Towards North Aurora
Open your closed eyes,
It's time, beauty, wake up
The cold afternoon passed by.
The night ends, a new day is born
2. Give a description of substressed vowels depending on
preceding and following consonants in words:
Peace, dawn, son, daughter, yurt, hedgehog, forest, already.
3. Indicate how the following pairs of words differ in sound composition:
temple - high to nourish - to torture
those - themes to shoot - to dust
sieve - full to cut - to dust
4. Comment on the positional changes of vowels in these words:
Bridge, spring, sea, rooks, fly away, forest, lips, spark, willow, ear, delay, mint, feast, lyre, face, smart, tongs, fast, sail, ticket, surf, game, fifth, cotton wool, gesture, top, this, center, honor, winds, fun, island.
5. Transcribe words; make a table of positional change of vowels
Home, home, brownie.
Garden, gardens, gardener.
Ice, ice, ice.
Hour, clock, hour.
Silk, silk, silky.
Forest, woods, arborist.
Tin, tin, tin.
Whole, whole, whole.
6. Transcribe words and comment on weak vowel positions
House, horns, patron, novel, samovar, camomile, collapse, father, hut, crocodile, turtle, frog.
7. Transcribe and comment on the change in the sound of the vowel AND
depending on the environment:
From the willow; to the willow; with Ira; from India; teaches history; with intonation; in silt; from a spark; cat and cook; Ilya is coming.
8. Transcribe the text. Perform a phonetic analysis of the word
Frost and sun! The day is wonderful.
You are still dozing, my lovely friend,
Be the star of the North!
Questions:
1. What patterns of compatibility of consonant sounds do you know?
2. How does the quality of consonants change at the absolute end of a word?
3. What is the regressive assimilation for deafness-voicedness?
4. What happens to the front lingual consonants С З Д Т in position
before W W W C?
5. What is the phenomenon of diarrhea and the reason for its occurrence?
6. How does their position before I affect the quality of consonants?
Bibliography:
1. Bulanin L.L. Phonetics of the modern Russian language. M., 1970. S. 115 - 127.
2. Modern Russian language / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova. M., 1981. S. 92 - 96.
3. Shansky N.M., Ivanov V.V. Modern Russian language: in 3 hours. Ch 1. M., 1981. S. 115 - 120.
Tasks:
1. Comment on the position of the sound [Y] in different phonetic positions:
Bunny, seagull, May, my, flock, knowing, pit, spinning top, south, pendulum, spruce, hedgehog, whose, whose, his, her, him, rise, coachman, building, for the first time.
2. Transcribe and comment on the features of the sound of consonants
sounds in different phonetic positions:
Elimination, hint, liquid, to the booth, brain, composition, mowing, slippery, incident, with tin, with enthusiasm, to the city, haircut, lexicologist, insinuating, attacks, saucer, twelve.
Noisily, from a case, from sorrel, from fat, squeeze, sew, paternal, stray, scammer, defector, superior, afraid, splashes, clean.
Late, lovely, happy, climber, sun, hello, heart, stairs, Marxist.
Leaves, ears of corn, marry, deceiver, pension, letter, summer, goat, review, Dmitry, door, two.
Slogan and syllable. The syllable as a phonetic unit; syllable structure
Questions:
1. The concept of a syllable from an articulatory point of view. Theory of R.I.Avanesov.
2. The concept of a syllable from the standpoint of the theory of muscular tension. Theory of L.V. Shcherba.
3. The structure of the syllable. Closed, open, covered, uncovered syllables.
4. Rules of phonetic syllable division.
5. Syllabification from the point of view of the morphemic composition of the word.
Bibliography:
1. Dibrova E.I., Kasatkin L.L., Shcheboleva I.I. Modern Russian language: in
3 hours Part 1. Rostov n / D, 1997. S. 28 - 36.
