A text is understood as a human thought fixed on a certain medium. In a narrower sense, it is a coherent and sequential transmission of characters. The text exists in two forms (written and oral) and is determined by such features as semantic integrity and articulation (in other words, the selection of fragments in its composition). One sentence cannot be considered a text. There must be at least two of them.

Text styles and types

Let's see what texts are. The Russian language distinguishes the following styles:

Colloquial

• Publicistic. This style is characterized by logicality, emotionality, appraisal, appeal. The main feature is socio-political vocabulary. The words are emotionally colored, solemn vocabulary and the use of short sentences are inherent. Example: “Deputy head of Mosgorbank Petrov Nikolai was sentenced to 6 years in prison for embezzlement of 330 million rubles.”
• Scientific. It is distinguished by the logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of communication between statements, the desire for accuracy and conciseness.
• Official business. A means of written communication that is used in the field of legal relations and management. Example: “With this receipt, I, Ivanov Sergey Ivanovich, undertake to return the money in the amount of 500,000 (five hundred thousand) rubles by March 1, 2016.”
• Art. It is used exclusively in fiction using the entire wealth of vocabulary, various styles, emotional speech. This style is aimed at conveying the feelings and thoughts of the author. Example: “A fog was quietly creeping over the river, like fresh milk. The birds in the forest have almost died down. Another June morning began.

Text types

Initially, the text was supposed to convey the opinion and impression of the author about what surrounds him, about people and events. In this regard, consider what texts are by type:

1. Narration. The text tells about events that are interconnected by a time sequence. A distinctive feature is a certain structure: plot, development, denouement. The story is built in the first or third person, using perfect past tense verbs.
2. containing the study and study of specific subjects and their relationship to each other. A certain scheme and logical structure are traced. The main idea is the thesis, which is formulated at the beginning of the text. The following are arguments and evidence that confirm or refute this thesis. At the end, conclusions are drawn.
3. Description. Text that has a consistent image and description of events, objects and people. You can trace the enumeration of the characteristic properties and features inherent in the main character. The text is characterized by additions, circumstances, the use of metaphors, comparisons, epithets and other expressive means of the language. The main task is to create an opinion about the described subject or character.

We found out what texts are by type, now we will consider what genres they are divided into.

Genres

A genre is a form of speech organization that distinguishes and characterizes types of text. The genre also distinguishes between the nature of speech activity and the form of its use. For example, the genre of an interview is a dialogue, the genre of a journalistic article is a monologue. At the same time, an article is a written genre, and a report is an oral genre. There is also such a thing as an interstyle genre, where one genre can belong to several styles: an interview as a genre can be attributed to both official and journalistic style, and an essay, essay or article can be attributed to both scientific and journalistic style. style.

Consider What are the literary genres regarding styles:

1. Fiction includes such genres as novel, story, essay, story, fable. This also includes lyrics in all its manifestations.
2. Educational literature includes tutorials, lessons, textbooks and manuals - in other words, those documents that are available for study.
3. Historical literature includes all genres devoted to past events and key moments in the history of mankind. These are historical essays, poems, dramas, compositions, etc.
4. Scientific literature includes narrowly focused texts on specific topics. These are reports, monographs, popular science articles, notes, reference books, essays, encyclopedias, practical advice, memos.

digital text

What other texts are there? In the era of digital technologies, such a thing as digital text has appeared. And if earlier the Internet served only as a means for finding information, now on this resource you can find entire libraries with different types of texts. Today, not only newspaper and scientific publications are being digitized, but also masterpieces of world literature. Now it is not necessary to go to the library or bookstore. It is enough to go to the Internet from any device and find the publication of interest.

Learning in elementary school

A detailed study of the text begins in elementary school, when the teacher introduces children to the types of sentences, establishes the connection of words in these sentences. Next comes the acquaintance with the text and consideration of the topic "What are the texts." Grade 2 in this lesson will not only get acquainted with the structural features of the text, the children will be asked to compose it themselves, highlighting the main idea and topic. Particular attention is paid to building a dialogue.

We come across a variety of texts every day: some "call" us to buy something (advertising slogans), others tell a fascinating story (fiction), and others we use to convey information to our interlocutor (colloquial speech).

We see, hear or pronounce certain combinations of letters, and sometimes we don’t even think about the style in which they are presented, what genres of text we use. We do it intuitively - we concisely talk with business partners, allow ourselves slang in a friendly conversation, expect beautiful descriptions from fiction and a clear presentation of information from scientific literature.

