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Nobel Prize winners (Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich, Louis Pasteur) Teacher of history and social science at Moscow School of Education No. 16 of Yakutsk Polushina Albina Alekseevna

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Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) - Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology, immunology, creator of the theory of phagocytosis and the theory of immunity, creator of a scientific school, corresponding member (1883), honorary member ( 1902) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1888 at the Pasteur Institute (Paris). Together with N. F. Gamaleya, he founded (1886) the first bacteriological station in Russia. Opened (1882) the phenomenon of phagocytosis. In the works "Immunity in infectious diseases" (1901) he outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms. Proceedings on the problem of aging. Nobel Prize (1908, together with P. Ehrlich).

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There, under the influence of the famous zoologist A. O. Kovalevsky, Mechnikov became a convinced Darwinist. In an effort to prove, on the basis of the theory of evolution, the relationship of animals of all species, he, together with Kovalevsky, developed the principles of a new science - comparative embryology. The discoveries of Mechnikov and Kovalevsky were noted by the scientific community. In 1867 they received the first-class Karl Baer Prize for outstanding work in embryology.

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At 22, Mechnikov defended his dissertation and became a master of zoology at the Novorossiysk University in Odessa. However, soon, not getting along with his superiors, he left for St. Petersburg. But here, too, his quarrelsome character made itself felt - having run for the military medical academy, Ilya Ilyich returned to Odessa, having managed to defend his doctoral dissertation in the capital.

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In 1887, at the invitation of Pasteur, with whom he entered into correspondence, Mechnikov came to Paris. He worked at the Pasteur Institute until the end of his life (he died on July 15, 1916) and earned the recognition of C. Darwin, I. M. Sechenov and others. 19th century Russia was threatened by a cholera epidemic, he did a lot to fight the disease. He repeatedly participated in expeditions to the Kalmyk steppes, where natural foci of plague were common. Mechnikov was an honorary member of the Royal Society of London, the Paris Medical Academy, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy.

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The French scientist, Louis Pasteur, became a man who made a breakthrough in medicine and immunology in particular. He was the first to prove that diseases, which are now called infectious, can only occur as a result of the penetration of microbes into the body from the external environment. This brilliant discovery formed the basis of the principles of asepsis and antisepsis, giving a new round in the development of surgery, obstetrics and medicine in general.

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Thanks to his research, not only pathogens of infectious diseases were discovered, but effective ways to combat them were found. This is how vaccines against anthrax, chicken cholera, and swine rubella were discovered. In 1885, Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine against rabies, a disease that in 100% of cases ends in the death of the patient. There is a legend that in childhood, the future scientist saw a man bitten by a rabid wolf. The little boy was very shocked by the terrible picture of cauterization of the bite with a red-hot iron. But when Pasteur nevertheless created a vaccine, he hesitated for a long time to test the effectiveness of the anti-rabies vaccine in humans. In the end, he decided to test the effect of the vaccine on himself. But chance helped: a boy was brought to him, bitten by a rabid dog. The child would have died anyway, so Pasteur injected the child with tetanus toxoid. After 14 injections the boy recovered.

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Pasteur created the world scientific school of microbiologists, many of his students later became major scientists. They own 8 Nobel Prizes. It was Pasteur who laid down one of the cornerstone principles of scientific research, evidence, saying the famous "never trust what is not confirmed by experiments." In the 20th century, prominent scientists developed and successfully used vaccinations against poliomyelitis, hepatitis, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, and influenza.

What is the merit of Louis Pasteur and Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov? Biology! * Help me please.