2. Modern Russian literary language / Ed. P.A. Lekanta. M., 1982.
3. Shansky N.M., Ivanov V.V. Modern Russian language. M., 1981. S. 125 -
Tasks:
1. Transcribe words and divide them into phonetic syllables:
Long, war, rise, let's go, bomb, bandit, seagull, coals, sorry,
cache, catch, wave, clods, gamma, seedlings, peasants, happy.
2. Divide words into morphemes and then into syllables:
Parliamentary, requisition, land, unarmed, call in, search for, come in, go around, beardless, play, take away, six percent, cover, presentation, hundred, bedroom, round, erase, blue, bluish, jumped up.
3. Highlight the syllable-forming consonants in the texts and indicate the conditions
causing the appearance of additional syllable
In the flow of speech, the sounds of any language, including Russian, find themselves in a dependent position in relation to each other, while undergoing various modifications due to positional and combinatorial changes.
Positional are called changes in sound, which are due to the place (position) of the sound in the word. Positional changes appear in the form of regular alternations under different conditions for the realization of one phoneme. For example, in a series of words pairs - pairs - a steam locomotive, an alternating row is represented by the following sounds: [a] / / / / [b], the appearance of which is explained by qualitative reduction (change in vowel sounds in an unstressed position). The positional process in the area of vowels is reduction, in the area of consonants - the stunning of a voiced double consonant in the position of the end of a word.
Combinatorial changes are called changes in sound, which are due to the interaction of sounds with each other. As a result of such interaction, the articulation of one sound often overlaps with the articulation of another (coarticulation). There are several types of combinatorial changes - accommodation, assimilation, dissimilation, diaeresis, prosthesis, epenthesis, metathesis, haplology, but not all of these processes characterize the literary form of the Russian language. So, for example, metathesis (tubaretka, ralek), prosthesis and epenthesis (kakava, radivo) are more common in vernacular, dialects of folk speech.
Regular changes within the phonetic word, dictated by the nature of the phonetic position, are called positional exchange (positional alternation).
Sounds in the flow of speech, depending on the position, change qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative changes lead to the fact that different sounds coincide: for example, the phonemes lt;agt; and lt;ogt; in words, water and vapor are realized in one sound [L]; this type of interleaving is called criss-crossing. Changes that do not lead to the coincidence of different sounds are referred to as parallel types of exchange. For example, changing in an unstressed position, the phonemes lt; and gt; and lt;ygt; however, do not match. N.M. Shansky in his writings adheres to a different understanding of the types of exchange and distinguishes between positional exchange and positional changes.
More on the topic The concept of positional exchange. Types of positional exchange:
- 134. Is an exchange agreement subject to state registration in cases where the object of exchange is real estate?
1. Strong and weak positions of consonants in terms of voicedness-deafness.
Strong and weak positions of consonants are varied. Distinguish between strong and weak positions of consonants
by loudness / deafness and hardness / softness.
The strong position of consonants in terms of voicing-deafness is the position that does not deafen and does not voice sounds- before vowels and sonorants, and sounds [v], [v`], as well as in voiced before voiced, and in deaf before deaf: pick up [pdbirat`], elephant [elephant].
Weak position on voiced-deafness- at the absolute end of the word: oak - [dup], tooth - [zup], lov - [lof], as well as for the deaf before voiced (except sonorants and c) and for voiced before the deaf: snow [sn`ek].
Absolutely strong position happens with consonants when strong in voiced-deafness and hardness - softness of positions coincide.
Absolutely weak position it happens with consonants when weak in voiced-deafness and hardness - softness of positions coincide.
Weak positions in deafness / sonority:
1) at the end of the word: ko[s] from goat and braid;
2) in front of the noisy deaf: lo [t] ka, but lo [d] points;
3) before a noisy voiced: [h] give, but [s] believe.
Strong positions in deafness / voicedness:
1) before a vowel: [g] od, [k] from;
2) before sonorant consonants: [c] loy, [z] loy;
3) before [in], [in]: [t] howl, [d] voe.