But sometimes the choice of style can be erroneous, i.e. does not match the speech situation. How can this be avoided? It turns out that there is such a science - stylistics, which studies the style, type, genre of the text and helps to understand their classification.

Let's try to understand the expressive possibilities of the text, study the classification of styles and genres and determine in what situations it is worth using them.

Conversational style

This style is most suitable for communication in everyday life and has the character of live communication between people of different social ranks and levels of education. It can be expressed both through dialogue and in personal correspondence (e-mail, chat, postal correspondence).

Styles and genres of text that are available for communication in everyday life do not have strict boundaries, are tolerant of errors, allow the introduction of foreign, slang words, abbreviations and even profanity. In addition, free word order is used in colloquial style.

Dialogue example:

A: Well, my friend, are you ready for the test?
B: Yes, I already have a roof going from this cramming ...

This style is characterized by emotional coloring, which is achieved through exaggeration, affectionate treatment, indignation or delight.

Dialogue example:

A: Hurrah!
B: What happened, baby?
A: Mommy, I got the lead role in the school play.
B: Well, what a smart girl you are!

Dialogue example:

A: In short, I came to her ... We agreed. In short, do you understand!?
B: Well..?
A: And she, in short, is not at home.

All sentences in a conversational style are simple and clear. They do not have eloquent comparisons and complex turns of speech.

Dialogue example:

Would you like some coffee?
- Let's!
- With sugar?
- Without.

scientific style

This style serves to present clear and enlightening character.

Unlike colloquial, the scientific style is restrained from an emotional point of view, has a clear sequence of presentation. He does not tolerate mistakes and colloquial expressions.

Each fact of scientific presentation has a foundation of arguments proving its relevance.

Scientific style has a clear narrative structure:

An introduction that denotes a specific theory;
- the main part, where arguments and counterarguments are given;
- a conclusion summarizing all the stated facts.

This style is presented in the form of a well-meaning monologue, and the dialogues are held in the form of discussions. The appeal of all participants in the discussion to each other is presented in a respectful manner.

Dialogue example:

A: This theorem does not require proof.
B: I beg your pardon, Dr. Fedorov, I have to disagree with you.

The scientific style is characterized by the use of special terminology and words that are not used in. In addition, words are often used in the presentation to emphasize the logical sequence of judgments: in this way, for example, however, etc.

The deviant behavior of some individuals is often associated with the incorrect construction of the chain of priorities.

This style corresponds to such genres of text as a report, an abstract, an article, a methodological guide.

Formal business style

This is the style of business negotiations. The way of presenting information in this style is regulated and standardized, as evidenced by the presence of special forms and stamps. It is characterized by accuracy, conciseness, neutrality of the narrative.

This style can also be recognized by the presence of special words: in connection, on the basis, I order, I undertake, the plaintiff, employer, responsible person, take action, etc.

In connection with systematic violations of discipline, I order the removal of citizen Ivanov A.E. from official duties until further clarification of the reasons.

He was so agitated that he could not speak. She, too, was silent.

Fiction has no clear boundaries and borrows characteristics from other styles. In the dialogue, the character can use a conversational style, and some monologues are described in a scientific style. But such expressive and emotional devices as epithets, allegory and metaphor are purely artistic text.

The leaves shimmered with burgundy-amber colors under the rays of the setting sun.

Sentences in this style are filled with synonyms and antonyms. A popular technique in fiction is the alternate presentation of simple and complex sentences.

I ran down the main street for a few miles, then turned into a park and looked around frantically. Empty.

Typology according to form

The classification of the genre of texts is made in three directions: form, content and gender.

Literary form refers to the union of works with identical formal properties.

The following genres of text are distinguished by form:

1. A play is a literary creation intended for stage production in a theatre.

2. Story - a prose story about one or more characters, enclosed within fifty pages.

3. The novel is a large-scale epic work that tells about a change in the worldview of the protagonist, overcoming a crisis period and spiritual rebirth. Here, the presence of one or more protagonists (the main character striving for a specific goal) and an antagonist (a character that interferes with the achievement of the main goal of the protagonist) is mandatory. The volume of a work can vary from 200 pages to several volumes.

4. The story is a cross between a story and a novel. The story is based on the events and incidents in the life of the protagonist.

5. Essay - a work of art that does not contain conflict.
There are other types of text genres in this category (epics, short stories, odes), but at this stage in the development of literature they are not as popular as the above types.

Characteristics of genres by content

Text genres in Russian can also be classified by content:

1. Comedy - a work with a pronounced humorous or satirical overtones.

Examples: "Woe from Wit", "The Taming of the Shrew", "The Government Inspector", "The Ideal Husband".