1. French microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur was born in Dole (Jura, France). In 1847 he graduated from the Higher Normal School in Paris, in 1848 he defended his doctoral dissertation. He taught natural sciences in Dijon (1847-1848), was a professor at Strasbourg (1849-1854) and Lille (since 1854) universities. In 1857 he became dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Higher Normal School, since 1867 he was a professor of chemistry at the University of Paris. In 1888 he founded and headed the Microbiological Research Institute, created with funds raised by international subscription (now the Pasteur Institute). Since 1857, Pasteur began to study fermentation processes. As a result of numerous experiments, he proved that fermentation is a biological process caused by the activity of microorganisms (in particular, M. Berthelot and J. Liebig insisted on the chemical nature of fermentation). Developing these ideas further, Pasteur argued that each type of fermentation (lactic acid, alcohol, acetic) is caused by specific microorganisms (embryos). Pasteur outlined his theory in the article On the fermentation called lactic (1857). In 1861, he discovered microorganisms that cause butyric fermentation, anaerobic bacteria that live and develop in the absence of free oxygen. The discovery of anaerobiosis led Pasteur to the idea that for organisms that live in an oxygen-deprived environment, fermentation replaces respiration. In 1860-1861. Pasteur proposed a method of preserving food products using heat treatment (later called pasteurization). In 1865, Pasteur began to study the nature of the silkworm disease and, as a result of many years of research, developed methods to combat this contagious disease (1870). He studied other contagious diseases of animals and humans (anthrax, puerperal fever, rabies, chicken cholera, rubella of pigs, etc.), finally establishing that they are caused by specific pathogens. Based on the concept of artificial immunity developed by him, he proposed a method of preventive vaccinations, in particular, vaccination against anthrax (1881). In 1880, Pasteur, together with E. Roux, began research on rabies. The first protective vaccination against this disease was given to him in 1885.
   h tt p://w w w. physchem.chimfak.rsu. ru/Source/History/Persones/Pasteur.html remove spaces.
   Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology, immunology, creator of the theory of phagocytosis and the theory of immunity, founder of a scientific school, corresponding member (1883), honorary member (1902) ) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1888 at the Pasteur Institute (Paris). Together with N. F. Gamaleya, he founded (1886) the first bacteriological station in Russia. Opened (1882) the phenomenon of phagocytosis. In the works Immunity in Infectious Diseases (1901) he outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms. Proceedings on the problem of aging. Nobel Prize (1908, together with P. Ehrlich). In 1887, Mechnikov left for Germany, and in the fall of 1888, at the invitation of L. Pasteur, he moved to Paris and organized a laboratory at his institute. The 28-year stay at the Pasteur Institute was a period of fruitful work and general recognition for Ilya Mechnikov. In 1908, together with P. Ehrlich, he received the Nobel Prize for work on immunity. Paying main attention to the issues of pathology, Ilya Mechnikov during this period created a series of works devoted to the microbiology and epidemiology of cholera, plague, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis. In 1891-92, Mechnikov developed the doctrine of inflammation, closely related to the problem of immunity. Considering this process in a comparative evolutionary aspect, he assessed the phenomenon of inflammation itself as a protective reaction of the body, aimed at liberation from foreign substances or the focus of infection.
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Ilya Mechnikov - an outstanding Ukrainian and the father of the theory of immunity

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich (born May 15, 1845 in the village of Ivanovka on the territory of the modern Kharkiv region, died July 15, 1916 in Paris) is a Ukrainian scientist, one of the founders of evolutionary embryology, microbiology and immunology, Nobel Prize winner.

Ilya Mechnikov is known to the world scientific community as the discoverer of the phenomenon of cellular phagocytosis and the author of the phagocytic theory of immunity. The scientist is also called the first Ukrainian Nobel Prize winner. From the very childhood it was clear that the boy had a great future, Mechnikov became a doctor of zoology, a professor at the University in St. Petersburg at the age of 23.

The scientific work, which outlines the basics of the phagocytic mechanism of immunity, was written by Mechnikov at a time when the world community did not even suspect the phenomenon of immunity. The observation of how a rose thorn, introduced into a starfish larva, is surrounded by specific cells, was the beginning of a future theory of phagocytosis. The cells discovered by the scientist will then be called leukocytes.

In parallel with Mechnikov, the scientist Paul Ehrlich worked on the mechanism of protecting the body from infection, who explained to mankind the mechanism of the work of antibodies. The end to the tense dispute was put only by the Nobel Committee, which awarded the prize to two scientists at the same time. The recognition of Mechnikov's scientific achievements was his election as an honorary member of the Paris, New York and Vienna Academy of Sciences.

The name of Ilya Mechnikov is listed among the geniuses whose activities have greatly simplified the life of all mankind. Thanks to the achievements of the scientist, it was possible to defeat not only many diseases, but also significantly extend the life of each person, without worsening its quality. Mechnikov's activity is multifaceted, it is truly difficult to overestimate his merits to all people.

At one time, Mechnikov was elected a member of the English Royal Society, a medical academy in Paris, and a medical association in Sweden. The scientist is also an honorary member of the Irish, Romanian, Prague and Belgian Academy of Sciences. Among other things, the biologist was awarded the title of honorary academician of Kyiv University.

Interestingly, Ilya Mechnikov is also the inventor of the world's first cure for syphilis. With indignation, Mechnikov treated the position of moralists, who perceived this disease as a punishment. With funds received from scientific activities, the scientist was engaged in research aimed at finding a special ointment, the use of which can cure a person from an unpleasant ailment.

At the end of his life, Mechnikov studied the problem of aging and death. He considered aging as a disease that can be avoided by following a series of recommendations. As part of his fight against this disease, the scientist drank only boiled water. Among the scientist's habits are the rejection of alcohol, gambling, and the obligatory thorough washing of fruits before consumption.

The merits of Ilya Mechnikov to Ukraine and the whole world.