2. Positional exchange and changes in voiced and voiceless consonants.
Positional exchange for consonants is reflected in the following sound laws:
1. Phonetic law of the end of a word: noisy voiced at the end of the word is deafened. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: threshold[n/\ro´k] - vice[n/\ro´k]; hammer[mo´lt] - young[mo´lt]. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are stunned: breast[gru´s´t´] - sadness[gru´s´t´], entrance[p/\dje´st] - drive up[n/\dje´st].
2. The law of assimilation of consonants by voiced and deaf.Assimilation It is likening one sound to another. In the modern Russian literary language, assimilation has a regressive character, that is, the previous sound is likened to the next one: a deaf before a voiced double becomes voiced: to grandfather [gd´e´du], a voiced double before a deaf becomes deaf: a spoon[lo´shk]. Note that the voicing of the deaf before the voiced is less common than the stunning of the voiced before the deaf. As a result of assimilation, homophones are created: bow [du´shk] - darling [d´shk], carry [v´ and e s´t´i´] - lead [v´ and e s´t´i´].
Assimilation occurs:
1. At the junction of morphemes: did[z´d´e´ll],
2. At the junction of a preposition with a word: with business[z´d´e´lm],
3. At the junction of a word with a particle (postfix): a year or so[go´tt],
4. At the junction of significant words uttered without a pause: five times[rasp´at´].
All pairs soften in softness: before the front vowels: [b´e´ly], [x´i´try], [v´i e sleep´].
Assimilation by place of education
Assimilation of dental before hissing [g], [w], [h´, [w´] and consists in the complete assimilation of dental [h] and [s]:
1.
At the junction of morphemes: sew[shy´t´], unclench[R/\ JA t], check[shot], with a ball[ USA´rm], without fever[b´ and e JA´ръ];
2.
Inside the root: later[on Zhb ],I drive ,
3.
Dental [d], [t], being before [h], [c], are likened to the latter: report .
4. Reduction of groups of identical consonants. With a confluence of three identical consonants at the junction of a preposition
or prefixes with the following word, at the junction of the root and suffix are reduced to two: from the link[links].
Assimilation of consonants by softness-hardness. Dental [s], [s], [n], [p], [d], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [c], [f] are usually softened before soft consonants : [in´ and e z´d´e´], [s´n´e´ k], [gro´s´t´], [us´p´e´h], [m´e´s´ t].
However, assimilation by softness occurs inconsistently. So, dental [s], [s], [n], [d], [t] before soft dental and [h´], [w´] soften in the roots: [z´d´e´s´], [s´t´e´p´]; dental before soft labials can soften in the roots and at the junction of the prefix and the root: [s´v´e´t], [m´ and e d´v´e´t´], [from´m´a´t´] . However, sometimes in the same position a consonant can be pronounced both softly and firmly: [v/\z´n´i´k] - [v/\zn´i´k]. Back-lingual and [l] do not soften before soft consonants.
Since assimilation by softness does not have the character of a law, one can speak not of positional change, but of positional changes of consonants in softness.
Paired in hardness, soft consonants can be assimilated in hardness. Positional changes in hardness are observed at the junction of the root and the suffix, which begins with a hard consonant: [s´l´e´syr´], but [s´l´ and e sa´rny]. Before the labial [b], assimilation does not occur: [pro´z´b].
Assimilation by hardness is not subjected to [l´]: [n/\po´l´ny].
3. Positional exchange of consonants with zero sound.
In other words, the neutralization of the phoneme represented by the consonant zero and the absence of the phoneme. There are several cases here.
1. The combination of phonemes (stn) and (zdn) is realized by the sound combination [sn], [zn]: honest - honest - che [sn] th, star - star [zn] th.
Compare: che [sn] y and those [sn] y; we hear in both cases [sn], but in a strong position (not between [s ... n]) there is a difference: honest, but cramped. This means that in the words che (stn) th and those (sn) th phoneme combinations (stn) and (sn) coincided in sound; phoneme (t), realized in a position between [s...n] zero, coincided with the absence of a phoneme!
