Introduction: here I will present the second part of my research on the indigenous population of the territories now occupied by the Novosibirsk region. The first part (Baraba) is here -

Pre-Russian ethnic history of the Novosibirsk region (from ancient times to the conquest of Siberia).

Part 2. Right Bank.

Reading the literature on the ancient history of Siberia, I came to a strange idea. The sources are very detailed, the ancient history of Altai, Kuzbass, Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Omsk is documented, but nothing about the territory of the Novosibirsk Region, at best, about Baraba. Everywhere there are archaeological sites of ancient times, but we have almost none. Didn't search? Or found and buried?

Trying to compile what we managed to find, in the first part of the study we examined the territory of the western, forest-steppe part of the region. What about the east coast? He is even more unknown and mysterious.

Archaeological background.

Let's start again with archaeological sites. The oldest of them is located not so far from the center of the regional city. These are the settlement of Tourist-1 and Tourist-2 on the banks of the Ob in the area of ​​the Tool Plant. The monument is multi-layered, i.e. belongs simultaneously to several epochs: the Neolithic (IV-III millennium BC), early bronze (XVII-VIII centuries BC), early iron (III century BC - III century BC). AD). This place is now being actively built up for housing - Tourist-1 has already been completely destroyed, according to the second, the builders still promise to carry out some kind of research work.

In 1926, Pavel Pavlovich Khoroshikh, a researcher at the West Siberian Museum of Local Lore, collected several fragments of ceramics dated to the Neolithic era in the bank scree on the right bank of the Ob River, in the northern part of the city on the territory of the Zaeltsovsky Park. However, due to the lack of reliable topographic references, it was not possible to subsequently find the place of the find. In the same response of the museum to the attitude of 1948, it is said that traces of the site of a primitive man (remains of mammoth bones and stone tools) were found near the city of Berdsk, currently unknown to archaeologists, apparently destroyed by the waters of the Novosibirsk reservoir.

In 1930, in the center of Novosibirsk, in the area where the "Devil's Settlement" was located, the same P. Khoroshikh carried out additional archaeological research. According to the bibliographic list of historical monuments from the archives of the Novosibirsk State Museum of Local Lore, he discovered several stone tools of the Neolithic period (arrowheads and spears, an axe, scrapers and ceramics). In the museum's response to the attitude dated November 24, 1948, No. SK-15-81 of the Committee for Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR in the southern part of the park. Kirov in Novosibirsk, a human site from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages is indicated. The “Archaeological Map of the Novosibirsk Region” states that a significant number of fragments of ceramics were found here, belonging to two periods: the Neolithic and Bronze Age (VII-VI centuries BC) and the culture of the Chat Tatars (XVI-XVII centuries AD). .e.) - about them a little later.

So it turns out that the place on which our city is now spread has been chosen by people since ancient times. Of the oldest archaeological sites on the right bank of the region, it is also necessary to note the Neolithic site Inya-3 in the Toguchinsky district near the village of Izyly, dating back to the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC. and the settlements of Zavyalovo-1 and Zavyalovo-8 in Iskitimskoye, belonging to the Upper Ob Neolithic culture and dating back to the 4th–3rd millennium BC. However, in comparison with the Baraba forest-steppe, the forests of the right bank are much less fortunate with ancient archaeological cultures. Only the ancient inhabitants of the Sayano-Altai wandered into this bearish corner to hunt. Anthropologist G.F. Debets claims that they were people of the Paleo-European type. It was they who in the Afanasiev period occupied the territory of the Minusinsk depression and the space to the west of it. (Kiselev S.V. Ancient history of Southern Siberia, M, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1951, pp. 55-59).

Settlement map of the Afanasievites in the 3rd-2nd millennium. BC.
Kiselev S.V. "Ancient History of Southern Siberia". page 25

Moving on to bronze. Of the Early Bronze Age sites on the right bank of the Novosibirsk Region, only the Krotovo group (Suzunsky District) dated from the 17th-15th to the 5th-3rd centuries BC turned out to be a hook from Altai. This monument gave the name to one of the cultures - Krotovskaya. Monuments of the Irmen culture (IX-VIII centuries BC) - Milovanovo-3 and Bystrovka-4. In the Karasuk time, in the 7th-3rd centuries BC. The Minusinsk Basin was flooded with Ding-Ling tribes, whom the Chinese forced out of northern China. We again find Zavyalovo-1 (VII-III centuries BC) with a frankly southern trace - a mirror depicting a jumping tiger. Mongoloid settlers quite quickly ethnically mixed with the local population. Along the Tom, the Karasuk people went to the Ob, through the northern Altai to the expanses of Kulunda and Baraba. This population for many centuries became dominant in this territory. Our wooded right bank of the Ob is still almost uninhabited.

The Hunno-Sarmatian time also left no monuments in our country. Apparently, the Huns passed a little to the south. But the second half of the 1st millennium was marked by the penetration into the West Siberian forest-steppe of significant masses of Turks from the Sayan, from the regions of Altai and Central Kazakhstan. These nomadic tribes are known under the name "Tele". During the VI-VIII centuries AD. They were the ones who played the main role. In the annals, the Tele are called direct descendants of the Huns, and their language is recognized as similar to the Hunnic, although with a slight difference. Sometimes the Tele are referred to as a separate tribe of the Huns. (Bichurin N.Ya. Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times. In 3 parts, 1851).

Here it would be appropriate to quote the opinion of the researcher of the languages ​​and culture of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, Professor A.P. Dulzon. He came to the idea that there were two waves of Turkization of the local population. The first wave came from the south along the Ob and Tom and from there spread east to Chulym. This wave brought the Turkic addition "su" in the names of the rivers. The second wave of Turkizations, most intense in the 12th-16th centuries, came to Chulym from the southeast from the Minusinsk steppes, the area inhabited by the Yenisei Kyrgyz. In the Ket and other local names of the rivers, the Turkic increment "yul" or "chul" appeared (Chichka-yul, Bogotu-yul, Kundat-yul, Itchul, etc.). The expansion of the Turks into the northern regions of Western Siberia after half a millennium led to the almost complete assimilation of the local Samoyed population by the Turks.

In the first part, we already talked about the fact that the Novosibirsk region was in the buffer zone of the Siberian Khanate and the Oirats in the left bank zone, as well as the Teleuts and Kyrgyz in the right bank. The center of settlement of the Kyrgyz (gyangun) was the same Khakass-Minusinsk basin, where the river flowed. Gyan (Yenisei), but the Kyrgyz Khaganate extended its influence up to the forest Irtysh. The Kyrgyz mastered the mining business well and supplied the population of all Southern Siberia with weapons and iron utensils. The Kyrgyz often visited the middle Ob region. The researcher of Siberia, the Cossack ataman Fyodor Usov noted: “The Kyrgyz (remaining in their homeland after the resettlement of the people in the Tien Shan - K.G.) did not look indifferently at the attempts of Russian diggers to acquire land from them, but, on the contrary, cruelly avenged it with constant raids and devastation of frontier villages. (Usov F. Statistical description of the Siberian Cossack army. - St. Petersburg, 1879, pp. 5-6). The history of the Kyrgyz, who went through paradoxical racial and territorial changes from red-haired and blue-eyed din-lings to the current inhabitants of Kyrgyzstan, is full of secrets.

The formation of the Tele people is often associated with the Kipchaks of the Altaic-Siberian group. It should be noted that their ancestors, the Sirs, wandered in the 4th-7th centuries in the steppes between the Mongolian Altai and the eastern Tien Shan and were mentioned in Chinese sources as the Seyanto people. In 630, they even formed their own state - the Syrian Khaganate, which was destroyed by the Chinese and Uyghurs. The remnants of the Sirs retreated to the upper reaches of the Irtysh, in the steppes of eastern Kazakhstan, and received the name Kipchaks - "ill-fated." The written mention of the name "kibchak" has been found since 759 in the inscription on the Selenginsky stone, "kypchak", "kyfchak" - in the writings of Muslim authors since the 9th century. Russian chronicles of the 11th-13th centuries call them Polovtsians and Sorochins, Hungarian chronicles call them Palots and Kuns, Byzantine sources and Western European travelers call them Komans (Kumans). In the minds of modern researchers, the Kipchaks appear either as half-wild horsemen, or as armored horsemen. From the end of the 10th century, the strengthening of the Kipchaks began, and by the middle of the 11th century, the entire steppe from the Danube to the Volga region was called the Kypchak Steppe or “Dasht-i-Kypchak”.

Teleut land.

There are many strong interesting publications that compare the Telengets (“White Kolmaks”) with the legendary Goths, encouragers, and even put this people at the root of the Russian nation and the Old Russian state. Versions are put forward, one excitingly different, both in time and in territorial terms, but at the moment we are interested in the history of this people in the context of the territory of the Novosibirsk region. And I am inclined to consider Tele as autochthons of the forest-taiga zone of the right bank of our region. Time left many names for this people - Telengits, Teleuts, Altai-Kizhi, White Kalmyks, Altai mountain Kalmyks, Zungars, Oirots, Uryankhais. The ethnonym "Telenget" goes back to the ancient Turkic ethnonym "Tele". The Russian ethnographer Aristov writes “... it must be admitted that the Teleuts and Telenguts or Telengits ... are one and the same people, especially since the true name of this people is tele, and the prefixes of the Mongolian plural ut or gut were attached to the name of the body only during dominion over Altaians of the Western Mongols. (Aristov N.A. “Notes on the ethnic composition of the Turkic tribes and nationalities”, p. 341). The Turkologist Radlov came to the same conclusion (Radlov V.V. “From Siberia”, M., 1989, pp. 95, 123).

The history of Tele is vast and filled with external and internecine wars, changes of dynasties and habitats. Coming out of the eastern part of Central Asia, north of the Gobi desert, the nomads spread to the Khangai, Sayan, Altai, and to the areas adjacent to the Sayan and Altai mountains from the north (Minusinsk basin, upper reaches of the Ob River). There they founded their strong feudal state. Bashchi seok mundus Konai became the first Kaan of the Telenget ulus. The Mundus were the most numerous among the Telenget seoks, and as the dominant seok, unlike the rest of the Telengets and Siberian Turks, they called themselves ak telenget kizhiler (the Russians called them "white Kalmyks"). Until now, among the Siberian Turks there is a saying about the large number of ak telengets of the mundus: “teneride jyldys kop, telekeide mundus kop” (there are many stars in the sky, like many mundus in this world) (Tengerekov I.S. “Telengety”, 2000). According to G.F. Miller, at the beginning of the 17th century, in the Teleut ulus of Prince Abak Konaev, there were up to 1000 soldiers, i.e. the total population was about 5,000.

The Telenget ulus was a centralized state with a single territory, army, judicial and tax authorities, its own nobility (best people) and its own kurultai. The boundaries of the Telengetsky ulus are marked by many researchers. The Russian diplomat of Moldavian origin Nikolai Spafariy in his notes “Journey through Siberia to the borders of China” of the last quarter of the 17th century noted that white Kalmyks roamed from Tomsk to the peaks of Tom. Soviet ethnographer L.P. Potapov also considers the latitude of the city of Tomsk, south/southeast - Mountain Altai (Tau-Teleuts) and partially Mongolian Altai and Tuva (Lake Kosogol) as the northern boundary of the habitation of the Altai Teleuts of the 17th century. The Ob Teleuts roamed from the Ini River in the north to the confluence of the Biya and Katun in the south, from the Irtysh in the west to the Tom River in the east. (Potapov L.P. Ethnic composition and origin of the Altaians. L., 1969, pp. 85,99). Umansky divided the White Kalmyks into zones of existence in this way: the largest group of Teleuts near the Ob (Ulus Abaka) is the Upper Ob region and the foothills of Altai. Under their influence, the upper reaches of the Chumysh (Azkeshtims, Togul, Tagap, Keret), the Altai mountains (Telyos, Tau-Teteluts), the Biya basin (Kumandins, Chelkans, Tubalars) (Umansky A.P. Teleuts and their neighbors in the 17th - first quarter of the 18th century, part 1, pp. 46–47). In our region, Umansky indicates the following northern boundary: the right bank of the Ob along the rivers Inya (Uen) and Berd (Tabuna ulus), the left bank of the southern Chany, the rivers Karasuk, Chulym, Tula, to the village of Krivoshchekova. In the east and northeast - the upper reaches of the Chumysh, Ini and Uskat rivers to the Kyrgyz ulus. In the southwest - along the upper reaches of the Alei River. The border did not reach the Irtysh. In the south - "Karagayskaya zemlyitsa" along the upper and middle reaches of the Charysh, Alei and Kan. Here are “steppe” or outlying Teleuts (genera: Azkeshtim, Togul, Tagap, Keret), mountain tau-teteluts, telos. Thus, if we compare the borders of the Telengetsky ulus of the end of the 17th century on a modern administrative map, then the Teleuts will occupy the territory of the modern Republic of Altai, the Altai Territory, parts of the territories of the Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Kemerovo regions of the Russian Federation, the territory of the East Kazakhstan region, and parts of the Semipalatinsk, Pavlodar regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

After the transition to Russian citizenship of the chats - the Kyshtyms of the Telenget Ulus, the territory controlled by the Teleuses was reduced. The border separating the states is marked on the handwritten "Drawing Book of Siberia" by Semyon Remezov, created in 1699-1701. On the “drawing of the land of the Tomsk city” south of the Irmen River, we see the inscription “land of Teleutskaya”, and on the opposite side of the Ob south of Berdi: “between the Teleutskaya land”, also further south along the Lailakhan River (modern Karakan): “between with Teleuts. Taking into account the "boundary of Tomskaya with the Baraba district" on the left bank of the Ob just south of the Tolo (Tula) river, it can be said with some degree of error, but with great certainty, that at the turn of the 18th century the border of the Russian kingdom and the Teleut ulus passed along the southern part of the modern Novosibirsk.

Our Telengets had seasonal nomad camps both on the right bank and on the left bank of the Ob River. Urga (headquarters) of the Teleut khans (together with the majority of the population of the Ulus), depending on the political situation, migrated. It was located either on the territory of the Novosibirsk region within its current borders, or near it (Kuzbass, northern Altai). Many events also took place outside our area, but nevertheless they are included in the scope of our study, and we will dwell on them in more detail in order to understand the general panorama of our history. According to the 2010 census, 2,643 people in Russia consider themselves Teleuts. Almost all of them live in the west of the current Kemerovo region. According to the census of 2002 and 2010, 14 people called themselves Teleuts.

Russians are coming.

In the second half of the 16th century, the Telenget khan Konai fought with the Siberian khan Ediger because of the obligation of the border Turkic tribes: Tars, Barabs, Chats, Eushts. History has left no mention of the specific dates and events of this rivalry, but they can be gleaned from the well-known history of the Siberian Khanate. It has already been established from Russian sources that “... in 1555, the Tatar prince Yediger, the ruler of the Siberian Horde, so named after the capital city of Siberia” through his ambassadors asked the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible “to take him under a high hand, to protect him from enemies who there were other Tatar princes who fought Yediger for supreme power over local foreign tribes. (Nechvolodov A.D. “The Legend of the Russian Land”, St. Petersburg, 1913., Part 4, p. 233). In the early 60s of the 16th century, Sheibanid Kuchum came from Central Asia to Siberia, who, with the help of Uzbeks and Nogais, made an attempt to conquer the Telenget Khanate, but, having received a rebuff from Khan Konai, rushed to the Siberian Khanate. In 1557, the Taibuginite Khan Ediger reported that “they were fought by the Shiban prince (Kuchum)” and “he caught many people.” In 1563, Kuchum removes Khan Ediger from power (at the same time taking revenge on the Taibuginites for the death of his grandfather Ibak Khan) and becomes Khan of the Siberian Ulus. The Russian historian A. Nechvolodov reports the following about this event: “Grozny, completely distracted by the struggle in the West, did not send him military assistance against his enemies. Soon Ediger was killed by his opponent, another Tatar prince, the militant Kuchum, who undertook to pay tribute to John, but then, having established himself in Siberia, began to show clearly hostile actions against us. (Nechvolodov A.D. “The Legend of the Russian Land”, St. Petersburg, 1913., Part 4, p. 233).

The end of the 16th century turned out to be turbulent for the Telenget Khanate. Khan Kuchum and Khan Konai, and later his son Abak (Konai had three sons - the elder Abak, the middle Kashkai-Bura and the younger Entugay) were irreconcilable enemies, and military conflicts between the Siberian and Telenget khanates were regular. In addition, Kazakhs and Oirats periodically attacked the western borderlands of the Telengets. After the defeat of Kuchum by the Russians, on the northwestern borders, in the Ob-Irtysh interfluve, instead of the Tatars, Cossacks appeared, who also tried to impose yasak on the Turkic tribes. In the great internecine war between the Altyn Khans, Oirats, Kazakhs and Teleuts, the participants in the war were not up to the Russians. A few years before the appearance of the Russians, the senior Teleut prince Abak suffered a major defeat from the Oirat prince Ho-Urlyuk and was forced to recognize himself as his vassal. But a few years later, having regained his strength, Abaq broke away from him and resumed the war with the Oirats.

At school, we were told about the Hussite wars in the Czech Republic, about the war of roses in England, but we did not even hear about many wars on the territory of our country, our region. At the suggestion of the Russian rulers, historians pretended that no recalcitrant state of the Telengets had ever existed on the territory of the south of Western Siberia. They carefully hushed up more than a century of resistance to Russian colonization by the Telenget Khanate. Even concepts were erased. So, the Telenget steppe, now called Kulunda steppe, disappeared from the maps. Here we are again inclined to turn to the theme of the Romanov redistribution of historical science. Turkic historians are sure that “since the time of Peter I… they have been methodically destroyed, like everything connected with small peoples. Peter wrote in his decree: "And the infidels are very quiet, so that they do not know how much it is possible to reduce." And they subtracted. “Genocide is an old tradition of good Russia, which was not forgotten under any government” (Adzhi M.I. “Wormwood of the Polovtsian field”, M., 1994, p. 140). Murad Adji also writes: “It was necessary to smooth out the dark sides of the conquest. The question of the methods and attitude of the conquerors towards the native population was to be presented, as far as possible, in colors favorable to the "honor" of Russia. The idea of ​​the voluntary nature of the subordination of the Siberian peoples to the Russian state and the use of violent measures against them only in extremes runs like a red thread through Miller's entire work. This seemed not enough to Soviet historiography, and with regard to the colonization of Siberia, it did not hesitate to replace the officially used definitions of “conquest”, “subjugation” with the class-correct term “annexation”. Even if we attribute Murad Adzhi's statement to frenzied nationalism, then here is the opinion of a completely Russian researcher, a well-known regionalist. Nikolay Yadrintsev. He also very harshly notes "the detrimental effect of the Russian invasion of Asia on foreign tribes" (Yadrintsev N.M. "Siberia as a colony." To the anniversary of the tercentenary - St. Petersburg, 1882, p. 152). Today, everything is confused so that the native Teluts do not know their true nationality, and their former Kyshtyms (subjects) or defectors, on the contrary, consider themselves the heirs of these nomads. Meanwhile, these "wild nomads" Teleuts are the only people of southwestern Siberia who managed to resist the invaders and stop the advance of Russian colonialists to the south of Siberia for more than a century. More on this below.

The legend of the fortress Tsattyr.

Another most famous ancient settlement is located in the center of Novosibirsk. This monument is also multi-layered and its history is also sad. The settlement belonged to the Chat Tatars, allies and Kyshtyms of the Telengets. Chats came to the banks of the Ob and Chaus rivers from the defeated Siberian Khanate at the end of the 16th century. On the high cliff of the Kamenka River, on the territory of the future Novosibirsk (200-300 meters southwest of the Oktyabrskaya metro station), the chats erected the Tsattyr fortress, known to us as the "Devil's Settlement". According to legend, it was here that the aged Kuchum, the last Siberian Khan, found his last refuge. After the departure of the Chat Tatars, their descendants continued to live here. The Turkic name of this settlement, Mochigu, is still present on the maps of the late 19th century.

I talked a little about the "Devil's Settlement" in the first part of our study and, in general, everyone writes about it. But it is extremely surprising that there is no mention of this allegedly large fortress in the history of military operations during the colonization of Siberia - neither in the primary sources, nor among venerable historians. Everything was written after the end of the 19th century, from the beginning of the history of the newborn city, written by journalists, and, therefore, this question requires further research. At the end of the 19th century, the Devil's settlement became one of the sights of Novo-Nikolaevsk. Occupying a dominant height, the preserved ruins gave the young city an ancient historical appearance. The archaeological relic was preserved by the city authorities and defended by the inhabitants until the civil war.

So, on September 9, 1917, the City People's Assembly of Novo-Nikolaevsk received an unusual statement “... a conscious group of residents of the Zakamensk part considers it their duty to inform the City People's Assembly about the following. At the end of Samarskaya street, on the river. Kamenka overlooks a cape called "Gorodishche". On this cape there was a fortress of the ancient inhabitants of Siberia, from which the contours of the trenches and the rampart have been preserved. The Settlement is of great archaeological interest, which is confirmed by the fact that neither the Altai District nor the old city government rented the Settlement to anyone and protected it from destruction. At present, the barbarians of the Nakhalovites are destroying a monument of hoary antiquity: the ramparts of the fortress are being dug up, the contours of the trenches are being planned and unauthorized residential buildings are being erected on the "Settlement" without the knowledge of the People's Assembly. The People's Assembly, meeting the needs of the landless poor, allocates residential areas for residential buildings, meanwhile, the unauthorized seizure of urban land and the development of such by hooligans in violation of building, fire regulations and sanitation is increasing every day. During July and August, along the banks of the Kamenka River, in the area from Mostovaya Street to a nameless alley, nine residential buildings with outbuildings were arbitrarily erected, and three rather decent houses are being built on the "Gorodishche", which indicates that impudent builders are not people poor. In addition to the sorrow caused by the destruction of a monument of hoary antiquity by hooligans, we are concerned about the violation of law and order in the life of the city, perpetrated by insolent bastards who turned the long-awaited freedom into anarchy. ... Force must be opposed by force, otherwise there will be no order. On this basis, a conscious group of residents of the Zakamenskaya part humbly asks the city People's Assembly: to eliminate unauthorized buildings in the tract called "Gorodishche", with all the strictness of the law, to demolish the buildings of the arbitrarily occupiers by police measures, so that others would be discouraged, which will serve as proof for the dark masses of that that in the city People's Assembly there is law and order, and not devastation and connivance. With perfect respect and devotion, a group of conscious residents of the Zakamensk part. From this statement, the day of September 9 is informally considered the birthday of the local history movement in Novosibirsk.

In 1930, under the leadership of the director of the West Siberian Museum of Local Lore, Pyotr Ivanovich Kutafiev, “archaeological (paleoethnological) surveys were carried out within the Novosibirsk region and the opening of small areas of the Devil’s Settlement in Novosibirsk, threatened with destruction.”

Sadovaya Gorka, excavations of the Devil's Settlement, 1930,
photo from the archive of the daughter of P.I. Kutafiev.

Unfortunately, the results and scope of work by P.I. Kutafiev "sank into the water" and are still not known. It is most likely to assume that the results of the survey only interfered and the remains of the "Gorodishche" were completely destroyed in the course of subsequent construction activities in the city, and today it is extremely difficult to materially prove the reality of its existence.

Russian-Teleut war.

Now we will dwell in more detail on one of the secrets of the conquest of Siberia, which is still hushed up by official history. The struggle here was long, and its history is extremely interesting. Moreover, since different researchers interpret the same events in different ways and are mostly politicized, the story will take us more than one page. To some, it may seem too detailed and long, but this is dictated by the scale of the action.

Having conquered Siberia, having gone far “towards the sun” to the Amur, in the south of Siberia Muscovy collided with the unsubdued “Teleut land” that had existed here for hundreds of years. The military conflict between the two states lasted for a whole century. Having finished off Kuchum, the Russians met with a new powerful enemy - an independent Telenget state, which was paid by Alman and Baraba, and Chats, and Altaians, and Shors. The very first skirmish between the Russians and the Telengets showed that they had a considerable army and good weapons. Kuchum's army was much smaller, and Kuchum himself turned out to be a mediocre khan, although he was widely known for his uncompromising struggle with the Russians. All this caused concern in the Tobolsk governor Semyon Saburov, who had practically no strength to defend himself. And Boris Godunov, in the Decree of February 11, 1601, ordered the Tobolsk governor to conduct reconnaissance among the Kalmyks. The royal order was also ordered to seek from the Bashchilars of the Turkic tribal groups the voluntary or forced acceptance of Russian citizenship by them.