A well-known misconception is the assertion that Ukraine does not have its own Nobel laureates. Although so far not a single outstanding scientist who has received this prestigious award has called himself a Ukrainian, one cannot say that the Ukrainian land did not give birth to talented scientists. Several Nobel Prize winners in various fields of knowledge were born in Ukraine. For example, the physicist Igor Tamme was born in the Kirovograd region, the writer Agnon was born in the Ternopil region. Nevertheless, Ilya Mechnikov can certainly be called the most famous of the Nobel laureates - natives of Ukraine.

the world-famous scientist was born in the small village of Ivanovka on the territory of the Kharkov province. In Ukraine, Mechnikov was not only born, but also educated; in many Ukrainian settlements, the scientist was engaged in the realization of his talent as a naturalist. For some time the scientist lived and worked successfully in Kharkov, Odessa, Kyiv, Cherkasy region. Nevertheless, the Ukrainian part of the biography of the famous scientist still remains little explored;

undoubtedly, the main merit of Ilya Ilyich is the discovery in 1883 of the process of phagocytosis, in which the cells of the body neutralize and subsequently destroy deadly bacilli. Quite simple and extremely understandable experiments conducted by Ilya Mechnikov became the basis of his own theory of immunity, without which it is now difficult to even imagine the development of medicine and biology in the twentieth century;

Without Mechnikov's scientific research, mankind would have to do without antibiotics and anti-epidemic vaccines for a long time to come. It is noteworthy that Mechnikov worked quite actively in the development of vaccines against plague, typhoid, cholera and a number of other diseases. At the age of 36, the scientist injected himself with typhus bacteria to test the effectiveness of the created drug. For a bold experiment, the scientist almost had to pay with his own life;

By right, it is Mechnikov who is considered the founder of such a science as gerontology, which studies methods for extending human life. According to the scientist, a person can live at least 120 years. At the same time, it is mandatory to comply with a number of conditions, including a rational lifestyle, thoughtful nutrition, active mental activity and some other elements. The scientist shared his own recipe for life extension in the book “Etudes of Optimism”. The publication, published in 1907, is partly philosophical, in which the reader can get acquainted with some points from the worldview of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov;

The main part of Mechnikov's scientific works is devoted to evolutionary embryology, gerontology and immunology. The scientist is the founder of the theory of germ layers and one of the authors of evolutionary comparative embryology. In addition to the phagocytic theory of immunity, Mechnikov is also one of the authors of the theory of comparative pathology. The totality of these scientific works is, without exaggeration, a huge contribution to the theory of evolution;

Ilya Ilyich is also defined by world science as one of the founders of microbiology. The scientist conducted experiments on himself and colleagues, as a result of which he was able to identify Vibrio cholerae as the causative agent of Asian cholera. Under the leadership of Mechnikov, classical studies were carried out in the process of experimental study of syphilis, typhoid fever and cholera. The merit of the scientist is the introduction of a number of innovative ideas in the process of determining the role of microbial associations and antagonism in infectious infection. Mechnikov is called the author of the doctrine of cytotoxins;

world fame, fully deserved, Ilya Mechnikov received during his lifetime. In 1908, the award of the Nobel Prize to the scientist in the scientific community was perceived as a belated recognition of his achievements. The legendary scientist, who was an integral part of world scientific progress, spent most of his life in Ukraine.

In addition to living in Kharkov at the initial stage of life, the Odessa period undoubtedly deserves special attention. In this city, Mechnikov worked for 15 years, he was engaged in scientific and pedagogical activities. As a teacher, Mechnikov proved himself at Odessa University. To create, develop and even save the Odessa bacteriological station, the scientist made truly heroic efforts.

It was the scientists of the Odessa Bacteriological Station who were the first in the territory of the Russian Empire to start work on the targeted production of anti-epidemic vaccines. It is symbolic that in 1883 Odessa hosted the congress of doctors and naturalists of Russia, within the framework of which Ilya Mechnikov's statement about the discovery of phagocytes was made for the first time.

The presence in Ukraine of a galaxy of outstanding physicians and biologists can be called the result of the manifestation of Mechnikov's pedagogical talent. His immediate student is Mykola Gamalia, Ilya Ilyich was once a teacher of Danylo Zabolotny, who in 1928-1929 served as president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Since 1887, Mechnikov worked mainly in Paris, but even after moving to the French capital, he came to Ukraine. It is known that in 1894 the scientist gave a lecture to young people from Kyiv, in which he spoke about the prospects for advanced medicine of that time. The lecture was so successful that after its completion, the young people carried the scientist to the station in their arms.

An interesting episode from the life of a scientist is his struggle in the 70s with the active spread of a pest called the "bread beetle". In the southern region of the Russian Empire and on the Ukrainian territory, many agrarians suffered from this problem. At that time, Ilya Ilyich spent every summer at his wife's estate, located in the village of Popovka in the Cherkasy region. The scientist brought out a special fungus that destroyed the "bread beetle", which helped save the crop.