These alternations reflect well the rhymes (from the poems of N. A. Nekrasov; the poet’s rhyme is accurate): famous - wonderful, impassive - beautiful, honest - cramped, unhappy - voiceless, autocratic - beautiful, more charming - song, rainy - clear.
Remarks require the word abyss. It's actually not one, but two words. 1) The abyss is a lot. The word of everyday speech: I have an abyss of all sorts of things. Pronounced: [b’ezn]. It is hardly possible to say that here the phoneme (e) is represented by the zero of the consonant, since at present this word abyss has no connection with the combination without a bottom.
Another similar alternation: the combination (ntk) is realized by the sound [nk]: student [nk] a, laboratory [nk] a. Such an alternation is positional (that is, it is presented in all words with a phonemic combination (NTK)) only in some people who speak the literary language, mainly the older generation.
Words such as building, building, building, under construction or tram, tram, tram; or own, own, own ... clearly have roots ending in a phoneme (j); it is realized by the non-syllable vowel [and]. But in the words build, builder, build; trams; no iota is heard of their own. This is because the phoneme (j) in position after the vowel before [i] is represented by zero: sui - [piles] = (cBojft).
Words can contain combinations of two identical phonemes, for example (nn): bath - [van: b] = (bath);
Such combinations are realized by long, "double" consonants (they are not necessarily twice as long as short, ordinary [n]). But long consonants are possible only between vowels, one of which (preceding or following) is stressed. When such a combination of two identical phonemes, for example (nn), falls into the vicinity of a consonant, then instead of a long one, a short one sounds: Finns (s [n:]) - Finnish (s [n]); semolina - semolina, a ton - two-ton, etc. Here are examples where the alternation
reflected in spelling, but it also exists where spelling does not mark this alternation: a wind of two ba [l:] a - two-point (with the usual short [l ']). ;
Consequently, in the position "next to the consonant" \ combination of phonemes like (nn), (ll), etc. represented by a short consonant; one of the phonemes is realized by zero.
Often, speaking of positional alternations, they use emphatically procedural verbs: “the stressed vowel [o] goes into [a] without stress”, “the sound [z] at the end of the word turns into [s]”, etc. In fact, there is synchronous relationships, not processes. The correct wording is as follows: [o] stressed in unstressed positions changes to the vowel [a]; the voiced consonant [h] alternates with the voiceless consonant [s].
Phonetic processes in the field of vowels .
Positional exchange. The main cases of positional vowel exchange include cases of qualitative reduction of vowels A, O, E in unstressed positions. Qualitative reduction- this is a weakening of the sound, which is accompanied by a change in acoustic-articulation characteristics (the sound changes its DP). There are positions: percussion– the sound remains unchanged (strong position); first pre-shock- the first degree of reduction; second(all other unstressed positions) - the second degree of reduction (weak first and second positions). The sounds I, U, S do not undergo qualitative changes, they change only quantitatively. The qualitative reduction of these sounds has different results, depending on whether they are after a soft or hard consonant. See table.
Let's not forget the manifestation of the absolute beginning of the word, where A and O both in the first and second positions will be the same / \ (instead of / \ for the first and expected b for the second position: ORANGE. E, respectively, in the first and second positions will be ( instead of in the first and b in the second): ETAJERKA [t/\zh'erk].
*Sometimes after hard hissing F, W, C in the first position A instead of the expected / \ sounds like E: you just need to remember such words - JACKET, Pity, Pity, SORRY, SORRY, RYE, JASMINE, HORSES, TWENTY, THIRTY. But this is no longer for me, but for the next topic (changes), and also for orthoepy.
positional changes. Positional changes include the phenomena accommodation vowels before soft and after soft consonants. Accommodation is the process of mutual adaptation of sounds of different nature (a vowel to a consonant or vice versa). After a soft consonant, a non-front row vowel moves forward and upward in education at the beginning of pronunciation (progressive accommodation), before soft - at the end (regressive accommodation), between soft - throughout pronunciation (progressive-regressive accommodation).
