14. DECISION OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE USSR SUPERIOR COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSIONERS OF THE USSR AND THE CC AUCP(B) ON THE FORMATION OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE June 30, 1941

Summary of replies on the attitude towards Vichy sent to General de Gaulle by members of the Council, compiled by the Secretary of the Council of Defense of the Empire, René Cassin London, February 1941

Summary of replies on the attitude towards Vichy sent to General de Gaulle by members of the council, compiled by the secretary of the Council of Defense of the Empire René Cassin London, February 1941 I. Summary of answers to the first question: attitude towards the Vichy government at present.1) General

Decree on the Composition of the Defense Council of the French Empire General de Gaulle, Head of the Free French, Chairman of the National Committee, Based on Decree No. 1 of October 27, 1940 on the organization of state power during the war; Based on Decree No. 16 of

Timed to coincide with the Day of Historical and Cultural Heritage. A series of free tours took place along the alley throughout the day. For those who did not have time to sign up or join additional excursion groups, caretakers stood near each significant building of the alley. The task of the rangers was to answer questions, tell those who wished information about the entrusted house and provide passers-by with a leaflet with a route and brief information.

Leaflets ended at lightning speed. As a result, I had to give away my unbound printouts and even almost become a witness to a fight for information :)

I was on duty near the house number 9. Interestingly, people asked completely different questions: from the expected "tell us about this house" to "why here and today?", started disputes and even shared information. The action went very positively, it was a real mutual exchange. Of course, tricky questions were asked. Surprisingly, no one asked me the question that I asked myself after reading the materials sent by the organizers. And my question concerned the biography and work of the architect who designed the house. After all, I met his last name somewhere, but I realized that I know absolutely nothing about him. And I doubt that most people know :) But with distrust they asked a question about the authors of some of the quotes that I cited in my mini-lecture.

In general, for those who could not take part in this wonderful action, as well as for those who took part, but asked other questions, I decided to prepare this post. All sources will be listed here, new information received from passers-by will be added here, work on errors will be carried out here if I lied to someone about something, here I will try to resolve the disputes that have arisen.

The small plot of land where house number 9 now stands was previously owned by the French government. It was planned to erect a 7-storey building with a semi-basement and attics - the "House of the French Nation" on it. The project was ready, and all the buildings on the site were demolished. A multi-storey building would include: the consulate, the residence of the military attache, the French theater, the exhibition hall, the apartments of the secretaries of the consulate, the residence for eminent guests, shops, a bar, a cinema and a concert hall, a French pharmacy and a clinic, profitable apartments, a hostel for French citizens who lived temporarily in Moscow. But the events of 1914 prevented the implementation of these plans.

And in 1923, an experimental three-story residential building for several apartments was built on the site according to the project of A. Ya. Langman.
The building is quite unusual: the constructivist laconicism of the volume is combined with details, in the drawing of which echoes of Art Nouveau architecture are guessed. Two round bay windows stand out on the main façade, and a round window on the side façade, a motif often found in Langman's works. Unfortunately, it is difficult to look at the side facades now. It is also impossible to see the rear facade, which is almost a copy of the main one - the building is mirrored.

In this house, nicknamed "Yagodin's mansion", according to the memoirs of M.P. Schrader, the top of the GPU (State Political Administration under the NKVD of the RSFSR) lived, only a few had access to it, and life in it was shrouded in mystery. However, it is known that in addition to Yagoda, “in the late twenties, the families of the then head of the counterintelligence department of the OGPU Artuzov, the head of the secret department of the OGPU Deribas, and the head of the foreign department Trilisser lived in this house.” Schrader recalls: “Most of the OGPU operatives of the late 20s somehow became aware of the chic lunches and dinners arranged at Yagoda’s apartment, where he, surrounded by his favorites, reveled in his ever-increasing fame. I have never been to Yagoda’s mansion, but still in the mid-twenties, I heard from the head of the administrative and organizational department of the OGPU Ostrovsky that the head of the construction department of the OGPU, Lurie, who was a neighbor of Yagoda, several times rebuilt the dwelling of the future chief of the NKVD. An old-timer on the site oldmos.ru comments: “On the other side of Militinsky Lane, directly opposite this house, there was a garage for a duty car. I know for sure that G.G. Yagoda lived in this house, and later V.G. Dekanozov, who was shot in the case Beria".