We have already said that during the arrival of the Russians in the steppe there was a big internecine war. And while the steppes were fighting among themselves, the Russian servicemen waited in hastily erected jails, but soon they began to set suburban villages, and the governors switched to diplomatic tricks. The first to buy was Toyan - the far-sighted and cowardly prince of the Tatar people "Eushta". He asked for Russian citizenship “with his family and ulus people, who numbered up to 300 people”, and in his petition to the Russian Tsar he promises “... to help subdue the Kyrgyz, Chat Tatars and Telenguts who lived in the neighborhood ...”. In it, the prince indicates the location of the neighbors - the chats are 10 days from Tomsk, the Kyrgyz are 7 days, the "white Kalmyks" are 5 days. Toyan also expressed a desire to help the Russians build a city in a convenient place in their land (now there is Tomsk). As a reward for his labors, Toyan asked for exemption from yasak for himself and his ulus. But his help was limited.

At the end of 1605, the Russians sent their ambassadors to the Telengetsky Ulus - the Tobolsk Litvin Ivan Postupinsky and the Tomsk Cossack Bazhen Konstantinov, who were instructed to "find out about the black and white Kalmyks, where they roam and in which places and who owns them and with whom they have a link" . The headquarters of Khan Abak was then located on the Chumysh River (north of the Altai Territory). The first attempt to bring the Telengets into the citizenship of the White Tsar, as well as several subsequent ones, failed. Moreover, everyone still remembered the “acceptance of citizenship” by the Kyrgyz prince Nomcha, who sent his wife to Tomsk for this act, but Tomsk governors Mikhail Rzhevsky and Semyon Bartenev tore off her expensive sable fur coat and drove her away. In response, Nomcha set fire to all Tomsk volosts on the Chulym River. (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", M., 1939, vol. 1, p. 408). Therefore, the prince was in no hurry. “Obak, as a sign of his friendship and desire to live in peace with the Russians, later limited himself to sometimes sending gifts to the city” (Miller G.F. “History of Siberia”, M., 1939. vol. 1, p. 316).

At this time, the civil strife of the Western Mongols, Kazakhs, Mungals of Altyn Khan escalated. On May 10, 1607, the Oirat princes Binei (Izenei), Uzenei and Bakai (Abakai) send ambassadors to Tomsk with a promise of citizenship, a request for protection and a promise of mutual non-aggression. “However, Russia had no benefit from this promise of theirs” - soon the Kalmyks migrated to the steppes to the Ob “to inflict a strong rebuff on the Mongals.” (Miller G.F. "Description of the Siberian kingdom and all the things that happened in it.", Book 1, St. Petersburg, 1750, pp. 412-413). The following year, Cossacks were sent to the Oirats through the "Teleut land" - "to call the black Kolmaks to the Tomsk city to the royal salary", but the Teleuts did not let them through, because. they were at war with the Mongols. In the unsubscribe of the Tomsk voivode Vasily Volynsky (about relations with the Kalmyk taishas, ​​not earlier than March 31, 1609) it is said that on October 2, 117 (1608) “they were sent to Cherny Kolmaki and to prince Bezenei, and Uzenei, and Obakai to their ulus people of the Tomsk horse Cossacks : Bazhenka Kostyantinova, yes Ivashka Popova, yes Ignashkha Kudrova, and Yesyr’s Druzhinka in interpreters. And Bazhenka, sir, and her comrades were ordered to take in the Belykhs in Kolmaki (among the Teleuts - K.G.) the best Kolmatsky Murzas, whom the Black Kolmaks believe. And they ordered him, sir, to go from White Kolmaki to Cherny Kolmaki with them, and they ordered the black Kolmaks to be called to the Tomsk city to your royal salary, ”but “and Belykh de, sovereign, Kolmakov Murzas did not go to Chernye Kolmaki ... and one de, Sovereign, your sovereign's people will not be let through, they will beat you on the road. And Bazhenka, sovereign, and his comrades then were not taken to Black Kolmaki from White Kolmaki, that it was not possible for them to be brought by that Kolmatsky prince.

Muscovy hurried to normalize relations with a strong southern neighbor. The garrison of Tomsk was small, the power of the governor was fragile. Service in mailing lists, in the "great snows" was difficult, and the servicemen constantly threatened to leave the city. In the next reply to Moscow, Tomsk governor Vasily Volynsky and Mikhail. Novosiltsova (about relations with the White Kalmyks, not earlier than March 31, 1609) “knocks” on their predecessors: “and in Tomsk, sovereign, the city of Obak, the Kolmatsky prince and murzas did not visit Tomsk city under Gavril Pisemsky and under Vasily Tyrkov and under others, sovereign , there were no heads, and the prince and his people did not shert to you sovereign Obak, but sent, sovereign, Kolmatsky people to the Tomsk city of Tatars with a commemoration to you sovereign, but they didn’t pay yasak to the sovereign, and Prince Obak himself and the best murzas to the Tomsk city never been, as the city of Tomsk was set up ”and emphasize that only the embassy sent by them on February 4, 1609, headed by Ivashka Kolomna, was successful. Vaska Melentiev, Ivashka Petlin and Prince Toyan were with Kolomna. In case of Abak's refusal to go to Tomsk, the voivodes ordered one of the ambassadors to remain in pawn with the Teleuts until Abak's return from Tomsk. Prince Toyan managed to assure Khan Abak that "as he will be in the Tomsk city, they will not be left in a pawn."

Negotiations went on for a long time and, in the end, Abak agreed to come to Tomsk. On March 31, 1609, a unique event happened - the only interstate Treaty in the history of the conquest of Siberia was concluded on the military-political union between the Russian Tsardom and the Telenget Khanate. From the Telenget side, this treaty was brought to the kurultai and accepted by the "best people" of the state. (Tengerekov I.S. "Telengety", 2000). The abacus was donated to Tsar Vasily Shuisky on the condition that they be allowed to roam around Tomsk and that the tsar "ordered not to take yasak from them." The collection of yasak into the royal treasury and the issuance of "amanat" (hostages) are the main principle of the subordination of the colonized people. In return, it was promised "to be relentless to straighten the sovereign, to serve with his own heads, if the king sends them to his disobedient." Trade began between states. On the left bank of the Tom, opposite the mouth of the Ushaika River, a "Kolmatsky bargaining" was created. The Teleuts "often began to come to the Tomsk city with a market, with a horse, cows, and the service people were filled with cows." (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", M., 1939, vol. 1, p. 46).

The concluded treaty was important for both states. With it, the Russians not only defended the newborn Tomsk prison, but also received a powerful and authoritative ally to subjugate other Siberian peoples. The Telengets also expected military assistance from Russia in the confrontation with the Kazakhs and Western Mongols. Plus the establishment of regular and mutually beneficial trade, which both sides badly needed.

The agreement lasted until the end of the existence of the Telenget state in 1717 and was steadily implemented for the first eight years. Khan Abak Konaev transfers his headquarters from Chumysh and places it “on the same day” from Tomsk. In July 1609, Abak, on his own initiative, defeats the Kuzhegets and returns to the Eushta (Russian subjects) full of stolen horses and cattle taken by the Black Kalmyks. For that, Abacus was praised by the Tobolsk governor Ivan Katyrev-Rostovsky and "one-row from good cloth." (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", 1939, vol. 1, p. 429). Also, at the request of the Russian border authorities, the Telengets “returned hundreds of slaves from the Baraba to their homeland,” notes Grigory Potanin, a Siberian researcher. In the autumn of 1615, the Telenget khan sent 400 soldiers for a joint campaign of Russians, Telengets and chats against the Yenisei Kyrgyz, whom he also had views of. But the other side cared little about the fulfillment of its terms of the contract. The Russians repeatedly shied away from the military support of their allies. In 1611, Khan Abak turned to the Russian authorities with a request for prompt military assistance to repel an attack by the Kuzhegets, who were taking revenge on the Telengets for their military intervention in 1609. The Russians did not refuse help, but they did not provide it either. As a result, the Kuzhegets stole a large herd of horses. The Russian kingdom did not provide military assistance to the Telengets during the attack of the Tarkhan Furnaces, and during the invasion of the territory of the Telenget Khanate by the Oirat army of Khara Khula. In trade relations, too, mutual benefits did not work. So, Russian merchants for “a bottle of moonshine took 2 sables, for 5 ermine needles, for a copper cauldron as many sables as they enter the cauldron” (Ragozin N.E. Conquest and development of Western Siberia, N-sk, 1946, p. 23).

Unfortunately, the territory increment algorithm is such that in the colonized lands (be it America, Siberia or South Africa) there is one “tendency in the development of relations: from initial goodwill to stubborn hostility and cruelty, often to total extermination.” (Verkhoturov D.N. "The Conquest of Siberia: Myths and Reality", 2005, p. 311).

And in 1617, the agreement on military-political cooperation was suspended by both parties. From 1617 to 1621, hostilities began between the Telenget Khanate and the Russian kingdom. The abacus begins to beat the peoples tributary to the Russians. In 1617 - chatov, in the next - ruins the "blacksmiths", takes away the whole families of the yasash Shors. The Russians set up the first Kuznetsk prison. Interrupts the work of "Kolmatsky bargaining". Some moments of the Russian-Teleut war, concerning the left bank, we covered in the first part of our study. The sieges of the Chatsky town (somewhat north of Kolyvan) in 1617, 1624, 1629, clashes at Lake Chany, campaigns against Tomsk in 1930.

At the end of 1620, the Jungar Khan Khara Khula appeared on the territory of the Telenget Khanate. Having been defeated by Altyn Khan and the Kazakhs, the Dzungars first appear in the Telenget steppe, and then on the right bank of the Ob. The Teleuts inform Tomsk about the intention of the Oirats to “roam around the city of Tomsk” and their preparation for a spring military campaign against Tomsk and Kuznetsk. The Russians quickly assessed their own danger of an invasion by the Oirats, and in January 1621 an embassy headed by the boyar son Bazhen Kartashev and Chat Murza Tarlav was sent to Urga Khan Abak. During the negotiations, an ally of the Telengets, the bashchi kourchaks, Koksezhe unexpectedly tried to kill the Russian ambassadors. Khan Abak did not allow this, and during the fight with Koksezh and his people, he himself was wounded. The military-political alliance between the Russian kingdom and the Telenget Khanate was restored on the same terms. On May 3, 1621, the Tomsk governors write to Moscow about the loyalty of the White Kalmyks to the treaty and the campaign of Khan Abak with 200 soldiers against the "sovereign disobedient" Tubins, Mators and Kachins. In October 1622, a joint campaign of Russians and Teleuts again took place against the Yenisei Kyrgyz.

But the confrontation continued. Back in 1621, the Kuznetsk governor Timofei Bobarykin, through the embassy of Y. Zakharov, demanded the return of the previously stolen yasash "blacksmiths". Abak did not accept the ambassadors, and they returned to Kuznetsk with nothing. In 1622-1624, the Kuznetsk voevodas chastised (10 sables per person) the outlying clans of the Teleuts Azkeshtym, Togul, Tagap, Keret, causing open resistance from the local population. The Kuznetsk governor Evdokim Baskakov wrote to the Tomsk governors Prince Afanasy Gagarin and Semyon Divov: “Many Kuznetsk people are not in obedience, but they didn’t give the sovereign yasak this year 132, but are taken to the osprey, but they want a battle with the sovereign’s people; and who the sovereign's yasak people in obedience and yasak give to the sovereign, and those yasak people from the Kolmat people have great torment, and insults to their wives and children, torment and captivate, and others are flogged ... Kuznetsk yasak people from those Kalmatsky people there is no one to defend, servicemen there are few sovereign people in the Kuznetsk prison.

In 1624 numerous border clashes took place near Tomsk and Kuznetsk. Surprise attacks have been reported from both sides. The Azkeshtims and Toguls run away to the Teleuts. It came to the murder of ambassadors. In July 1924, the embassy of I. Beloglazov was sent to Abak from Tomsk with the task of "reprimanding" and demanding the extradition of "thieves' people." There was no abacus in urga. And, apparently, the ambassadors behaved quite aggressively, because. the conversation with the "best people" ended with the robbery of the ambassadors and even the murder of the Cossack L. Alekseev (Miller G.F., "History of Siberia", 1941, vol. II, pp. 320-321). The governors did not see Abak’s fault in the incident, they sent interpreter Yansar to him with a compromise proposal, and in May of the following year, the Teleut ambassadors Kuranak and Urlei, who arrived in Tomsk, assured that Abakak would give “strong wool” after returning from Khara-Khula.

And although the khan did not confirm the shert, the negotiations continued. Colonization continued with them. In 1625-1626, the Russians managed to agree on the return of the Azkeshtims and Toguls “under yasak”. They cover with yasak the “Shchelkantsy” (Chelkantsy). In 1627, a detachment of the Kuznetsk Cossack ataman Pyotr Dorofeev marched from Kondoma to the upper reaches of the Biya and by force took yasak from the Tubalar clans of Tiber, Chagat, Togus, sea otter, as well as from the Shors of the upper reaches of the Mrassa River. All "their Teleut aristocracy considered their Kyshtyms."

Anti-Russian coalition.

And in 1628, Abacus again broke with the Russians and forbade his Kyshtyms to pay yasak to the Russian Tsar, urging them to kill yasatchiks and take away their weapons. Colonial war gets a second wind. From Tara to Kuznetsk, a wide company of disobedience breaks out. A series of uprisings of the Tara, Baraba, Tomsk and other Tatars begins. Abaq actively supports the rebels, provides them with asylum on the territory of the Telenget Khanate. There are widespread rumors in Tomsk that Abak and the Kalmyks want to “set fire to Kuznetsk with birch bark”, “grind bread”, burn hay, etc. It turned out to be extremely difficult to reinforce the Kuznetsk garrison due to the accumulated non-payment of salaries to servicemen. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, p. 46). In 1629, Abacus taxed the Kachins with an Alban. More and more of the volosts of the Teleut lands and the Kuznetsk basin are deposited from Muscovy to Abaku.

An anti-Russian alliance of Kuchumoviches, Teleuts, Baraba and Chat Tatars began to form. Negotiations were even held with the Oirat taisha Khara-Hula. A special place here belongs to chats. Their noble Murza Tarlav, who had previously taken Russian citizenship, retired from Russian service, left the Chat town with people, went up the Ob and in 1629, at the confluence of the Chingis River into the Ob, founded his town - the new capital of the chats. From here, Tarlav actively disturbed the Tomsk district. In 1630, the Tomsk voivode, Prince "Petrushka Pronskoy" with comrades Oleshka Sabakin and Bozhenko Stepanov wrote to Tsar Mikhail that "Murza Tarlavko of Chatsk ... betrayed you, with all his people, Chat went to White Kolmaki and his father-in-law to Prince Abaku" .

Worried Tomsk governors "many times" send embassies to the Teleut ulus. In March 1630, servicemen of the Pentecostal Petrushka Afanasiev and the mounted Cossack Grishka Koltsev were sent to Abak. But this time, the prince was not at all disposed to negotiations, and the embassy left with nothing. In addition, Abacus detained the serving Eushta Tatar Bektula Begichev, who was an interpreter in the embassy, ​​over whom they later “cursed, cut their nose and ears, [and breasts] were cut up, so that he Bektul served you sovereign.”

In April 1630, Teleuts and southern chats raided the Tomsk district. It was not possible to achieve surprise, so the ulus Tatar Murza Burlak Aitkulin warned the Russians about the approach of "military people". The garrison of the nearby Toyanov town was immediately reinforced, the Allies turned around, devastated the “Chatsk Kyzlanov and Burlakov town (Murzin town - K.G.), and burned bread, and the Kyzlanov and Burlakov Tatars, who were in that town near the bread, were beaten, and others caught, and your sovereign yasak Shagar volost fought. “20 Russian warriors and clerk G. Timofeev were also killed.” On May 20, from Tomsk, the son of the boyar Gavrila Chernitsyn was sent by water to the Chat prisons with service people and Tatars to stay there for some time, repel the enemy on occasion and find out in detail about his intentions. On May 29, Chernitsyn attacked the enemies "on the climb over the Ob". They had to accept a very unprofitable battle, in which the allies suffered heavy losses, including Murza Kazgulu from Chat, Murat's best man from Tuluman, and were forced to flee. According to the testimony of the Ostyaks (Khanty), for 20 miles from the battlefield, along the road where the defeated fled to the Baraba steppe, one could see everywhere a large number of killed people in shells, dead horses, all the enemy’s property was scattered in disarray. (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", Ch.9, §41, App.427). Despite the military success, under the threat of a new attack, Tomsk was hastily fortified again - a new prison was erected on both sides of Ushaika. Professor A.P. Umansky notes that the campaign near Tomsk in 1630 was the most hostile action of Abacus against the Russians in all 25 years of Teleut-Russian contacts. This year itself is considered by all researchers as the most critical in the history of the conquest of Siberia.

A special place in our study is occupied by the pearl of the Novosibirsk region - Karakansky Bor - a beautiful place full of mysteries and myths: about a mega-dune formed 2.5 millennia ago due to a giant breakthrough of water in the Altai mountains; about thousand-year mounds with military burials; about the hand of Genghis Khan buried here; about virgins and knights turning into rocks; about Sherwood Forest and Siberian Robin Hood by Afanasy Seleznev; about boats with gold at the bottom of rivers and lakes. One thing is known for sure - the village of Chingis still stands here, founded in 1629 by Murza Tarlava of Chat, and here a battle took place, perhaps the most important on the right coast of the region, morally turning the tide of the war for the anti-Russian coalition.

Tarlav was noble, experienced, brave and very popular among the local population. The unification of resistance forces around him could be disastrous for the colonialists. It was impossible to prevent the appearance of new thousands of horsemen near the walls of Tomsk, the campaign which was really being prepared by the allies. After a series of unsuccessful embassies to Tarlav and his father-in-law, Prince Abak, with a proposal to “get behind treason”, on March 5, 1631, the Tomsk governor Peter Pronsky sent detachments of the Smolensk nobleman Yakov Ostafievich Tukhachevsky from three hundred Cossacks and the Chat Murza Burlak with a hundred Chat and Tomsk Tatars against the rebellious Murza . (Volkov V.G. Murzas and the princes of the Chat and Tomsk Tatars of the 17th-18th centuries. Experience in the genealogical reconstruction of dynasties).

The detachment of Tukhachevsky, a participant in many wars of the Time of Troubles, who possessed remarkable military and diplomatic abilities, consisted of experienced fighters. Here were the already familiar Cossack head Molchan Lavrov and the first Kuznetsk governor Ostafiy (Evstafiy) Kharlamov (Mikhailevsky). According to other sources, the total number of the detachment reached almost 900 people. Genghis town was rich and well fortified, but the Russians were armed with small guns. Since the town was protected from the coast by an impenetrable forest, the Cossacks and Tatars skied along the Ob River, and provisions and weapons were dragged on dogs by sleds. (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", 1941, vol. II, p. 376). They walked very fast. A journey of 5 weeks was covered in 2.5. As a result, Tarlava's messengers to the allies (Teleuts, Kuchumoviches, Orchaks) did not help. Even the Teleuts could not come in time.

Despite the double numerical superiority (Tarlak had 192 people of the Chat, Baraba, Terpinsky Tatars and Kalmyks), material and fiery advantage, Tukhachevsky was in no hurry to storm the fortress, but at first only besieged it, hoping to force the popular Tarlav to surrender. But his Cossacks, realizing that they could lose their war booty, were ready to arbitrarily go on the attack. Upon learning that reinforcements were coming to the besieged, Tukhachevsky decided to storm. Having made wooden shields to protect against arrows, the Cossacks began "to proceed to the town." During the assault, a detachment of Kuchumovichs approached from the rear “to help”. However, the attackers were able to hold back the reinforcements and take the fortress. Murza Tarlav with bodyguards managed to escape and run deep into the Karakan forest. But the Cossacks, led by the son of the boyar Ostafiy Kharlamov, overtook them, and in a fight allegedly with Kharlamov himself, the prince was killed. Yakov Tukhachevsky did not lose his diplomatic experience here either - in front of his quarter of the Tatar army and numerous prisoners, he organized a solemn funeral of the defeated enemy.

But on the death of Murza, the dramatic battle near Chinggis Town was not yet over. White and black Kalmyks approached. Having united with the remaining Kuchumoviches, they "came to them to Yakov to the prison" and besieged him. Tukhachevsky "many times" sent the servicemen "to the vylaska" and successfully fought off the enemy. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Siberian Tatars in the 17th century", 1972, p. 128). During the fighting near Chinggis-gorodok, the Russian side lost 10 people killed and 67 wounded, the Siberians lost 185 people killed and 30 wounded, 8 Chat Murzas, 10 Tatars were taken "by the town". The sons of Tarlav Itegmen and Koimas (Kozbas) were sheltered by Abak.

With the death of Tarlava, the anti-Russian coalition broke up, chats and tulumans hastened to recognize the "servility" from the Russian tsar. On the site of the stronghold of the Chat prince, a large Russian village was formed, which has retained its name today - Chingis.

Advance to Altai and Kuznetsk campaigns.

In 1632, the Russians decided to cut the territory of the Teleuts, penetrating deep into the rear and gaining a foothold in Altai “to protect the sovereign volosts of the Kuznetsk district”, building a border guardhouse “in a decent place” on the banks of the Biya. The success of this daring campaign promised the colonialists a strong weakening of the hegemony of the Teleuts and, by and large, the annexation of the entire right bank of the Ob with the explanation of the peoples of the Altai Mountains. But, sending a detachment under the command of the boyar son of the Pentecostal Fyodor Pushchin on a military expedition, the Tomsk governors Ivan Tatev and Semyon Voeikov somehow did not quite correctly assess the forces of “sending 60 service people”.

On July 20, a detachment on three boards leaves Tomsk up the Ob River, approximately on August 12 (according to Umansky’s calculations) it crosses the “Teleut boundary”, on the 21-22nd at the Stone it is met with protest by Abaq’s parliamentarians. But the detachment continues to move and on August 31 the detachment reaches the mouth of the Chumysh River. On September 3, the Teleuts under the command of the eldest son of Abak - Koki and biy Izenbey overtake Pushchin above Chumysh and smash it. Here, too, there are discrepancies - from a five-day bloody battle (L.P. Potapov) to a short shootout (A.P. Umansky). However, after negotiations, having stood "until half a third of the day" the Cossacks turn back. I don’t know whether it was in memory of this battle or by chance, but today there is a lake called “Teleutskoye”, the Teleutka river and “Teleut burial mounds” near the village of Kislukha near the place of this battle.

Telenget Aidarka, caught by the Russians, testified during interrogation: “... de Abak ordered that poor people live along the Ob of his Abakov Ulus for fishing, and they would not have hushed those people up with anything. Yes, Abacus ordered to say: for what the voivodes are sending prisons to my land, I didn’t fix any kind of enthusiasm with the sovereign’s people, and there was no betrayal of mine before the sovereign ”(Miller G.F. “History of Siberia”, M., 1941 , vol. II, p. 395).

The Pushchino campaign, although it was lost, had a significant resonance. The Russians for the first time crossed the unknown upper course of the Ob almost to Barnaul. Not daring to re-advance up the Ob valley, the colonialists redirected their advance to the Altai through the flanks: in the west along the Irtysh valley, and in the east along Kondoma with access to Biya and Lake Teletskoye.