2. Tragedy - the plot of this type of work is built on a sequence of events that inevitably lead to a tragic ending.

Examples: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Moo-moo.

3. Drama - at the heart of works of this type is the problem of human interaction with society, with the outside world and with oneself.

Examples: The Green Mile, Borrowed Life, Wuthering Heights.

Genres of text in Russian: classification by gender

1. Epos - works stretched out in time, saturated with many main and auxiliary characters, events and experiences. The story is told mainly on behalf of an impartial observer and is presented in the form of memories of past events.

2. Lyrics - a literary text, saturated with sensual experiences and the author's own thoughts.

3. Lyro-epos - a combined type that has absorbed the characteristics of both epic and lyrical types.

4. The drama is built on the relationship of the characters among themselves. It is expressed mainly in the form of a dialogue with explanatory notes of the author.

To give a classification to this or that work, it is necessary not only to sort it out, count the number of pages and evaluate the emotional coloring, but also understand the author's idea, comprehend the behavior of the characters, extract morality from the written.

What feelings did you experience when you read the literary work? You couldn't help laughing? Most likely, the read work was of a comedic nature. Can't hold back your tears over the sudden death of a beloved hero? You have read tragedy. Do the relationships between the characters still keep you on your toes? Now you know the genre - drama.

How big is your work? Perhaps this is a few pages of text that tells about some event in the life of a character. This is a story. Or is it a multi-volume creation with many characters and an intricate plot. In this case, it's about romance.

How is the text presented: dry and impartial, or, on the contrary, bright and emotional? In the first case, the work can be described as an epic, in the second - as a lyric.

It is not so difficult to classify texts of different genres, it is enough to understand their meaning.

The fastest way to transfer information from one person to another is the printed word. Depending on the tasks set and the target audience, the set of expressive means of the Russian language can change significantly. It is important for both the reader and the writer to know how to determine the style of the text, because this will give an understanding of what is written, and it will also allow you to outline a number of possible techniques with which it is easy to convey thoughts to the reader.

What is text

It is customary to call a text any speech that is recorded on paper or in electronic form, while it can be artistic or journalistic, in the form of a document, letter, etc. In fact, the text contains at least two sentences, and they must be united not only by meaning, but also by grammar. The description of events or objects, destinies or actions in the text is always predetermined by the main theme, message. Regardless of the style, the subject of the written should be clearly outlined.

As a rule, it is not so difficult to understand what will be discussed in the text, because the authors bring the topic up, making it the title. For convenience, intermediate subheadings are also used, which give direction, explain to the reader what awaits him in one or another semantic part of the text. Interestingly, the same information can easily be presented under a different “sauce”, for diametrically opposed audiences or cases. So, how to determine the correct text style?

The concept of functional speech style

In various spheres of journalism and literature, there are varieties of language. The word "style" has many definitions used in fine arts, architecture, design (in addition to literature). If we talk purely about literary meaning, then this is a set of expressive (artistic and other) elements inherent in writing a text. Functional speech styles look like this:

1. A narrative is a time-bound account of events that take place. The sequence in this type of text does not always correspond to chronology, but is always related to it. The narrative form requires the use of words: “while”, “after which”, “then”, etc. These words mark events, tying them to a specific section of the chronology.
2. Description - a statement of the qualities of the object of discussion. This type of text often uses adjectives that reflect the distinctive features of the subject: "beautiful", "big", "wide", "thin", "light", "fast". The description can use adverbs to compare with other objects of the same category "longer", "faster", "smaller", "deeper".
3. Reasoning - this type of text contains three mandatory elements: assertion, proof and conclusion. Initially, a certain thesis is indicated in the argument, for example: “Does UFO exist?”. This is followed by evidence, analysis of the veracity or inaccuracy of this statement and, based on the evidence, a conclusion is made about the correctness of the original statement.

What are the styles of speech

In the Russian language, there are four main language styles that differ from each other in different sets of techniques and characteristics and have their own main features of the text:

• official business;
• colloquial;
• art;
• journalistic.

In each specific case, the author must know how to correctly determine the style of the text, which functional styles of the modern Russian language to use in order to convey its essence to the final audience. For example, the question of what is text style is easy to answer if you know that:

• For correspondence with business partners, superiors and subordinates, the official business genre is suitable.
• And for personal communication and correspondence, conversational is more suitable.
• The description of events, places, emotions and experiences is best achieved with the help of an artistic style of presentation.
• The journalistic style of speech is designed to convey thoughts through the media - magazines, newspapers, the Internet. However, media texts cannot always be called journalism; in some cases, a colloquial or scientific genre is used.

journalistic

As a result of this style of presentation, an article, report, interview or essay is obtained. The grammar and style of the genre provide for ease of reading and perception by the widest masses of the target audience. The journalistic style almost always does not imply an appeal to the reader, because the presentation is in the third person. You can find examples of this style in any newspaper.