They say that somewhere from the middle of the 50s, the house was occupied by Polish foreign trade organizations, and before that, the Polish embassy was located there for several years (before moving to a new building). The building now houses offices. Many of them belong to Polish companies. Rumor has it that the house is allegedly listed on the balance sheet of the Foreign Ministry. My partner managed to go inside with a man who works there, for which many thanks to him! It was no longer possible to deceive me - the guard was nervous. The house has high ceilings, 4.5 meters each, a grand staircase, an elevator. From each apartment there is an exit to the back door.

Judging by the descriptions, the apartments built by Langman for the Chekists were good, comfortable and spacious, and for Moscow at that time they were a luxury. In The Architects of Moscow, in the chapter about A. Ya. Langman, it is written: “The houses designed by Langman were generally comfortable ... His houses are remarkable for the respect for human psychology and anthropometry, which is probably inherent only to experienced architects and thoughtful doctors. Langman designed, as usual, by the method of substitution, reincarnation for the customer, as for himself. He had a reputation for being a neat and attentive professional to the wishes of the customer.” This refers to the collective two-volume "Architects of Moscow. XX century", released in 1988 by the publishing house "Moskovsky Rabochiy". Compiled by: Astafieva-Dlugach M.I., Volchok Yu.P., Zhuravlev A.M.

The phrase "His houses are remarkable for their respect for human psychology and anthropometry" for some reason caused many questions and discussions. And I quoted from the book of the famous Moscow local historian V. B. Muravyov "The Holy Road" (with a source of lies) that the architect skillfully applied his knowledge of psychology and anthropometry not only for the benefit of man: "it should be noted that prison loners in the basements of the "house of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs" were also built taking into account "human psychology and anthropometry. " They are deaf stone bags - "boxes" - with a wall-mounted stone bed, but of such length that it is impossible to stretch out the legs, so a person could not sleep normally and, having washed night, by morning it was broken. He was not even able to determine the time of day. A steam heating pipe ran through the cell, turning on which the jailer could turn the cell into a disinfectant roast, and turning it off into a refrigerator. Langman really was both a "psychologist" and "attentive to the wishes of the customer by a professional" - his "boxing" effectively depressingly affected both the physical condition and the psyche of the arrested person. And ... stumbled upon distrust. Indeed, many people know the building of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs as the building of the Rossiya Society, built in 1897-1900. designed by architects N.M. Proskurnin and A.V. Ivanov. But in September 1919, part of the house was occupied by representatives of the Soviet secret service in the person of the Special Department of the Moscow Cheka, and then the Central Office of the Cheka. And at the end of the 20s, the building of the apartment building was heavily reconstructed. And in 1932-1933. behind it, a new building is being built according to the project of Langman and Bezrukov (facing to Furkasovsky Lane), at the same time, the Inner Prison, located in the courtyard of house 2 since 1920, is being reconstructed. According to the new project, four more floors were added to it. For prisoners to walk architect Langman arranged six high-walled exercise yards right on the roof of the building where the prisoners were lifted up here on special elevators or led by flights of stairs." (Based on the materials of the magazine "Profile" dated January 22, 2001, the official website of the Baltic Center for the Study of Russia Russia Monitor and several other sources)

In general, the personality of the architect Langman is very interesting. Too bad there isn't much information about him. It was possible to find out that the architect came to Moscow from Kharkov in 1922. Quite quickly he got his bearings in the situation and chose a reliable patron in the person of the top of the GPU. Largely due to this, his name can hardly be found among the names of participants in all-Union competitions - he was busy with real construction. As a result, he took part in the design of about 50 buildings, 21 of them in Moscow. Among them: the building of the Council of Labor and Defense (now the State Duma) in Okhotny Ryad, the Public Building of the Bolshevskaya Labor Commune of the OGPU (together with Cherikover L. Z., now a shopping center), the Building of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs in Furkasov Lane (together with Bezrukov, now the building complex of buildings of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation), the Dynamo Sports Society Building (together with Fomin, now an administrative building), the Gostorg Building - "the first Soviet skyscraper" (as part of a group of architects, now an administrative building) and the Dynamo Stadium (together with Cherikover L. Z.). It is noteworthy that Langman became the "departmental architect of organs" just after the construction of house No. 9 in Milyutinsky Lane. He is even called "the founder of the KGB style."