Despite the unsuccessful outcome of the first expedition, already in February 1633, the Tomsk governors again sent a detachment of the boyar son Peter Sabansky to the south. The Cossacks reached Altyn-Nor (Golden Lake) by skiing. Teles lived here, faithful allies of the Telenguts. For more than ten years this small nation also offered the most stubborn resistance to the colonialists. In 1633, the local prince Mandrak managed to avoid defeat and lead the people to the southern shore of the lake, although the Cossacks captured his wife and son Aidar with his daughter-in-law. The following year, Mandrak came to Tomsk, ransomed the family, and undertook to pay yasak at 10 sables per person, but later he did not give yasak. In 1642, the Tomsk authorities again sent Pyotr Sabansky and Pyotr Dorofeev with the Cossacks to Lake Teletskoye. A whole military operation is being carried out against the Teles. Sabansky builds boards and crosses the lake, Dorofeev with a detachment bypasses the lake in the mountains. The Cossacks besiege the Teles fortress at the mouth of the Chulyshman. The siege lasted 12 days and would have continued if not for the accidental capture of Prince Mandrak and the reckless sortie from the fortress of his son Aidar. This time, Mandrak was taken as a hostage to Tomsk, and all other members of his family were released under the obligation of Aidar to pay tribute annually. (Andrievich V.K. History of Siberia, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1889. pp. 97-98). The very next year, after the death of Prince Mandrak in captivity, the telos again refused to pay yasak, and in 1646 the son of the Tomsk voivode Boris Zubov undertook another campaign against the telos, defeated them, captivated many, but the telos were again "postponed". In 1653, the punitive detachment of Pyotr Dorofeev came to the lake, but no one was found there. There is no one to pay the yasak - the Teleses went under the auspices of the Telengets. The memory of a small proud people is preserved in the current name of Altyn-Nor - Lake Teletskoye.

The need to “set up a prison” at the confluence of the Biya and Katun rivers was also raised in 1651, 1667, 1673, 1683, but the colonialists were able to build the Bikatun prison only by a “large detachment” in 1709. For the time being, the Russians preferred a temporary truce in southern Siberia and intensified their penetration into Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Relations between Telengets and Russians softened again. The Teleut prince Abak continued to hesitate in recognizing his dependence, but in 1632 he nevertheless sent his grandsons Itegmen and Koimas to Tomsk, where they were recognized by the Tomsk governor as serving murzas of the Chat Tatars and accepted the former Urga of their father Tarlav as an inheritance. Years later, Tarlav's relatives and other chats often traveled to visit their Teleut relatives or just to trade, while doing espionage for their new masters.

But border skirmishes still arose, although rarely. By 1633, the Yenisei Kyrgyz intensified their raids on Russian lands, a “conspiracy of Lithuania” was ripening in Tomsk, Abak lost almost all of its allies, and in addition, there was a significant increase in the enemy of both states - Dzungaria. The Oirats have again become a real threat. In an effort to normalize Russian Telenget relations, the Russian side from September 1633 to September 1634 sent four of its embassies to the Telenget Khanate (V. Sedelnikov, E. Stepanova, B. Kartashev, O. Kharlamov) and received several khan's embassies. And at the end of 1634 the treaty was restored. Abak did not give the required personal coat, but he resumed the “Kolmatsky bargaining”, returned the Uskat and Komlyash people, as well as Murza Aydek, to their former places. Teleuts were allowed to roam “closer to Tomsk, in which places he, Abak, roamed on Mereti until Torlavkov’s betrayal in 137” (Umansky A.P. “Teleuts and Russians in the 17th-18th centuries”, N., 1980, p. 57 ). The khan also promised to provide military assistance in a joint campaign against the Yenisei Kyrgyz, but this campaign never took place.

At the beginning of 1635, Maychyk (Machik, Bachik, Madzhika) - the son of Qashqai-Bura, the younger brother of Abak - was deposited from Khan Abak. The Telenget Khanate split into two states: the Greater Telenget Ulus (western) and the Lesser Telenget Ulus (eastern). Khan Abak remained at the head of the Greater Khanate, and Maichyk Kashkayburunov headed the Lesser Telenget Khanate. The ulus of Abak (and later of his son Koki) was located on the right bank of the Ob at the confluence of the river Meret, between the mouths of the Chumysh and Berd rivers. This place on the territory of the current Suzun region was the "political center" of the Telenget state from the 20s until the mid-60s of the 17th century. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, p. 203).

The Meret River at its confluence with the Ob. Suzunsky district of the Novosibirsk region.
Photo by E. Mukhortov

Umansky calls both Uluses “Big”, although it is known that Maychyk’s Ulus was much smaller (1000 people). Subsequently, in the rivalry with Khan Koka and the struggle against the Russians, Maychyk relied on the Dzungar Khanate of Batur-khuntaiji. L.P. Potapov, in his historical and ethnographic essay “The Ethnic Composition and Origin of the Altaians”, claims that almost until the end of the 50s of the 17th century, the Telenget Khan Koka Abakov either united with the separatist prince Madzhik for joint actions against the cities of Tomsk or Kuznetsk, or quarreled and quarreled . However, modern researchers (Umansky, Tengerekov) constantly convict Potapov of distorting the facts. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that in the 1630s Maychyk was the organizer of the "Teleut baranty" - a direct robbery of Russian yasak volosts.

In mid-September 1635, the great son of the Teleut people, Khan Abak, died at an advanced age. (Tengerekov I.S. "Telengety", 2000). After the death of Abak, the Big Telengetsky Ulus was inherited by his eldest son Koka Khan. The Tomsk governors immediately sent an embassy to him, headed by the Cossack foreman Zinoviy Litosov, son of Amosov, to confirm the agreement concluded by his father. Khan Koka confirms the continuity of the union and sends a return embassy to Tomsk with his brother Imes. In the summer of 1636, already Koka Abakov, together with the Russians, went on a campaign against the Kyrgyz.

At the same time, Johann Fischer writes in his book “Siberian History” that even before that, in the spring of 1936, when the Kyrgyz attacked the county, Khan Kok made a trip to the Kuznetsk prison, which by that time had become the main goal of the Teleuts. But Professor Alexei Umansky and other modern researchers believe that there was no attack, but it was a trick of the Kuznetsk governor Grigory Kushelev, undertaken in order to accelerate the rearmament of the Kuznetsk garrison with more modern weapons - "short squeaks". However, cases of Teleut ramming by the people of Koki were noted in 1638 and other years. From another “Reply from the Kuznetsk governor Dementy Kaftyrev” about the reinforcement of the Kuznetsk prison by Tomsk service people, it follows that on October 7, 1639 (some researchers mistakenly call 1648), under the guise of trade, the nephew of Koki Khan of the Small Ulus Maychyk and his people appeared in Kuznetsk. “... and when the inhabitants, considering this an ordinary matter, went out to trade at the camp, he, without any hesitation, ordered to suddenly attack the Russians, and killed them as much as he could, and at the same time, having robbed the goods they had brought, he went into the steppe "(Kuznetsk Acts. Collection of documents. Issue 2. Kemerovo, 2002; "Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", vol. III, M., 2005). During the treacherous attack, 15 citizens were killed, many were injured. Khan Koka then wandered 2 days from Kuznetsk, which caused dissatisfaction with his governor.

Officially, the Russian kingdom and the Great Telengetsky ulus from 1635 to 1642 resolved all disputes through diplomatic relations, without resorting to military force. However, in 1643, relations between the two states were again spoiled. The Kuznetsk governors showed great zeal before the Sovereign. The war of duality begins. In 1642, Pyotr Sabansky undertook a military campaign in the Altai Mountains against the Telyos, whom Khan Koka considers his Kyshtyms. In 1643, under the Kuznetsk jail, “the people of Kersagal came with Machik”, beat the servicemen and the Tatars from the foothills, and also robbed the yasash people in the district and “the sovereign de yasak was not ordered to pay”. (Reply from the Kuznetsk voivode Dementy Kaftyrev to the Tomsk voivode steward Prince Semyon Klubkov-Masalsky). In response, Pyotr Dorofeev goes to Biya against the Kersagals. Naturally, as a result of the “search” carried out, the people of Kersagala were defeated and captivated, and on the way back to Kuznetsk, Dorofeev also manages to break up a group of “Machikov’s men”. In the same year, Shestachko Yakovlev made an attempt to explain the white Kalmyks themselves! His detachment came to the Mundus, Totosh and Kuzegetskaya “volosts”, where the Teleuts of Bashchi Yentugai Konaev, the uncle of Khan Koki, lived! (Samaev G.P. "Accession of Altai to Russia", G-A., 1996). “... and with them de Shestachko Yakovlev and his comrades taught battle, to shoot from bows, and they de servicemen Shestachko Yakovlev and comrades with those Mundus and Totosh and Keseget people, asking God for mercy, taught the battle and hunt over us; with God's mercy and sovereign happiness ... Mundus and Totosh and Keseget people were beaten in battle and others were wounded, and from the battle many wounded fled, and their wives and their children were full of raped ... and there were 35 of them, lord of disobedient people "(Kuznetsky's reply governor Dementy Kaftyrev).

The Russians, one by one, began to set up their villages up the Ob, and soon the Teleut boundary on the right bank of the Ob passed along the Ouen (Inya) River. The first Russian village on the "Novosibirsk" right bank appeared around 1644 at the confluence of the Barsuchikha River with Berd. This is Maslyanino. The territory between the "beaver" rivers Iney and Berdyu was called Tavolgan. Until the end of the first decade of the 18th century, Tavolgan (for Russians - Chernolesye, marked green on the map) was a border line and remained a common place for hunting. The note of the Tomsk voivode Grigory Petrovo-Sokolov dated December 1708 states that “Tomsk residents are Russian people, Chat Tatars and white Kalmyks traveling in summer and autumn in the tracts of the Tavolgan forests and along the rivers Ina and Berdi for animal, hop and boat trade and for millstones there are 500 people and more in the industry. (A. Borodovsky, "Boats of Tavolgan". "Science in Siberia", May. 2005). On the same "drawing of the land of the Kuznetsk city" by Semyon Remizov, we see several Teleut settlements on both banks of the Ob. The historical toponym Tavolgan has survived to this day. In the Iskitimsky district, in the interfluve of the right tributaries of the Berdi - the Maly and Bolshoy Elbash rivers, there is the Maly Tavolgan tract.

The pressure of Muscovy forced Khan Koku in 1645 to establish good neighborly relations with the Dzungar Ulus and give wool to the Oirats (Batura-khuntaiji). This alarmed the Russians very much, as it threatened to lose the population and territory of the Teleut Ulus for colonization, and on June 12, 1646, a Russian embassy headed by Peter Sabansky arrived in Urga Khan Koki. In connection with the ascent to the Russian kingdom of Alexei Mikhailovich, the ambassadors asked for official confirmation of the validity of the Russian-Teleget agreement. The “best people” confirmed the coat, but Prince Koku refused, arguing that Entugay and Uruzak had already given him a coat in Tomsk. The refusal of Khan Koki from personal wool did not suit the Russian tsar. In turn, in the late autumn of the same Maichik sent Bilichek's embassy to Kuznetsk with a petition about the release of guilt for the pogrom at the Kuznetsk marketplace. Bilichek also gave wool to the Kuznetsk voivode Afanasy Zubov, but the khan refused to pay yasak, promising only a “commemoration”, but in fact he did nothing. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, p. 64).

Immediately, in 1646, a crushing military campaign of the Tomsk governor Boris Zubov took place against the Telos, who, after the death of their prince Mandrak, tried to break away from the Russians. Outraged, Koka immediately sends his ambassador Chota Bitenev to Kuznetsk, and then to Tomsk, with a protest for his Kyshtym people, whose representative had just sent Sabansky to the embassy. In Kuznetsk, they refer to the order of the Tomsk governor Osip Shcherbatov. Shcherbatov himself denies any involvement in the organization of the campaign and sends a request to Kuznetsk: "according to the sovereign's letters or by his own arbitrariness" a campaign took place. The bureaucratic spinner, so familiar to us, turned on. In response, Koka curtailed trade in Russian villages, renounced joint military operations against the taisha of Kula, and subjected the Boyan, Togul, Tyulyuber volosts of the Kuznetsk district and the Piedmont Abins to pogrom, taking people to him. The Khan intensifies the collection of Alban from the doubles. Livestock prices go up immediately, which causes strong dissatisfaction with the Russian "service people." In order to somehow smooth the situation, an embassy was sent to Koke from the Tomsk son of the boyar Stepan Alexandrov (Grechanin) - Koke met him dismissively and did not listen. The horse was stolen from the ambassador himself, and Kyzlanov, a member of the embassy, ​​was simply beaten. Not wanting to worsen relations with the Russians, the khan, following the offended mission, sends his ambassador Uruzak, who apologizes in Tomsk, explaining that Koka was drunk. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, pp. 73-74).

In 1648-1649, the "Tomsk Revolt" happened - the mutual hostility of the governor Shcherbatov and Bunakov resulted in an uprising. Part of the servicemen wanted to leave the city and "bring the Don" in the upper reaches of the Biya and Katun. Ilya Bunakov tried to drag Khan Koku into the voivodeship strife, ambassadors are regularly sent to his ulus from both sides to collect compromising evidence on the enemy, ambassadorial article lists are forged, etc. While some fought, others rushed to strengthen their positions with the Dvoedans. Both Koka and Maychyk roam near Tomsk and Kuznetsk and significantly strengthen the sheep in the yasash volosts - moreover, they unilaterally regulate their own and Russian shares. “I ordered your sovereign yasak to pay ten sables per person, but ordered your sovereign yasak to pay 5 sables per person, and ordered Koka to be brought to him 5 sables” (Tokarev S.A. “Pre-capitalist survivals in Oirotia”, L ., 1936, p. 117).

Kuznetsk tried to calm down the Teleuts. The embassy to Koka Shestachko Yakovlev and I. Ivanov in June 1648 was not crowned with success - the khan did not accept the “reprimand” and did not recognize the “yasash” accusations. At the end of 1649, the new Kuznetsk voivode Grigory Zasetsky, at the request of Moscow, sent an embassy to Maichyk, the clerk I. Vasiliev and the Tatar interpreter Konaiko, who managed to confirm the shert on the conditions of 1646 - “do not give yasak and amanats, but send only commemoration” . But even after a year they sharply decreased, after that they stopped altogether, and Machikov’s people again began to inflict a “great insult” on the double-dwellers. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, pp. 66-67).

At the beginning of 1650, the Tomsk governors again received a royal charter, where Alexei Mikhailovich urgently demanded confirmation of the agreement on the military-political alliance between the Russian Tsardom and the Telenget Ulus personally from Khan Koki. In April, an embassy headed by the boyar son Ivan Petrov arrives in Urga Khan. On the same day, the ambassador received an audience with Khan Koki and a personal confirmation of the validity of the agreement with a glass of "gold in honey", which was considered the most effective by the Teleuts. At this time, Koka really needed support (or at least cover) in the confrontation with Maychyk and the Oirat taisha Sakyl (the cousin of Batyr-khuntaiji), who had just conquered the Orchaks - Koki's allies.

But the hopes of the parties for the normalization of relations did not come true. In 1651, Ederek (Iderek), Koki's brother-in-law, was poisoned by the people of Chat Murza Burlak Aitkulin. The Khan sends his ambassadors to Tomsk demanding that the poisoners be called back, and also that 11 fugitive families, subjects of the Telenget Khanate, be handed over. The Russians refused to extradite the fugitives and did not take any measures against the serf murza. It was not possible to resolve the problems that arose through negotiations. In the same year, after several attempts (the Kersegals “reserved for giving”), the Kuznetsk Cossack Afanasy Popov managed to penetrate the Biya River, into the upper reaches of the Katun, violating the borders of the Telenget Khanate. On July 5, the detachment returned, bringing with it the envoy of the Oirat taishi Chokur Ubashi - Samargan Irgi, who indicated to the colonialists the best place "to put a prison on the mouth of the Biya and Katun rivers." (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", M, vol. II, 1939, app. 472).

In response, the Telenguts approached the Kuznetsk prison and devastated the villages under the mountains. Written sources about these events have not been preserved, but a reply to Moscow from Mikhail Volynsky, the first discharge governor of Tomsk, notes: gave." (Kuznetsk acts. Collection of documents. Issue 2. Kemerovo, 2002. p. 185). In order to persuade the Kyshtyms to transfer to Russian citizenship, during the years when there were feuds between the Mundus princes, the colonialists spread a rumor among the Teleuts and their Kyshtyms that the Telenget Khanate was still disintegrating into a number of small uluses, and would not be able to stand up for their subjects. There was a saying among the Siberian Turks: “Mundus juulup El bolbos. Buka juulup mal bolbos ”(When the mundus get together, the state will not be. When the bulls get together, the cattle will not be). (Tengerekov I.S. "Telengety", 2000).

By the end of the 1940s and in 1652, the Telos again stopped contributing yasak to the royal treasury, and they themselves began to take tribute from the Kondom Shors, terrorizing them. In order to avoid the threat of reprisal from the Russians, Prince Koka, with the consent of the head of the Teles of Aidar, resettled all the people of the Telesky volost from Altyn Lake to the Telenget Khanate, and also resumed the collection of Albans from the Kuznetsk volosts and uluses, and stopped trade with the Russian districts. In 1653, Russian servicemen who came to the black taiga on the coast of Lake Teletskoye “to collect yasak from the peoples wandering in the vicinity of the lake found its shores completely deserted. Teleses migrated to places unknown to Russians ”(Kambalov N.A., Sergeev A.D.“ Pioneers and researchers of Altai ”, B., 1968, p. 7). The Teleses returned to the lake only after the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate by the Chinese Empire in 1755. In 1745, the Russian expedition, led by Peter Shelegin, met "in the Chulyshman valley ... about three dozen Teleut yurts ...".

Kuznetsk stubbornly refuses to recognize the Russian-Telenget agreement and continues to go on Cossack campaigns "for zipuns" in frontier lands. In January and March 1653, the Kuznetsk governor Fyodor Baskakov arbitrarily (at the request of the yasish and Kuznetsk servicemen) carried out two punitive operations against the Telenget Khanate. In January, the detective detachment of P. Lavrov (apparently Pospel, because he was a Pentecostal, and his brother Peter was a royal messenger) and I. Vasilyeva behind the Lower Kumanda smash the Teleut Yulutka and other Kyshtym people, take their families to Kuznetsk. On March 10, the old enemy of the Telengets, Ataman Pyotr Dorofeev, with the Pentecostal Kuzma Volodimerov and a well-armed detachment of 200 Cossacks, opposed the "Telesian traitors" - Bosey "with comrades" and the fugitive Azkeshtims. The Cossacks did not go to Lake Teletskoye, but limited themselves to simply shooting and robbing the Azkeshtims, and learning about the hunting “in the Kalmyk tracts up the Chyumysh River” brothers Koki - Koibas and Name with ulus people “a hundred and three”, quickly returned to Kuznetsk . Baskakov urgently sends Lavrov and Vasilyev to the teleuts. The Kuznetsk detachment robbed the hunters to the bone: from 100 to 170 moose carcasses “with skins and meat” were taken from them and 15 people were captivated by Names.

Khan Koka again made a sharp protest and demanded an explanation for the undeclared war against the Telenget Khanate. We sent to Kuznetsk (Moohai Telekov and Boka Sairanov) Baskakov replied that this was his revenge for the humiliation of his yasatchiks (they had their beards cut off) by telos and Sayan people. Dissatisfied envoys went to Tomsk Having a strict order from Moscow "not to fight" Koku and his people, and trying to comply with the law, the Tomsk governors Nikifor Nashchokin and Averkey Boltin in August 1653 began to conduct an investigation. To which Dorofeev threatened with “hilem and a lot of noise” that if the commission continues to conduct an investigation, then all the Cossacks will go to the Biya and Katun rivers - there is a lot of plowing and they will set up a jail for themselves, and there will be a battle with Tomsk, and “the sovereign from this ruin will!" Roman Starkov’s commission listened a little more to the well-coordinated interrogation speeches: “The Kokin brothers were not besieged, they stumbled upon the killed moose by chance, the serf himself came to the Russian camp, etc.,” curtailed its work and “did not touch the instigators of the rebellion.” ("Slavic Encyclopedia. XVII century". M., Olma-press. 2004), (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, pp. 84-88). The investigation materials were sent to Moscow. Kolmatsky trade was curtailed, moreover, neglecting the Russian iron, the Teleuts began to successfully trade with the Shors, acquiring weapons from them. Koka is waiting for an opportunity to "revenge his insults" and is seriously thinking about an alliance with the Dzungars. In January 1654, by decree, the embassy of Vasily Bylin was sent from Moscow to the urg Koki on Meret with claims. All counterclaims are rejected by the prince, he threatens to send his ambassadors to Moscow not through Tomsk, but directly through Tara, and relations remain unsettled. In May of the same year, a Decree comes following the results of the Kuznetsk investigation signed by the clerk Tretyakov, who, under the threat of royal disgrace, categorically prohibits military operations against the Telenget Khanate without the permission of Moscow and obliges the governor to return the captured Telengets and their Kyshtyms. At that time, Tsar Alexei was at war in the west with Poland and Lithuania, and he did not need complications in the east at all. In relation to the voivode Baskakov, no punishment was determined, and he remained the voivode of Kuznetsk for another two years.

"Visiting" and an alliance with the Dzungar Khanate.

In 1654, relations escalated both within the Telenget Khanate itself and on its southern borders. Khan Maychyk and the junior bashchilars of the Abakovs, in the fight against Koki, attracted the Oirat taish to their side. Other taishi, on the contrary, acted on the side of Koki. Here Batur-huntaiji dies among the Jungars and, accordingly, the struggle for power begins. Koka is trying to throw off his nominal dependence on the Dzungar Khanate - a series of wars between the khanates begins, but in the summer of 1655 Koka suffers a major defeat from the Oirats. Retreating, the Teleuts were forced to hastily cross to the wooded right bank of the Ob near the mouth of the Irmeni, leaving their livestock and property on the other side. Taking advantage of the moment, the Russians immediately send an embassy to the Khan, headed by Y. Popov. But even being in a critical situation, Khan Koka Abakov did not confirm the wool. He was not even seduced by the promise of a "charm". The Russian side has never, in almost 50 years of the existence of the treaty, fulfilled its obligations to protect the Telenget Khanate, only violated itself. The khan did not expect help even now, because. the Tomsk and Kuznetsk governors have a direct decree from the tsar: not to repair any "enthusiasm" against the Dzungar Khanate.

Skirmishes continue. Being between the Russians and the Oirats as between a rock and a hard place, Koka begins to establish contacts with the Kyrgyz in order to unite in the struggle against both. In October 1656, the Russians sent a new embassy with Afanasy Sartakov and K. Kapustin, but Khan Koka did not accept him, and even did not let him into Urga, passing through the bailiff Kurumsha “and there’s nothing to talk with you about, because there is Tomsk Koke gifts not sent". Having kept the ambassadors for “two weeks or more”, Koka, confident in his strength, invited the servicemen to fight with him - “I live on Meret”. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, p. 20, 94-95).

At this time, the Khan is negotiating with Maychyk, Khan of the Lesser Telenget Khanate, and the Kyrgyz Bashchilars. The negotiations were successful and at the beginning of 1657 Khan Kok again united the Big and Small Telenget Uluses into one state. The unification of the Teleut princes could not please the Russians, and in March 1657 the Tomsk governors sent an embassy to the Khan, headed by the boyar son Ivan Petrov. This time with a protest about "granting asylum" to Bashchilar Maychyk. Petrov, referring to one of the clauses of the agreement “do not refer to traitors”, demanded from Koki that he expelled Maichyk from his uluses. At the same time, a provocative offer was made to Maychyk to marry the yasir family of Machikov in Tomsk for amanats (which meant accepting citizenship), but he did not agree, and it was not possible to quarrel the princes. The Russians send the next embassy to the princes "big" headed by T. Putimts, who suggested that the princes bring hostages to Tomsk to ensure their loyalty "and they will give their yasyr - a young woman and rob". Naturally, this ambassador also left with nothing.

The Russians began to fortify. Between Tomsk and Kuznetsk at the beginning of 1657 new prisons were set up: Sosnovsky, Verkhotomsky, Mungatsky. Khan Koka considers these lands his own. On June 21 of the same year, he makes a military campaign against the Tomsk district and ravages the Sosnovsky prison. In the battle, the head of the Sosnovsky garrison, the boyar son R. Kopylov, and 6 servicemen were killed. The rest retreated under the protection of Tomsk. Threat loomed over Tomsk again. The governors sent a barrier to the south "for the unknown arrival" of the Teleuts. Along the entire border of the Russian kingdom and the Telenget Khanate, border skirmishes take place - small and more. There is an unceasing struggle for fishing grounds, “ruin is being committed”, horses and cattle are stolen, fugitive chats, Baraba people take refuge at the Teleuts.

