Abiotic factors are components of inanimate nature. These include: climatic (light, temperature, water, wind, atmosphere, etc.), acting on all habitats of living organisms: water, air, soil, the body of another organism. Their action is always cumulative.
Light- one of the most important biotic factors, it is the source of life for all life on earth. In the life of organisms, not only visible rays are important, but also others that reach the earth's surface: ultraviolet, infrared, electromagnetic. The most important process that occurs in plants on Earth with the participation of solar energy: photosynthesis. On average, 1-5% of the light falling on a plant is used for photosynthesis and is transferred further along the food chain in the form of stored energy.
photoperiodism- adaptation of plants and animals to a certain length of the day.
In plants: there are light-loving and shade-tolerant species. Some species grow in lit areas (cereals, birch, sunflower), others with a lack of light (forest grasses, ferns), shade-tolerant species can grow in different conditions, but at the same time change their appearance. A pine tree that has grown alone has a dense, wide crown; in a forest stand, the crown is formed in the upper part, and the trunk is bare. There are short and long day plants.
Among animals, light is a means of orientation in space. Some are adapted to live in sunlight, others are nocturnal or twilight. There are animals, such as moles, that do not require sunlight.
Temperature The temperature range at which life is possible is very small. For most organisms, it is determined from 0 to +50C.
The temperature factor has pronounced seasonal and daily fluctuations. Temperature determines the rate of biochemical processes in the cell. It determines the appearance of the organism and the breadth of geographical distribution. Organisms that can withstand a wide range of temperatures are called eurytherms. Stenothermic organisms live in a narrow range of temperatures.
Some organisms are better adapted to endure unfavorable (high or low) air temperature, others soil temperature. There is a large group of warm-blooded organisms that are capable of
maintain body temperature at a stable level. The ability of organisms to suspend their vital activity at adverse temperatures is called anabiosis.
Water There are no living organisms on earth that do not contain water in their tissues. The water content in the body can reach 60-98%. The amount of water needed for normal development varies with age. Organisms are especially sensitive to water deficiency during the breeding season.
In relation to the water regime, plants are divided into 3 large groups:
Hygrophytes- Plants of wet places. They cannot tolerate water scarcity.
Mesophytes- Plants of moderately humid habitats. They are able to tolerate soil and air drought for a short period. This is the majority of agricultural crops, meadow grasses.
Xerophytes- plants of dry habitats. They are adapted for a long time to endure the lack of water due to special devices. The leaves turn into thorns or, for example, in succulents, the cells grow to enormous sizes, storing water in themselves. For animals, there is also a similar classification. Only the ending of the phyta changes to phyla: hygrophiles, mesophylls, xerophiles.
Atmosphere The layered atmosphere covering the earth and the ozone layer, located at an altitude of 10-15 km, protect all living things from powerful ultraviolet radiation and cosmic radiation. The gas composition of the modern atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.3-3% water vapor, 1% falls on other chemical elements.
Soil or edaphic factors. Soil is a bioinert natural body formed under the influence of animate and inanimate nature. She is fertile. Plants consume nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, and other trace elements from soils. The growth, development and biological productivity of plants depends on the availability of nutrients in the soil. Both deficiency and excess of nutrients can become a limiting factor. Some plant species have adapted to an excess of an element, such as calcium, and are called calciophils.
The soil is characterized by a certain structure, which depends on humus - a product of the vital activity of microorganisms, fungi. The soil in its composition has air and water, which interact with other elements of the biosphere.
With wind, water or other erosion, the soil cover is destroyed, which leads to the loss of soil fertility.
Orographic factors - terrain. The terrain is not a direct factor, but it is of great ecological importance as an indirect factor that redistributes climatic and other abiotic factors. The most striking example of the influence of relief is the vertical zonality characteristic of mountainous regions.
Distinguish:
nanorelief - these are heaps near animal burrows, bumps in swamps, etc.;
microrelief - small funnels, dunes;
mesorelief - ravines, beams, river valleys, hills, depressions;
macrorelief - plateaus, plains, mountain ranges, i.e. significant geographical boundaries that have a significant impact on the movement of air masses.
biotic factors. Living organisms are influenced not only by abiotic factors, but also by the living organisms themselves. The group of these factors includes: phytogenic, zoogenic and anthropogenic.