An outstanding scientist was sure that science is the key to the happiness of mankind. Perhaps contemporaries have a somewhat different view on the issues of happiness. However, in each of the modern Ukrainians, pride in a famous compatriot can rightfully live. The undoubted merit of Ilya Mechnikov is the ability of mankind to overcome hunger and a large number of diseases.

In many ways, Mechnikov was ahead of his time. After the discovery of phagocytosis, the scientist proved that phagocytes can also show aggression in relation to the cells of the body itself. The scientist considered this process one of the mechanisms accompanying aging. Thanks to research conducted by scientists, it became known that the cause of organ rejection during transplantation is the presence of phagocytes in the body. It is possible that proper attention to the results of Mechnikov's work could now lead to the existence of reliable methods for preserving organs intended for transplantation.

Ilya Ilyich became a harbinger of the emergence of a new direction in medicine back in the 19th century. He tried to convince his contemporaries that the best therapy is to activate the body's own defenses. Contemporaries who develop this trend call it sanogenesis. Trying to find the secret of human health, Mechnikov put forward and tested a variety of hypotheses.

Among other questions, the scientist was interested in the influence of pathogens on humans. Mechnikov drew attention to the fact that many people can be healthy even with a deadly infection in the body. Research in this direction led to the discovery of the principles of antagonism. It is safe to say that the scientist took the first few steps on the path of mankind, the final point of which was the discovery of antibiotics.

In the process of studying the influence of intestinal self-poisoning on the aging of the body, the scientist discovered interesting points. Mechnikov became the founder of gerontodietics, which formulates the rules for optimal nutrition for older people. The science of healthy nutrition has forced physicians, biologists, and specialists in related fields of knowledge to develop enterosorbents as substances that slow down the aging process.

The main goal of Mechnikov's return to the territory of modern Ukraine in 1886 was the creation of the Bacteriological Institute in Odessa. Now this institution is better known as the Mechnikov Odessa Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. In addition to studying the mechanism of action of phagocytes of various animals on microorganisms that cause relapsing fever and erysipelas, the development of vaccines against anthrax in sheep and chicken cholera took place on the basis of this scientific institution.

Mechnikov was forced to leave Odessa by local doctors, who reproached the great scientist for his lack of medical education. Even as a biologist, Mechnikov worked on mechanisms to overcome diseases in humans and animals. The scientist left Odessa after a scandal in the press related to the unsuccessful vaccination of a flock of sheep.

It is noteworthy that the scientific school of Ilya Mechnikov differed significantly from the ways of studying microbiology, typical for Germany and France. His approach to material can be called biological, cellular or phagocytic. The biologist did not agree with the perception of the body as a passive place to host a microorganism or infection. Instead, Mechnikov focused on the presence of a specialized physiological system for protective purposes.

The scientist's book "Immunity in Infectious Diseases" presents the results of Mechnikov's study of the role of phagocytosis in the mechanism of immunity. The results of research on immunity, which have been carried out for more than 20 years, the biologist outlined in the scientific work "On Immunity in Infectious Diseases". After the final proof that the body fights microbes with the help of phagocytes, Mechnikov wondered about the mechanism of the body's counteraction to toxins. For a detailed study of the protective reaction to toxic substances, the scientist took several years. As a result, the biologist proved that the penetration of toxins into the body also causes a phagocytic response.

Mechnikov's approach to the problems of old age and death, which he considered in the context of evolution and from a philosophical and ethical point of view, was atypical. Before Mechnikov, religious systems tried to comfort a person, to help him come to terms with his impending death. The biologist argued that it is necessary to make changes in the physical and mental nature of man in order to enable him to maintain a high quality of life in old age.

As the optimal completion of a person's life path, Mechnikov considered the extinction of the life instinct with the parallel appearance of the death instinct. In many ways, the biologist's work in this direction can be seen as a development of the ideas of Vladimir Vernadsky and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Anyone can get acquainted with the thoughts and results of Mechnikov's research on the topic of old age as the final stage of the life path in the work of the scientist "Etudes of Optimism".

In the study of the aging process, the scientist proceeded from the principles of phagocytes in the mechanism of atrophy. In his ideas about the mechanism of aging, Mechnikov assigned the main role to disturbances in intercellular connections and the heterochrony of aging of different tissue elements. Through the phagocytic mechanism, he determined the essence of the aging of the body. The worldview and the moral side of scientific activity have always been important for Mechnikov; he outlined the essence of his vision of rationalism in the book Forty Years of the Search for a Rational Worldview.

Throughout his life, Mechnikov adhered to the position of active humanism. Also, the nature of the scientist was characterized by a strong commitment to vigorous activity aimed at achieving moral improvement, virtue, and improving the whole world around him. At one time, the scientist communicated with Leo Tolstoy, a famous writer and thinker.