On April 11, 1658, the Tomsk governors receive a royal letter, dated December 2, 1657, with categorical requirements in relations with the Telenget Uluses. On June 20, 1658, the embassy led by Dmitry Vyatkin finally finds Khan Koku. His large camp is on the left bank of the Ob. The next day, Vyatkin announces a mandated ultimatum to “leave behind all falsehoods” ..., as well as the royal threat in case of failure to “send to them from Kazan and Astrakhan and from the Terek and from the Don and from distant floodplain rivers and from Siberia many of our military people from fiery battle and with a large outfit ... ". A serious threat, but in six days the khan had to face a decisive battle with the Oirats of the Jungars. Koka postponed the solution of the Russian question until the outcome of the battle and suggested that Vyatkin take the latter with him to the battlefield. The ambassador protested, but "strongly" went along with Khan Koka. In front of the Russian ambassador, the Telengets were defeated. The embassy also suffered - one was killed, the other was wounded twice. (Zlatkin I.Ya. "History of the Dzungar Khanate", M., 1964, p. 210). More than two weeks later, on July 14, 1658, Khan Koka proposed to Vyatkin a joint program of action in resolving relations between him and the Russians: first, the exchange of prisoners, then the resumption of the military-political alliance and sending ambassadors of the Telenget Khanate to Moscow. Khan Koka hoped that his ambassadors in Moscow would be able to obtain military assistance to fight the Dzungar khans. Governors of Tomsk were satisfied with the results of the embassy. On September 2, 1658, a large embassy arrived in Urga, headed by the son of the boyar Dmitry Kopylov. With the embassy, ​​captured Telengets also arrived. Khan Kok, bashchilars Maichyk and Yentugay, the best people of the Telenget Khanate, shertoved (“drank gold”) about the renewal of the treaty of 1609.

On September 12, the embassy of the Telenget Khanate left for Moscow, consisting of the “best people” Mamrach, Kelker, Daichin, accompanied by Dmitry Vyatkin and the Cossacks. On December 30, the embassy arrived in Moscow, and a month later a reception was held in the Embassy Chamber of the Kremlin Palace. From the Russian side, the negotiations were conducted by the head of the Ambassadorial Department Almaz Ivanov and the clerk Efim Yuryev. And although de facto this meant the recognition of the sovereignty of the Telenget Khanate, and the negotiations passed decorously, the ambassadors did not achieve the main goal - military support in the fight against the Dzungar Khanate. Moreover, upon the arrival of the embassy back to Tomsk, the issue of military assistance was not mentioned at all in the letter of the Ambassadorial order to the governors, but the king’s forgiveness of Koki and Machik, the “royal salary” to them and the mechanism for issuing it in exchange for amanats “from direct zhon children” were prescribed . This guaranteed the Teleuts “mercy” and “defence from enemies”. In fact, the Telengut princes were offered vassal service.

For some time, the Teleut mission to Moscow gave positive results - the Oirats quieted down, military clashes between Russians and Teleuts stopped, Koka and Machik returned to Meret from the left bank of the Ob (three days from Tomsk), bargaining became more active, and not only in Tomsk and Kuznetsk, but and in the uluses themselves, where merchants and servants came. In 1958, the Telenguts returned the Telesovs to Altyn Lake, and they again began to pay yasak to the royal treasury. In September 1659, Koka asked for military assistance to repel the raids of the Oirat taisha Sakyl Kulin - the Russian authorities refused him. In the voivodship’s unsubscribe, the Ambassadorial order of September 14 says: “And we, your lackeys, without your sovereign decree, to the White Kalmyks ... we didn’t dare to send military people because now there is a quarrel with black Kalmyks, Koki, and so that quarrels with them do not do. And the envoys, sir, before us, your lackeys, verbally said that he, Koka, with those enemies of his, with black Kalmyks, wants a manager. And the blacks, sovereign, the Kalmyks have great uluses, and to this day your sovereign’s people have never been bad in any way. Sharp and unresolved also remained the questions of explaining the double-dwellers and the general fishing fees in our Chernolesie (between the Berdi and Ini rivers).

The dispute over the lairs also flared up among the Teleuts themselves. In 1661-1662, a group of Teleuts, led by Prince Irka Udelekov, brothers Balyk, Bashlyk and Kochkanak Kozhanov, migrated from the Iskitim River near the Tomsk prison because of the "heart" for fishing grounds. Single families of Teleuts (Koshpak (Koshnakai)) began to travel under the "white king" from the end of the 1620s. In 1650, in the first, Uskat group, their number was only "6 paying souls." (B. O. Dolgikh, Tribal and tribal composition of the peoples of Siberia in the 17th century. M., 1960. p. 106). In the yasak books of the 1970s, the Teleuts who fled from Koka were called by the Russians “white Kalmyks of the former exit”, then “the last exit”. Basically, they roamed along the Tom and its tributaries. They settled near Tomsk and Kuznetsk, carried out military "guard duty in border volosts", received "sovereign salaries" and paid preferential yasak. According to the time of departure and the number of “outgoing Teleuts”, the opinions of researchers differ, but it is clear that in comparison with the chats and Eushta people surrounding them, they constituted a small group, which was gradually replenished with prisoners and defectors. The governors in every possible way encouraged the acceptance of Russian citizenship by fugitive telengets and their military service in the Tomsk and Kuznetsk prisons. Demands for the extradition of defectors by the Russian authorities have always been rejected.

In 1661-1664, the Russians carried out the Chat colonization of Chernolesye. The Teleuts resist the settlement of chats in their lands as best they can - from disputes with the Russian authorities over their "traps" to simple horse theft. Already considering the Teleuts as their subjects, the Russian authorities tried to forbid them to take tribute from their own Kyshtims. And judging by the complaints of the governor, the Teleuts again “stole” from 1662, driving away the cattle from the servicemen and all sorts of ranks and beating the yasash people. Khan Koku is again forced to renounce contractual obligations and curtail trade relations. The Russians start open war. In 1663, the blacksmiths, under the command of the Pole R. Grozhevsky, went on a military campaign to the Meret River, where Urga Khan Koki was then located. A year later, the Tomsk voivodes marched against the Telenget Khanate “in peace and army”. Khan Koka is again forced to conclude an agreement on peace and cooperation with another enemy of the Russian kingdom - the Dzungar Khan Sengi and retreat to the south, to the foothills of Altai. Koka transfers Urga from Mereti to the left bank of the Ob. In 1663-1664, the Russians persuaded the nephew of Khan Koki Bashchilar Chatkara Torgoutov (Chota Koroi) to treason. Koka demanded to extradite the traitor. He was refused, and Chatkara, on the contrary, was assisted in a military campaign against Koka and Maychyk.

In 1665-1669 the Teleuts continued baranting. In 1668, Kokin people ravaged the monastery village of Pachu near Tomsk. Around 1670 Coca dies. Khan of the Telenget Ulus becomes his eldest son Koki - Tabun. He continues to fight against the Oirat taisha Sakyl Kulin (the Russians are again denied help by warriors), and against the colonialists. Departing from the pressing Oirats, Tabun with the uluses again crossed to the right bank, at the mouth of the Chumysh. After the death of Senga, Maychyk also migrated there, who, together with the Dzungar Khan, was actively preparing a campaign near Kuznetsk. The herd again asks the Russians for "protection", again teaches a refusal, and in the summer of 1671 "from the hearts that the great sovereign did not give him people ... he sent his people to the county near Tomsk." The exchange of military campaigns is very active - in 1672, the blacksmiths "beaten the Telenguts of Zamakhashka and 50 wagons of people with him ...". Tomichi also “many times” “came in war” and killed “the best people of Udeley and Tuban and captured their wives and children.” (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, pp. 120-121).

In 1672, the Cossack foreman Mikhail Popov, the Cossack Yevstafiy Savinov and the lawyer Afanasy Zubov announced in Moscow in the Siberian order about the presence of silver ore on the Teleut land near the Teleskov Lake. In the autumn of 1673, the boyar son Savva Zhemotin and clerk Ivan Losev were sent from Tobolsk “for a genuine visit to these places”, but the expedition did not take place and ... the find was forgotten.

The tsarist government was interested in the Teleut defectors, and in the fall of 1672, Balyk Kozhanov, the senior traveler from Tomsk, was summoned to Moscow with petitions, where he received the highest audience of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. In 1673-1674, the Kuznetsk servicemen bombarded the voivode with petitions about the great grievances perpetrated by the robber detachments of the "Tabunkov people" Vaska Krivoy and Ivan Biy. "Fired, burned, beaten, driven away ...". In 1673, Tomsk residents undertook a campaign against Chumysh, where they beat Builachak and "little people". In May 1673, “traveling Teleuts” - prince Irka Udelekov and Baskaul - fled from the Russians, “from the troubles of the vovod” to the Oirats. Governor Dmitry Baryatinsky sends after Roman Starkov. Kozhanov, who returned from Moscow, also spoke with him with "exit" tickets. Starkov caught up with the fugitives beyond the Ob, at the Ileus River, seven days from Tomsk, beat many and captured Sham, the son of Prince Udelekov. The rest managed to hide in the depths of the "Teleut land". “Visiting Teleuts” for their faithful service as mounted Cossacks receive mowing and vast pastures for perpetual use.

On June 3 of the same year, a large detachment of Teleuts ravaged the Kuznetsk district, the village of Shebalina was burned, and serviceman Tikhonov with his entire family was burned in the hut. The Kuznets sent a detachment of 250 people under the command of Ivan Bedar (Bedarev) to search for "thieves' teleuts". At the mouth of the Chumysh, the servicemen defeated the ulus of Ivan Abakov, the men were killed and wounded, and their families (including the prince's son Bol Ivanov) were taken into captivity. In 1959, archaeologists discovered at the site of the battle (Lake Kokuyskoye) the remains of a moat, charred gates, and a palisade of the settlement. Umansky in his work “On the issue of dating and ethnicity of the Upper Ob settlements – “Kokuevs” (1972) believes that since 1621 there was a settlement of Khara-Khuly, which was later used by the Teleuts – Boydon in 1663 and Abakov in 1673.

Lake Kokuyskoye near the village of Ust-Chumysh

Then Tabun turns to Kegen-kutukhta for help and receives it. He is concentrating forces and is preparing a big campaign against Kuznetsk. The residents of Kersagala Uruskai and his ulus man Melgeda reported about the threat to Kuznetsk, for which they were killed by Tabun's son-in-law Kornai Taichi. The Kersagalians immediately avenged the death of their princeling by attacking the Teleut-Oirat detachment of Koronai Taichi, killing two and injuring eight Oirats.

The preempted voivode, in order to eliminate the threat and still return the traitorous Irka and Baskaul, in November sends a large detachment (250 people) under the command of Pospel Lavrov up the Ob, to the Teleut land, to the Teleut land. Again, Kozhanov's "travelers" go with him. Prince Tabun set out to meet the invasion, but was defeated, having suffered significant losses. Nevertheless, Lavrov's detachment was not allowed into the depths of the Teleut land. And a month later, the detachments of Irka Udelekov and Ivan Biy again fight and burn the villages up the Tom. Rumors are being circulated again about preparations for war against Kuznetsk and Tomsk. In the spring of 1674, Baryatinsky sent a detachment of Starkov against the militant traitor Udelekov. Tabun again stood up for the fugitives, again lost the battle, losing "400 people and more" (including the best people), "wives and children", but the Cossacks again turned back. Historians note this battle as the largest clash between Russians and Teleuts in the 17th century.

Strongly offended Kozhanov Tabun. And already on June 24, 1674, the treacherous Baskaul smashed the Tomsk villages and the "outgoing" elder of the brothers Balyk Kozhanov. Balyk himself, his brothers and children were killed. And again, Starkov catches up with the raiders at the crossing over the Tom, beats them (albeit with significant losses) and beats off "their bellies, horses and all kinds of cattle." In autumn, the people of Kersagal again whisper to the Kuznetsk governor about the unification of Tabun, Maychyk and Abakov and the impending strike. But fears are in vain - Tabun and Maichyk move Urga to the south, in the interfluve of Aley and Chares. The Russians were already much stronger, and this winter the Teleuts preferred to intensify the collection of alman from their Kyshtyms.

The struggle for the Teleut "beasts" in the interfluve of Berdi and Ini, as well as on Chumysh, intensified. The Teleuts of the Kuznetsk group are called among the “last departure”: Baskaul Mamrachev, Mamyt (Tabyt) Torgaev, Surnoyakov, Izybekov, Telemyshev. (Torgaev Nikolai. The history of the emergence of the name of the Torgaevs, "Kuznetsk worker". 06.10.2011). Baskaul's father, Mamrach, headed the Telenget embassy to Moscow, and, probably, the strength of the stone city influenced his decision to transfer to Russian citizenship. Baskaul himself led the outgoing Teleuts near Kuznetsk. Travelers were hosting in Chernolesye already as at home, and from time to time between them and the "tabunkov people" there were small skirmishes and murders. The enmity between the Teleuts and the “migrants” came to the fore in Teleut-Russian relations as well. Demands to extradite Tabuna Kozhanov, Mamrach and others or to punish them with his power were the main ones to the Russian embassies in 1672-1675. Relations were so tense that in May 1675, things again came to the murder of "Yzsechka and comrades" (Izsechka, Ilzek) from the embassy of I. Kulugachev. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, pp. 126-128). Judging by the denunciations of "travelers", Tabun was again preparing a campaign against Tomsk and Kuznetsk. The anti-Russian coalition includes Tabun himself, Udelekov, Maychyk with his son Chaavaiko (Shaadai), the Karagai prince Kooken-Matur Sakylov, the traitor Tuduchka who fled from Tobolsk, and others. Messengers were sent to the Oirat Matur-taisha. But the campaigns did not take place, perhaps the scammers simply filled their price on the "hot".

On October 2, 1676, Kutuy, sent by Tabun to search for the traitor Mamrach, finally finds his son Baskaul in the Berdsk-Insk Tavolgan with a group of fishermen from the “travelling Teleuts” and Russians. Baskaul Mamrachev then headed the foothill Teleuts of Kuznetsk. Baskaul was killed in the skirmish. The reprisals against the heads of the Teleut "excursions", albeit in a completely distorted heroic form, entered the folk legends and fairy tales of the Teleuts. They were recorded by Verbitsky, Kostrov, Potanin, Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky.

The murder of a significant Russian subject provoked a protest from the Tomsk servicemen, who called on the voivode to “subdue Tabunka by war.” Prepare seriously. The son of the Kuznetsk voivode Grigory Volkov was appointed commander of the troops, the deployment of troops was determined on the Bulakhta River (Berdi basin), and the exit was by the first autumn route (when the rivers were delivered, but not covered with snow). When the troops were on their way for the third day, Baryatinsky recalls them back. He tried to play the "Dzungarian card". Even earlier, with a request to calm the Teleuts, the voivode turned to the ambassadors of Khan Kegen, who were trying to get a pass to travel to Moscow. On October 21, Ambassador Konzhin (Donzhin) brought news that Kegen allegedly promised the voivode to "calm down the White Kalmyks." But this did not bring any effect - until the end of the 70s, the Teleuts continued to raid the Russian villages of the Tomsk district, Chat, Eushta camps and detachments transporting yasak and alman. Twice raids were made on the Verkhnetomsky prison, on the villages of the Sosnovsky prison, on the Tagan River. Umansky calls the period of the 1670s the darkest time in the history of Teleut-Russian relations in the 17th century.

But the possibility of such a major campaign against the Teleut land was still adequately perceived by Tabun. Plus the threat from the struggle for power in Dzungaria, significant human and material losses from the clashes of the last decade. At the end of 1676, having come to redeem Ivan Starchenko, captured by Kutui in Tavolgan, through the people of Azkeshtim, Tabun sent a request for a "direct contract" to Tomsk.

In 1677, the governor changed in Tomsk. Prince Pyotr Lukich Lvov abandoned the intimidating policy of his predecessor, the "fierce governor" Prince Daniil Baryatinsky. In autumn, Lvov sends the embassy of I. Danilov to the Telenget Khanate, and at the end of the year Vasily Bubenny. Shert Tabun did not give, but assured of a "peaceful setting." The raids have noticeably subsided. But in August 1679, two khans at once expressed their desire to give wool to the Russian Tsar: Tabun and the Oirat Kooken-Matur. Their ambassadors Baaran and Sebi, respectively, said that the Dzungarian kontaishi Galdan Khan allegedly ordered this to be done. And he even punished "give amanats in Tomsk." In the autumn of the same year, the Kyrgyz prince Shanda Senchikeev incited Tabun from the "other side to fight the Tomsk district", but he refused him. The Kyrgyz raid was repulsed by Starkov's detachment of 417 people. (Khromykh A.S. “Features of the outer frontier in the south of central Siberia.” Minusinsk, 2007). The winged voivode sent a solid embassy of 12 people to the Karagay and Teleut lands, headed by the same Tambourine. With the order of accepting an extensive sherti and taking "direct" amanats. But either Prince Lvov did not understand the ambassadors, or the ambassadors or interpreters simply deceived him, but Tabun, enraged by the demands of the amanats, refused to waste, and took away the “royal salary” by force, and caused all sorts of inconvenience to the embassy. To demonstrate his determination, Tabun, in front of the posovs, personally went to collect the Alban from the Dvoedans of the Kuznetsk district.

Subsequently, through Galdan Khan, Tomsk still gets Tabun to promise not to send his people to Tomsk and Kuznetsk. In July 1680, in Urga of the Dzungarian kontaishi (beyond the Imel River), in the “judicial yurt”, a detailed complaint of Prince Lvov against the Teleuts and Kyrgyz, brought by the embassy of Grigory Pushin, was examined. Tabun justified his actions by shifting responsibility for them to the Russian side, and the khan's zaisans "ordered firmly" the prince to the tsar's subjects "not to repair any enthusiasm." On the way back, Tabun assured Pushchin of peacefulness, escorted him to the Telenget boundary and provided him with "food" to Tomsk.

Sheep stopped, trade revived. Contradictions persisted only in relation to defectors and double-dwellers (the collection of alman only intensified). When in 1682 Matur-taishi and Kooken-Matur went to Kuznetsk, Tomsk and their districts, they called Tabun with them, but he refused and "did not want anything badly." The following year, the embassy of Matvey Rzhitsky sent to Tabun with an offer of sherti, and a royal salary: a portico of cloth and a bucket of “hot wine”. Tabun refused. In November 1684 Rzhitsky's message was repeated, and so was the result. In addition, Tabun put forward demands for lands in Tavolgan, the issuance of "high teleuts" and the transfer of Urga back to Meret. The first was formally satisfied, the second and third were not - Prince Andrei Koltsov-Mosalsky was inconveniently close proximity. On October 31, 1685, the voivode makes the next attempt - the embassy of I. Verbitsky goes to the Teleuts. The parties pretty much bargained - the ambassador lied that after issuing the "expatriates" and moving to Meret, the voivode turned to Moscow, and Tabun kept promising to go to Galdan Khan to ask permission for the king's wool. But, having accepted the gifts “with honor”, ​​the prince nevertheless promised not to come to war, not to beat the yasash and not to rob, and not to take his yasak from them, and again expressed his desire “to be under the royal majesty with a high hand ... on the river Meret”.

In 1686, Kouken Mathur turned to Tabun about a joint military campaign against Tomsk and Kuznetsk, but “Tabun didn’t give him, Kokon, people and refused to do so, but told Kokon that there would be no quarrel with the sovereign’s people.” In the spring of 1688, Khan Tabun refused to help the Dzungur Khan Galdan-Boshogt, who fought with the Buruts for dominance over Khalkha, thereby actually declaring a break with the Oirats. Twelve years earlier, in 1676, Tabun had already refused to help Galdan (then still Kegen-kutukhta) in the internecine struggle of the Western Mongols. And then and now the Dzhungars did not have the strength and opportunity to punish their outlying Kyshtyms. The Russians hastened to send two embassies to Khan Tabun. In April 1688, an embassy headed by the son of the boyar Semyon Lavrov left Tomsk for the purpose of "calling for citizenship" in Urga Khan Tabun. Two months later, the embassy of Andrei Smetannikov and Ivan Bedarev arrived from Kuznetsk with the aim of “calling under the high sovereign’s hand into eternal servility” on the terms of sending amanats and paying preferential yasak (1 fox per bow). Smetannikov was somewhat discouraged by Tabun's harsh refusal to the Kuznetsk ambassadors, since a new bezyasachny allied treaty had already been concluded by Lavrov's embassy, ​​and the khan would not swindle "alongside". So, after 25 years of military confrontation, the bezyasachny agreement on the military-political union between the Russian Tsardom and the Telenget Khanate of 1609 was restored with an additional obligation on the part of Tabun Khan “not to go to war under the Sar cities and counties, and not to go to war with your children and brothers and nephews and ulus people do not send." This treaty is also important because Tabun gave the coat in full for the first time, which he avoided earlier, referring to the fact that he was the kyshtym of Galdan Khan (Umansky A.P. “Teleuts and Russians in the 17th-18th centuries”, N. , 1980, p. 152).

And yet, fearing the revenge of the Jungars, Tabun continues to insist on the migration of the uluses back to Meret. In 1689 Khan Tabun twice sent his embassies to Tomsk - in March Sobai Tyuryaev with Toyan Umraev and in December Nomoi Kireev. Tabun was interested in three main issues: the guarantees of the Russian authorities that Urga Khan would not be attacked in the event that the stake was transferred to its former place on Meret; on the admission of the Telenget embassy to Moscow to consolidate the union at a higher level and on the extradition of fugitive subjects of the Telenget khanate. In September 1690, Tabun received a positive response from the Tomsk governor Ivan Durnovo to allow the Telengetsky embassy to Moscow, but without deciding to migrate to Meret, and without issuing the fugitives. In this situation, Khan Tabun also refused to send an embassy to Moscow. And by 1688 the number of Teleuts who traveled abroad had grown. There were already 144 of them, and they were headed by Mamyt Torgaev, who was baptized and named Davyd. Traveling service Teleuts had to participate together with the Russians in skirmishes against the Kyrgyz and Dzungars. Naturally, they suffered losses in killed and captured, and after the 90s their number drops to 100, 75, and by 1703 to 63 people (Dolgikh B.O. “Clan and tribal composition of the peoples of Siberia in the 17th century”, M, 1960 page 106).

Consolidation of the Russians and the departure of the Telengits.

Nevertheless, for seven years, from 1688 to 1695, good relations existed between the neighbors, trade and cultural ties expanded and strengthened. The place of the "Kolmatsky bargaining" from Tomsk moved to the boundary. The Russians began to actively move south. Since 1695, after the founding of the village of Kruglikovo on the Iksa, one by one, the plowings on the right-bank rivers Oyash, Inya, Berd turned black, the villages of Pashkovo, Krasulino, Gutovo, Morozovo appeared. Two years later, on the left bank, on the site of the future Novosibirsk, the village of Krivoshchekovo appears. The dispute over fishing grounds continues. Teleuts from Tomsk, Bobosh and Taulai, "devastated in a thief's secret" the beaver tracts "up the Berda river". There are also shelters of fugitive yasash. In 1694-95, many conflicts arose in barter because of direct deceptions of Teleuts by Russian and Chat merchants, for insulting “for their own stomach” Teleuts rob anyone, even ambassadors. So, for the deceit perpetrated by Ivan Shumilov, Matai Tabunov robs the embassy of Matvey Rzhitsky, who was returning from Karagay from Irka Udelov. The message of Kalina Grechaninov (Manuilov) and Aleksey Kruglikov, which arrived at Tabun "with a reprimand for untruths" was also robbed, and with the threat of war against Tomsk. Later it turned out that the “quarrel” in the Teleut land was also caused by merchants from Bukhara, that “without vacation” they came here from Tara to trade in “reserved goods” - gunpowder and lead, and also talked about the intention of the Russians to “fight” Tabun.