And this style turned out to be so strong and bright, energetic, influencing that the honored architect of Russia Zoya Kharitonova (who, by the way, is also actively fighting to preserve the appearance of Moscow) believes that if we want a democratic society, the possibility of discussion, then the State Duma must be urgently relocated : "This building was built by the architect Langman in the 30s specifically for the State Planning Commission. In the Stalinist style. It has the power that foreshadowed the beginning of the war. An expressive building, very solid, but at the same time completely closed, undemocratic, and the deputies sealed it even more "A whole block is already under their rule. It is wrong that the institutions of a democratic state are located in the old administrative buildings of the Soviet period. Freedom of discussion, freedom of speech, freedom of decision-making is impossible there."

Langman himself lived in a cooperative house of architects and builders in Maly Levshinsky Lane, built in the 1930s and 1940s. according to his project with Schneider.

And this is what our information stand looked like:

Finally, a few words about the action itself. Action organizers:
public movement ArchNadzor- a voluntary non-profit association of citizens wishing to contribute to the preservation of historical monuments, landscapes and views of the city of Moscow. More details about the goals and main directions of movement can be found in the manifesto.

Moscow, which is not- historical and cultural project about old Moscow. About goals - .

Supported by the action magazine about leisure in Moscow - time out.

There is no particular reason for choosing Milyutinsky Pereulok as the route for the action. In addition, perhaps, it was in this alley, in the house number 19, that the social movement ArchNadzor was founded several years ago.

(c) when writing this text, materials sent by the organizers of the "Open Air Museum.

The building of the Council of Labor and Defense (State Planning Committee building) - a building in Moscow at Okhotny Ryad Street, Building 1. Currently, it houses the State Duma of the Russian Federation. Identified object of cultural heritage.

Story

In order to clear a place for the construction, despite the objections of art critics, the restored church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa and the chambers of Golitsyn of the 17th century were demolished, while the neighboring chambers of the Troekurovs survived, they are located in the courtyard of the house. The building was built in 1932-1935 according to the project of architect Arkady Yakovlevich Langman (with the participation of architects S. V. Sergievsky and N. V. Mezier) for the Council of Labor and Defense, which, however, was already abolished in 1937. In this year's guide to Moscow, the building is listed as the House of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. After the building belonged to the Council of Ministers of the USSR, then to the State Planning Committee of the USSR.

The architecture of the house influenced the creation of a new image of Moscow, the work on which was carried out according to the master plan of 1935. Similar buildings were to shape the new road that was supposed to connect Lubyanka Square and the Palace of Soviets. Langman's project has long been the benchmark for a government building. The plan of the building is symmetrical, with imposing pylons standing out along the edges. Stylistically, the project combines both elements of constructivism (logicality and constructive identification of facades) and monumentality and representativeness, features characteristic of Soviet architecture that was moving towards classical tendencies. The facade of the building is light gray, the facing on three sides is made of natural, so-called Protopopov stone. The plinth and three entrance arches are made of labradorite and Karelian granite. Under the roof is a stucco coat of arms of the Soviet Union.

From 1994 to the present, the State Duma of the Russian Federation has been operating in the building.

Notes

Russia has always been different from Europe, although it tried to imitate it. In the countries of the Old World, the traditions of the parliament took shape over the centuries. In Russia, the appearance of the first parliament dates back to 1906, it was called the State Duma. Twice it was dispersed by the government.