The influence of biotic factors on the environment is very diverse. In one case, when different species influence each other, they do not have any effect (0), in the other case, the effects are favorable (+) or unfavorable (-).
Types of View Relationships
Neutralism (0,0) – species do not influence each other;
Competition (-,-) - each species has an adverse effect, suppressing the other and displacing the weaker one;
Mutualism (+,+) - one of the species can develop normally only in the presence of another species (symbiosis of plants and fungi);
Protocooperation (+,+) - cooperation, mutually beneficial influence, not as tough as with mutualism;
Commensalism (+, 0) one species benefits from coexistence;
Amensalism (0,-) - one species is oppressed, the other species is not oppressed;
Anthropogenic influence fits into this classification of species relationships. Among the biotic factors, this is the most powerful. It can be direct or indirect, positive or negative. Anthropogenic impact on the abiotic and biotic environment is discussed further in the manual from the point of view of nature conservation.
Recall once again that abiotic factors are properties of inanimate nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms. Slide 3 shows the classification of abiotic factors.
Temperature is the most important climatic factor. It depends on her metabolic rate organisms and their geographical distribution. Any organism is able to live within a certain range of temperatures. And although for different types of organisms ( eurythermal and stenothermal) these intervals are different, for most of them the zone of optimal temperatures at which vital functions are carried out most actively and efficiently is relatively small. The range of temperatures in which life can exist is approximately 300 C: from -200 to +100 C. But most species and most of their activity are confined to an even narrower temperature range. Some organisms, especially in the resting stage, can exist at least for a while, at very low temperatures. Certain types of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and algae, are able to live and multiply at temperatures close to the boiling point. The upper limit for hot spring bacteria is 88 C, for blue-green algae it is 80 C, and for the most resistant fish and insects it is about 50 C. As a rule, the upper limits of the factor are more critical than the lower ones, although many organisms near the upper limits of the tolerance range function more efficiently.
In aquatic animals, the range of temperature tolerance is usually narrower than in terrestrial animals, since the range of temperature fluctuations in water is less than on land.
From the point of view of the impact on living organisms, temperature variability is extremely important. A temperature ranging from 10 to 20 C (averaging 15 C) does not necessarily affect the body in the same way as a constant temperature of 15 C. The vital activity of organisms, which in nature are usually exposed to variable temperatures, is completely or partially suppressed or slowed down by constant temperature. With the help of variable temperature, it was possible to accelerate the development of grasshopper eggs by an average of 38.6% compared with their development at a constant temperature. It is not yet clear whether the accelerating effect is due to temperature fluctuations themselves or to enhanced growth caused by a short-term increase in temperature and an uncompensated slowdown in growth when it is lowered.
Thus, temperature is an important and very often limiting factor. Temperature rhythms largely control the seasonal and diurnal activity of plants and animals. Temperature often creates zonation and stratification in aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
Water physiologically necessary for any protoplasm. From an ecological point of view, it serves as a limiting factor both in terrestrial habitats and in aquatic ones, where its amount is subject to strong fluctuations, or where high salinity contributes to the loss of water by the body through osmosis. All living organisms, depending on their need for water, and, consequently, on differences in habitat, are divided into a number of ecological groups: aquatic or hydrophilic- constantly living in water; hygrophilic- living in very humid habitats; mesophilic- characterized by a moderate need for water and xerophilic- living in dry habitats.