To settle the outbreak of anti-Russian sentiment, to restore allied relations, the voivode Vasily Rzhevsky sends an embassy to Urga, headed by N. Prokofiev. Against the background of the threat of the Russians to "fight", the embassy was more successful for the Russians than ever. “On January 6, 1696, Khan Tabun assumes the following additional, specific obligations: neither he himself, nor his children, nor his relatives will carry out military operations against Russian cities and districts; not to ruin or beat Russian and yasash people; observe and act in accordance with the allied agreement concluded between the Russian kingdom and the Telenget Khanate. A month later, upon returning from Karagay, Shal Tabunov, the eldest son of Khan Tabun bashchi, brought a similar coat to the Russian ambassadors. (Tengerekov I.S. "Telengety", 2000). There is a funny moment in this coat. The Russian governors perfectly understood the impact on the loyalty of the second side of the “salary” with “hot wine”. So, with the last sherti of Khan Tabun, the "sovereign's salary" was not enough for the late khan's son Shalu, who was a great lover of "hot wine". And the ambassadors had to apologize strongly and promise him "salaries in the future." The temptation won, and Shal gave the wool "dry". The parties also agreed on the exchange of "robbery belly" and the continuation of fair bargaining. Shert is also given by Maychyk's son Beykon, who had just risen to head the ulus after the death of his elder brother Shaadai. With the Karagay prince Irka Udelov, who separated from the Machikov Ulus, the Russians by that time were also able to normalize relations.

The nomad camps of the Teleuts shifted further and further to the south. At the very end of the 17th century Tabun roamed in the northern Altai along the rivers Boronoul, Kasmel and others. Maychikov uluses roamed along Alei and Chares to Biya and Katun. After the death of Tabun in 1697, Shal became the last khan of the Telenget state. In 1699, the Kyrgyz prince Korchin Yerenyakov addressed the Teleuts with a proposal for a joint campaign against Tomsk, but was refused. Having learned about this, the Tomsk governor Grigory Petrovo-Solovovo sends the son of the boyar I. Yadlovsky and his comrades with a “reprimand” about relations and with an order to impose yasak on the Teleut princes. The ambassador receives a harsh refusal from Bazan Tabunov and Beikon Machikov: “We didn’t give our coat to the great sovereign in order to give us yasak.” (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, p.14).

Apparently, the "leaving" life was not sweet. In 1700, a group of yasash "foreigners" ran from the Russians to the Telenguts with a large theft of cattle and horses. However, the following year, the embassy of N. Prokofiev agreed that "those thieves in Tomskaya were expelled." In 1702, the “exiting Teleuts” asked the king to add yasak from the service Teleuts, for which Davyd Torgaev (who became the head of the ulus after the death of Baskaul), Kulcheman Sarchin and Piglet Bekhtuchakov went to Moscow with a petition. Petition did not receive their satisfaction - yasak, although preferential, was not laid down from them. After 1703, the ulus of Sartaev and Vaska Porosenkov emerged from the ulus of the Uskat Teleuts of Davyd Torgaev. Part of the Teleuts moved to the Bachat River, where the core of the modern Teleut people gradually formed. Over the next two centuries, living mainly among the Chats and Ueshtins, the Teleuts adopted their language, culture, religion and became Tatars. (Verbitsky V.I. "Altai foreigners", M. 1893, pp. 121-122).

Over the next years, the Russians fill up individual "kibitkas" of Teleuts, here and there there are military skirmishes between the parties. The last Russian embassy to the Telengets was sent in 1705. Nothing is known about his goals, but, perhaps, the subsequent conclusion by Khan Shalom Tabunov of an agreement on a military-political alliance with Dzungaria is connected with him.

In the south, the Dzungarian Ulus entered its heyday. In the internecine struggle for the Khan's throne, Tsevan Rabdan finally wins. In 1703, Khan Tsevan Rabdan completely conquered the Kyrgyz, whom he resettled from the Yenisei deep into the Dzhungar Ulus to the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. After the conclusion of the Teleut-Dzhungar treaty, Khan Shal puts at the disposal of Khan Tsevan Rabdan part of the Telenget troops. Khan Tsevan Rabdan initially uses them to protect his headquarters, located in the Ili Valley. “So, for example, in 1707, during the attack of the enemies of the Dzungar Khan on his Urga, out of 700 people of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and Teleuts taken to Urga for caution from the Buruts,” the vast majority were killed, in particular, 30 people remained from the Teleuts at the head with Matai Tabunov.

After 1710, the Telengetsky Ulus becomes a vassal of Dzungaria in Southern Siberia. The Mundus Bashchilars with their military squads participate in the gatherings of the Albanians and in the military expeditions of the Dzungars. But this is the history of Kuzbass, Altai, northeastern Kazakhstan and the Teleuts themselves. We note only the most important further points.

The last diplomatic communication between representatives of the Telenget Ulus and the Russian kingdom took place in 1715-1716. In 1714, the blacksmiths disrupted the collection of Albans from the Dvoedans in favor of Khan Tsevan Rabdan. During its collection in the taiga regions of the Kuznetsk district, a detachment of the boyar son Serebrennikov captured the brother and son of the Telenget Khan Baigorok Tabunov and Chap Shalov. “Izvestia o grievances” writes that in 1715 “Mountain Telenguts, namely Todoshevs, Kiptsaks, Telioshevs… having fought three times, forced them into tributaries…”. (Samaev G.P. "Gorny Altai in the 17th-mid-19th centuries: problems of political history and accession to Russia", G-A., 1991, p. 78). In the spring of 1915, the troops of the Oira taiji Cheren-Donduk, the cousin of Tsevan Rabdan, entered the territory of the Telenget Ulus, numbering 3,000 soldiers. Due to its replenishment with Telengets, Sayans, Tochintsy, the army is quickly replenished to 7,000 people. Telenget Batu Nekerov arrives in Kuznetsk. He conveys to the voivode Boris Sinyavin a written message from the Taiji Cheren-Donduk, the commander Manzu Boydonov and Khan Shala Tabunov demanding the extradition of Baigorok, Chap and other captured Telengets and the threat of a military campaign against Kuznetsk. “If you want peace, give up my people; if you want a soldier, tell me.” 15 days were given for a response. But the change in the situation in the west forced Cheren-Donduk to turn his army to the Irtysh and besiege a new Russian fortress near Yamyshevsky Lake. (Tengerekov I.S. "Telengety", 2000).

In September 1715, the Telenget Khan Shal Tabunov wrote to Sinyavin: “The White Tsar and the two Kontaishi live peacefully. What are you and I conquered for? We will live peacefully - the hair will turn white. For iron, let us take up the bones, they will turn white. And in the summer of 1716, Shal sent his ambassador to Kuznetsk, the telenget Nomoy, whose son was also among the captives. Khan sent a ransom for the captives. Voevoda Sinyavin accepted the ransom, but he did not give them to Nomoi themselves. Moreover, Colonel Sinyavin ordered Ambassador Nomoy for his "disobedience" to be "chained, put in prison, and then sent to Tobolsk, and the governor appropriated ten of his horses." “By his own order, the Berd clerk Ivan Butkeev ravaged the Teleut yurts, while three were killed and two were wounded.” (“Monuments of Siberian history”, St. Petersburg, 1885, book 2, p. 298). That same summer, half of the Tomsk garrison, led by Alexei Kruglikov, was sent to Kuznetsk for service. This is how the last peace proposal to the Russians ended for the Telengets.

The first signs of unhindered penetration to the south, to the territory of the Teleuts, began to appear already around 1713. In 1716, the Berdsky prison was founded on the southern bank of the Berdi. It became the first surviving Russian fortification already beyond the "Teleut boundary". In 1717, the feudal state of the Telengetsky Ulus ceased to exist. It voluntarily became part of the Dzungar Khanate.

One fine day, Russian patrols went out into the steppe and did not find a single camp there. Since 1713, the main population of the Telenget Khanate, as well as the Kyrgyz Khanate before it, began to move “on four thousand carts” by the Dzungar Khan into the depths of their country across the Ili River. These were the descendants of the Mundus of Abaq and Qashqai-Bura: Shal, Baigorok, Matai, Bazan, Koen, Zhiran, Manzu, Mogulan, Bekin, Batu-Menko, Mergen-Kashka, Angir, Mekey, together with their fellow tribesmen and ulus people. At first, Kontaisha Tsevan Rabdan explained to the Russian ambassador, centurion Ivan Cheredov, that the Russian authorities “repaired many insults to the Telenguts ... and it became impossible for the Telenguts to live, and he did not even take quarrels and Telenguts to himself,” but a few years later he directly told another ambassador, Ivan Unkovsky, that he took the Yenisei Kyrgyz and Teleuts to him, "so that they would not leave him for the Russians." (Samaev G.P. "Gorny Altai in the 17th-middle of the 19th century: problems of political history and joining Russia", G-A., 1991). After that, the "foreign campaign" began. The Russian colonialists began to actively move along the Ob to the south of Siberia and build military fortifications to secure the lands of the former Telenget Khanate for Russia. Berdsk prison, Beloyarsk fortress, Biysk fortress, Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress. Only those prisons had no one to attack, although separate military skirmishes continued for several more decades.

Here one more, full of secrets, page of the history of "development" of Siberia opens. Bugrovanie - the looting of pagan burials, has been practiced in the Irtysh region for a hundred years. After the huge territory left by the "white Kalmyks" was opened to the Muscovites, the mounding reached its climax. The Ob area turned out to be full of untouched barrows, which were filled with gold and silver! As usual, officials immediately took the profitable business into their own hands. “The heads of the cities of Tara, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Isetsk and other places sent free detachments from local residents to reconnoiter these graves and concluded with them such a condition that they must give a certain or a tenth of the gold, silver, copper, stones, etc. ." writes the captured Swedish officer Philip Stralenberg, who was in Siberia at that time. Excavated treasures of a high artistic level were sold for next to nothing, items made of gold and silver were melted down. Grave gold and silver was used by almost all Siberian clerks. In the capital's mansions of the then Siberian governor, Prince Matvey Gagarin, there were decorations worth more than three million rubles (for comparison: the estimated cost of building and launching all the Nevyanovsk plants in the Urals was 11,888 rubles). Enraged, Peter ordered Gagarin to be hanged for edification and issued a decree according to which the excavated "antiquities" from precious metals had to surrender to the state without fail for a "happy dacha." It was not there - the objects recovered from the "hillocks" began to settle almost exclusively in European collections. But bugrovanie is not the topic of our study, so I will send those interested to the note of journalist Fedor Grigoriev, who analyzes this issue on the site http://n-vpered.ru/2011/02/09/bugrovanie.html, and to other sites: http: //www.metallsearch.ru/nenkladi/b36.html , http://www.vn.ru/index.php?id=103551 ...

For us, the Siberian "antiquities" once again serve as proof of the former power and wealth of the state of the Telengets and other Siberian peoples. Part of the Teleuts (descendants of Bashchi Yentugai) managed to get rid of forced resettlement in the Dzungarian regions. Some remained in the foothills of the Altai, others arbitrarily left for the right bank of the Ob and the southern part of the left bank. There they waited for the Russians. In 1756, the Dzungar Khanate was defeated by the Great Qing Empire. The winners staged a real massacre. “The Mongol-Chinese exterminated everything that they met alive - they killed men, raped and tortured women, and children smashed their heads against a stone or wall, burned dwellings, slaughtered livestock; they killed up to 1,000,000 Kalmyks ... "(Potapov L.P. "Essays on the history of the Altaians", M-L., 1953, p. 179). Fleeing from the genocide and wanting to become Chinese subjects, the Telengets asked back in August 1755 “to be accepted into the Russian Empire” (AVPR, f. 113, op. 113/1, d. 4, 1755-1757, l. 48). Then the request remained unsatisfied. And only on June 21, 1756, in the Biysk fortress, the senior Telenget zaisans Buktush Kumekov and others voluntarily entered into citizenship of the Russian Empire ... and the next year, almost all were deported to the Volga, where they disappeared into the Kalmyk environment and among other peoples of the Volga region.

This is the story of another indigenous population of the Novosibirsk region.

What gave Siberia the Russian conquest? A little later, Europeans began to explore the New World. Over the years, they have turned the new continent into a prosperous land. What did the aliens bring to the native inhabitants of Siberia? The Siberian regionalist of the 19th century Nikolai Yadrintsev wrote that “the discovery of a new vast region like Siberia, having aroused the Russian minds, at the same time, as clearly as possible, revealed the mental impotence of the Russian people” (Yadrintsev N.M. “Siberia as a colony”. To the anniversary tercentenary - St. Petersburg, 1882, pp. 228,444). How I would like these words to be refuted by real history.

More than a hundred years have passed. The phantom of Siberian statehood is back on horseback. Will Russia be able to change the situation?

Place of publication.

NOVOSIBIRSK REGION - the subject of the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion.

Ras-lo-same-on in the Asian part of Russia. It enters the Siberian Fe-de-ral district. The area is 177.8 thousand km2. Population 2686.9 thousand people (2012; 2298.5 thousand people in 1959; 2779.0 thousand people in 1989). The administrative center is the city of No-vo-si-birsk. Administrative-territorial division: 30 districts, 14 cities, 17 urban-type villages.

Government departments

Sis-te-ma or-ga-nov of the state power of the Novosibirsk region op-re-de-la-et-sya Kon-sti-tu-qi-ey of the Russian Federation and Us-ta-vom No-vo-si-bir -skoy ob-las-ti (2005). State power in the region of osu-sche-st-in-la-yut gu-ber-na-tor, Za-ko-no-dat. co-b-ra-nie, pr-vi-tel-st-vo and other or-ga-ns, formed in co-ot-vet-st-vie with Us-ta-vom and for -to-on-mi about-las-ti. Gu-ber-na-tor - the highest-neck should-but-st-face. From-bi-ra-et-sya citizen-yes-on-mi, pro-live-vayu-schi-mi on the ter-ri-to-ri region-la-sti. In a row-dock pro-ve-de-niya you-bo-ditch and tre-bo-va-niya to can-di-da-there us-ta-nov-le-ny fe-de-ral-nym for -ko-nom (2012) and Us-ta-vom ob-la-sti. For-to-but-dative co-b-ra-nie about-las-ti - in a hundred-yan-but dey-st-vuyu-shchy highest and one-st-ven-ny for-to-but - dative (representative) body of state power. So-one-it from 76 de-pu-ta-tov, from-bi-rae-my on-se-le-ni-em for 5 years. The number of de-pu-ta-tov, ra-bo-melting on a hundred-yan professional basis, no-ve, op-re-de-la-et-xia for-ko-nom about -las-ti. Pra-vi-tel-st-vo - in a hundred-yan-but dey-st-vuyu-shchy supreme executive body of state power, head-of-la-et sys-te -mu of the executive bodies of state power and os-sche-st-in-la-et the general ru-ko-vo-dstvo of their activities. For-mi-ru-et-sya gu-ber-na-to-rum ob-las-ti.

Nature

Ter-ri-to-riya races-on-the-same-on in the south-east of the West-but-Siberian equal-no-na, for-ni-ma-et ch. arr. Ba-ra-bin-sky low-men-ness and the southern part of the Va-syu-gan-sky rav-ni-ny. About-ty-wife-ness from the west to the east is 600 km. In the rel-e-fe, there is a trace of its own-different me-ri-dio-nal "zo-nal-ness". On the za-pa-de pre-ob-la-da-yut low ancient-not-lake-nye (for example, Pri-ir-tysh-sky), os-ta-toch-but-lake-nye ( Su-ma-Che-bak-lin-sky), mo-lo-dye al-lu-vi-al-nye and al-lu-vi-al-no-lake mane equals ( Cha-nov-sky, Ba-ra-bin-sky with gri-va-mi 2-6 km long, 6-15 m high). To the center. hour-of-races-pro-countries-not-us uva-lo-ob-different, weak-bo-races-members-nen-nye for-bo-lo-chen-nye (Kras-no-zer-skaya , Pri-tar-sky) and uva-li-hundred-lodges-bin-nye, the most-bo-lea-under-ny-tye, equal-no-us with the ancient-ni-lodges-bi-on- mi hundred-ka shi-ri-noy 10-30 km, to some-eye near-uro-che-us to-li-na of the rivers Kar-gat, Chu-lym, etc. On the east-ke on -ho-dyat-sya northwestern from the ridge of the Sa-la-ir-sky ridge (height up to 510 m - the highest in the Novosibirsk region). From se-ve-ro-for-pa-da to him we-ka-yut Bu-go-tak-skie sop-ki (height up to 381 m), re-go-dying in the height of So-kur (up to 248 m). In the south of the Novgorod region, partly-tych-but beyond-ni-ma-et Ku-lun-din-skuyu rav-ni-well and Pri-ob-skoe plateau. The eastern part of the ob-las-ti pe-re-se-ka-et r. The Ob is in a wide-ro-koy to-li-not with a complex of different-level-vein-ter-races. Among non-ga-tiv-nyh natural processes in the Novosibirsk region pre-ob-la-da-yut for-bo-la-chi-va-nie (northern and central regions ), ov-ra-go-ob-ra-zo-va-nie (Pri-ob-skoe plateau and the northeastern part), de-fla-tion and for-so-le-nie (Ku-lun -din-skaya rav-ni-na, south of the Ba-ra-bin-sky low-men-no-sti).

Geo-lo-gi-che-structure and useful is-ko-pae-mye.

The Novosibirsk region is located in the central part of the Ura-lo-Okhot-sky sub-vizh-no-go belt. In the southeastern part of the region, there are pro-tya-gi-va-yut-sya structures of the Al-tae-Sa-yan warehouse-cha-toy region. On the east-ke you-de-la-et-xia fragment of the her-tsin-th-warehouse-of-the-th-th-th-of-the-s-of-the-niya of Sa-la-ir-th-th-ridge zha, ob-ra-zo-van-no-go osa-doch-ny-mi and vul-ka-no-gen-ny-mi po-ro-da-mi kem-briya - or-do-vi-ka and de-vo-na - lower-not-go car-bo-na, some-rye pro-ditch-na gr-ni-ta-mi and on the extreme it is re-ke-pe-re-kry -you kon-ti-nen-tal-ny-mi corner-le-nose-ny-mi from-lo-zhe-niya-mi of the lower and middle Jurassic. On the construction of Sa-la-ir-sko-go ridge with se-ve-ro-for-pa-yes over-vi-well-that late-not-her-tsin-skaya Tom- Ko-ly-van-sk warehouse-cha-taya zone, complex-female ter-ri-gen-ny-mi (from-part-corner-le-nose-ny-mi) and wol-ka -no-gene-ny-mi thick-mi from the middle-th de-vo-on to the first-mi, pro-torn-ny-mi in-true-zia-mi gra-ni-toi-dov . Warehouse-cha-tye ob-ra-zo-va-niya in the northwestern on-right-le-nii-gru-zh-ut-sya under che-hol oli-go-tsen-neo-ge-no- out lakes-but-al-lu-vi-al-nyh from-lo-zhe-ny power-no-stu 1-3 km Western-but-Siberian-platform-we. Among the quarter-verticals from-lo-same-ni-bo-lea shi-ro-ko races-pro-countries-not-we-les-sy, so you-you lakes- but-al-lu-vi-al-nye and al-lu-vi-al-nye (in the downstream of the rivers) from-lo-zhe-niya, in the mountainous regions - eo-lo- in-de-lu-vi-al-nye and sklo-no-vye-to-p-le-niya.

The most important natural resources of the Novosibirsk region are oil, hard coal, ores of gold, ti-ta-na and circo-tion. Me-sto-ro-zh-de-tion of oil (Verkh-Tar-skoe, Vos-toch-no-Tar-skoe, Ma-lo-ich-skoe, etc.) and gas-so-con-den -sa-ta (Ve-se-lov-skoe), as well as prospective for oil and gas areas of races in the northwestern part o-las-ty. The main for-pas-sy of stone coals with-medium-to-that-che-us in the Gor-lov-sky coal-basin-this-not (one of the largest in mi-re for-pa-sam an-tra-tsi-tov; the most important places-one-sto-ro-zh-de-niya - Ko-ly-van-skoe, Gor-lov-skoe-1, Ur-gun-skoe), as well as in Za-vya-lov-sky and Do-ro-nin-sky districts of Kuz-bas-sa. Many-th-numbers-len-we grew-syp-nye places-one-hundred-ro-g-de-niya zo-lo-ta; the main Russian-sy-pi - on the rivers Mos-to-vaya, Po-river-nye Tai-ly, Kin-te-rep, Ma-lye Tai-ly, Ka-men-ka Ba-ra- ba-nov-sky and others. -ro-zh-de-nia (teaching-drain Fi-lip-pov-sky). They have a me-hundred-ro-zh-de-niya bok-si-tov (Ok-tyabr-skoe, But-in-year-her), kas-si-te-ri-ta (ros-syp -nye places-ro-zh-de-nia Bar-lak-skoe, Ko-ly-van-skoe), cement clay slates (Cher-no-re-chen- skoe), ob-face-of-voch-nyh mar-mo-ditch (Pe-te-nev-skoe), from-vest-nyakov, tu-go-floating and og-not-stubborn clays, quartz sands, underground freshwater and minerals. waters (Do-in-Lena, Ka-ra-chin-skoe, Yuzh-no-Ko-ly-van-skoe, Ta-tarskoe).

On the territory of the Novosibirsk region, the climate is temperate con-ti-nen-tal. Am-pli-tu-yes of average-not-monthly temps-pe-ra-tour dos-ti-ha-et 40 ° C, ab-solute - 95 ° C. Zi-my the-pe-ra-tour-nye times-li-chia smoothed out due to the second-ryay-shchi-sya qi-clo-news. Average January temperatures are from -18 ° C to -20 ° C (can drop to -45 ° C, ab-solute mi-ni-mum -54 ° C, Mas -la-no-but), July-la 18-20 ° C. Go-do-voe-whether-che-st-in precipitation is 500 mm on Sa-la-ir-sky ridge, more than 400 mm - on se-ve-re and about 300 mm - in the south. Mak-si-mum come-ho-dit-sya on the summer. The thickness of the snowy layer is from 45-50 cm in the north and Sa-la-Ire ridge to 25-30 cm in the south. Hour-you me-the-whether. The duration of the ve-ge-ta-qi-on-no-go period-yes is from 145 days in the north to 160 days in the south, without -mo-roz-no-go period-yes - 72-78 days in the se-ve-re, 92-95 days in the center and 105 days in the south. Un-favorable climatic fact-to-ry - su-ho-wei, dusty storms in the south of the region, early autumn mo-roses, winter boo-ra-ny.

Inland waters.

In the Novosibirsk region there are 430 rivers with a length of more than 10 km, of which 21 are more than 100 km long. They are from-no-syat-Xia to the bass-this-us-us. Ob (Berd, Inya, She-gar-ka, etc.), its pri-to-ka r. Ir-tysh (Om, Ta-ra) and bass-sei-nu of the internal hundred (Ka-ra-suk, Chu-lym, Kar-gat). The greatest-shay goose-that river-noy se-ty from-me-cha-et-sya on the right-in-be-re-zhe Ob. Pi-ta-nie rivers pre-im. snowy. In the period of the ve-sen-no-go-lo-vo-dya, when it goes up to 85-95% of the year-to-the-th hundred (April-May ), the water level due to the ice-dye-ditch is under-no-ma-is 4-6 m (for example, on the She-gar-ka river). In the south-behind-pa-de-re-ki with an area-due in-to-gathering 6-9 thousand km2 in the summer it is re-sy-ha-yut, winter-mine - pro-mer -za-yut to the bottom. On the river Ob - But-in-Siberian-Bir-skoe-to-storage-no-li-shche. On small rivers, hundreds of ponds are built in order.

There are 3,500 lakes with an area of ​​more than 1.5 km2. According to the pro-is-ho-zh-de-niyu, the lakes-ra of the ancient lies-bean are hundred-ka (Ho-ro-neck, Che-ba-chee, Cri-voe), about -sa-daughter-nye (Ugui, Zhu-rav-le-vo, Ka-ban-skoe), poi-men-nye (Pipe-ba, In-der, Uryum), re-lic-to-vye - os -tat-ki of ancient lake systems (Cha-ny, Ma-lye Chan-ny, Ubinskoe, Sart-lan), which are the most-we-mi-krup-ny- mi. To-la so-lo-no-va-tyh and so-le-ny lakes increase-li-chi-va-et-sya to the south. The mud of a number of lakes is used for medicinal purposes (for example, Lake Ka-ra-chi).