The writer had a positive impression of communicating with the scientist. Nevertheless, the two famous representatives of the era had disagreements on a number of fundamental issues. When Mechnikov and Tolstoy met in Yasnaya Polyana in 1909, they could not find a common language. By political convictions, Mechnikov was a liberal, an opponent of violence in any form, the idealistic concept with a religious bias was not perceived by scientists.

During his permanent residence in Paris, the scientist did not forget about his homeland. He visited the Ukrainian territory 6 times, defining for himself the specific goals of the visits in the form of scientific tasks. After the last visit to Mechnikov, Daniil Zabolotny, one of the students of the biologist and the future president of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, addressed in a letter. Pointing out the difficulties faced by scientists, Zabolotny asked Mechnikov to return and become their guide. After some period of painful reflection, the scientist chose a further stay in Paris. At that time, Mechnikov was 68 years old, and he never returned to his native land from France.

The roots of the Mechnikov family are Moldovan. The distant ancestor of the Spotar Mileshtu family held a high position at the court of Prince Stafanit. During the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, an official falls out of favor with Prince Stephanit, saving his life, he leaves for Moscow. Under Tsar Peter, the fugitive becomes a courtier and discharges his nephew Yuri Stefanovich from Moldavia. After the latter's arrival in Moscow, the tsar grants him the position of a swordsman (one of the judicial ranks). After that, representatives of a respected Moldovan family began to bear the surname of the Mechnikovs;

in the family of guards officer Ilya Ivanovich Mechnikov, son Ilya was the fourth; by a strange coincidence, he was born in the picturesque town of Panasovka (now the settlement is called Mechnikovo) not far from Kharkov.

Meanwhile, the circumstances that led the officer to the provincial wilderness from St. Petersburg are quite interesting. No less strongly than his wife, the scientist's father loved gambling. As it turned out, the mother's inheritance did not last long, soon the family was forced to move to an area where living with children was cheaper;

the mother of the future scientist, a native of Warsaw, Emilia Lvovna Mechnikova (nee Nevakhovich) also represents a well-known family. The maternal grandfather of the scientist, Lev Nikolaevich Nevakhovich, is known to the public as the founder of the genre of the so-called Russian-Jewish literature;

the first city that Mechnikov saw in his life is Kharkov. It was here that 11-year-old Ilya, together with his older brother, entered the 2nd city gymnasium;

from early childhood, the boy was distinguished by activity, which is why his relatives called him "Mr. Mercury." Researchers of the scientist's life path believe that from an early age he wanted to become a natural scientist;

passion for biology was the result of Ilya's communication with the student Khodunov, who, at the invitation of his parents, came to Panasovka from Kharkov in 1853. Initially, the purpose of the student's visits was to teach botany to Ilya's older brother, Leo. The main student remained indifferent to the subject, but the science of plants resonated with the younger brother;

the ambitious and capable young man graduated from the gymnasium in Kharkov in 1862 with a gold medal. After another 2 years, he completed his studies as an external student at Kharkov University;

after graduating from an educational institution, Mechnikov spoke rather critically about his alma mater, but singled out the teaching talent of two professors - A. Maslovsky and A. Chernaya;

upon completion of his studies at the gymnasium in 1682, Mechnikov traveled abroad for the first time. He decides to study cell structure at the University of Würzburg. The first trip to Germany was unsuccessful. Classes at the university were supposed to begin only after 6 weeks. Without knowledge of the German language, such a long stay in a foreign city seemed too difficult for Mechnikov. After wandering around the city for some time, the scientist returned home.

According to another version, the reason for Mechnikov's return home was a cold reception by Russian-speaking students and the attitude of the landlords. In any case, the first attempt to start studies in Germany was not what the scientist expected. As a memento of the trip, Mechnikov had a book he bought in Germany. The publication "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" by Charles Darwin, the first translation of which into Russian was published only 2 years later, largely influenced Mechnikov's worldview;

Surprisingly, both the professional and spiritual growth of the young scientist took place surprisingly rapidly. At the age of 19, in the summer of 1864, Mechnikov realized that science had no boundaries, so he went abroad to study. The future biologist firmly believed that the development of mankind is primarily based on scientific progress. Mechnikov remained true to this conviction until the end of his days, although he had the opportunity to see the beginning of the First World War;

in just 2 years, Mechnikov mastered the program of the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Kharkov University, designed for 4 years. The scientist himself recalled that he did not want to spend extra time on training, because he was in a hurry to “do real science”;