For sounds O, A, E - only under stress - all 4 cases are possible; for sounds U - and under stress, and no all 4 cases; for Ы and under stress and without stress, only 2 cases of Ы and Ыя are possible; Sometimes instead of Yo (between soft ones) they denote k - SING [p’kt ’]. Y and J are considered soft.
Another case of positional changes is the progressive accommodation of the initial AND in Ы, when a consonant prefix is added to the root: GAME - TO PLAY (this applies to changes, as it knows exceptions - PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE may also pronounce AND).
Non-phonetic processes in the region of vowels.
at the root - BIR//BER, GOR//GAR, disagreement//full agreement, E//O, A//I, U//Yu at the beginning of the word, O//E of the SPRING//SPRING type; in the prefix - PRE / / PRI, NOT / / NI, in the suffix - EC / / IK, EC / / IC, OVA / / EVA / / YVA / / IVA, IN / / EN / / AN, in adjectives; at the end - OV / / EV, OY / / HER, OH / / HER, OM / / EM, TH / / OH / / EY
2) Historical phoneme alternations with zero sound (“fluent vowels): at the root - DAY / / DAY, WINDOW / / WINDOWS, COLLECT / / TAKE, WHO / / WHOM, WHAT / / WHAT, in the prefix - THROUGH / / THROUGH, PRE / / PERE, C / / CO, VZ / / WHO , V//VO, OVER//NECESSARY, FROM//OTO, KOY//KOE, in the suffix - PEAS//PEA, RED//RED, BIRD//BIRD, TI//T verbs, SK//ESK, SN//ESN in adjectives, at the end - OY//OYU, in the postfix - СЯ//СЫ
The alternation ONE//ROZ refers to phonetic types of spelling and is one of the rare cases of reflection in writing of not historical, but phonetic alternation within the same phoneme - a strong position O (under stress, which naturally sounds in the first and second positions, respectively, as /\ and Kommersant, which is reflected in the letter as A.
Phonetic processes in the field of consonants.
Positional exchange. The positional less consonants include diverse processes, united by a common feature - they do not know exceptions. 1) Positional stunning of noisy voiced at the end of a word - GENUS - GENUS [T]; 2) Regressive assimilation by voicing - noisy deaf voiced before voiced MOW-KOSBA [Z] (assimilation is the process of assimilation of homogeneous sounds - the influence of vowels on vowels, consonants on consonants, in contrast to accommodation); regressive assimilation in deafness - noisy voiced ones are deafened before noisy deaf ones - BOAT [T]. The process does not concern the sonorants - neither the sonorants themselves, nor the noisy ones before the sonorants. The double role of sound B is interesting (it is not by chance that some also consider it sonorous). In front of him, the noisy ones behave not as in front of a voiced, but as in front of a sonorous voice - they do not sound out (TAST: T does not turn into D); and he himself behaves like a noisy voiced - in front of a deaf person and at the end of the word is deafened - SHOP [F]; 3) Regressive assimilation in softness - will be a change only for the anterior lingual dental D, T, C, Z, N in front of any of them soft: VEST [S’T’]; 4) Complete (such assimilation, in which the sound changes not one DP, but completely its entire characteristic) regressive assimilation Z, S before hissing Sh, Zh, Ch, Shch, C - SHUT [SHSH], HAPPINESS [SH'SH'] ; T and D before H - REPORT [H'H']; T + S \u003d C - FIGHT [CC]; T and D before C (FATHER [CC]; C and Z before SC (SPILL [SH'SH ']; 5) Dieresis (loss of sound on a dissimilative basis) - KNOWN, HOLIDAY; 6) Dissimilation (reverse assimilation - dissimilarity of sounds) G before K - SOFT [HK]; 7) Accommodation in softness before I, b, (except C, W, F, H) - HAND / / HANDS [K] / / [K ']; 8) Vocalization of the phoneme J: as a consonant sound j appears only at the beginning of a stressed syllable (YUG), and in other positions it acts as an AND non-syllable - a vowel sound.