At the beginning of the 21st century, from-me-cha-et-sya to-higher levels for-le-ga-niya groundwater, which is more-whether-wa-et about-processes for-bo-la-chi-va-nia, especially in the central regions of the Ba-ra-bin low-men-no-sti. Active withdrawal of waters in a number of cases led to the formation of local de-pressures and reduced to the level of underground waters - up to 9 m and more in the areas of the cities of Kui-by-shev and Ba-ra-binsk.

Soils, ra-ti-tel-ness and the animal world.

The Novosibirsk region is located in the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones. Re-gio-nal-naya feature of the forest zone (its south-but-ta-hedgehog-no-go va-ri-an-ta) - re-re-uv-lazh-nyon- ness. Significant squares for-nya-you are bo-lo-ta-mi: dirt-to-mo-cha-zhin-ny-mi, especially-to-in-hip-but-you-mi . -you. Tro-st-no-ko-vye and especially-ko-bo-lo-ta (zai-mi-scha), rya-we (sphag-no-boo-lo-ta with co-sleep) ha-rak -thorns for sub-ta-hedgehog sub-zone and northern le-so-step-pi. On swampy soils, you get 22.5% of the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe region. Ro-ren-nye ked-ro-in-elo-in-pih-to-vye ze-le-no-mosh-no-tra-vya-nye forests on the der-no-in-under-zo-li -quiet, places-ta-mi gley-va-tyh soils were preserved in the form of small masses in the upper reaches of the rivers Icha, She-gar- ka. On the riverside dre-no-ro-van-nyh-top-no-ties pro-from-ra-sta-yut dark-but-needles-but-be-ryo-zo-vye-so- co-grass forests on sod-but-under-gley-gley-va-tyh soils. South-her pro-tya-gi-va-et-sya under-ta-hedgehog-naya under-zo-on the be-ryo-zo-in-axis-new-forests in co-che-ta-nii with lu-ga-mi and bo-lo-ta-mi. The soils are gray forest, sod-under-gold-leafy, sod-gley, swampy. In the pre-de-lahs of Sa-la-ir-sky-ridge-zha-ras-pro-countries-not-we pre-mountain and mountain forests - be-re-zo-in-axis- new, shove-it-in-axis-no-vye (black-not-vye) you-with-to-grass-with the admixture of spruce, co-dreams and ob-li-eat bite- tar-ni-kov. Le-sa for-ni-ma-yut 26% ter-ri-to-rii of the region; 2/3 come-ho-dit-sya on whether-st-vein-nye breeds, in the main. be-ryo-zu (66% of the le-so-on-the-roofed area).

A significant part of the Ba-ra-bin low-men-no-sti and the Pri-ob-sko-go plateau is for-ni-ma-et le-so-steppe. In the northern part - co-che-ta-axes-but-in-be-ryo-zo-o-holes, different-grass-but-evil-meadows on gray forest, lu-go-in-black-but-earth-ny, mes-ta-mi so-lon-tse-va-tyh soils with for-bo-lo-chen-ny-mi lu-ha -mi, tra-vya-ny-mi bo-lo-ta-mi on tor-fya-no- and tor-fya-no-hundred-gley-soils. In the south-behind-pas-de-becoming-le-we-weak-bo-wave-no-stay-up-no-sti with ha-lo-fit-but-raz-but-grass-us-mi-lu -ga-mi on the lu-go-y for-saline-nyh soils, lu-go-vy solo-lons. Po-ni-women's teaching-st-ki for-ni-ma-yut lake-ra, bo-lo-ta, especially-ko-vye-mi-scha, ha-lo-fit-no-raz- but-herbal meadows-ha. The southern le-so-steppe is ras-pro-country-not-na on the Ob-Chu-mysh-sky in-do-raz-de-le. In the place of the lu-go-vy steppes and steppe-nyon-ny meadows with you-sche-lo-chen-ny-mi black-no-ze-ma-mi gos-under-stu-yut ag -ro-tse-no-zy. In the south-west of the Novosibirsk region - a steppe zone, the surface of a swarm is mainly race-pa-ha-na. Places-ta-mi were saved not-large teaching-st-ki type-cha-ko-in-ko-vyly-nyh steppes in the southern black-no-ze-makhs. In the same-ni-yah govern-yut ha-lo-fi-you on so-lon-tsah, so-lon-cha-kah, so-lon-cha-ko-va-tye bo-lo-ta. From red-ka we meet be-ryo-zo-vye and axis-no-vye counts.

Rich and different-but-ob-ra-zen living world of the forest zone. Elk, ko-su-la, honey-because, co-pain, squirrel live here. According to us, the beaver was spreading. Of the birds, glu-har, hazel grouse, te-te-rev are usually; a lot of water-to-floating (duck, goose, cro-hal, ly-su-ha). In le-so-step-pi obi-ta-et li-sa, meet-cha-et-sya ko-su-la, many-number-len-ny sus-lik, ho-myak, field-lion -ka. Water-but-bo-lot-nye lands of god-ha-you are before-a-hundred-vi-te-la-mi per-na-tyh. There are over 200 species of birds in the lake system of Chan-ny in the pe-ri-od nest-to-va-niya, 8 of which for-not-se-ny in the Red Book of the Russian Federation; on the lake Cha-ny summer obi-ta-et up to 220 thousand ducks. On the Shchuch-their lakes in the pe-ri-od mi-gra-tion os-ta-nav-li-va-et-sya up to 2000 geese and 1500 zhu-rav-lei. In the steppe zone, sous-lik, tush-kan-chik, lion-ka are common. From predator-ni-kov - steppe li-si-tsa, wolf, ho-rek. Of the birds - bustard, steppe eagle, bustard, zhu-ravl-kra-sav-ka.

The state of standing and oh-ra-on the environment.

The ecological state of the Novosibirsk region is tense. The total volume of emissions of polluting substances in the at-mo-sphere is 548.3 thousand tons, including from one hundred -tsio-nar-nyh sources - 228.4 thousand tons, from auto-mo-bil-no-go transport - 319.9 thousand tons (2010). The main sources of pollution are No-si-bir-skaya CHPP-4, Ba-ra-binskaya CHPP, PA "Is-ki-tim-ce-ment" , But-in-si-bir-sky olo-vo-com-bi-nat, No-in-si-bir-sky electrode plant. According to the level of pollution, the city of No-si-birsk is close to the 20 most dirty cities of Russia. Prak-ti-che-ski in all-me-st-but for-dirty-not-us water objects, 25% of the samples of drinking-e-howling water do not correspond to st-vu-yut stan-dar-tam according to sa-ni-tar-no-chi-mic in-ka-for-te-lyam and 10% - according to bak-te-rio-lo-gi-che-skim ( Ba-ra-binsky, Kar-gat-sky, Kui-by-shev-sky, Do-vo-len-sky, No-vo-si-bir-sky districts). Discharge of sewage into the upper-but-st-water objects exceeds 560 million m3; age-ra-ta-et the volume of polluted waters without cleaning. The main sources for dirt-non-niya are Gor-vo-do-ka-nal (No-vo-si-birsk), Kui-by-shev-sky chemical plant and others. Do-la nor-mal-but purified wastewater - less than 50%. On-to-p-le-nie fe-no-lov, oil-te-pro-duk-tov, azo-ta nit-rit-no-go, am-mo-niy-no-go, etc. for- pollutants pro-is-ho-dit in the lakes of Uryum, Chan-ny, Ma-lye Chan-ny, Yar-kul, Sart-lan, Ubinskoe, as well as nearby zi plots of the New Siberian Hydroelectric Power Station and on the other. teaching-st-kah in-to-storage-no-li-scha. The greatest current-sich-ness in the river. Ob on-blu-yes-is-sya in av-gu-ste below the city of No-in-sibirsk. Over the last de-sya-ti-year-tia, 2 times the area of ​​\u200b\u200bvaluable ked-ro-vyh, spruce, fir-th-out-le- owls. De-gra-di-ro-va-ny eco-si-ste-we su-hih step-pey, ko-ren-ny complexes-sy of some-ry-shifted ag-ro-tse -but-for-mi, both-st-ri-were pro-blem-we-reducing soil fertility as a result of water and wind ero -zii, ak-ti-vi-za-tion of pro-cess-sov opus-you-no-va-nia.

On the territory of the Novosibirsk region - 25 orders (including Kir-zin-sky), 50 pa-myat-niks of nature (including Gus-kov-sky ryam, Pe-te-nev-sky spruce-no-ki, Tro-its-kaya steppe).

Population

Russians make up 93.1% of the population of the Novosibirsk region. There are also Germans (1.2%), Ukrainians (0.9%), Tatars (0.9%), Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Tajiks and others (2010, re-writing).

From the beginning of the 1990s to the beginning of the 2000s, the de-mo-graphic si-tua-tion of the Novosibirsk region ha-rak-te-ri-zo-va-las decreased news on-se-le-tion (more than 120.0 thousand people in 1990-2008), mainly due to natural decline (max. 5.7 per 1000 inhabitants, 2000). Since 2005, the natural decline has been reduced (0.7 per 1000 inhabitants, 2010, re-writing). Since 2008, the number of people-se-le-niya is not-much-age-ra-ta-et due to migration inflow (36 per 10 thousand inhabitants, 2008; 38 per 10 thousand inhabitants, 2010) - one of the best of you (along with the Tomsk region) in Siberia. R-g-give-bridge (13.2 per 1000 inhabitants) is not much higher than the average in the Russian Federation, mortality is a little lower than the average-not-Russian po-ka-za-te-lei (13.9 per 1,000 inhabitants). The share of women is about 53%. In the age structure-tu-re on-se-le-niya to-la persons mo-lo-same work-to-spo-own-no-go age-ra-ta (up to 16 years old) 15, 7%, older labor-to-spo-own-no-age - 21.7% (2009). The average life expectancy in May is 68.9 years (men - 63.0, women - 75.0). The average population density is 15.1 people/km2. Share of urban population 77.6% (2012; 74.5% in 1989). The largest cities (thousand people, 2012): No-vo-sibirsk (1498.9), Berdsk (98.8) and Is-ki-tim (59.1), some from the city of Ob (26.1), in the villages of the urban type Kras-no-Obsk (19.0), Kol-tso-vo (13.0) and a number of the house of other on-se-lyon-nyh points of ob-ra-zu-yut so-called. But in the Siberian city ag-lo-me-ra-tion with on-se-le-ni-em about 1.9 million people (over 70% of the inhabitants of the region ; krup-ney-shay in CB-ri). Dr. large cities (thousand people, 2012): Kui-by-shev (44.8), Ba-ra-binsk (30.1), Ka-ra-suk (28.5) .

REGULATIONS OF THE CONFERENCE .............................................. 5 PLENARY SESSION ....... ....................................... 7 Lamin V.A. Administrative-territorial structure of Siberia: drawings of the past and contours of the future .................. 7 Kiselnikov A.A. The main factors and quantitative changes in the socio-economic structure of the NSO in the period 1991-2011. ....................................... 8 Isupov V.A. Milestones in the demographic history of Siberia: population during the years of forced industrialization (1929-1941) ....... 15 Donchenko A.S. The contribution of the agrarian science of Siberia to the formation and development of agriculture in the Novosibirsk region ........ 44 Bernadsky Yu.I. The history of the industry of the Novosibirsk region.. 47 Nikolaev A.A. The history of the Novosibirsk region in the panorama of centuries: the main events and socio-economic processes.. 53 Pustovoi N.V. The role of higher education in the development of the Novosibirsk region .............................................. 68 Section N 1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION....................... 69 Molchanova O.V. Socio-economic development of the city of Novosibirsk .............................................. .... 69 Oleh G.L. Development of water transport in the Novosibirsk region (1937-2012) .............................................. 75 Dobrovolsky A.V., Boshman M.V. Formation and development of the information complex of the Novosibirsk region in 1937-2012 (historical aspect) .............................................. 82 Kupershtokh N.A. Projects for the Development of the Novosibirsk Academgorodok in the 1960s-1970s.................................................. 87 Kapelyuk S.D. Comprehensive Assessment of the Socio-Economic Development of the Districts of the Novosibirsk Region....................... 91 Ilyinykh V.A. Agricultural Crises of the 20th Century on the Territory of the Novosibirsk Region .................................................. 96 Andreenkov S.N. Agrarian reforms 1953-1964 and agriculture of the Novosibirsk region .............. 100 Krasilnikov S.A. Ural-Siberian field session of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (June 1932) as a phenomenon of social mobilization.. 104 Kuznetsov I.S. Regional authorities and the Siberian branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: historical experience of interaction........ 109 Dolgolyuk A.A. Investment activity in Novosibirsk in the first post-war decade.................................................. 111 Romanov R.E. Changes in the qualifications and work experience of young workers in the conditions of the military-industrial modernization of Western Siberia in 1941-1945. ............... 115 Kamenetsky I. P. "Numbered" state farm: on the history of the formation and destruction of the state farm "Novosibirsky" .............................. 120 Cannes S.K. Collision between the cabinet and the Ministry of Railways on the issue of alienating the coastline in the area of ​​the future Novonikolaevsk ................................................... ........ 125 Minov I.G. On the history of the creation of the T-201 Wind Tunnel, designed by Academician S.A. Chaplygin..... 129 Pivovarov N.Yu. Novonikolaevsk - the cooperative capital of Siberia .............................................. ........ 133 Belkov V.I., Kokornikova N.O. About the main moments of the history of the construction of LLC "Koksovaya Mine" in the city of Prokopyevsk (1929-1936) .......................................................... 137 Zayats E.Yu. Modern aspects of the development of consumer services: modernization of the institutional mechanism for sustainable development .............................................................. 142 Pashchenko L.S. "... The Earth does not tolerate a pattern" .................. 146 Zaporozhchenko G.M. Novonikolaev consumer cooperative "Economy" (1912-1920) .............................. 152 Bocharova T.A. Development of credit cooperation in the region of the Novonikolaevsky branch of the state bank at the beginning of the 20th century ...... 157 Malakhov T.A. The activities of the Novosibirsk Regional Committee of the CPSU to guide the development of poultry. Mid 1960s - mid 1970s .................................................. 161 Bakulina S.S. The main directions of the regional policy in the field of higher education in the Novosibirsk region.......... 164 Skornyakova N.G. Novosibirsk Leader of Educational Institutions of Consumer Cooperatives of Russia............... 167 Section N 2 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PROCESSES IN NOVOSIBIRSK REGION........ 173 Ablazhey A.M. Sociological Monitoring of the Novosibirsk Scientific Center: Intermediate Results .............................. 173 Timoshenko A.I. The idea of ​​a "socialist city" in the history of Novosibirsk.................................................. ..... 176 Komleva E.V. Merchants of Novonikolaevsk based on the materials of the "Encyclopedic Dictionary on the History of the Merchants and Commerce of Siberia" ................................................... .... 181 Kuznetsova Ya.A. Migration processes in the Novosibirsk region in the 1970s-1980s. .................................. 185 Burmatov A.A. Demographic consequences of the famine of 1946-1947. in the Nosibirsk region ....................... 190 Sumin V.A., Shishkin A.S. Protection of objects of the archaeological heritage of the Novosibirsk region .......... ................... 194 Titova M.V. Using the Potential of Historical and Cultural Heritage to Form a System of Landmarks, Historical and Cultural Reserves, and Museum and Tourist Complexes in the Novosibirsk Region...................... 200 Bragina V.V. Digital resource of the Presidential Library. B.N. Yeltsin as a source of information about the regions in the historical and cultural space of Russia.................................. 205 Lurie E.E. "Calendar of Significant and Memorable Dates" as a Reflection of the History of the Novosibirsk Region.................................. 207 Fedorenko N.N. A systematic approach to the creation of local history cultural and informational space for children and adolescents ............ 213 Zubov A.E. Formation and development of the Novosibirsk theater school .............................................. 217 Robustov L.P. The Role of the Novosibirsk Conservatory in the Development of Musical Education in Siberia....................... 221 Kuznetsova F.S. We teach to learn .................................. 225 Kalinina O.N. Style and methods of managerial activity of the party cadres of the Novosibirsk region (1946-1964) ..... 230 Leonova N.V. Complex expedition "along the Siberian highway" ... 234 Krasilnikova Ye.I. Problems of creating a historical exposition of the Novosibirsk Museum of Local Lore in the conditions of political repressions of the 1930s. ................. 237 Isaev V.I. Mobilization of the public to combat drunkenness and home-brewing in Siberia in the 1920s. ............................................... 240 Ovchinnikov A .BUT. The history of the discovery of the Novosibirsk region ....... 244 Dashinamzhilov O.B. Novosibirsk region in the context of the transformation of migration processes in the 1990s. .......... 246 Plokhotin V.S. Staffing of out-of-school institutions in Western Siberia in the second half of the 1930s. ... 250 Merzlyakova M.L. Local history project as a way to form the interest of young people in the history of the region, city, country.................................................. ......... 253 Glushkov S.E. The activities of public organizations to preserve the health of the population of Western Siberia in the late XIX - early XX century. ................................. 257 Artyukh E.V. Reflection of the resettlement policy of P.A. Stolypin in the history of the Karasuk district of the Novosibirsk region........................................................... .. 259 Pavlova N.I. The history of socio-economic development of the city of Kuibyshev in the period 1972-1988. ......................... 262 Gayer I.N. The role of the museum in the patriotic education of students. ................................................. 267 Babaeva N.N. Microtoponyms as the spiritual wealth of the native village .............................................. ... 271 Lobashov V.D. Cultural life of the Kainsky district in 1918-1919 according to the materials of the newspaper "Barabinskaya steppe" ........ 275 Nedospasova A.P. "Echo of Poltava". Novosibirsk Philharmonic Musicians - Participants in the Dialogue between Russia and Sweden in the Framework of the International Musical-Historical Project...................... 280 Alieva Ye.M. The creative life of the Women's Choir of the Novosibirsk Regional Russian-German House in the context of the musical culture of Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk region.................................................... ....... 285 Tatarinova A.D. Traditional and Modern in the Activities of the Student Communities of Novosibirsk.................................. 289 Timofeeva Yu.V. Folk Readings in the Tomsk Governorate (late 19th - early 20th century) .................................................. 293 Nikolaeva I .I., Shamovskaya-Ostrovskaya S.G. Novosibirsk State Medical University: yesterday and today... 296 PART 2 [book 2] Section N 3 HISTORICAL AND LOCAL LOCAL STUDIES OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION ........................ 7 Bukin S.S. Modernization of the defense complex of the Novosibirsk region during the Great Patriotic War .................................................. 7 Kationov O.N. Information resources on the history of transport development in the NSO .............................................................. ..... 10 Savitsky I.M. Radiation situation in the Novosibirsk region in connection with the testing of nuclear weapons during the "cold war" 15 Zverev V.A. Fake anniversaries. About the time of the founding of the old-timer settlements on the territory of the Novosibirsk region.................................................................. ............ 21 Sokolovsky I.R. The First Russian Rural Settlements on the Territory of the Novosibirsk Region in the Late 17th - Early 18th Centuries: An Attempt at Mapping (Based on Literature and Written Sources) .............. 25 Kotovich L.V. "The world is a great man": rural residents of the Novosibirsk region on the importance of citizens' gatherings in modern conditions ...... 29 Shcherbin N.M. Changes in the population of the Novosibirsk region and resettlement (1892-1970) .............................................. 31 Gakhov V.D. Documents of the State Archive of the Tomsk Region on the history of the Suzunsky plant .................................. 34 Balabako N.A. "Without a root, even wormwood does not grow" (about I.N. Moskvina - Honored Arborist of the RSFSR) .............. 37 Davydenko N.A. The origin of agricultural education in the Novosibirsk region.................................................. 40 Sverzhevskaya M.I. Activities of the Council for the Study of the Productive Forces of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Western Siberia in the 1930s. 43 Galkin N.V. Engineer I.I. Lokhansky - the founder of the Siberian coke chemistry .............................................. .......... 47 Sergeeva L.S. Development of the village of Baryshevo in the Novosibirsk region in the historical past.................................................. 54 Ha Thi Van. Development of the health care system in the Novosibirsk region .............................................. ......... 56 Shkolnikova E.D. The history of the development of industry in the Novosibirsk region .................................... 60 Grinyuk K.V., Sorokin S.V. "Siberian Skolkovo" ................. 65 Agapova A.V. The proto-urban village of Bugrinskoye in historical development (end of the 18th century - 1931) .............................................. 69 Oshestyuk E.A. The development of the Verkh-Tulinsky settlement in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries .............................................. 71 Vasiliev I. A., Zavodovskaya T.V. Siberian Europeans (historical roots of the art of Siberia and the Novosibirsk region) ............................................................... ............. 74 Ostapenko S.S. "Suzunsky angel": the cultural heritage of the region in the context of Russian history....................... 78 Minina N.A. What did merchants think about the date of foundation of Novonikolaevsk? ............................................... 82 Umbrashko K.B. 75th Anniversary of the Novosibirsk Region: Anniversary Year in Anniversary Events and Dates (Reflections on the Phenomenon of Self-Confidence) ............................................. .............. 85 Koshelev A.V. Creation of symbols of municipal formations of the Novosibirsk region (from the experience of the heraldic commission under the Government of the Novosibirsk region) .......... 100 Bayandin V.I. Cartographic materials of the territory of the Novosibirsk region in the GANO funds (XIX-XX centuries) .............................. 106 Shilovsky M.V. Novonikolaevsky Department of the Union of the Russian People (1908-1917) .................................................. 110 Matkhanova N.P. Kainsky district in the Siberian memoirs of the 19th century .............................................. ........ 115 Petrov S.G. Archpriest Nikolai Afanasiev's "Repentance" - an epistolary source on the history of the Renovationist church schism in Novonikolaevsk............................... 119 Bushma D.D. The architecture of rural settlements for the Novosibirsk region in the projects of students in the 1950s.... 123 Pavlova Ye.V. History of native places - Krivodanovsky village council of the Novosibirsk region .............................. 125 Shoydina G.V. The work of NSAU students in the framework of the project "Knowing, let's save" (the history of the city of Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk region) ............................................... ...... 129 Ermolenko S.M. Western European editions of the 17th century in the funds of the Novosibirsk State Regional Scientific Library .. 138 Gashenko A.E. Actualization of the Historical and Cultural Potential of the Territories of the City of Novosibirsk in Locally Integral Town-Planning Formations .......................................................... 142 Gubonin P.N. From the history of creation of Novosibirsk planetariums... 145 Shitko VV, Chernysheva K. Kolyvan rebellion and its consequences 148 Fedoskina DV, Krupnitsky DV. The book in the life of the Red Army in the 20's - 40's. 20th century (Based on materials from the library of the House of Officers in Novosibirsk) .................................. 154 Krupnitsky D.V. Nails would be made from these people: there would be no stronger nails in the world (the history of the 38th Tobolsk Count Miloradovich Infantry Regiment). ............................... 161 Lisenkova N.N. Election Street in Novosibirsk: milestones in history... 164 Ushakova T.F. Methods for researching the history of the development of a small motherland - significance, results for the Anniversary ....................... 169 Mamontova E.A. Expedition L.A. Kulik in 1928 (according to the documents of the State Archives of the Novosibirsk Region) ............................................................... ............ 172 Mukhomedyarova V.Z. The history of the village of Vorobyevo .................... 176 Sobolev O.V. V. Balyberdin. Everest - Karasuk................ 181 Predvechnova E.O. Professor D.L. Shevchuk in the History of the Novosibirsk Piano School.................................. 186 Reshetova N.M. Musical life of the Novosibirsk puppet theater. 190 Pronina A.N. Formation of organ culture in the Novosibirsk region .............................................. ........ 194 Litovka E.A. "Issues of development of education and science in the Novosibirsk region in the 21st century" .......... 198 Medkova M.V. The Great Patriotic War in the fate of Toguchin compatriots.................................................................. 202 Krivchenko E.Yu. Publications 1997-2007 on the History of the Novosibirsk Region: Statistical and Bibliographic Analysis 206 Kudrina A.A. Project activity as a means of motivation for studying the history of the region .................................................... 210 Sharapov S.V. . Provincial reaction to the Shakhty trial: mass consciousness and propaganda in Novosibirsk (spring-summer 1928) .............. .......... 214 Potapova N.D. Choir of the Novosibirsk Old Believer parish: pages of history .................................. 218 Kuznetsova M.A. The Far Eastern Republic in the System of Relations with Japan and China.................................................. 222 Budaeva Yu.A. West Siberian Association of Proletarian Writers: history of creation, main activities........................................................................... .......... 225 Rubin A.V. Professor A.V. Krupin - musician and teacher......... 227 Berezovsky S.P. To the history of the Kainsk prison............... 232 Section N 4 THE FIRST STEP INTO SCIENCE: STUDIES OF THE HISTORY OF THE CITY OF NOVOSIBIRSK AND THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION BY YOUNG HISTORIANS-ARCHIVISTS....... .............. 237 Soroka S. "Adaptation of the deported population of Kalmyks in the territory of the Kupinsky district of the Novosibirsk region (on the example of the village of Novoselya)" .............. .............. 237 Anishchenko A., Dolgushina D. The city of Iskitim on the eve of the Great Patriotic War (January-June 1941) ........ ........ 239 Makarov A., Zharov A. The name of Yu.A. Gagarin in the history of the city of Iskitim ............................ ...................... 242 Kungurtseva N. Front-line letters from residents of the city of Iskitim and the Iskitim region as a historical source of the period of the Great Patriotic War... .............................. 245 Zayonutdinova A. Destinies connected with the plant .............. ..... 247 Krokhta K. The life story of my great-grandfathers in 30-40s. XX century.... 253 Bondareva T., Karyakina A., Rukoleeva A. Fragments of the history of the city: information about Novonikolaevsk in the publications of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society......... 255 Kamyshenko M. Cultural life of the city Novosibirsk at the final stage of the war and in the post-war years....................... 257 Tikhonova R., Reshetnikova E. Preparation of the Siberian Military District for the upcoming war of 1941 (based on the library of the House of Officers in Novosibirsk ) .... 264 Kindirova N. Kirovchane along the roads of Victory....................... 270 Kristina V. History of the Kouraki machine and tractor station.... 278 Gonchar V. Toguchinsky district on the map of Siberia .................. 283 Kalyuzhin A. Russia's faithful sons .................. ............... 287 Repina N. The world in which I live .............................. ..... 291 RESOLUTION of the scientific-practical conference "Novosibirsk region: history and modernity", dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the formation of the Novosibirsk region on April 27, 2012 ........ 294 Our authors ........ ......................................... 296

The history of the lands on which the Novosibirsk region is located goes back to the depths of centuries. Early settlements of the first settlers on the territory of the current Novosibirsk region, according to archaeologists, appeared 10-14.5 thousand years ago.

