
Habit and stereotypes
It is often very difficult for many people to understand "how can you not go to work." Home is something that everyone associates with a break from work and is simply not perceived differently. And questions like “what about the lack of communication?”, “where is career growth?”, “and who to ask when you don’t know how to do it?” and completely give out stereotyped thinking. This is not a problem, but a consequence of habit.
Judge for yourself. From early childhood, we observe how parents go to work. Then we go: to kindergarten, school, university. Getting ready and leaving home in the morning is akin to a ritual that has taken root in our consciousness so firmly that the alternative is already rejected at the immune level. The 8-hour working day has simply become a part of life, which is very difficult to change without replacing it with something of equal value.
What to do with it?
The rapid development of information technology and technology, cinema, public opinion and the heuristic of availability can convince us that the work "from call to call" is unproductive, that it is an imposed framework that makes us unhappy. But it's not. It is not necessary to identify the content of the unloved work with the 8-hour working day itself, as is often the case. Don't be deceived by the fact that flexible schedules and the ability to work remotely are a super-productive trend that will kill the traditional workday. And most importantly, it is not worth giving in to an unconscious public impulse to deny everything and everything, to cultivate in oneself an attitude towards work, as something that restricts freedom and takes away time. Do not blame or reproach yourself for having to work five days a week from morning to evening "like everyone else." After all, the main thing is not how much and in what mode you work, but whether you love what you do. Therefore, we wish you your favorite work and the strength not to depend and not to blame everything on its organization.
Work schedules vary. So, some subordinates work in shifts or on a rotational basis, others work out an 8-hour norm per day. There are categories of workers who are allowed to work reduced or part-time. But still, 8 hours of work, 5 days a week, is the most common mode in our country. And it has a scientific and practical justification.
What is the reason for the introduction of the 8-hour working day?
The concept of "working time" is used in the norms of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
Working time is the time spent by a subordinate on the performance of professional duties.
The length of the working day and week in any organization depends on the goals pursued by the management.
Table: types of working hours
| Name of the type of working time | Peculiarities |
| Normal working hours | The norm is 40 hours of work per week. This type is the most popular and is used in many organizations. |
| Reduced working hours | The subordinate will be involved in work less than 40 hours per week. For some workers, such a norm is established at the legislative level. |
| part-time work | Part-time work is expressed as:
Such a schedule is established by agreement between the employee and the employer. |
| Irregular working hours | By agreement with the employee, the employer has the opportunity to involve him in performing tasks beyond 40 hours a week without additional payments for processing. But this should not be regular, but episodic. |
When and why was the 8-hour workday introduced?
The working day, equal to 8 hours, was introduced in the USSR by a special decree (November 11, 1917). They worked 48 hours a week with one day off. Later, the daily and weekly labor standards changed several times, until in 1991 they were finally established. Then a law was passed that introduced a 40-hour work week. Subordinates could now work 5 or 6 days a week for 8 or 7 hours a day, respectively. This provision was enshrined in the Labor Code, and then in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
The introduction of an 8-hour working day was due to the fact that such a time is optimal from the point of view of human physiology. If a person works longer, efficiency decreases, which affects the quality of the work done. A shorter duration will affect the success of the enterprise. Forcing a subordinate to work more than 40 hours leads to penalties against the employer.
Video: why 8 hours of work is considered the standard and how to use it effectively
How to arrange an 8-hour working day in an organization
The procedure for introducing a normalized working day in an organization consists of several stages:
- Rationale (the employer analyzes why the 8-hour working day suits him best).
- Determining the category of workers who will work 8 hours a day (if this regime is not appropriate for everyone).
- Reflection of the regime in the local regulatory act of the organization and a description of all the conditions that become relevant with an 8-hour working day.
- Issuance of the corresponding order. This may be an order to introduce an 8-hour working day for an individual employee, a group, or the entire team. Or they introduce changes to the local acts of the enterprise.
The normalized working day is approved by the documentation:
- labor or collective agreements;
- agreements to the above agreements;
- internal labor regulations.
By finding a job in an organization, a citizen expresses his consent to the proposed work schedule. All the nuances of the normalized working day and week are fixed in the employment contract.
An employment contract is a document concluded between an employer and a new employee during employment.
The employment contract must include the following:
- labor functions of the new employee;
- working conditions;
- working hours (hours of daily work and days off are prescribed);
- rights and obligations of the parties to the contract;
- liability for violation of the terms of the employment contract;
- the duration of the agreement (if it is a fixed-term relationship), etc.
An employment contract is one of the documents that fixes the length of the working day of an employee of an organization.
If in the future working conditions change, an additional agreement is developed, where all innovations are recorded.
Internal labor regulations (PWTR) - a local regulatory act of the organization that regulates the procedure for employment and dismissal of subordinates.
The PVR contains the following:
- length of the working day (in this case it lasts 8 hours a day);
- start and end time of daily work;
- the start and end time of the break for rest and meals;
- duration of weekly uninterrupted rest - days off;
- the procedure for granting annual paid holidays;
- conditions for accrual of incentives for success in work;
- the procedure for penalties for violations of labor discipline.