To conduct research work in laboratories in Western Europe, Mechnikov was given a state scholarship on the recommendation of Nikolai Pirogov. The scientist worked on the study of the embryology of spineless animals in various laboratories. For some time, Metchnikov's research took place on the island of Helgoland in the North Sea, as well as in the laboratories of Rudolf Leuckart in the city of Hesse near Frankfurt am Main;

one of the subjects of Mechnikov's study was the process of reproduction of roundworms. During the study, he discovered a phenomenon previously unknown to science. We are talking about heterogony - the alternation of generations in which reproduction occurs in different ways;

in 1865, after moving to Naples, Mechnikov met the zoologist Alexander Kovalevsky, the joint work of the two scientists not only received a high award in the form of the Karl Ernst von Baer Prize, but also became the basis for the emergence of a new science - comparative embryology;

Metchnikov defended his thesis for a master's degree in zoology, devoted to the development of fish and crustaceans at the embryonic stage, in 1867. When his classmates graduated from the university, the scientist had already received his doctorate and became an assistant professor at the university in St. Petersburg;

it is a well-known fact that success in the scientific field is very rarely accompanied by well-being in personal life. Ilya Mechnikov was married twice, but had no children in marriage.

The first wife of a famous scientist in 1869 was Lyudmila Vasilievna Fedorovich, who already at the time of her marriage was ill with tuberculosis. Some sources contain evidence that a sick bride was brought into the temple where the wedding took place on a chair, since she did not have the strength to move independently.

Mechnikov lived in his first marriage for 4 years, after which his wife died. Initially, the scientist hoped to cure his beloved. For a long time, in an attempt to find a solution to the problem, he was engaged only in translations, lectures, all more or less profitable business only in order to get money for Lyudmila's treatment abroad. Attempts to achieve recovery did not bring the expected result; in Madeira, she died of tuberculosis.

The biologist took her death very hard, even tried to commit suicide by taking a huge dose of morphine. Data on the outcome of a suicide attempt presented in different sources do not match. According to one version, instead of the expected poisoning, an excessive dose of morphine only caused the scientist to vomit. Other sources say that at the appropriate moment, acquaintances managed to save the scientist.

While teaching in Odessa, Mechnikov met his future second wife, Olga Belokopytova. At the time of the marriage, the bride was 19 years old, Mechnikov - 30. In the future, the wife became a faithful companion and assistant in the scientific work of the scientist.

The couple decided not to have joint children, because after the death of Olga Nikolaevna's parents, the spouses had to become guardians of her 2 brothers and 3 sisters. Ilya Mechnikov also set as his goal the development of his wife's talent. The fact that there were tender feelings between the spouses can be guessed from their letters;

At first, Olga Nikolaevna, under the strict guidance of her husband, studied chemistry at the Pasteur Institute, assisted Mechnikov. After some time, Mechnikova became interested in art, sculpture and painting. Olga Nikolaevna studied with the sculptor Enzhalber, and presented her first works to the public in 1900. The very first demonstration of the sculpture was awarded a bronze medal at the International Exhibition in Paris.

In 1903, a circle of Russian artists "Montparnasse" was organized in Paris, Mechnikov's wife was one of its founders. She also took an active part in the work of the Russian School of Social Sciences and the Literary and Artistic Society in Paris. In 1923, a personal exhibition of Mechnikova was held at the Artes Gallery in the French capital.

In the 30s of the last century, Olga Nikolaevna was in charge of the Hungry Friday shelter in the Parisian suburb of Montmarency. Before the outbreak of World War II, the scientist's widow lived in La Favière, where she set up a small museum of family heirlooms and a small workshop, and wrote a book about her deceased wife, Vie d'Élie Metchnikoff. During the war, the house was blown up by the Nazis;

Mechnikov called the Bulgarian lactic bacillus Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. one of the main methods of fighting against aging. Bulgaricus. The scientist called for the use of Bulgarian yogurt and set an example personally;

Alexander Fleming, the creator of penicillin, studied with a professor from London, who, in turn, is a student of Mechnikov;

Mechnikov's health deteriorated greatly amid the worries caused by the outbreak of the First World War. After suffering several heart attacks, the scientist died. The biologist's will included a request to use the body for medical experiments. The remains were cremated and kept in the library of the Pasteur University.

Biography of Ilya Mechnikov.