In a separate variant, the scientific and journalistic style is sometimes distinguished. In this case, the text uses reasoning on scientific topics. The author makes an assumption at the very beginning, and throughout the article, essay or note provides evidence of the veracity or inaccuracy of this thesis, and at the end draws a conclusion based on the arguments given. Scientific style language tools involve the use of precise definitions. Examples of journalistic style are common, it is difficult to confuse them with others.

Colloquial

The main application of the style is oral speech, and its expressiveness and understandability for the general public makes it popular in journalism. Such text uses colloquial expressions and accepts a direct appeal to the reader, asking questions and provoking an emotional perception of what is written. Written colloquial style differs from oral, because. using text, it is more difficult to convey emotions expressed by facial expressions or gestures.

Art

Unless we are talking about literary magazines, this genre is not used in periodicals. What is a literary text? It involves lengthy reasoning, descriptions, dialogues, analysis. The task of the artistic style is not the transfer of information, but the maximum immersion of the reader in the work, the excitation of emotions, fantasies, and the impact on feelings. This genre provides for the possibility of lengthy reasoning, subjectivity in assessing facts, events and phenomena. The length of the text for those who use the book style of speech is not limited.

Official business

The official style of speech is intended for business communication both within the team and in correspondence with third-party organizations. Official business is also used in oral communication when it comes to business relations. The purpose of this style of text is to convey the maximum number of facts from one person to another without the use of evaluative adjectives. Standard phrases and repetitions are widely used, which in other styles are perceived as flaws or even errors.

The official business style provides for a dry enumeration of facts, figures, the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships, a certain system that determines the construction of written sentences. This type of text is different from all the others, it necessarily contains two elements:

• Descriptive part - here the accomplished facts are stated, the possible consequences.
• Action - a requirement, a request, a proposal for the commission of certain acts is indicated here.

Watch a video about speech styles.

Examples of texts of different styles of speech

Several models of using different genres to present the same situation using text:

• Publicistic. “This morning, Baba Nyura, going out into the barn to milk her cow Zorka, was quite surprised. She found an open door to the utility room, but the animal was not inside. “Who took Zorka away and what should I do without her?” Baba Nyura turned to the local district police officer Ivan Golovin with such questions. An investigation is underway."
• Colloquial. “I go, Stepanovna, into the barn, but Zorka is not there! I already called her, shouted, went to my neighbor Petrovich - maybe he saw something ... But since yesterday evening he has gotten so drunk that he still does not leave the house. I went to the district police officer, he said: "Write a statement, we'll figure it out." Well, I wrote. I went home through the cemetery, I look, and my Dawn is grazing in the clearing!
• Art. “The light morning haze had just begun to dissipate, and the first rays of the sun touched the lush grass of the front garden. The roosters began to yell their simple morning calls, and the village of Gulkovo began to wake up. The door, which had not been oiled for a long time, creaked lightly and Baba Nyura appeared on the threshold of the rickety wooden hut. She was looking for her cow."
• Official business. “06/17/2014 at 9-30 a citizen of the Russian Federation Egorova Anna Zakharovna applied to the police station in the village of Gulkovo with a statement. On the merits of the questions asked, she explained that on June 17, 2014, at about 4:50, she discovered the loss of livestock (cows) on the territory of her own household. The animal was in a separate outbuilding. Egorova A.Z. stated that the cow could not leave by itself and demanded that an investigation be opened under Article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The application was registered in the register of crimes and offenses. 06/17/2014 at 16-00 Egorova A.Z. again turned to the police department of the village of Gulkovo with a statement that the animal she was looking for had been found and the applicant had no claims against anyone.”

Speech style chart

A great tool for those who don't know how to define text style. The proposed table contains the main style features. With its help, you will learn how to determine the style of the finished text, what are the styles of speech in Russian, the stylistic affiliation of the document that needs to be created:

	Art	Colloquial	journalistic	Official business
Style functions	depict, describe	Communication, conversation	Report, prove a point	Convey information
Scope of style	Literature	Household communication, personal letter	Social activities, cultural, political, economic relations	Office work, lawmaking, creation of normative documents
Style genres	Poetry, fairy tale, drama, novel, short story	Missing	Reasoning-explanation, message, essay, newspaper article	Certificates, statements, instructions, orders, samples, laws, plans
Characteristic features of the style	Use of any kind of syntactic and lexical constructions in all possible combinations	Emotionality, simplification or ignoring of grammatical rules, slang words	Imagery, logic, evaluation of events and phenomena, accessibility to the general public	Accuracy, impersonality, standardity

Art style used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

Genre as a concept appeared a long time ago, back in the ancient world. At the same time, a typology of genres appeared. Today, text typologies are more rigorous and have clear boundaries. Moreover, they are used in all areas of life - in government activities, in professional areas, theater, medicine and even everyday life.