The PWTR organizations are approved by the management only after the representative body of the workers (for example, the trade union) expresses its opinion on the content of the document being developed.
Most often, PWTR are developed with the participation of the trade union
As a rule, an order to introduce an 8-hour working day in an organization is not issued if such a regime has been in effect from the very beginning. If the subordinate worked in a different mode, the length of working time may be reviewed.
This often happens when a person worked part-time and wants to transfer to standard conditions in order to receive more. The initiative to transfer to an 8-hour working day is made by pregnant women, students, part-time workers, employees who have recently turned 18 (up to this age, they are legally entitled to a reduced working day).
If the grounds for reducing the work schedule are no longer relevant, the subordinate writes an application for transferring him to a full-time position. The personnel department on behalf of the head issues an appropriate order (instruction).
The application must contain:
- name of company;
- the position of the head in whose name the document is drawn up;
- position and full name of the employee;
- a request for a full-time transfer;
- the date from which the worker is ready to start working in full time;
- employee's signature.
The date of the new working regime must be indicated in the application for transfer to a full-time position
The transition to an 8-hour working day is reflected in the supplementary agreement to the employment contract
8 hour work order
A full-time transfer order is drawn up in free form and includes the following information:
- date of introduction of the normalized working day;
- working conditions for an 8-hour working day;
- a list of breaks that a subordinate can count on during the day;
- signature of the employee (placed by the employee if he agrees with all the terms of the full-time transfer).
The boss has no right to force a subordinate to work full time. The employed must express his written consent to 8 hours of work per day.
The order on the introduction of an 8-hour working day must contain information about the beginning and end of working hours
In what cases can the 8-hour working day be reduced
The Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides a certain circle of workers with the opportunity to work less than 40 hours a week. There are two possibilities to reduce the length of the working day and week:
- reduce working time;
- enter part-time work.
A shorter working day is mandatory for a certain circle of people. Work is paid as in a normal work schedule (except for minors).
Table: list of persons eligible for a reduced work schedule
| Category of workers | Working time |
| Persons under the age of majority | The following number of hours is established depending on age:
|
| Workers with disabilities | Working hours should not exceed 35 hours per week. |
| Citizens working in conditions that are recognized as harmful and dangerous | The duration of the working week is no more than 36 hours. |
| teachers | They work no more than 36 hours a week. |
| Workers in the medical field | Labor does not exceed 39 hours per week. |
| Students on part-time and part-time forms of education | They can work 33 hours a week in the following cases:
|
Part time
Part-time work or a week is entitled to work:
- pregnant women;
- one of the parents (guardian, trustee) who has a child under the age of 14 or a child with a disability under the age of 18;
- caregivers of a sick family member.
As a rule, a document confirming such a need is attached to an application for granting the right to work part-time
In case of part-time work, the salary will be calculated in accordance with the hours worked.
Breaks during the 8-hour working day
During the day, the organization's staff can count on certain breaks in the labor process. They are necessary to restore the strength of subordinates and increase their performance. Only a portion of these breaks count as working time and are paid.
According to the law, the manager must provide employees with the following breaks:
- special breaks for heating and rest;
- periods intended for feeding the child (after 3 hours for 30 minutes);
- breaks due to the nature of work (for example, for professional computer users).
The lunch break is not part of the working time, so payment for this period is not made. It is understood that the employee is free to use such a pause in the labor process at his own discretion.
If the specifics of production do not allow time for lunch, such a break is included in working time.
Breaks during an 8-hour working day should not exceed 2 hours in total. The employer has the right to independently decide when exactly the employee can go on a break. All the nuances of the suspension of the work process are recorded in the internal documents of the organization.
Advantages and disadvantages of the 8-hour workday
The benefits of an 8 hour workday include:
- work and leisure are easy to plan - everything is scheduled by the days of the week;
- it is easier for the body to devote 8 hours to work than, for example, 12;
- guaranteed rest on weekends and holidays;
- it is easy for employers to exercise control over subordinates;
- according to the standard 8 hours, it is easier to keep records for personnel officers and accountants;
- there is no undue attention from the labor inspectorate.
The disadvantages include the following:
- some subordinates employed in heavy production do not find it easy to work for such an amount of time;
- if you need a personal presence in the office every working day, you need to spend time and money on the road;
- 8 hours of a standard working day most often coincides with reception hours in official institutions, therefore, in order to obtain various certificates, you have to agree with the management about time off;
- if the nature of the work does not imply the possibility of postponing the unfinished process for the next day, there will be overtime (for the employer this is an additional cost, and for subordinates it is a reason for dissatisfaction);
- such a schedule, as a rule, does not suit creative people.
Since the times of the USSR, many organizations in our country have had an 8-hour working day. Scientists believe that this is the number of hours a day a person can work most efficiently and without harm to their health. A working day with such a duration is fixed in the internal documents of the organization. When establishing an 8-hour working day, management should proceed from the specifics of the area in which it operates. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the advantages and disadvantages of a standardized working day.