1856-1862 - studying at the Kharkov male gymnasium No. 2;

1862-1864 - studying at Kharkov University;

1864 - travel abroad, work in the North Sea, laboratories of the University of Hesse, a year later Mechnikov goes to Naples;

1867 - return, defense of a master's thesis at the University of St. Petersburg on the basis of materials obtained abroad. In the same year, Mechnikov, together with Kovalevsky, received the Baer Prize for achievements in embryology and defended his doctoral dissertation;

from 1870 to 1882 he worked as an ordinary professor at the Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy of the Novorossiysk University in Odessa. Due to difficult relationships with colleagues and students, he stops working at the university;

in the fall of 1882, Mechnikov and his wife traveled to Messina, Italy, where he discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, devoting the next 25 years to the development of the phagocytic theory;

in 1886, the scientist returned to Odessa, where he headed the bacteriological station created together with Nikolai Gamaleya. Obstacles in work on the part of the imperial authorities force Mechnikov to decide to go abroad for good;

in autumn 1888, at the invitation of Louis Pasteur, Mechnikov went to Paris;

in 1891-1891, the scientist worked on the theory of inflammation, considering the process in a comparative evolutionary aspect;

in 1906, Mechnikov was awarded the Coppi medal with the wording "For important achievements in biology and pathology";

1908 - together with Erlich Mechnikov receives the Nobel Prize for achievements in the study of immunity.

Perpetuation of the memory of Ilya Mechnikov.

The name of Ilya Mechnikov is given to the Odessa National University, the Regional Clinical Hospital of Dnepropetrovsk, the North-Western State University of St. Petersburg, the Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums in Moscow, the Research Institute of Microbiology and Immunology in Kharkov;

in honor of the biologist, streets in many settlements of several countries and one of the craters on the far side of the moon are named;

even a food product bears the name of a scientist. The legendary Mechnikov yogurt is made from pasteurized milk by fermenting it with lactic acid streptococci of the bulgarian stick;

a memorial plaque in honor of the scientist was opened on the house in Messina, where Mechnikov once worked;

opposite the building of the Pasteur Institute in Kharkov, a monument to Mechnikov was erected;

In 1936, a monument to Mechnikov was opened on the territory of the Peter the Great Hospital in St. Petersburg on a pedestal, where it was originally planned to erect a monument to Peter himself.

Ilya Mechnikov in social networks.

ok.ru found a thematic video with the following content:

Mechnikov's public Facebook page:

In Youtube for the query "Ilya Mechnikov" - 837 search queries:

How often do Yandex users from Ukraine search for information about Ilya Mechnikov?

To analyze the popularity of the query "Ilya Mechnikov", the Yandex wordstat.yandex search engine service is used, from which we can conclude: as of April 12, 2016, the number of requests per month was 2,582, which can be seen on the screen:

Since the end of 2014, the largest number of requests from Ilya Mechnikov was registered in September 2014 - 12,070 requests per month.

Soon the New Year is a very good time to remember the merits of the great French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur before humanity: firstly, he was born on December 27, and this year we celebrate the 193rd anniversary of his birth. Secondly, his contribution to the development of science can hardly be overestimated, and stories about such people and their achievements usually inspire and energize. Agree, on the eve of the New Year, this is very important.

Exposing the theory of spontaneous generation of life

In 1862, the French Academy of Sciences awarded Pasteur a prize for finally resolving the question of the spontaneous generation of life. The theory of the origin of living beings from inanimate matter has been taken for granted since the days of the Ancient World. This was believed in ancient Egypt, Babylon, China, India, Greece. It was believed, for example, that worms are born from rotten meat, and frogs and crocodiles from river silt.

Only in the Middle Ages, some scientists began to question this theory, proving that spontaneous generation does not occur in a boiled and sealed flask with a nutrient solution. However, adherents of the theory found a counterargument to every argument of scientists, inventing either a “life-giving” force that died when boiled, or the need for natural unheated air.

Louis Pasteur performed an ingenious experiment with a sterile nutrient medium, which he placed in a specially made flask with an S-shaped neck. Ordinary air freely entered the flask, but the microorganisms settled on the walls of the neck and did not reach the nutrient medium. Therefore, even after several days, no living microorganisms were found in the laboratory glassware. That is, despite ideal conditions, spontaneous generation did not occur. But as soon as the neck walls were rinsed with a solution, bacteria and spores began to actively develop in the flask.

Pasteur's experiment disproved the prevailing opinion in medical science that diseases originate spontaneously inside the body or come from "bad" air ("miasms"). Pasteur laid the foundations of antiseptics, proving that infectious diseases are transmitted by infection - pathogens must penetrate into a healthy organism from outside.

Even before Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of life, he investigated the processes of fermentation. He proved that this is not a chemical process, as another prominent chemist, Liebig, argued, but a biological one, that is, the result of the reproduction of certain microorganisms. In parallel, the scientist discovered the existence of anaerobic organisms that either do not need oxygen to exist, or it is even poisonous to them.

In 1864, at the request of French wine producers, Pasteur began researching wine diseases. He discovered that they are caused by specific microorganisms, each disease - its own. To prevent deterioration of wine, he advised heating it to a temperature of approximately 50-60 °C. This is enough to kill harmful bacteria without affecting the quality of the product itself.