Genres in fiction is a special complex issue. As you know, all literary works, depending on the nature of the depicted, belong to one of three genera: epic, lyric or drama. A literary genre is a generalized name for a group of works, depending on the nature of the reflection of reality.

EPOS(from the Greek "narrative") is a generalized name for works depicting events external to the author.

LYRICS(from the Greek "performed to the lyre") is a generalized name for works in which there is no plot, but the feelings, thoughts, experiences of the author or his lyrical hero are depicted.

DRAMA(from the Greek. "action") - a generalized name of works intended for staging on stage; the drama is dominated by the dialogue of the characters, the author's beginning is minimized.

Varieties of epic, lyrical and dramatic works are called types of literary works .

Type and genre - concepts in literary criticism very close .

Genres called variations of the type of literary work. For example, a genre version of a story can be a fantasy or historical story, and a genre version of a comedy can be a vaudeville, etc. Strictly speaking, a literary genre is a historically established type of work of art containing certain structural features and aesthetic quality characteristic of this group of works.

TYPES (GENRES) OF EPIC WORKS:

epic, novel, story, short story, fairy tale, fable, legend.

EPIC- a major work of art that tells about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the epic novel genre appears - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs in the course of their participation in historical events.

NOVEL- a large narrative work of art with a complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.

STORY- a work of art that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.

STORY- a work of art of a small size, based on an episode, an incident from the life of a hero.

STORY- a work about fictional events and heroes, usually with the participation of magical, fantastic forces.

FABLE(from "bayat" - to tell) - this is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, moralizing or satirical in nature.

TYPES (GENRES) OF LYRICAL WORKS:

ode, hymn, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message.

OH YEAH(from Greek “song”) - choral, solemn song.

HYMN(from Greek “praise”) - a solemn song to verses of a programmatic nature.

EPIGRAM(from the Greek. "Inscription") - a short satirical poem of a mocking nature, which arose in the 3rd century BC. e.

ELEGY- a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyric poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called an elegy "a song of sad content." The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "mournful song". The elegy originated in ancient Greece in the 7th century BC. e.

MESSAGE- a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a confession.

SONNET(from the Provencal sonette - "song") - a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator is the poet Jacopo da Lentini), appeared in England in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of the sonnet are Italian (from 2 quatrains and 2 tercetes) and English (from 3 quatrains and the final couplet).

LYROEPIC TYPES (GENRES):

poem, ballad

POEM(from the Greek poieio - “I do, create”) - a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary topic.

BALLAD- a story song of dramatic content, a story in verse.

TYPES (GENRES) OF DRAMA WORKS:

tragedy, comedy, drama (in the narrow sense).

TRAGEDY(from the Greek tragos ode - “goat song”) - a dramatic work depicting a tense struggle of strong characters and passions, which usually ends with the death of the hero.

COMEDY(from the Greek komos ode - “merry song”) - a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or domestic vices.

DRAMA(“action”) is a literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting a person in his dramatic relationship with society. Drama may be tragicomedy or melodrama.

VAUDEVILLE- a genre variety of comedy, it is a light comedy with singing couplets and dancing.

FARCE- a genre variety of comedy, this is a theatrical play of a light, playful nature with external comic effects, designed for a rude taste.

The first clear division of the forms of verbal communication was made by Aristotle. A major role in identifying everyday speech genres belongs to M. M. Bakhtin, who, without using the term "pragmatics", characterized the necessary pragmatic components of speech communication, emphasized the importance of the role of the addressee (the Other, in his terminology), anticipating his response. M. M. Bakhtin defined speech genres as relatively stable and normative forms of utterance, in which each utterance obeys the laws of integral composition and types of connection between sentences-utterances. Dialogue he defined as a classical form of verbal communication.

According to the types of communicative attitudes, according to the way partners participate, their role relations, the nature of the remarks, the ratio of dialogic and monologue speech, the following genres are distinguished: conversation, conversation, story, story, proposal, recognition, request, dispute, remark, advice, letter, note, message on pager, diary.