Note: At the end of participial and participle suffixes does not go into F; there is F, because in a strong position it never sounds like B (there is no alternation). The same thing - it is necessary to distinguish, say, the loss of sound in synchrony SUN and in diachrony FEELING, where at the modern level there is no loss, because. there is no alternation with its full variant.
positional changes. Processes that occur as a trend, but with exceptions. 1) Assimilation by the softness of the lips and teeth before the lips and P before the lips (BEAST, LOVE). The old norm required just such a pronunciation, but now, apparently, under the influence of spelling, this is not relevant. 2) Assimilation by softness in front of j: most often softened, but, again under the influence of spelling, before the dividing b, denoting j at the junction of the prefix and the root - a solid consonant SEAT [C] sounds; 3) Irregular dissimilation of H before T or H: WHAT, OF COURSE [PC] [SHN] (does not always happen - for example, SOMETHING - already only [TH]); 4) Accommodation in the softness of hard before E - now, in many foreign words, it is also possible to firmly pronounce the consonant before E: REVENGE [M '], but TEMP [T]. 5) Stunning of a sonor in position at the end of a word after a hard PETER. 6) Vocalization of a sonor - the acquisition by a sonorant consonant of a syllabic character in a cluster of consonants - SHIP [b] L, TEMB [b] R. All of these processes are also orthoepic at the same time, because fluctuations in regular pronunciation - this is the reason for orthoepic variation.
Non-phonetic processes in the field of consonants.
1) Historical alternations of phonemes: traces of palatalizations (first, second, third) HAND//HAND; traces of influence of iota LIGHT//CANDLE; traces of simplification of consonant groups BEREGU//BERECH; stun at the end of a word (unchecked DO [F]); the historical change of Г to В in the endings of adjectives - RED [В]; alternation of suffixes CHIK//SHIK; non-phonetic (phonemic) softness - I WILL / / BE, ZARYA // RADIANT (here it is not softening, because in the word ZARYA before A should not be softened (non-front row) - there is no positional conditioning).
2) Historical phoneme alternations with zero sound (“fluent consonants): traces of L-epenteticum - EARTH//EARTH [–]//[L]; historical diarrhea (untested) FEELING, LADDER; adjective suffixes SK//K; the end of OB (EB) / / - (GRAM / / GRAM).
Note. The change Z//S in prefixes like IZ, WHO, RAZ, although it is reflected in the letter, is in fact not a historical, but a living, phonetic process of assimilation by voiced-deafness: it’s just that phonetic, not phonemic writing is implemented here.
P o-J positional changes in vowels in the Russian literary language are associated with the impact on them of neighboring - previous uC subsequent - consonants, primarily hard and soft. It| the impact is most clearly detected when the vowels are in the stressed syllable. It is in this position in the literary language! All the vowels that have been described above appear, however / they do not always appear in the same form. In relation to with "-| next consonant, vowels under stress can be in the following.? Eight positions:
- At the absolute beginning of a word before a solid consonant: [th] va, [y] ho, [o] ko, [a] ly V ’
- At the absolute beginning of a word before a soft consonant: [yv '] e, [u-l '] her, and, [al '] little. 'C
- After a solid before a solid consonant: [was], [blew], [peer], f (chorus], [ball]. K
- After hard before soft: [bgl '], [day '], [pe r'i]; [nb-s’it], Shch 1ma-t’]. _4j?
- After soft before soft: [b’il’i], [l’ut’ik], o [l’yos’] e, Ts [t’bt’] I, [m’at’]. i-
- At the absolute end of the word, after the hard one: ra[by], in le[su], .zh shos[se], ki[no], vi[na].