Precipitation and humidity are the main quantities measured in the study of this factor. The amount of precipitation depends mainly on the paths and nature of large movements of air masses. For example, winds blowing from the ocean leave most of the moisture on the slopes facing the ocean, leaving a "rain shadow" behind the mountains, contributing to the formation of the desert. Moving inland, the air accumulates a certain amount of moisture, and the amount of precipitation increases again. Deserts tend to be located behind high mountain ranges or along coasts where the winds blow from vast inland dry regions rather than from the ocean, such as the Nami Desert in South West Africa. The distribution of precipitation by season is an extremely important limiting factor for organisms. The conditions created by the uniform distribution of precipitation are quite different from those produced by precipitation during one season. In this case, animals and plants have to endure periods of prolonged drought. As a rule, uneven distribution of precipitation over the seasons occurs in the tropics and subtropics, where the wet and dry seasons are often well defined. In the tropical zone, the seasonal rhythm of humidity regulates the seasonal activity of organisms in a similar way to the seasonal rhythm of heat and light in the temperate zone. Dew can be a significant, and in places with little rainfall, a very important contribution to total precipitation.
Humidity - a parameter characterizing the content of water vapor in the air. absolute humidity called the amount of water vapor per unit volume of air. In connection with the dependence of the amount of vapor retained by air on temperature and pressure, the concept relative humidity is the ratio of the vapor contained in the air to the saturating vapor at a given temperature and pressure. Since in nature there is a daily rhythm of humidity - an increase at night and a decrease during the day, and its fluctuation vertically and horizontally, this factor, along with light and temperature, plays an important role in regulating the activity of organisms. Humidity changes the effects of temperature altitude. For example, under conditions of humidity close to critical, temperature has a more important limiting effect. Similarly, humidity plays a more critical role if the temperature is close to the limit values. Large reservoirs significantly soften the land climate, since water is characterized by a large latent heat of vaporization and melting. In fact, there are two main types of climate: continental with extreme temperatures and humidity and nautical, which is characterized by less sharp fluctuations, which is explained by the moderating effect of large reservoirs.
The supply of surface water available to living organisms depends on the amount of precipitation in a given area, but these values \u200b\u200bare not always the same. Thus, using underground sources, where water comes from other areas, animals and plants can receive more water than from its intake with precipitation. Conversely, rainwater sometimes immediately becomes inaccessible to organisms.
Sun radiation is electromagnetic waves of various lengths. It is absolutely necessary for living nature, as it is the main external source of energy. The distribution spectrum of solar radiation energy outside the earth's atmosphere (Fig. 6) shows that about half of the solar energy is emitted in the infrared region, 40% in the visible and 10% in the ultraviolet and X-ray regions.
It must be borne in mind that the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun is very wide (Fig. 7) and its frequency ranges affect living matter in different ways. The Earth's atmosphere, including the ozone layer, selectively, that is, selectively in frequency ranges, absorbs the energy of the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun and mainly radiation with a wavelength of 0.3 to 3 microns reaches the Earth's surface. Longer and shorter wavelength radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere.
With an increase in the zenith distance of the Sun, the relative content of infrared radiation increases (from 50 to 72%).
For living matter, qualitative signs of light are important - wavelength, intensity and duration of exposure.
It is known that animals and plants respond to changes in the wavelength of light. Color vision is spotted in different groups of animals: it is well developed in some species of arthropods, fish, birds and mammals, but in other species of the same groups it may be absent.
The rate of photosynthesis varies with the wavelength of light. For example, when light passes through water, the red and blue parts of the spectrum are filtered out, and the resulting greenish light is weakly absorbed by chlorophyll. However, red algae have additional pigments (phycoerythrins) that allow them to harness this energy and live at greater depths than green algae.
In both terrestrial and aquatic plants, photosynthesis is related to light intensity in a linear relationship up to an optimal level of light saturation, followed in many cases by a decrease in photosynthesis at high direct sunlight intensities. In some plants, such as eucalyptus, photosynthesis is not inhibited by direct sunlight. In this case, factor compensation takes place, as individual plants and entire communities adapt to different light intensities, becoming adapted to shade (diatoms, phytoplankton) or to direct sunlight.
The length of the day, or photoperiod, is a "time relay" or trigger mechanism that includes a sequence of physiological processes that lead to growth, flowering of many plants, molting and fat accumulation, migration and reproduction in birds and mammals, and the onset of diapause in insects. Some higher plants bloom with an increase in day length (long day plants), others bloom with a shortening of the day (short day plants). In many photoperiod-sensitive organisms, the biological clock setting can be altered by experimentally changing the photoperiod.
ionizing radiation knocks electrons out of atoms and attaches them to other atoms to form pairs of positive and negative ions. Its source is radioactive substances contained in rocks, in addition, it comes from space.