1. Conversation. This is a genre of verbal communication (dialogue or polylogue), in which, with a cooperative strategy, the following occurs: a) an exchange of views on any issues; b) exchange of information about the personal interests of each of the participants - to establish the type of relationship; c) aimless exchange of opinions, news, information (phatic communication). Different types of conversation are characterized by the corresponding types of dialogic modality.

The second type of conversation involves spiritual "consonance", praise, approval, compliments, sincere confessions.

The third type of conversation genre is idle talk, in which participants relieve emotional stress, practice wit by telling jokes, make political predictions, share their worries, seek sympathy, tell jokes and stories. This type of conversation is characterized by an emotional modality.

The genre of conversation is the type of conversation in which, with various tactics, the strategy of solidarity in opinions and agreement dominates. The exchange of information in a conversation can be one of the phases of speech interaction, an auxiliary tactic, so the modality can be expressed with introductory words like: You know; You can not imagine; And what do you think was there?; Imagine that; these modal words and the reaction of the addressee(s) to them - I can't imagine; Really; Is; How should I know; I have no idea; - play the role of regulators in the course of a conversation, determining the vector of verbal communication. Therefore, the words of N. Abramov (“The Gift of Words”, 1901) that “conversation is an exchange of sympathies” can rightly be attributed to the conversation.

All of the above information about the relationship and mutual influence of pragmatic factors on the course of speech interaction can be applied to conversation, this basic type of communication.

2. Conversation. In this genre, both cooperative and non-cooperative strategies can be implemented. According to the goals of communication, they differ: a) informative conversation; b) prescriptive conversation (requests, orders, demands, advice, recommendations, beliefs in something); c) conversations aimed at clarifying interpersonal relationships (conflicts, quarrels, reproaches, accusations). Purposefulness is a characteristic feature of conversation, in contrast to conversation, which can be an idle speech genre. The special features of the conversation are evidenced by stable expressions that have historically developed in the language system, for example: I have a conversation with you; serious conversation; big conversation; unpleasant conversation; cheerful conversation; useless conversation; pointless conversation; business, conversation.

The initial cue of the conversation may be indicative of the type of conversation. In a conversation of the first type, it indicates the speaker's interest in obtaining the necessary information. This type is characterized by question-answer replication, and the role of the leader, the participant directing the course of the conversation, is played by the questioner, with short replicas-questions, re-questions, clarifications-questions, and the role of the “slave” is the participant who owns knowledge, with replicas-answers of various length. The main condition for the success of an informative conversation is the correspondence between the world of knowledge of the sender and the addressee. The communicative competence of the participants in the conversation, their knowledge of social norms of etiquette are also important. Communicative competence includes the ability of speakers to choose a situationally appropriate form of knowledge representation, interpretation of events and facts, the nuances of using indirect speech acts, non-literal expressions.

The conversations of the second type, as a rule, occur between participants who have different social and role characteristics, for example, between a father and a son, between neighbors who have different social status. The motives of the conversation are revealed by the verbs: I ask, I demand, I advise, I recommend, I convince, I beg, I order, I insist, etc. respectively, tactics of influencing the addressee, systems of threats and punishments.

The structure of this type of conversation, as well as others, is determined not only by the speech rules for introducing replicas of consent or refusal, but also by the behavioral reactions of the participants in the communication. These behavioral reactions in the conduct of a conversation are valuable not only in themselves, but also as motives for including this or that linguistic element, this or that way of expression in a dialogical cue.

The next type of conversation - a conversation aimed at clarifying the relationship - is based on a non-cooperative strategy of quarrel, conflict, reproaches, squabbles. Here, mockery, irony, hint often become a verbal form of expression of aggression. Metalanguage of replicas: “I am like that and treat me like that! What I say in this form is significant. The hyperbole of questions-denials, affirmation-denials acts as a negative assessment; for example: You are always so; You think so?; That's what he did to you! The strategic goal may be pursued by silence - the desire to stop communication.

3. Dispute. An argument is an exchange of opinions with the aim of making a decision or finding out the truth. Different points of view on a particular issue, however, have a common phase, not explicitly expressed in linguistic forms - an interest in communication. This determines a positive beginning in a dialogue or polylogue, a kind of code of trust, truthfulness and sincerity, expressed in etiquette forms of address, politeness, and the truth of arguments. The purpose of the dispute is to find an acceptable solution, but at the same time it is also a search for truth, the only correct solution. Depending on the topic of the dispute, it is possible to form an epistemic modality (in disputes on the topics of science, politics) or an axiological modality (in disputes about the world of values, morality, etc.).

A constructive beginning in this genre of verbal communication is the emphasis by the interlocutors of the commonality of views, the commonality of positions. The declaration of the infallibility of one's own view, on the contrary, leads to a communicative failure. In the theory of a dispute, there is a rule of “presumption of an ideal partner”, which puts the subject of a dispute in the center of attention and prohibits touching on the personal qualities of partners. The expression of disagreement by the speaker, the presentation of his point of view, the argumentation of its truth is expedient using the so-called verbs of opinion (we believe, we believe it is possible, etc.).

The participants in the dispute, citing various arguments in defense of their point of view, demonstrate their commitment to the truth, and not just their disagreement. Argumentation, or showing that a statement is true, has many techniques. The "impression of truth" is created by the conscious use of explanatory complex sentences like: It goes without saying, chcho...; It is known that ... etc.; or sentences with particles, adverbs that refer the addressee to the assessment of truth; for example: Yes, son, we forgave you too much with your mother ...

In addition to bringing objective arguments and using the techniques of a hidden dispute, when conducting a dispute, sometimes there is an “argument to the individual”. This may be either flattery to the addressee so that he accepts the addresser's point of view, or, conversely, the reception of psychological pressure on the addressee through the humiliation of his human dignity, insulting feelings. Many "arguments to the individual" are considered forbidden techniques in the theory of dispute.

In domestic disputes, with the strategy of reconciliation of positions, the tactic of changing the topic is appropriate: for example, a statement like: Let's better talk about the weather. In any disputable situations, partners should be treated with respect, treated as equals.

4. Story. This is a genre of colloquial speech, in which the monologue form of speech predominates within a dialogue or polylogue. The main strategic line of verbal communication is solidarity, consent, cooperation, “permission” to one of the participants to carry out their communicative intention, which basically comes down to information. The topic of the story can be any event, fact that happened to the narrator or anyone else. The course of the story may be interrupted by remarks-questions or remarks-evaluations, to which the narrator answers with varying degrees of completeness.

A characteristic feature of the genre of the story is the integrity of the transmitted information, provided by the coherence of individual fragments. In the story, the addresser, interpreting real events, acts as the author, arbitrarily, from his point of view, evaluates them. At the same time, with the help of a certain functional perspective of sentences, word order, intonation, introductory and plug-in constructions, particles, adverbs, paraphrases (for example: And Petya, this Plyushkin, suddenly became generous ...) the addresser creates not only an epistemic addressee oriented to the world of knowledge) the modal plan of the story, but also the axiological outline of the story (offers a hierarchy of value orientations, consistent with the world of socio-cultural stereotypes of the addressee).

Support for the communicative initiative of the narrator and the interest of the listeners can be manifested in interruptions, replicas, repetitions, exclamations not addressed to the speaker.

The theme of the story and the nature of real events (terrible, neutral, funny, instructive) also determine the modality of speech.

Phraseology, idioms, allusive precedent texts and "fashionable" lexemes are both semantic blocks and a way of presenting oneself as a speaker as a narrator.

5. History. This genre of colloquial speech, like the story, is primarily monologue speech, which takes into account all the components of the pragmatic situation. In addition, an important pragmatic factor of speech in telling a "story" is memory. This factor determines the structure of the narrative and the content of speech. Characteristically, the stories do not include the addressee himself as a character.

The communicative goal of history is not only the transmission of information about events that occurred earlier (at an unspecified moment), but also a summing up of semantic results, a summary, a comparison with an assessment of modern events and facts.

In contrast to other types of verbal communication, story and story refer to the planned types of speech, "allowed" by the participants in the communicative interaction. Therefore, communicative success is a foregone conclusion here to a greater extent, but not absolutely.

The style of history absorbed all the features of colloquial syntax: thematic fragmentation (“mosaic”), associative deviations from the “plot” of the narrative, elliptical constructions, question-answer moves. The expressiveness of lexical elements is due to the cultural background of the communication situation, reflects the spontaneity, unpreparedness of the narrative, therefore, there is an abundance of concretizing lexemes in speech, as well as introductory words that show the speaker's control over the course of presentation and the way of expression.

6. Letter. A necessary condition for this genre of verbal communication is sincerity, which is possible with the internal proximity of kindred or friendly people. “The context of consent, characteristic of the concept of sincerity, corresponds to the etymological meaning of the word: sincere meant “close, approximate, nearby.” Whatever mode prevails in writing, the very fact of addressing one’s feelings-thoughts in writing, which implies a non-momentary reading, indicates that the author has the opportunity to use the natural way of explicating himself as a person (and this is the most important pragmatic condition for any verbal communication).