In the 7th-6th centuries BC. e. Mongoloids lived here, and in the III-II centuries BC. e. - northern forest tribes. As a result of the merger of local tribes (Altai Kipchaks) and conquerors (Tatar-Mongols), the Siberian Tatars appeared: Baraba (in the west) and Chat (in the northeast). At the beginning of the XIII century. this territory was under the rule of the Golden Horde, the collapse of which in the XIV-XV centuries. led to the formation of warring khanates - Ishim, Tyumen and Siberia.

On September 1, 1582, a detachment of the legendary Russian Cossack ataman Yermak Timofeevich was sent to Siberia, who on October 26, 1582 defeated the local Khan Kuchum. On the very border of the modern (where the highway now passes, going into the forest, beyond which the territory of the Altai Territory begins), in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe village of Novopichugovo, the voivode Voeikov attacked Kuchum's army, which was encamped, and practically destroyed it. Kuchum, surrounded by a detachment of bodyguards, fled, but the pursuers overtook him at the place where the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station is now. A decisive battle took place, which secured the advance of the Russians to the East and finally broke the resistance of the Siberian Khanate. Kuchum's guards, covering the retreat of the owner, perished in an unequal battle, and the elderly khan himself (Kuchum was over 70) was able to leave by boat down the Ob with several close associates [Unfortunately, the place where the famous battle took place is now at the bottom of the Ob Sea] .

On the territory of the modern Novosibirsk region and the entire Altai Territory, the territory of the state was located, which in the reports to the Moscow Tsar was called “Teleut land” [From the word “telengi”, which means “royal servants” in Turkic. "Teleut land" in Russian archival documents called the territory of today's Novosibirsk region (up to Lake Chany) together with Altai. The residence of the ruler of this state was located near the river. Meret, which is a tributary of the river. Ini. The population was a little over a thousand people. The Teleuts (in Russian documents they are often called "white Kalmyks" - for their European appearance) roamed in the steppe and forest-steppe foothills of the Altai on both sides of the Ob. At the end of the XVI century. immigrants from the European part of the country begin to arrive here. The subjects of the “White Kalmyks” did not show much hospitality to the newcomers, so the Russian colonists called them “devils” behind their backs (from the name “tsattyr” or in Russian “chats”) [The Suzun Museum of Local Lore has interesting exhibits about the relationship between Russians and Teleuts in XVII century, when Russian explorers began active development of the territory occupied by Turkic-speaking peoples].

On February 2, 1609, the khan of the “Teleut land” concluded an agreement with the Moscow state on a military-political alliance, and throughout the 17th century. the state of the Teleuts played the role of a kind of buffer between the Russian districts and the possessions of the "black Kalmyks" (Western Mongols). 100 years after the establishment of diplomatic relations with Muscovy, the Teleut nobility, realizing that the state could not be kept, accepted the citizenship of neighboring Dzungaria [Geographical and historical region of Central Asia in northern Xinjiang in northwestern China]. The tribes that inhabited the future Novosibirsk region and Altai (Azkyshtym, Abin, Baraba, Chats, Shors and Kumandins) accepted the change of the ruling elite with an extremely non-confrontational attitude.

Around 1644, a village appeared on the banks of the Berdi. After almost three quarters of a century, the Berdsk prison was founded, and then on the banks of the river. Chaus - Chaussky prison. In 1695, the boyar son Alexei Kruglik founded a zaimka (the village of Kruglikovo still exists) on the territory of the modern. Soon after this, several more villages arose - Pashkova, Krasulina, Gutova and Morozova (in the Berdsk region). From that time, the villages of Gutovo and Izyly have been preserved. In the 17th century in the place where the city is now located, there lived steppe teleuts, who called themselves “ishkitims” [The development of the richest natural non-metallic minerals and the birth of Iskitim are associated with the industrialization of Siberia, with the development of the production of building materials. In 1927, geologists discovered a large deposit of limestone and shale on the left bank of the river. Berd is 2 km from the Iskitim station, which was the impetus for the construction of the largest cement plant in Siberia. In 1933, the ancient Russian villages of Koinovo, Vylkovo, Chernorechka and Shipunovo were merged into the working settlement of Iskitim. In 1938, the settlement received the status of a city of district subordination, and in 1951 - of regional subordination]. At the end of the XVII century. in the region, the first Russian villages arose on the banks of the Oyash, Chaus and Inya rivers.

The main occupations of the population in the territory of the modern Novosibirsk region were arable farming, fishing, hunting and carting. The peaceful labor of farmers and road coachmen was protected by fortified fortresses and outposts: Umrevinsky (1703), Chaussky (1713), Kainsky, Ubinsky, Ust-Tartassky (1722), Berdsky (beginning of the 18th century). The Berdsk prison was filled mainly with immigrants from the Chausy department and villages of the Tara district. As the risk of military raids by nomads decreased, the number of migrants increased, and many migrants did not have official permission to change their place of residence and, to one degree or another, were persecuted by the authorities.

There are no materials from the Berdsk prison of early times, the period of foundation and the first twenty years of its existence. The earliest materials on the history of the prison date back to the late 1920s. 18th century and are found only in single copies. The bulk of the documents date back to the 30s and 40s of the 18th century. Therefore, not all researchers agree on the issue of establishing the Berdsk prison. According to some reports, the Berdsky prison was erected already in 1710.

Berdsky prison. The laying of the fort dates back to 1717. The fort, like the city of Berdsk, got its name from the name of the Berd River, at the mouth of which it was located. Ostrog, located on fertile lands, soon became the agricultural center of the upper Ob region. The population of the prison was replenished by peasants from the European provinces of Russia, which included fugitive rebels and freethinkers. In the 1730s the Moscow tract passed here, which gave impetus to the new development of the settlement: trade arose, artisans appeared. In 1782 it received the status of a city. In the early 1780s. there was a project to transfer the provincial center from Tomsk to Berdsky prison with renaming it to the city of Kolyvan, and the province - to Kolyvanskaya, but in 1797 they were forced to abandon the project because of its high cost and fears about a possible flood of the river. Obi. The Kolyvan province was abolished, its territory became part of the Tobolsk province, and Kolyvan, having lost the status of a provincial center, became known as the "village of Berskoye (Berdskoye)". By the beginning of the XX century. the village - the administrative center of the Berdsk volost of the Novonikolaevsky district - retained its role as a major center for processing grain, which was brought from the upper Ob basin, covering the territory of the present Novosibirsk region and Altai Territory; especially this role increased after the laying of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In the 1920s with. Berdskoye becomes a regional center, since 1944 - a city of regional subordination. In connection with the construction of the Novosibirsk reservoir ("Ob Sea"), the main territory of the city was in the flood zone. As a result, the city was rebuilt around the existing area at the railway station 8 km from the old location. The transfer of the city was started in 1953 and completed by 1957. The main part of the territory of the old Berdsk fell into the flood zone of the reservoir. Due to the transfer of the city, there are no historical buildings left in modern Berdsk: the oldest buildings of the new city were built near the station (circa 1915). Berdsky prison is completely hidden under water. The remains of the prison are a small preserved section of the shaft and the inner platform, located on an island in the Novosibirsk reservoir.

On October 22 (according to other sources on October 26 or 28), 1721, Tsar of Moscow Peter I assumed the titles of "Father of the Fatherland", "All-Russian Emperor" and "Peter the Great". For residents of the Novosibirsk Region and Altai Territory, the date of the proclamation of the Russian Empire is a legally accurate starting point for local history as part of the Russian statehood, because there is no other legal act formalizing the annexation of the "Teleut land". Ostrogs, outposts and the settlements formed around them became the basis of the first cities of the Novosibirsk Ob region: Kainsk (now) and. Around 1710, the village of Krivoshchekovskaya was founded.

Kainsk. After the construction of the Moscow tract, Kainsk became the most important point on the way from Omsk to Tomsk. In 1782, the Kainskaya Sloboda received the status of a district town of the Tobolsk governorship, then Kolyvansky, and later, in 1834, the Tomsk province. In 1785, the city coat of arms of Kainsk was established. In 1893, 8896 inhabitants lived in the city. In the 19th century Kainsk was the place
political exile and a staging post for exiles heading along the Moscow highway to Eastern Siberia. The Pugachevites, Decembrists, Petrashevists, Narodnaya Volya and Polish rebels passed through the city. At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. the economic situation of Kainsk deteriorated due to the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. As a result, Kainsk remained aloof from transit routes. However, by that time the city had become the center of butter-making, in 1910 there were 443 butter factories operating in it and the county with a total annual production of 180,000 poods, and the quality of the butter was much higher than in Europe. At the beginning of the twentieth century. the architectural appearance of the city was formed, built up with two-story stone merchant houses, with cobbled streets.

. As you know, there are two settlements with the name "Kolyvan" in Siberia. One is located in the Altai Territory and is known for the fact that they made the “queen of vases” there. Another Kolyvan - Novosibirsk - an ancient village on the Moscow-Siberian highway, once called the Chaussky prison. The heyday of Kolyvan fell on the 1890s. Unfortunately for the city, the Trans-Siberian Railway ran 50 km south of Kolyvan, and the old Moscow Highway lost its significance. Further changes in the life of the city are associated with dramatic post-revolutionary events (the "Kolyvan kulak uprising" of 1920 - a revolt against the Soviet regime, which was brutally suppressed by it). By 1922, the population of Kolyvan had decreased by 2 times compared to 1880. Having lost its former spirit and “forgetting its proud lineage”, by the 1940s Kolyvan had turned into a provincial village with several handicraft enterprises. The past for many decades froze in old mansions, in an intricate pattern of architraves, in non-village wide streets, reminiscent of past prosperity.

In the first half of the XVIII century. the settlement of the southeastern part of Baraba and the northern part of Kulunda began. However, the farms and villages under construction were very small and, as a rule, consisted of only a few households. The settlement of the Baraba Plain was facilitated by the construction in 1733-1735. Siberian (Moscow) tract. In 1764-1765. a unique enterprise arose - the Suzun copper smelter, and from 1766 the Suzun mint began to operate, minting copper coins with an admixture of silver.

. In 1726, in connection with the discovery of deposits of silver and copper ores, A. Demidov built the first copper smelter in the system of Kolyvano-Voskresensky plants near the present city of Rubtsovsk (Altai Territory). Less than 20 years after its construction, a significant amount of gold and silver was found in the copper coming from the mines, so the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories transferred the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty ["The Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty" - so in 1704 Peter I called the chancellery, in charge of the personal property of the royal family, the treasury and property. In 1727, the Petrovsky office was closed, but restored in 1741 as the personal office of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. With the formation of the Ministry of the Imperial Court in 1826, the Cabinet became part of it]. Built in 1765, the Suzunsky copper smelter and the mint under it occupied a particularly important position in the metallurgical complex of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories. The uniqueness of the object is that it is the only one of the eleven copper smelters in Russia that minted Siberian coins. The copper-smelting factory surpassed all other plants in the Altai mining district in terms of output. The village located on the The Lower Suzun, a tributary of the Ob, was called the Nizhne-Suzunsky Zavod from the moment of its foundation, in December 1828 it was renamed Zavod-Suzun, and in the 1930s. The village became known as Suzun. Until now, fragments of a factory, a crush, a dam bank, a pond, and the historical layout of the village have been preserved in Suzun.

All visitors from Russia tried to settle closer to each other, so by the end of the 18th century. in the Upper Ob region, there were 37 villages, villages and farms, which practically merged into one. It was the territory of the modern Novosibirsk Left Bank, on which the villages of Bolshoe and Maloye Krivoshchekovo, as well as the villages of Perovo, Vertkovo, Erestnaya, Krivodanovka, Bugry, etc. were located - a total of 636 households.

A placer of gold was found on the southwestern slope of the Salair Ridge, and in 1830 the Yegoryevsky mine was founded.

Egoryevsky mine. Yegoryevsky mine is located 38 km to the north-east. The first gold deposits near the village. Egoryevskoye was discovered in 1781 by the exiled miner D.M. Popov. The mine was founded in 1830, after the mining engineer Mordvinov explored on the river. Fomikha (left tributary of the Suenga river) the first rich placer of gold beyond the Urals. A year later, the Minister of Finance of Russia G. (E). F. Kankrin presented the king with an ingot of Salair gold weighing 3 pounds (1.2 kg). The tsar, in gratitude, ordered to name the mine Georgievsky (Egoryevsky). The mine was alternately owned by the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, English and German concessionaires, and the Russian Gold Mining Society. The total amount of gold mined here, according to various estimates, ranges from 11 to 14 tons.

April 30, 1893 in the village. Krivoshchekovsky, the first batch of bridge builders arrived. This day is considered to be the official date of birth of the future Novosibirsk. The village grew up on the banks of the Kamenka River, not far from its confluence with the Ob, and to the north of it, the Ob railway station and the village of service personnel were built. Soon the two villages were united.

With the construction and opening of the Trans-Siberian Railway in 1897, the territory of the future Novosibirsk region, which at that time was part of the Tomsk province, received a new impetus for development. Due to the convenient geographical position, due to the intersection of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the navigable river and transport routes connecting Siberia with the European part of the Russian Empire, the trade and economic importance of Novo-Nikolaevsk quickly increased, the Ob station became the largest station in Siberia.

Industry gradually developed in the cities and towns of the region. In many villages, small, manual-based butter factories appeared, producing butter for export. By 1907 there were several dozen of them. According to P.A. Stolypin, Siberian oil began to give more funds to the treasury than Siberian gold.

At the end of 1906, in accordance with the agrarian law of November 9, a new mass resettlement of peasants to Siberia began (the so-called "Stolypin reform"). The government gave the settlers benefits, but the living conditions here were not easy. The territory was actively developed by settlers from Ukraine, Belarus and central Russia. For 1906-1914 About 3 million people moved to Siberia.

The First World War made Novo-Nikolaevsk one of the centers that supplied soldiers, equipment, food to the front. Production at rusk, butter, sausage, cheese, leather and footwear enterprises grew rapidly. But the decrease in the male population led to the fact that half as much grain was harvested in the villages in 1915 as in 1914.

From 1917 to 1921, the territory of the Novosibirsk region was part of the Tomsk province. The issue of separating a new administrative entity from its composition was officially raised by the Siberian government in 1918. Later, in one of the memorandums of the Novo-Nikolaev city executive committee, filed with the Sibrevkom, it was noted that in 1920 “the two main types prevailing in the Tomsk province industries - agriculture and mining - divide the province by territory into two halves, mutually not connected either by the interests of production or by the interests of distribution (as local exchange). The Novonikolaevsky agricultural region covers the territory of the Novo-Nikolaevsky district and parts of the Kainsky and Tomsk districts with a developing industry for processing agricultural products and raw hides, with the undisputed center of economic and economic gravity, the city of Novonikolaevsky.<...>Two economically administrative centers in the Tomsk province - Novonikolaevsk and Tomsk - both claiming to be provincial residences, are not able to serve the province, which is vast in territory, disunited by the interests of production.<...>The separation of the Novo-Nikolaevsky and Tomsk uyezds and into the composition of an independent province cannot in any way weaken the economic power of the remaining part of the Tomsk province. The singling out will only separate both regions in terms of production, and will enable each center to devote all its attention to their development. Since 1921 Novonikolaevskaya province appeared on the map of Russia.

On May 25, 1925, the Siberian Territory was formed with the center in the city of Novonikolaevsk, which included the Omsk, Novonikolaev, Altai, Tomsk, Yenisei provinces, as well as the autonomous region of Oirotia. February 12, 1926 Novonikolaevsk was renamed Novosibirsk.

In the summer of 1930, in the course of the socio-economic reforms that began, the administrative-territorial structure of the region was again changed. The districts were abolished, the main unit was the districts that were directly part of the newly formed West Siberian Territory (July 30, 1930), the capital of which was Novosibirsk. On December 7, 1934, the Omsk Region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory were separated from its composition.

By 1937, the West Siberian Territory included the current Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo regions, Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai.

On September 28, 1937, the West Siberian Territory was divided into the Novosibirsk Territory and the Altai Territory, with the center in Barnaul. At the time of the formation of the Novosibirsk region, it consisted of 58 districts and 8 districts of the Narymsky district, and at the end of 1944 - after the separation of the Kemerovo and Tomsk regions from its composition - 36 districts. But already during 1954-1957. a number of districts of the region were abolished, and by 1963 the Novosibirsk region consisted of 32 districts.

In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of February 1, 1963 "On the enlargement of districts and the change in the subordination of districts and cities of the Novosibirsk Region" by the decision of the Novosibirsk (rural) Regional Executive Committee of March 13, 1963, the total number of rural areas in the Novosibirsk Region was reduced by almost two times. Instead of the previously existing 32 districts, 19 enlarged rural districts were formed: , , , . But the tasks expected from the territorial transformations were not implemented, and work began on a new reorganization of the network of districts.

On March 9, 1964, by the decision of the Novosibirsk (rural) regional executive committee, in accordance with the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 4, 1964, Vengerovsky and Chistoozerny districts were formed. On January 11, 1965, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR “On changes in the administrative-territorial division of the Novosibirsk region”, 6 new districts (,) were formed, and by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of November 3 of the same year, two more districts were formed - and . By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 31, 1972, the district was formed - as a result of the disaggregation of Novosibirsk and Bolotninsky.

Currently, the Novosibirsk region consists of 30 districts, 15 cities (including 8 cities of regional subordination), 17 urban-type settlements, 428 rural administrations.

The Novosibirsk agglomeration is the seventh largest agglomeration in Russia, its population is about 1.9 million people. The Novosibirsk agglomeration includes cities that have a direct common border with Novosibirsk (the first zone): , urban settlement, urban settlement Krasnoobsk (previously there were proposals to merge these municipalities with Novosibirsk). The second belt includes the city of Iskitim, the Novosibirsk region and part of the regions adjacent to it. The Novosibirsk agglomeration is the most significant interregional center of socio-economic development and attraction for the entire macro-region of Siberia.

The administrative center of the region is Novosibirsk. It arose in 1893 as Novaya Derevnya (informal name - Gusevka [In the Guide to the Great Siberian Railway, 1901-1902" (St. Petersburg, 1902) it is written: "Before the construction of the railway began, a small peasant village of Gusevka existed near the location of the station , Krivoshchekovskaya volost, Tomsk district, in 24 households, with a population of 104 souls of both sexes, endowed with land from the possessions of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty", which gives reason to Novosibirsk local historians and historians every time to mention the "settlement of Gusevka" as a settlement that preceded Novo- But there is no historical data that would confirm the existence of a settlement with such a name and with such a population.Even the "founding fathers" of Novo-Nikolaevsk in their memoirs write about the "new village", without mentioning any Gusevka. On the right bank of the Ob, indeed, there was the village of Gusinsky Vyselok and the whole area was officially listed as the Gusinsky estate of the Cabinet. The river that crossed the Ob along the Cow Brod (a railway bridge was built along this line) was called the Gusinskaya road. And r. The Kamenka, which flowed into the Ob at this point, was once called Gusinka, and in its upper reaches there was a village with the characteristic name Gusiny Brod... The modern Novosibirsk Ob region was first included in the composition of cabinet lands in 1747 under the official name "Gusinsky estate" , sometimes the area was called by the name of the main settlement "Gusino fortress", which, judging by the ruins of the 20th century, was in full bloom in the middle of the 18th century]) in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, in particular, with the construction of a bridge over the river. Ob. In 1894, the settlement was renamed Aleksandrovsky, in 1895 - Novo-Nikolaevsky. “The settlement of Novo-Nikolaevsk at the Ob station” [According to the wording of the highest decree of the Emperor Nicholas II of December 28, 1903 in rescript No. -Nikolaevsk became in December 1908, a county town (the center of the Novonikolaevsky district) - after the February Revolution of 1917. In 1921-1925. Novonikolaevsk - the administrative center of the Novonikolaev province, in 1925-1930. - the center of the Siberian region. February 12, 1926 Novonikolaevsk was renamed Novosibirsk.

In 1930-1937. - Novosibirsk was the administrative center of the West Siberian Territory, in 1943-1958. - a city of republican subordination, a city of regional subordination - from June 3, 1958

At present, Novosibirsk has the status of an urban district, performs the functions of the administrative center of the Novosibirsk region, the Novosibirsk region and the Siberian Federal District; is a scientific, cultural, industrial, transport, trade, business center and the unofficial capital of Siberia. The city covers an area of ​​506.67 km² (12th in Russia).

Novosibirsk has always been at the forefront in terms of population growth. In 1893, the population of the village was 740 people, and in 1897 - already 7832 people. By 1913, the population of Novonikolaevsk amounted to 86 thousand people, in 1921 it was 67,000 people, in 1934 - 176,000 people. The millionth resident of the city was born on September 2, 1962.

As of January 1, 2012, the population of the city is 1,498,921 people. (According to the current estimates of Rosstat, this is the third city with more than 1.5 million inhabitants after Moscow and St. Petersburg).

The entire population of the Novosibirsk region at the beginning of 2012 is 2686.9 thousand people. (urban population, thousand people - 2084.2; rural population, thousand people - 602.6). In terms of urbanization, the Novosibirsk Region ranks 4th in the Siberian Federal District.