Now this method is called pasteurization and is widely used in laboratories, in the production of food and some non-food products. Currently, several types of pasteurization have been developed:
- long - 30-40 minutes at t not more than 65 ° C;
- short - ½-1 minute at t 85-90 ° С;
- instantaneous - a few seconds at t 98 ° С;
— ultra-pasteurization — a few seconds at t above 100 °C.

Vaccination and the theory of artificial immunity

Beginning in 1876, Pasteur focused on the study of contagious diseases. He managed to isolate the causative agent of anthrax, cholera, puerperal fever, chicken cholera, swine rubella, rabies and some other infectious diseases. For treatment, he suggested using vaccinations with weakened cultures of microorganisms. This method became the basis of the theory of artificial immunity and is still used today.

The rabies vaccine was especially famous for the scientist. After the first successful experience on a human in July 1885, people from all over Europe began to come to Paris, hoping for a cure from a previously fatal disease. For example, in a group of 19 Russian peasants, 16 were cured, although as many as 12 days had passed since the moment of infection. Ilya Mechnikov, who worked with Pasteur, called the development of a rabies vaccine his “swan song.”

All over the world, Pasteur stations began to be organized, which vaccinated against rabies. In Russia, the first such station was already in operation in 1886.

Pasteur Institute of Paris

In 1889, Pasteur became head of a private institute he organized in Paris, funds for which were collected by subscription all over the world. He managed to gather the best biologists of that time at the institute and organize a scientific school of microbiology and immunology, from which many famous scientists came out, including 8 Nobel laureates. For example, the 1908 Nobel Prize winner Ilya Mechnikov, whom Pasteur personally invited to head one of the laboratories, worked at the Pasteur Institute from the very beginning until his death.

To the question What is the merit of Louis Pasteur and Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov? Biology! * Help me please. given by the author flush the best answer is French microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur was born in Dole (Jura, France). In 1847 he graduated from the Higher Normal School in Paris, in 1848 he defended his doctoral dissertation. He taught natural sciences in Dijon (1847-1848), was a professor at Strasbourg (1849-1854) and Lille (since 1854) universities. In 1857 he became dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Higher Normal School, since 1867 he was a professor of chemistry at the University of Paris. In 1888 he founded and headed the Microbiological Research Institute, created with funds raised by international subscription (now the Pasteur Institute). Since 1857, Pasteur began to study fermentation processes. As a result of numerous experiments, he proved that fermentation is a biological process caused by the activity of microorganisms (in particular, M. Berthelot and J. Liebig insisted on the chemical nature of fermentation). Developing these ideas further, Pasteur argued that each type of fermentation (lactic, alcoholic, acetic) is caused by specific microorganisms ("embryos"). Pasteur outlined his theory in the article "On the fermentation called lactic" (1857). In 1861, he discovered microorganisms that cause butyric fermentation - anaerobic bacteria that live and develop in the absence of free oxygen. The discovery of anaerobiosis led Pasteur to the idea that for organisms that live in an oxygen-deprived environment, fermentation replaces respiration. In 1860-1861. Pasteur proposed a method of preserving food products using heat treatment (later called pasteurization). In 1865, Pasteur began to study the nature of the silkworm disease and, as a result of many years of research, developed methods to combat this contagious disease (1870). He studied other contagious diseases of animals and humans (anthrax, puerperal fever, rabies, chicken cholera, rubella of pigs, etc.), finally establishing that they are caused by specific pathogens. Based on the concept of artificial immunity developed by him, he proposed a method of preventive vaccinations, in particular, vaccination against anthrax (1881). In 1880, Pasteur, together with E. Roux, began research on rabies. The first protective vaccination against this disease was given to him in 1885.
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Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) - Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology, immunology, creator of the theory of phagocytosis and the theory of immunity, creator of a scientific school, corresponding member (1883), honorary member ( 1902) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1888 at the Pasteur Institute (Paris). Together with N. F. Gamaleya, he founded (1886) the first bacteriological station in Russia. Opened (1882) the phenomenon of phagocytosis. In the works "Immunity in infectious diseases" (1901) he outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms. Proceedings on the problem of aging. Nobel Prize (1908, together with P. Ehrlich). In 1887, Mechnikov left for Germany, and in the fall of 1888, at the invitation of L. Pasteur, he moved to Paris and organized a laboratory at his institute. The 28-year stay at the Pasteur Institute was a period of fruitful work and general recognition for Ilya Mechnikov. In 1908, together with P. Ehrlich, he received the Nobel Prize for work on immunity. Paying main attention to the issues of pathology, Ilya Mechnikov during this period created a series of works devoted to the microbiology and epidemiology of cholera, plague, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis. In 1891-92, Mechnikov developed the doctrine of inflammation, closely related to the problem of immunity. Considering this process in a comparative evolutionary aspect, he assessed the phenomenon of inflammation itself as a protective reaction of the body, aimed at liberation from foreign substances or the focus of infection.
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