- At the absolute end of the word after the soft: ve [l’y], rotp’y], Щ in ok [n’o], in [s’-o], mo[r’-a]. 5,
1 The vowel [s] at the absolute beginning of a word under stress appears only in the pronouns this, such, in the word enny and in interjections eh, eva.
for these vowels, their sound form [a], [o], [y] is the main one, and 1-a] - [a-] - [a], [-o] - [o-] - [b], [ *uZ - [y] - [y] - varieties of the main species. That is why [a], [o], [y] are evaluated as non-front vowels (see § 61): their more and more front varieties, resulting from the influence of neighboring soft consonants, do not appear in Russian in isolated use.
As for the vowels [e] and [i], they are most independent in the position of the absolute beginning of a word before a hard consonant \ in the absolute end of a word after a soft one and in the position after a soft one before a hard consonant. In the same sound characteristic as in these positions, they also appear in isolated use. Neighboring hard consonants have an effect on [e] and [and], informing them of a shift to a more rear formation (cf .: [dz] by - [v-yz] bu, [s'e] in - [se] V) , and if these vowels fall into a position between soft consonants, they become tense, closed. Therefore, for these vowels, their sound form [e], [i] is the main one, and [e] - [e-] - [e] and [s] - [s-] - [i] - varieties of the main form. It is this circumstance that determines the interpretation of [e] and [i] as front vowels (see § 61): more and more back, as well as their tense, closed varieties, resulting from the influence of neighboring hard and soft consonants, do not appear in Russian in isolated use.
In this regard, the vowel [s] is in a somewhat special position, which can be pronounced in an isolated position (and from this point of view, [s] seems to be equated to [e] and [u]), but the absence of this vowel in the absolute beginning of words in Russian, on the one hand, and a clear connection [and] and [s], expressed in the change [and] into [s] after solid consonants (cf .: [ir] a - [k-yr '] e, [and] stbriya - pre[dy] stbriya, etc.), on the other hand, determine the possibility of interpreting [s] as a variety of [and].
The effect of consonants on vowels thus determines the positional changes of vowels in the stressed position. The same positional changes are experienced by vowels in unstressed positions, with the only difference that in unstressed syllables, according to the syntagmatic laws of the Russian literary language, not all and not the same vowels appear as in the stressed position (see below).
Positional changes in stressed vowels in the Russian literary language can be considered quite stable, however, the degree of shifting of non-front vowels into the front zone of formation and the degree of shift of front vowels into the non-front zone or their acquisition of tension and closeness are not the same both for the position of vowels surrounded by consonants of different nature of formation, and and for different native speakers of the literary language.
The positional change of vowels in the Russian literary language depends on their stressed and unstressed positions.
The point is that the Russian language is characterized by
1 Due to the limitation of [e] at the absolute beginning of a word (see above), this position for this vowel should be excluded.
strong stress, in which the vowel of the stressed word differs from the vowels of unstressed syllables in greater tension of articulation, greater longitude and loudness; for example, the vowel [y] in [mind]
more tense, long and loud than [y] in [mind] or in [ugld'it '].
Due to the fact that in a polysyllabic word the stressed vowel is stronger, the vowels of unstressed syllables are weakened and may have a different quality. If we compare Russian stressed and unstressed vowels, it can be established that the vowels [u], [i] and [s] in unstressed syllables become weaker, shorter or pronounced with less articulation tension, but qualitatively they are the same vowels as [u ], [and], [s] under stress, for example: [uh] o - [ear] - [stuck] nose, [yv] a - [needle] - [playful], [cheese] o - [raw ] - [syrl-vat]. Only quantitative weakening is experienced by these vowels in stressed syllables, for example: [water], [kb-n'i], [fish]; [pb-pylu], [krbl'ik'i], [vg v'l-by].