Representing a small part of the south-east of Western Siberia, the Novosibirsk region has witnessed ancient events in human history. Settlements, graves, sacrificial places, fortresses, cities, roads, bridges, churches, architectural structures - we call all this historical and cultural heritage. The first law on state protection of ancient monuments appeared in Russia thanks to Peter the Great. We are talking about "bumping" or "bumping" [The word "bumps" is generally quite common in the toponymy of the Novosibirsk region, especially in the south, where the Iskitimsky, Suzunsky, Ordynsky, Cherepanovsky, Maslyaninsky, Moshkovsky, Toguchinsky districts are located, although there are no hills or anything something similar is not observed in local landscapes], which shook the Upper Ob region during the first decades of mass colonization. According to historians, in this era no one plowed or sowed here. Everyone was engaged in excavation of treasures hidden in the “mounds” - this is how the Russian colonists called the countless mounds inherited from the “White Kalmyks”. The wealth and luxury of the graves left by the Teleuts and the artistic level of the items found in the burials spoke of the brilliant culture of the civilization that gave birth to them. Based on the collections of Siberian (the so-called "Scythian") gold, the very first expositions of future European art museums were created. But most often, the golden things obtained from the barrows were melted down, as a result of which a huge number of priceless items were irretrievably lost. According to some data, the volumes of precious metals "pumped out" from the Ob mounds in the period 1715-1725 were comparable to the volumes of gold mining in the Klondike ["Grave" gold, unlike mine gold, was not subject to any taxes]. On February 13, 1718, a law was passed, according to which the “antiquities” dug out during the “bumping” had to be surrendered to the state without fail.

The first scientific descriptions and information about archaeological sites located on the territory of the Novosibirsk region were obtained during academic expeditions in the 18th century. Expeditions D.G. Messerschmidt (1720s, Kolyvansky district), I.G. Gmelina (1730-40s, Uen River), I.P. Falka (1771-1772, Baraba), V.V. Radlov (1866, Kargat district), N.M. Yadrintseva (1879, forest-steppe Ob and Baraba forest-steppe), G.O. Ossovsky (1894, Tatar region), S.M. Chugunova (late 19th - early 20th century, Vengerovsky and Kuibyshevsky districts) and others described in detail a large number of mounds and "hillforts" that no longer exist today. Serious archaeological research in the Novosibirsk region was carried out in the 1920-40s. In the fifties of the last century, created as a result of cooperation between the NSPI and the Museum of Local Lore, the Novosibirsk Archaeological Expedition began its work [The organizer in 1959 of the Novosibirsk Archaeological Expedition (NAE) and the founder of the Novosibirsk archaeological school is Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor T.N. Troitskaya. The first archaeological work of T.N. Troitskaya were started in 1957, and the Novosibirsk archaeological expedition under her leadership begins work already as a result of cooperation between the NSPI and the Museum of Local Lore] under the leadership of T.N. Troitskaya.

In the 1970s in the Novosibirsk region, archaeological research is carried out by the West Siberian detachment of the North Asian complex expedition Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) under the leadership of V.I. Molodin (now Academician, Deputy Director of IAET SB RAS). It was then, on the initiative of Academician A.P. Okladnikov, the country's first open-air historical and architectural museum was created [Founded in 1972 near Akademgorodok. Of the 15 monuments of wooden architecture, real restoration and restoration work was carried out only at 8 objects, the central of which was the Spaso-Zashiverskaya Church with a bell tower. Together with the Kazymsky (Yuilsky) prison from the Lower Ob (beginning of the 18th century), the estate of the old-timers of Eastern Siberia (19th century), and the ancient stone sculptures and rock paintings moved here, they constitute today the museum complex]. A certain result of the results of archaeological research was summed up in the second half of the 1990s, when, on the instructions of the Scientific and Production Center for the Preservation of the Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Administration of the Novosibirsk Region (NPC), an inventory of the archaeological sites of the Novosibirsk Region was carried out.

Today, archaeological research in the Novosibirsk region is organized mainly by two organizations - IAET and SPC - both actively involve employees and students of the NSPU and NSU¸ members of children's archaeological clubs in Novosibirsk.

The beginning of the period of Russian development on the territory of the Novosibirsk region was marked by the formation of a chain of quickly constructed and lightly armed military points (forts, settlements, outposts, passes, fortified villages and zaimkas), which did not survive and were replaced by later buildings. However, the territory of the Umrevinsky prison, located near the modern village of Umrevy, Moshkovsky district, was not built up later, and therefore can provide invaluable material on one of the least studied periods in the history of the culture of the Russian population of Siberia. The first Orthodox church in the name of the Three Hierarchs in the Novosibirsk Ob region was also located here.

At the end of the XVIII century. The main tract of Siberia - Moscow - passed through the territory of the region. Much, connected with the Moscow-Siberian tract, has irrevocably gone into the past: milestones, and transit points, and inns. But on the territory of the Novosibirsk region, a historical monument has been preserved - the post office in Kolyvan, the most important object of the communication infrastructure of the second half of the 19th century, which is still used for its original purpose. Another indirect evidence of the work of the tract can be “rooms for visitors” in the house built in Kainsk (now the city of Kuibyshev) by Livshits for rest on the way for numerous travelers, merchants, business people, officials.

The architectural and historical value of the monuments of wooden architecture in the Novosibirsk region is constantly growing against the background of their loss both in Russia and around the world. Monuments of wooden architecture are becoming increasingly rare, requiring special care and respect, becoming an invaluable historical and cultural heritage of the region.

A small but very important part of the historical and cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region is religious architecture. There are only five temples under state protection in the Novosibirsk region, of which only three are active. Among the heritage of Orthodox culture is the only wooden one preserved in the Novosibirsk region in the village. Turnaevo Bolotninsky district, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the village. Zavyalovo, Iskitimsky district, the church in the name of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky, the Cathedral in the name of the Holy Life-Giving Trinity (the first stone building) in Kolyvan. The surviving churches show us a great variety of forms, in the architecture of only two churches there is some similarity. These are the Church in the name of John the Baptist in the city of Kuibyshev and the Church in the name of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in Pokrovka of the Chistoozerny District.

For the formation of the historical and cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region, we should be especially grateful to the Siberian merchants, who left behind churches, shops, apartment buildings and residential buildings. Among them are the names, K.K. and F.K. Krivtsov, Pastukhov, Shkroev, Gribkov, Shcheglov and others.

A significant layer of cultural heritage in the Novosibirsk region was left by the building at the end of the 19th century. of the Great Siberian Railway, the movement on which was opened in the western part of the region to the river. Ob in 1896, and east of the river. Ob - in 1898. The road was Great not only in its length, but also in the number and complexity of the erected engineering structures. In Barabinsk, Chulym, Oyash, Karasuk, Chistoozerny, Bolotny and other railway stations, water-lifting structures, passenger buildings, depots, workshops, station complexes have survived to this day. And, finally, the most powerful layer of historical heritage in the Novosibirsk region and evidence of the time of troubles that claimed hundreds of thousands of human lives are the numerous mass graves of participants in the Civil War - supporters of Soviet power scattered throughout the territory.

The cities of Kainsk and Kolyvan began to play an important role in the trade, economic, cultural, and social life of Russia in the second half of the 19th century, turning into peculiar nodes of the West-East communication network. Kainsk received the status of an urban settlement in 1782, and Kolyvan - in 1822. The "highest approved" plans of these cities, on the basis of which their planning structure was formed, were designed in 1834 by the Tomsk architect Collegiate Assessor K. Tursky. Until now, the central parts of these settlements have retained their historical layout. Of particular value in the historical and cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region are the monuments of wooden architecture that have been preserved in Kolyvan: the house of V.E. Paisov, Pomytkin's house, residential building on the street. Gorky, 37.

In 1990, by a resolution of the boards of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR and the Gosstroy of the RSFSR, the presidium of the Central Council of the All-Russian Federal Opinion and Culture Institute, the historical settlements of Kainsk, Kolyvan and Suzun and the city of Novosibirsk were classified as historical places in Russia.

Among modern Novosibirsk residents, there is a strong misconception that the city was built from scratch. But the first inhabitants of Novo-Nikolaevsk were of the opposite opinion. At the highest point of the modern right-bank Novosibirsk, where the Oktyabrskaya metro station is now, there was once a fortified city of the local people Tsattyr. Already at the beginning of the XX century. the inhabitants of Novo-Nikolaevsk observed only the remains of an ancient fortress "at the end of Samarskaya Street." One of the first influential residents of Novo-Nikolaevsk N.P. Litvinov wrote: "from this point, as from an eagle's rock, the spreading surroundings are visible." That is why the fortress could not pass Khan Kuchum, who was fleeing in 1589 from the Cossacks of Tsar Fedor who were pursuing him. Residents called the fortress "devil's settlement". In September 1917, "a conscious group of residents of the Zakamensk part" appealed to the authorities not about the growth of revolutionary unrest in the city, but about the preservation of the "monument of hoary antiquity" - as they called the ruins of the "devil's settlement". The monument was not preserved by chance - as the initiative group wrote, under the tsar it was “protected from destruction”, and the current government began to distribute rifles there to the “landless poor”, which, according to the authors of the letter, “brings terrible harm to the city”. From this it follows that the inhabitants saw their city in an inseparable integrity with ancient ruins.

The result of archaeological research on the territory of the Novosibirsk region today is 1,702 archaeological sites identified and placed under state protection. In percentage terms, the territory of the Novosibirsk region has been studied archaeologically by no more than 20%, while its huge area still remains uncovered by archaeological research. In addition, there are 53 natural monuments of regional significance on the territory of the Novosibirsk Region. Their total area is 43.933 thousand hectares. Work has begun on the creation of a historical and cultural reserve on the basis of Kudryashovsky Bor, which will become one of the largest in Western Siberia. It will be located on 3,600 hectares and will include over 200 archaeological sites located in the Kolyvansky, Kochenevsky and Novosibirsk regions of the region.

In recent years, the Novosibirsk region has declared itself as a major tourist center of the Siberian region. The region has a stable favorable ecological situation. Monuments of history, culture and nature are carefully protected here, and unique landscapes are treated with care.

Starting from Chany and up to Barabinsk, any turn on the federal highway M-51 "Baikal" will lead to the shores of one of the largest Siberian lakes - Lake Chany. Despite the considerable length of the coastline of Lake Chany, there are few settlements on the shore - the swampiness of coastal lands affects.

From Chany in a northerly direction, you can return to Lake Danilovo, the most famous lake from the Five Lakes group, located on the territory of the Kyshtovsky district. The lake differs from the typical reservoirs of the Omsk and Novosibirsk regions - it is very deep, with clean, clear water, practically not overgrown with aquatic vegetation, it resembles a mountain one. According to legend, Danilovo Lake was formed as a result of a meteorite fall, the legend led to the appearance of a second name near the lake - Silver. Its pure water contains an abnormally large amount of silver, thanks to which the water of the lake has healing properties.

The road, passing between two lakes - Chany and Sartlan - opens the way to the southern regions of the region, and the first of them is Zdvinsky. A few kilometers from the district center with. Zdvinsk is located, without exaggeration, a unique archaeological site - the ancient city of Chichaburg. The proto-city is the remains of a large settlement with an area of ​​​​more than 240 thousand m², approximately from the 9th-7th centuries. BC (transitional period from bronze to iron). The monument was opened in the summer of 1999 by the West Siberian archaeological team headed by V.I. Molodin (SB RAS). A great contribution to the study of the monument was also made by German archaeologists, employees of the German Archaeological Institute, especially G. Parzinger. Geophysical surveys revealed that the territory of the settlement is surrounded by powerful defensive fortifications - ramparts and ditches. The settlement is divided into separate sectors, inside which there are various houses and buildings, while each sector, like the whole city, had a clear planned development. Judging by the excavations carried out and the fragments of household utensils found, people of almost European appearance, but of different cultures, lived in each sector. This gives grounds to assume that the paths of various peoples crossed in Chichaburg.

The road from Novosibirsk in a northerly direction (to Tomsk, Kemerovo) will lead to the district center Moshkovo, from where you can get to the partially restored Umrevinsky prison- the oldest military settlement on the territory of the Novosibirsk region.

Not far from Novosibirsk, in a southerly direction along the M-52 "Chuysky Trakt" highway, the village is located. A spoon, near which, on the site of one of the Gulag camps, there is a source of the Holy Key. In the village of Lozhok (9 km southeast of Iskitim) from 1929 to 1954 there were special camp points No. 4 (OLP-4) and No. 2 (OLP-2) of the Siberian Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps, Colonies and Labor Settlements (SibLAG). The OLP-4 camp was considered a penal camp and was known among the prisoners under the name Iskitimsky [OLP-4 Siblaga (Spoon) was, in fact, an extermination camp. The prisoners worked in lime quarries, where the poisonous dust quickly eroded lung tissue. Those who could no longer go to work were not entitled to rations. As they say, the holy spring gushed in the 1940s at the place of execution of the prisoners of Siblag, among whom were the clergy. By 1955 the camp was liquidated]. OLP-2 was a member of KUITU - Regional Department of Correctional Labor Institutions. Among the prisoners of the SibLAG there were many famous people, in particular, doctor Berezovsky, artist Baturin, professor N.N. Pokrovsky, A.M. was here for some time. Larina (wife of N.I. Bukharin, Soviet statesman and party leader).

After Barabinsk along the M-51 highway, after a little over a hundred kilometers - the city of Kargat, from where the adjoining road, leaving in a southerly direction, leads to a remarkable place - with. Mammoth, located on the "Wolf's Mane" - the habitat of the last Siberian mammoths. From this remarkable place, continuing south to Novosibirsk, you can drive past the villages of Verkh-Irmen and Novopichugovo on the right bank of the mouth of the Irmen River, where a memorial stone is installed, and on the left bank - the Poklonny cross in memory of the last battle of the Russian Cossack squad with the army of the Khan Kuchum, culminating in the complete defeat of the Kuchum army.

The "List of objects of cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region" includes 265 items; in the "List of objects of cultural heritage of the city of Novosibirsk" - 214, including monuments of federal significance - 9, local (municipal) significance - 5 (as of 2011). Members of the regional government adopted a long-term target program "Formation of a system of places of interest, historical and cultural reserves and museum and tourist complexes in the Novosibirsk region for 2012-2017." Within the framework of the program, four tourist zones will be created, including in Suzunsky, Moshkovsky, Kochenevsky, Kolyvansky districts, one historical and cultural reserve and six museum and tourist complexes. In total, more than 1 billion rubles are planned for the implementation of the program, of which 774 million are from the federal budget.

Historical and cultural heritage, making up the wealth of our region, distinguishes it from others and is a source of knowledge about our "small motherland". It should be comprehended as a unique part of world culture, requiring careful and careful attitude. It should not be forgotten that as the development of the historical and cultural heritage, it can be turned into the main fund and resource for the development of the Novosibirsk region.

Prepared by A. Yumina

In the State Archives of the Novosibirsk Region, among valuable historical documents, there is a message about the renaming of the village of Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) into a city without a county. Unfortunately, there is no document about the origin of the city itself in the archive. The laying of the railway bridge across the Ob River is considered the date of the founding of Novosibirsk. It took place, according to many reference books, on July 20 (August 1), 1893.

The construction of a railway bridge that connected both banks of one of the largest rivers in the world - the Ob, was a great event and could not pass unnoticed. When a large structure was erected, a commemorative plaque with the exact date was usually attached to it; it was reported in the press. Local old-timers assured that they saw such a board near the bridge on the left bank of the river, others - on the right (the bridge was built simultaneously on both banks). Employees of the West Siberian Railway Department examined the bridge more than once, but did not find any signs of the date of its laying. The regional library has a large list of literature about Novonikolaevsk. These are mainly messages about the life and life of the city.

In the popular literary and artistic weekly magazine "Niva", published in the second half of the 19th century, an essay "Novonikolaevsky village" was published, dedicated to its fifth anniversary, but the date of occurrence is not indicated. The text contains three drawings: a village in 1893, 1898, a steamship pier and a rail track in the village.

The archives of the West Siberian Railway Department contain a rare album “The Great Way” (views of Siberia and its railways), prepared in 1899 in Krasnoyarsk by “M.B. Axelrod and Co." The album contains a large photograph of the railway bridge across the Ob River, without indicating the time of its laying.

The Novonikolaevsk city public administration also produced and published the album “Views of the city of Novonikolaevsk 1895-1913”, which is stored in the Novosibirsk Regional Library. In the album, describing the history of the city of Novonikolaevsk in the Tomsk province, it says: “Only 20 years ago, in the place where the city now arose, numbering tens of thousands of inhabitants, a pine forest grew. But in 1893, the Great Northern Railway cut the greatest Siberian river Ob, and from that moment a new life was born at the intersection.” This is the first reference to the date of the origin of the city.

One of the founders of our city is a talented railway engineer and famous writer N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky. He was looking for the most convenient place to build a bridge across the Ob for the Siberian railway. According to the project, it was planned to draw a line near Kolyvan. With a survey party, Garin-Mikhailovsky went south along the banks of the Ob. In the spring of 1891, prospectors appeared near the village of Krivoshchekovo, opposite the mouth of the Kamenka River. Here was the most advantageous place for the construction of the bridge. Here is an entry from Garin-Mikhailovsky's diary: “For a 160-verst stretch, this is the only place where the Ob, as the peasants say, is in a pipe. In other words, both banks of the river and the bed are rocky here. And besides, this is the narrowest place of the flood: near Kolyvan, where it was originally supposed to draw a line, the flood of the river is 12 versts, and here it is 400 sazhens. It took a lot of effort before the economically profitable proposal to build a bridge across the mighty Ob near Krivoshchekovo was implemented.

The time of the appearance of the survey party served for the emergence of another date for the founding of the city - 1891. It is given in the first volume of Asiatic Russia, published by the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture. We open the "Siberian commercial, industrial and reference calendar for 1895" (Tomsk, 1895, page 317). It says: “At the end point of the section in the village of Krivoshchekovo on the banks of the Ob, construction of a permanent bridge on the caisson foundations across the Ob River has begun. The ceremonial laying of this structure was made on July 20, 1894.

The same date is indicated in the reference book "All Novonikolaevsk for 1924-1925." , published by the Siberian branch of the Russian Telegraph Agency. The book opened with a historical essay about Novonikolaevsk. On page 5 of the first section it says: “On July 20, 1894, a solemn laying of the bridge took place, and on the site of the Novonikolaevsk-I station, the clearing of the area for the station tracks and the construction of the Ob station began.” The date is available, but there is no link to the source. In the book “All Siberia” published in the same 1924 in Novonikolaevsk, the date of laying the railway bridge is given - 1893. The same date is in the "Passenger's Satellite", the book "All Novosibirsk". The laying of the railway bridge in 1893 is also dated by: the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron, the Great, Small and Siberian Soviet Encyclopedias.

When, in fact, was the laying of the railway bridge over the Ob River carried out? How can this be documented?

After a long search, reviewing a large amount of literature, a message was finally found about the exact date of laying the bridge - in the newspaper "Tomsk spravochny sheet", which began to appear in the second half of 1894. Its editor-publisher was P.I. Makushin, a bookseller, a pioneer of the book trade and education in Siberia, a well-known public figure at that time. In the seventh issue of the newspaper for July 9, a small note was given "Laying a bridge across the Ob." It says: “We reported that on July 22, after a solemn prayer in Krivoshchekovskaya, the laying of a bridge across the Ob will take place. For this celebration, in addition to the head of the construction of the Central Siberian railway, the head of the province and other invited persons will leave. In the fifteenth issue for July 19, there is another note: “The celebration of the laying of the bridge across the Ob. On Sunday, July 17, on the steamer "Nikolai" we went to the village. Krivoshchekovo on the celebration of laying the bridge across the Ob, the head of the province G.A. Tobinez, head of the department for the construction of the Central Siberian Railway, engineer N.I. Mezheninov, and managing director Counter. Chamber M.K. Speyr. The laying of the bridge will take place on July 20. By this day, Sokolov, an assistant to the department for the construction of the Siberian railway, is expected from St. Petersburg to celebrate ... Here is a note from the local chronicle in front of me: bridge." The exact date of the founding of Novosibirsk (former Novonikolaevsk) is indicated - July 20 (August 1), 1894. And one more confirmation - from the Irkutsk newspaper "Eastern Review". There is another interesting detail about the city. In many pre-revolutionary publications about Novonikolaevsk, the opinion was expressed that the new city had a great future - it would become a major center. Here is what, for example, the authors of a brief history wrote for the mentioned album “Views of the city of Novonikolaevsk 1895-1913”: “It is possible that the time is not far when Novonikolaevsk will be made a provincial city, since it fully deserves this already at the present time. Thus, life itself shows that the place of the main city or capital of Western Siberia from Chelyabinsk to Irkutsk, which fabulously grew up near the intersection of the Great Railway and Waterway ... is the city of Novonikolaevsk. And this assumption was justified. During the years of Soviet power, Novosibirsk became one of the largest industrial centers of our country, a city of science and culture, known far abroad.

NOVONIKOLAEVSKY VILLAGE

The construction of the great Siberian railway changed the picture of Siberia in such a way and affected some settlements in such a way that one cannot help wondering. One of these centers, striking in its purely American growth, should include the village of Novo-Nikolaevsky, known even now under the name "Krivoshchekovo". On the left bank of the Ob, opposite the present Novo-Nikolaevsk, until 1894 the village of Krivoshchekovskoye was located, but since a railway line passed near the village itself, then with. Krivoshchekovskoye was transferred to the village of Bugry (three versts from the village); now there are no signs of the former village, so it is hard to believe, when looking at an empty place, that a large trading village with a pier, a church, a parish, a school and even stone shops was recently located here.

Even more surprising is the right bank of the Ob. Until 1893, on this bank, opposite the village of Krivoshchekovsky, below the confluence of the small river Kamenka into the Ob, there were 26 huts along the bank, surrounded on all sides by an impenetrable forest. But since the spring of 1893, the area has changed rapidly: the builders of the railway came, and with them many different entrepreneurs, and all kinds of living quarters began to grow in the place of the impenetrable forest. The first newcomers began to build along the right, steep bank of the Kamenka River, since this bank, due to its steepness, was a very convenient place for dugouts and barracks.

It goes without saying that between these living quarters, located in the most chaotic disorder, there were (and still are) many such that one involuntarily marvels at the endurance of a Russian person who is able to live in a room in which a good owner is ashamed to lock up his cattle. 26 huts that were on the right bank until 1893 at the very beginning of the construction of the railway were transferred from the bank to the forest, and in their place already in 1894 a steamship pier was built and a rail track was laid. By this time, i.e. by the summer of 1894, the right bank of the river had completely changed: the forest gradually disappeared, and in its place grew not dugouts, but quite decent houses, which were still being built in disorder, since there was absolutely no one to keep order. At the confluence of the Kamenka River with the Ob River, a rather solid bazaar appeared with shops, shops, stalls, booths, etc., numbering up to 60 commercial premises.

By the autumn of 1894, there were already up to 400 residential premises on the right bank of the Ob, and the people kept coming and coming; apartments have risen in price to terrifying proportions: for example, for a room of 3-4 square meters. arshin paid up to 20 rubles. per month, laborers paid for the "corner", i.e. for the right to come to spend the night in a hut, 5-7 p. per month. Despite the high cost of apartments, the new settlement was growing; the market square turned out to be too cramped, and therefore in the autumn of 1895, in the month of September, the market trade was transferred to the newly allotted market square, which at first was so littered with stumps that it was almost impossible to wade through it on a horse. With the transfer of the bazaar to a new square, local merchants naturally moved there with their shops and shops, and with their relocation, the square quickly took on a completely comfortable look. Around the square there were quite decent houses, in some places two-story, with shops, and the square itself was cleared of stumps and brought to full order by the spring of 1896. The village itself was transformed from a chaotic one into a well-maintained settlement; buildings between the right bank of the river. Kamenka and the railway line grew rapidly, and this time not in the form of dugouts and barracks, but in the form of decent houses with a street cleared of stumps, although with traces of a recent forest. Along with the village, the railway grew, and by the spring of 1897, the new village, which had received the name of Novo-Nikolaevsky in the fall of 1895, connected with European Russia and Europe by rail: in March 1897, the construction of a railway bridge across the river was completed. Ob.

MAIN DATES OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT

1893 - "Krivoshchekovsky settlement" or New village

Summer 1893 - Formation of a station settlement near the Ob station

May-June 1894 - The emergence of a new settlement near the Kamenka River

November 1894 - The settlement is named Aleksandrovsky

February 17, 1898 - The settlement was renamed Novonikolaevsky (for the first time this name was mentioned on December 3, 1895)

December 8, 1925 - The city was renamed Novosibirsk (February 12, 1926, this decision was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR)