Then in the cartographic department, later he managed a widow's house and the educational part of Moscow institutes. Under the supervision of Mende (based on the encyclopedia), topographic boundary atlases of the Tver, Ryazan and Tambov provinces were compiled.
[ ] The RGADA archive contains similar atlases of eight provinces, the dates of their compilation indicate that they were compiled under the leadership of Mende (in addition to the above three atlases of Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk and Penza provinces).
Biography
Children: Nikolai (1844), Vladimir (1849), Natalya (1849), Lydia (1852).
Father - naval doctor Johann Mende. Brother Mende - naval doctor Karl Ivanovich Mende (1793-1878).
He was educated at the St. Petersburg Gymnasium.
In 1824 he was sent to the headquarters of the 2nd Army.
In 1839, in April-July, he served as chief of staff of a detachment operating under the command of Lieutenant General E. A. Golovin in Southern Dagestan. He took part in battles with the highlanders, supervised the construction of fortifications, and the construction of a road from the Akhtinsky fortification through the Caucasus ridge.
In 1844, in April-July, he served as chief of staff of the Dagestan detachment and participated in the battles for the village of Gergebil.
Since 1845, head of military survey of the Vitebsk province.
In 1847, he was appointed to assist the boundary department to supervise cartographic work during the delimitation of provinces.
In 1847-66 Mendt A.I. (Mende) headed large-scale topographic and cartographic work in the central provinces of Russia, organized by the Military Topographic Depot of the General Staff, the Land Survey Department and the Russian Geographical Society to correct land survey atlases.
In 1856, for distinguished service, he was promoted to lieutenant general.
The Mende couple are buried in Moscow at the German Cemetery.
Some evidence
Recognition of the merits of Mende A.I. is the anniversary medal “In memory of the fiftieth anniversary of the Corps of Military Topographers.” 1872". This medal bears 81 names of individuals who headed the Russian military topographical service until 1872 or who glorified it with their creative achievements. The sequence of surnames is not alphabetical, but by merit.
Correction of provincial atlases
Under his leadership, the “Topographic boundary atlas of the Tver province” (v. 1-12, 1853-57; scale 1:84,000), the “Topographic boundary atlas of the Ryazan province” (1860), as well as maps of the Ryazan and Tambov provinces (over 1 thousand sheets in total).
For his “zeal and labor” in compiling maps of the Tver province, M. was awarded the highest favor in 1850.
His name is associated with extensive work, called “Mende surveys,” organized by the Russian Geographical Society, the Military Topographic Depot of the General Staff and the Land Survey Department to correct land survey atlases.
A. I. Mende from 1847 to 1866 supervised topographical and cartographic work in the central provinces of Russia.
Until the stage of publication of the atlas of the Tver province in 1853, the head of the work was referred to as A. I. Mendt. A similar spelling is present in the materials of the “A. I. Mende Foundation” Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA), as well as in other sources.
The report for 1849, which was published in the Notes of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (IRGO), analyzes the progress of work on correcting provincial land survey atlases. The information of the IRGO by the Minister of Justice in March 1848 is noted.
« that the Minister of War, having ascertained the success of the work carried out by Major General Mendt, ... presented to the Sovereign Emperor a most humble report on the continuation of this state work by the combined forces of the General Staff and the Boundary Department.”
Based on the results of the report, the Emperor allowed the work to continue
| “...and in other demarcated provinces lying east of the Moscow Meredian, starting in 1849, with the Ryazan Province, and being guided by the method and order adopted for this in the Tver Province; upon completion of work in the Ryazan Province, begin filming the Vladimir, then Yaroslavl, Tambov, Voronezh, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, Saratov and Kazan provinces, so that in 1859, i.e. within 10 years, all these ten provinces were removed" |
To carry out the work, it was decided to increase the number of surveyors from 36 to 40, and the number of officers of the Topographer Corps from 4 to 8.
The corrected atlas of the Tver Province was published in 1853, its materials were discussed at the general meeting of the IRGO on 04/09/1853:
Alexander Ivanovich Mende (Mendt) was awarded the orders: St. Anne, 3rd class. (1823), St. Vladimir 4th Art. (1826), St. Anne 2nd Art. (May 1829), St. Anne 2nd Art. with crown (December 1829), St. Stanislaus 3rd Art. (1832), St. George 4th Art. (1841), St. Vladimir 3rd Art. (1849), St. Stanislaus 1st Art. (1852), St. Anne 1st Art. (1856).
Work on the publication of such maps ceased due to the abolition of serfdom in 1861 and changes in the structure of land surveying.
Literature
- Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Fund 1357. Materials from the department of the head of geodetic work on the compilation of the Atlas of the Russian Empire, General A. I. Mende
Maps of Nizhny Novgorod province
| Name | example | collection sheet | download | |||
| PGM Pochinkovsky district | 2v | 1792 | 75.3mb | |||
| Pilot map of the river. Volga from Rybinsk to N. Novgorod | 500m | 1929 | 202.1mb | |||
| PGM Arzamas district | 2v | 1785 | 86.9mb | |||
| PGM Ardatovsky district | 2v | 1785 | 52.7mb | |||
| PGM Lukoyansky district | 2v | 1785 | 36.4mb | |||
| PGM Makaryevsky district | 2v | 1785 | 40.5mb | |||
| PGM Balakhninsky district | 2v | 1785 | 32.4mb | |||
| PGM Knyaginsky district | 2v | 1785 | 49.3mb | |||
| PGM Nizhny Novgorod district | 2v | 1785 | 36.8mb | |||
| PGM Gorbatovsky district | 2v | 1785 | 28.7mb | |||
| PGM Sergach district | 2v | 1785 | 22.8mb | |||
| PGM Vasilyevsky district | 2v | 1785 | 39.03mb | |||
| PGM Semenovsky district | 2v | 1785 | 103.9mb | |||
| EP Vasilyevsky district | c.XVIII century | 28.2mb | ||||
| EP Nizhny Novgorod district | c.XVIII century | 63.7mb | ||||
| EP Makarievsky district | c.XVIII century | 74.4mb | ||||
| Map of Mende 1v | XIX century | 600.49mb | ||||
| Lists of populated places | 1859 | 26,22 mb |
Maps are available for free download
Maps are not available for free download, to receive maps - write to mail or ICQ
Historical information on the province
Nizhny Novgorod province- an administrative-territorial formation with a center in Nizhny Novgorod, separated from the Kazan province according to the regional reform of Peter I (1714-1719). During the years of Soviet power, during the economic zoning of the USSR, it was transformed first into the Nizhny Novgorod Territory (by resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 14, 1929), and then into the Gorky Region (1937).
Story
After Nizhny Novgorod finally became under the control of the Moscow state in the middle of the 15th century, the management of the territories of nearby lands took place on the basis of localism. The adjacent territories form the Nizhny Novgorod district, bordering the Kurmysh, Arzamas, Murom, Balakhninsky, Gorokhovets, Suzdal, and Yuryev districts.
By the end of the 16th century, camps were formed from the settlements of the Nizhny Novgorod region - collections of possessions of different types (palaces, landowners, monasteries) without any single administrative structure
Berezopolsky Stan (Beryozovoe Pole, Berezopolye) - the most populated territories located near Nizhny Novgorod in the interfluve of the Oka, Volga, Kudma and Kishma. On the territory of the camp there was a “well-formed structural unit” - the village of Bogorodskoye “with villages and hamlets”, which in 1615 was granted by the Tsar to Kuzma Minin and his family for organizing the Nizhny Novgorod militia.
The Zakudemsky camp was located east of Berezopolye, being for Nizhny Novgorod “beyond the Kudma River,” which is where its name came from. The successful settlement of the territories was facilitated by the founding of the Makaryev-Zheltovodsky Monastery at the mouth of the Kerzhenets River, which became one of the powerful Nizhny Novgorod feudal lords in the 17th century.
Strelitsky Stan (Strelitsa) - territories on the right bank of the Volga at the mouth of the Oka, directly opposite Nizhny Novgorod. The camp was formed only in the 17th century, absorbing the lands of the Strelitz volost and the Seima beekeepers.
In addition to the camps, the territories belonging to the palace possessions were clearly distinguished: palace villages with the villages surrounding them, villages from the “Lukinskaya plow” with the center in the village of Lukino, the Posopnoye village of Slobodskoye, associations of beekeepers and Mordovian villages.
During the 17th century, some volosts came under Nizhny Novgorod subordination from neighboring counties. Thus, from the Kurmysh district, Lyskovskaya and Murashkinskaya proprietary volosts were added, which passed to the boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov. By that time, the population of the villages of Lyskovo and Murashkino was tens of times greater than the population of Kurmysh. Reverse processes also took place. So part of the settlements of the Tolokontsevskaya volost passed to the state Zauzolskaya volost of the Balakhninsky district.
In the course of the development of noble land ownership, almost all populated areas of palace volosts, Mordovian settlements and beekeepers passed into the possession of feudal lords. By the middle of the 17th century, the largest possessions of feudal lords in the Russian state (Morozovs, Cherkasskys, Vorotynskys, Prozorovskys) were concentrated in the territories of the Nizhny Novgorod district.
In 1682, localism was abolished, and the main administration was carried out with the help of governors. Until the beginning of the 18th century, P. M. Apraksin, G. G. Pushkin, Yu. A. Sitsky, A. Yu. Sitsky, S. L. Streshnev, Yu. P. Trubetskoy, P. V. Sheremetev were mentioned among the Nizhny Novgorod governors.
Education of the province
During the provincial division of 1708, carried out in the course of the regional reforms of Peter I, Nizhny Novgorod was included in the Kazan province. In January 1714, the northwestern part of its territory was allocated to the Nizhny Novgorod province. In addition to Nizhny Novgorod, the province included the cities of Alatyr, Arzamas, Balakhna, Vasilsursk, Gorokhovets, Kurmysh, Yuryevets, Yadrin with adjacent territories. In 1717, the province was abolished, the territories returned to the Kazan province, but two years later, by decree of Peter I of May 29, 1719, the province was recreated again.
During the administrative reform of Catherine II in 1778, the territories of the province first became part of the Ryazan governorship, and in 1779 the Nizhny Novgorod governorship was established, which included the old Nizhny Novgorod governorate, as well as parts of the Ryazan and Volodymyr (Vladimir) governorships and part of the Kazan province. Under Paul I, the reverse renaming took place: governorships were renamed into provinces.
In October 1797, the size of the Nizhny Novgorod province was increased due to the territories received during the division of the Penza province. After the accession of Alexander I to the throne on September 9, 1801, the Penza province was restored to its previous extent. In connection with the zemstvo reform, in 1865, the institution of local government, the zemstvo, was introduced in the Nizhny Novgorod province.
Geography
The Nizhny Novgorod province bordered on the following provinces: in the west - with Vladimir, in the north - with Kostroma and Vyatka, in the east - with Kazan and Simbirsk, in the south - with Penza and Tambov.
The area of the province was 48,241 km² in 1847, 51,252 km² in 1905.
The Oka and Volga rivers (from Nizhny Novgorod) divided the territory of the province into two parts significantly different in relief, geological structure, soils and vegetation: the northern - lowland and the southern - mountainous.
Population
According to the All-Russian Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, 1,584,774 people lived in the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod province (744,467 men, 840,307 women). Of these, the urban population is 143,031.
Territorial composition of the province
In 1796, the Gebernia included the following counties:
Ardatovsky (county town - Ardatov),
Arzamassky (Arzamas),
Balakhninsky (Balahna),
Vasilsursky (Vasilsursk),
Gorbatovsky (Gorbatov),
Knyagininsky (Knyaginino),
Lukoyanovsky (Lukoyanov),
Nizhny Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod),
Semyonovsky (Semyonov),
Sergachsky (Sergach).
The territorial composition did not change until the disappearance of the Russian Empire. The area of the province is 53.5 thousand km².
Post-revolutionary changes
After the revolution of 1917, the composition of the province underwent significant changes.
1922 - the following were added to the province:
Varnavinsky and Vetluzhsky districts of the Kostroma province,
6 volosts of Koverninsky district;
almost the entire Kurmysh district of the Simbirsk province,
4 volosts of Tambov province.
1924 - four volosts were transferred to the Mari Autonomous Region, one volost to the North Dvina province.
1929 - the Nizhny Novgorod region is formed, which includes:
Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic;
Mari Autonomous Region;
Votsk Autonomous Region.
1932 - Nizhny Novgorod was renamed the city of Gorky, and the Nizhny Novgorod region was renamed Gorky.
1934 - 1936 - the following emerged from the Gorky Territory:
Kirov region;
Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic;
Mari ASSR;
Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
1936 - Gorky Territory was renamed Gorky Region
* All materials presented for downloading on the site are obtained from the Internet, so the author is not responsible for errors or inaccuracies that may be found in the published materials. If you are the copyright holder of any material presented and do not want a link to it to be in our catalog, please contact us and we will immediately remove it.
In the period from 1714 to 1719, by decree of Peter I, a regional reform was carried out, within the framework of which new separate entities were identified. On the basis of this decree, the Nizhny Novgorod province was removed from the Kazan province and made an independent unit with its center in Nizhny Novgorod.
Stages of formation
Administrative division in 1708 led to the annexation of Nizhny Novgorod to the Kazan province. Six years later, its northwestern part was separated into a separate independent Nizhny Novgorod province. Just three years after its formation, it was again annexed to Kazan. It received final independence on May 29, 1719. During the period from the seventeenth to the eighteenth centuries, various crafts actively developed here. The effective plowing of new lands, the establishment of a social division of labor, and the development of a commodity-money economy brought the province to a new level.
Local crafts
Most of the residents were involved in the production of potash. This chemical was then used in soap making, glass and paint production, and in the manufacture of gunpowder. Arzamas district was the center of its production. The villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province were also famous for their skilled blacksmiths and carpenters. The inhabitants of Balakhna mainly worked on shipbuilding and were engaged in salt production. The villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province included several villages. For example, the village of Bogorodskoye included nine villages at once, each of which was famous for its noble tanners. Industry was also actively developing in the region. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, a large anchor plant was built on the territory of the Gorodets volost. In the middle of this century, the iron and cast iron factories of Demidov began their work. The main industrial center was Nizhny Novgorod. Here they were engaged in rope production, shipbuilding, metalworking, leather dressing, brewing, malt production, brick and steel production and much more. The province was also famous for its good merchants, who carried out deliveries to various cities and even reached Siberia.
Composition of counties before the 1917 revolution
In 1779, the government decided to create the Nizhny Novgorod governorate, which would include thirteen districts. In 1796, the governorship ceased to exist, and the Nizhny Novgorod province was formed. This change led to the abolition of the Knyagininsky, Makaryevsky, Sergachsky, Pochinkovsky and Pyansk-Perevozsky districts. Eight years later, the first three were restored. As a result, at the time of the 1917 revolution, the Nizhny Novgorod province consisted of eleven districts. The largest of them was Nizhny Novgorod district with a population of 90,053 people. Arzamas and Balakhninsky districts were also among the top three with a population of 10,592 and 5,120 people, respectively. Next came Gorbatovsky, Sergachsky, Vasilsursky, Semenovsky and Ardatovsky districts. The smallest districts were Knyagininsky, Lukoyanovsky and Makaryevsky districts.
Post-revolutionary life of Nizhny Novgorod residents
After a year, the Nizhny Novgorod province was enriched with new districts. Counties were not only added, but also partially renamed. 1918 is the date of renaming Gorbatovsky district to Pavlovsky. At the same time, Voskresensky district was formed. Two years later, as a result of the renaming of Makarievsky, Lyskovsky district appeared. 1921 led to the formation of three more - Vyskunsky, Pochinkovsky and Sormovsky. Also this year, Balakhninsky district began to be called Gorodetsky. A year later, the Nizhny Novgorod province took under its wing two districts and 6 Kostroma volosts, almost the entire Kurmysh district, as well as four volosts that previously belonged to Tambov. Such large-scale territorial changes led to the creation of the Kanavinsky working district. The emergence of new counties contributed to the abolition of old ones and their annexation and merger with larger ones. This is how Pochinkovsky, Kurmyshsky, Knyagininsky, Voskresensky, Vasilsursky, Varnavinsky and Artdatovsky districts went down in history. Krasnobakovsky district appeared this year. In 1924, four volosts became part of the Mari Autonomous Region. The North Dvina province expanded by one volost, which separated from Nizhny Novgorod. As for the formation of new subjects, they became the Rastyapinsky and Balakhninsky working districts. Also in 1924, Somovsky district was transformed into a working district. As a result of post-revolutionary changes, in 1926 the Nizhny Novgorod province included eleven counties and four districts.
Nowhere in the Russian Empire was there a more developed handicraft industry than in the Nizhny Novgorod lands. In pre-revolutionary times, there were a huge number of publications describing this activity. The three-volume book “Nizhny Novgorod Province on Research of the Provincial Zemstvo” is considered the most striking and significant for history. His second volume thoroughly describes all the intricacies of the handicraft industry in this part of Russia. It is not only the content of the book that attracts attention, but also its execution. Turning the pages, the reader encounters a huge number of unique illustrations. They depict most of the production, from the initial burning of coal to the most complex creations of skilled blacksmiths.
Memo to a contemporary
Today, almost every contemporary is trying to collect the maximum amount of information about his origin. The genealogical book of the Nizhny Novgorod province helps to find out whether a person born in the current Nizhny Novgorod region belongs to the noble class, or whether his ancestors were simple artisans. You can find out this online through the “Unified Genealogy Center”, or contact your local archive. Genealogical books describe employees of various structures. From here you can find out what position the ancestor held: a doctor or a postman, a judge, or maybe a forester. The data on the site is presented for 1847, 1855, 1864 and 1891. You can also look for information about your origin in address books and calendars.
The Nizhny Novgorod province was established in 1714 during the administrative reform of Peter the Great in the territories included in 1708 in the Kazan province (northwest of this province) with the cities of Alatyr, Arzamas, Balakhna, Vasilsursk, Gorokhovets, Kurmysh, Yuryevets, Yadrin and their surrounding lands. However, in 1717, the Nizhny Novgorod province was abolished, and its lands were again included in the Kazan province. In 1719, the Nizhny Novgorod province was restored as part of 3 provinces (Alatyr, Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod) and 7 cities. In 1779, under Catherine II, the Novgorod governorship was established, which included the entire territory of the former Nizhny Novgorod province, as well as part of the lands that were previously under the administrative subordination of the provinces of Ryazan, Vladimir, and Kazan. (see ending below)
In the Nizhny Novgorod province in whole or in part
There are the following maps and sources:
(except for those indicated on the main page of the general
All-Russian atlases, which may also include this province)
2nd layout of land surveying (1778-1797)
A two-layout map of land surveying - non-topographic (latitudes and longitudes are not indicated on it), a hand-drawn map of the last decades of the 18th century, very detailed - on a scale of 1 inch 2 versts or in 1 cm 840 m. A single county was drawn in fragments, on several sheets, shown on a single composite sheet. The purpose of the survey map is to indicate the boundaries of private land plots (so-called dachas) within the county.
1-layout of the Nizhny Novgorod province of Mende, 1850s.
One-page map of Mende - topographical (latitudes and longitudes are indicated on it), drawn map of the mid-19th century. (after regular changes in the borders of Russian provinces in 1802-03), very detailed - on a scale of 1 inch 1 verst or 1 cm 420 m. The province is divided into squares shown on the collection sheet.
We have at our disposal a full-size electronic version of the map of the Nizhny Novgorod province Mende 1b with a resolution of 300 dpi.
Lists of populated places in the Nizhny Novgorod province 1863 (according to 1859 data)
- status of a settlement (village, hamlet, hamlet - proprietary or state-owned, i.e. state);
- location of the settlement (in relation to the nearest highway, camp, river or river);
- distance from the district town and camp apartment (camp center) in versts;
- presence of a church, chapel, mill, etc.
Lists of water supply to villages of Nizhny Novgorod province 1914
The list of populated places is a universal reference publication containing the following information:
- status of the locality (village, hamlet, hamlet);
- location of the settlement (in relation to the nearest highway, camp, well, pond, stream, river or river);
- the number of households in a settlement and its population;
- distance from the county town, postal station or railway road in versts;
- etc.
Economic notes to the General Survey of the Nizhny Novgorod Province
For the Nizhny Novgorod province, handwritten economic notes of all counties
Under Paul the First in 1796, as a result of reorganization, the Nizhny Novgorod governorship began to be called a province. At the same time, the counties of Knyagininsky, Makaryevsky, Perevozsky, Pochinkovsky (the last two were not subsequently restored), and Sergachsky were abolished. In 1797, the Nizhny Novgorod province included lands from the Penza province, abolished at the same time. The last changes in the administrative boundaries of the Nizhny Novgorod province and its composition took place during the reign of Alexander the First (in September 1801), when the lands that previously belonged to the Penza province (Krasnoslobodskaya district), which at that time were restored to their previous borders, were excluded from the province. As part of the Nizhny Novgorod province itself, the districts of Knyagininsky, Makaryevsky, and Sergachsky were simultaneously restored. Throughout the subsequent pre-revolutionary period of the history of the Nizhny Novgorod province, its borders and the composition of the districts did not change.