The regularity of correspondence is determined by a number of factors: a) the relationship between the participants in this type of verbal communication; b) the external circumstances of the correspondence; c) topic relevance for the addressee; d) frequency of correspondence.

I. N. Kruchinina, analyzing the stylistic features of this genre, comes to the conclusion that the ease of relations with the addressee is the main condition for correspondence, and “the absence of this prerequisite is usually immediately felt as an obstacle to communication and may even lead to its termination; see, for example, in Pushkin's letter to Vyazemsky: "Darling, I'm tired of writing to you, because I can't appear in a dressing gown, unbuttoned and with my sleeves down" (November 1825)."

The element of colloquial speech in writing is reflected in the dissonance of linear syntactic connections; this testifies to the “quick pronunciation” of the writer, the arbitrary nature of the thematic elements in the course of the presentation of thoughts (for example: I laughed about Valya when I read about her tricks ...; which may be an analogue of the construction of the codified language: As for Valya, I laughed ...). This trend of "stringing" thematically important, from the point of view of the author of the letter, elements is also characteristic for the formation of the entire structure of the letter: the letter can be thematically discrete, saturated with associative elements and additional messages.

The pragmatic condition of solidarity and agreement in the genre of writing finds its formal expression in the "formulas" of greeting and farewell, originating in the mists of time.

7. Note. Unlike writing, this genre of written colloquial speech is largely formed by the common world of feeling-thought of the sender and addressee, the same epistemic and axiological modality, the relevance of the same circumstances. Therefore, the content of the note is usually brief; a detailed argument can be replaced by one or two words that play the role of a hint.

So, for example, a note left in a student dormitory may contain only two words: “They called: We are waiting.” The addressee of the note guesses both the authors of the note and their communicative purpose. The situational conditioning and close relationship between sender and addressee make free expression and reticence possible; see, for example, A. N. Ostrovsky’s note to N. A. Dubrovsky: “Nikolka! Why don't you lead Vetlitsky, and where the hell are you yourself? Will you listen to me! Well, you wait!”

You can’t write like that, I just thought so, but you need to write like this:

"Your Majesty

Nikolai Alexandrovich,

Would you like to welcome me today directly from the office to the dining table, which will greatly oblige your deeply respectful and devoted A. Ostrovsky. ”

(Oct. 1870)".

The informal friendly tone of the first note and the purely official nature of the second explain the incompleteness of the structure of the first note (where are you going?). The second note does not have the modal components of the first one: the probability of failure and the tactics of influencing the addressee are not expressed here.

In a note, as in a letter, it is possible for the addressee to self-check the way of his expression, the train of thought; For example: Shall I go? (no, I'll run early in the morning). In addition, a note, like a letter, may not be a spontaneous flow of feeling-thought, but a processed version, written off from a draft, in which the irregularities of improvisation are “softened” and reduced, the unexpected appearance in consciousness of the meaningful elements of the statement.

8. Diary. Diary entries are texts of addressed colloquial speech, and therefore, they have all the stylistic features of texts due to the multifactorial pragmatic space. The addressee of the texts of the diary is the alter ego, the supersubject, “the highest instance of reciprocal understanding” (in the terminology of M. M. Bakhtin), which helps the writer express his thoughts, feelings and doubts. This pragmatic factor forces the author of diary entries to verify the accuracy of the expression of thoughts, to introduce synonyms, concretizers, to use such syntactic devices as gradation, question-answer moves, rhetorical questions; introductory words and sentences that are signals of the author's reflection; see, for example, a fragment of the diary of Andrei Bely (entry August 8, 1921; the day after the death of A. Blok): physical plane) is a part of myself. How so? I am alive, but the content, the living content of my soul, has died? Nonsense?! Then I realized that some huge stage of my life was over” [Literaturnaya. newspaper. 1990. August 1].

The style of diary entries is determined by all aspects of personality (I-intellectual, I-emotional, I-spiritual, etc.); depending on the predominance of one or another beginning, the nature of the presentation changes. Diary entries are divided into two major categories. Some diaries reflect the author's orientation towards describing the day as a temporary space. This can be a listing of what has been done, a summary, reflections, an analysis of feelings and thoughts, plans, etc. Diaries of a different type (they may be conducted irregularly) - “talking” about oneself in “time, thinking about what excites, a kind of” stream of consciousness” with associative subtopics of the “main” thoughts of the day. The diaries of people doing creative work are a laboratory of creative searches and are not much different from the "notebooks" and "workbooks" of writers and poets.

Culture of Russian speech / Ed. OK. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaeva - M., 1999