Unlike these sounds, vowels [a], [o], [e] do not appear in unstressed syllables, and in accordance with them, other vowels are pronounced in unstressed positions in the Russian literary language.
In the Russian literary language, there are differences between vowels that appear under stress in the first pre-stressed syllable and in other unstressed syllables. There can be six vowels under stress: [a], [o], [e], [y], [i] (after soft ones) and [s] (after hard ones); in the first pre-stressed syllable, the vowels [y], [i] (after soft ones), [s] (after hard ones), as well as [l] (after hard ones) and [s] (after soft ones) appear; in other unstressed syllables - vowels [y], [i] (after soft ones), [s] (after hard ones), as well as [b] (after hard ones) and [b] (after soft ones).
The vowel [l] is a sound that has the character [a], but is shorter. It is pronounced in the first pre-stressed syllable after solid consonants in accordance with stressed [a] and [o] ([gave] - [dlla], [house] - [dlma]). The vowel [ie] is the sound [and], prone to [e], front row, upper middle rise, non-labialized. It is pronounced in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants in accordance with [a], [o], [e] under stress ([p'at '] - [p'iet'y], [n'-os] - [n 'yesu], [l'esu] - in [l'yesu]). The vowel [ъ] is the so-called reduced (weakened) sound of the back row, mid-upper rise, non-labialized. It is pronounced in unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed, after solid consonants in accordance with [a] and [o] under stress (in the second pre-stressed syllable: [sat] - [sd] ovbd, [water] - [vd] o-vbz ; in stressed syllables: [gave] - [vyd" i], [house] - [na-dm]). The vowel [b] is * a reduced sound, but the front row, middle-upper rise, non-labialized. It is pronounced in unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed, after soft consonants in accordance with stressed [a], [o], [e] in the second pre-stressed syllable: [p'at '] - [n't] a-chbk, [l'- from] - [l'ldkbl, [l'es] - [l'sbvbz; in stressed syllables: [zapr'ych '] - [vypr'k], [v'-ol] - [vyv'l], [ l'es] - [vgl's]).
Therefore, it can be established that in the first pre-stressed syllable in the Russian literary language, non-labialized high vowels [i] and [ы] and labialized [y] and non-high vowels [l] appear after hard and [s] after soft consonants. In the remaining unstressed syllables, the same high vowels appear, as well as non-high vowels [b] after hard and [b] after soft consonants. There is no distinction between middle and low vowels, as is observed under stress, in unstressed syllables: the high vowels are opposed here to a single group of non-high vowels, and in this last group there are no labialized sounds.
The positional exchange of stressed and unstressed vowels is due to the syntagmatic law, according to which in unstressed syllables there can be vowels of only two degrees of rise - upper and non-high, and in the zone of non-high rise - only non-labialized vowels.
It is possible to establish correspondences between stressed and unstressed vowels, but these correspondences only testify to the regular positional change of vowels under stress and without stress, and not to positional changes: this positional change is carried out sequentially, as a reflection of the patterns of functioning of the phonetic system of the Russian literary language.
As a result of such a positional exchange in the Russian literary language, a type of positionally changing stressed and unstressed vowels is formed in parallel with i, when some vowels in different positions retain their quality, while others, differing in one position, are replaced by one vowel of a different quality in other positions. This series of positionally changing vowels can be represented as follows:
Thus, the features of the functioning of the phonetic system of the Russian literary language are primarily associated with the action in it of the syntagmatic laws of the compatibility of sound units, which determine the nature of the positional exchange of consonants and vowels on the syntagmatic axis of the system. The regular positional exchange of consonants and vowels determines the internal connections of sound units in the system, their organization into a single whole.
At the same time, in the phonetic system, as a result of the influence of some sound units on others in the flow of speech, positional changes in sounds develop, which are not determined by syntagmatic laws and therefore do not manifest themselves as consistently as positional
However, both positional change and positional changes determine the specifics of the phonetic system of the modern Russian literary language and the features of its functioning.