Where is the highest representative and legislative body of our country based today? Since 1994, the building of the State Duma has been located at Okhotny Ryad, Building 1, previously the Labor and Defense Council met here. The year of its construction was 1935, the project was created by A.Ya. Langman. For the sake of erecting a building on this site, the restored chambers of the Golitsyns of the 17th century and the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa were demolished.

Today the building includes two interconnected buildings. The new one is located in Georgievsky Lane, and the old one is in Okhotny Ryad.

Inconspicuous wires...

There is information that the Building of the Council of Labor and Defense in 1941, at a dangerous moment of a possible capture of Moscow by the Germans, was mined. This was discovered only after forty years - it's unbelievable, but they simply forgot to clear the building of the State Duma in Moscow ... What is it? Coincidence or not? Be that as it may, it is a real happiness that the builders nevertheless discovered these inconspicuous, but terrible, going nowhere, wires.

Why not go to the Duma ... on an excursion?

The building of the State Duma is not a closed top-secret body, you can come here for a tour. Having visited it, you will touch the history of parliamentarism, become a witness of the daily work of committees and factions, see the Duma halls and offices of deputies. The latter will definitely tell something themselves, if the opportunity arises. The entrance to the building of the Russian parliament is carried out from the 10th entrance, from Georgievsky lane.

Tours are free of charge, they are collective in nature, applications are accepted from organized groups of 5 to 25 people, who can visit the building every week on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday from 9:40 to 16:00, accompanied by a group leader. If you are over 14 years old, take your passport and come see how the building is arranged inside and at least a little plunge into the bustle of the work of "servants of the people".

Style Combination

So, a little about the building itself, where the State Duma of the Russian Federation meets. You can't confuse it with any other. It is located on the corner of Tverskaya and Okhotny Ryad streets. It was this building that for years to come predetermined the type of government buildings in the Soviet Union.

Look at the photo of the State Duma building: strictly symmetrical facades, logical and precise, reflect the style of constructivism. At the same time, the monumentality and grandeur of the building refers us to the next architectural period of the Soviet era called the Stalinist Empire or Soviet classicism. The building embodies the transition from one style to another - this is its peculiarity.

It is close to American art deco, in which metal and expensive stone are used for cladding.

Place

The history of the building of the State Duma began in the 30s of the twentieth century. Today, the lower house of parliament is based in a house built on the site of the famous Paraskeva Pyatnitsa church in Okhotny Ryad. Saint Paraskeva Pyatnitsa was the patroness of trade, and therefore a temple was erected in honor of this great martyr next to the most famous and largest market in Moscow - Okhotny Ryad. The church was destroyed in 1928, and a few years later, thanks to the project of the architect A.Ya. Langman, the building of the Council of Labor and Defense was erected on this site - this body was responsible for managing the economic construction and defense of the Soviet Union. Then the Council of Ministers and the State Planning Committee of the USSR were based here in turn.

When creating this building, for the first time in the Soviet Union, reinforced concrete pillars lined with bricks with rigid reinforcement were used. On the onset of 1990, planned reconstruction work was carried out in the interior of the building, after which the Russian State Duma was relocated here.

All the most important officials of the Union and modern times were and worked right here, inside this grandiose gigantic building at the very beginning of Tverskaya Street.

Appearance

The severity of forms, monumentality and expressiveness of the image of the government building enchant, make you stop and consider everything in detail. If you look at the building surrounded by neighboring houses, you can see that the building performs an important urban planning function: it forms the building line of both streets - Tverskaya and Okhotny Ryad, and is a real decoration of the corner of the block.

The length of the central building is 160 meters, at the very top there is an attic with the coat of arms of the USSR. No less interesting is another detail - it is a portal lined with dark stone three floors high.

The entire height of the building is decorated with pilasters, and powerful vertical pylons emphasize symmetry and carry an architrave, in the center of which is an attic.

The basement and the entrance to the building are made of Karelian red-gray granite.

Work on the exterior decoration of the building of the State Duma of the Russian Federation was carried out using facing slabs from the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, destroyed in 1931, and limestone brought from the village of Protopopovo near Kolomna.