Different types of living organisms differ greatly in their ability to withstand large doses of radiation exposure. For example, a dose of 2 Sv (Ziver) causes the death of the embryos of some insects at the stage of crushing, a dose of 5 Sv leads to the sterility of some insect species, a dose of 10 Sv is absolutely lethal for mammals. As the data of most studies show, rapidly dividing cells are most sensitive to radiation.
The impact of low doses of radiation is more difficult to assess, as they can cause long-term genetic and somatic consequences. For example, irradiation of pine with a dose of 0.01 Sv per day for 10 years caused a slowdown in growth rate, similar to a single dose of 0.6 Sv. An increase in the level of radiation in the environment above the background one leads to an increase in the frequency of harmful mutations.
In higher plants, sensitivity to ionizing radiation is directly proportional to the size of the cell nucleus, or rather to the volume of chromosomes or the content of DNA.
In higher animals no such simple relationship has been found between sensitivity and cell structure; for them, the sensitivity of individual organ systems is more important. Thus, mammals are very sensitive even to low doses of radiation due to the slight damage caused by irradiation to the rapidly dividing hematopoietic tissue of the bone marrow. Even very low levels of chronically acting ionizing radiation can cause the growth of tumor cells in bones and other sensitive tissues, which may not appear until many years after exposure.
Gas composition atmosphere is also an important climatic factor (Fig. 8). Approximately 3-3.5 billion years ago, the atmosphere contained nitrogen, ammonia, hydrogen, methane and water vapor, and there was no free oxygen in it. The composition of the atmosphere was largely determined by volcanic gases. Due to the lack of oxygen, there was no ozone screen to block the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Over time, due to abiotic processes, oxygen began to accumulate in the planet's atmosphere, and the formation of the ozone layer began. Approximately in the middle of the Paleozoic, oxygen consumption became equal to its formation, during this period the O2 content in the atmosphere was close to the modern one - about 20%. Further, from the middle of the Devonian, fluctuations in the oxygen content are observed. At the end of the Paleozoic, a noticeable decrease in oxygen content and an increase in carbon dioxide content occurred, to about 5% of the current level, which led to climate change and, apparently, served as an impetus for abundant "autotrophic" blooms, which created reserves of fossil hydrocarbon fuels. This was followed by a gradual return to an atmosphere with a low content of carbon dioxide and a high content of oxygen, after which the O2/CO2 ratio remains in a state of so-called oscillatory stationary equilibrium.
At present, the Earth's atmosphere has the following composition: oxygen ~ 21%, nitrogen ~ 78%, carbon dioxide ~ 0.03%, inert gases and impurities ~ 0.97%. Interestingly, the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide are limiting for many higher plants. In many plants, it is possible to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis by increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide, but it is little known that a decrease in oxygen concentration can also lead to an increase in photosynthesis. In experiments on legumes and many other plants, it was shown that lowering the oxygen content in the air to 5% increases the intensity of photosynthesis by 50%. Nitrogen also plays an important role. This is the most important biogenic element involved in the formation of protein structures of organisms. Wind has a limiting effect on the activity and distribution of organisms.
Wind it can even change the appearance of plants, especially in those habitats, for example, in alpine zones, where other factors have a limiting effect. It has been experimentally shown that in open mountain habitats, the wind limits the growth of plants: when a wall was built to protect the plants from the wind, the height of the plants increased. Storms are of great importance, although their action is purely local. Hurricanes and ordinary winds can carry animals and plants over long distances and thereby change the composition of communities.
Atmosphere pressure , apparently, is not a limiting factor of direct action, but it is directly related to weather and climate, which have a direct limiting effect.
Water conditions create a peculiar habitat for organisms, which differs from the terrestrial one primarily in density and viscosity. Density water about 800 times, and viscosity about 55 times higher than that of air. Together with density and viscosity The most important physical and chemical properties of the aquatic environment are: temperature stratification, that is, temperature changes along the depth of the water body and periodic temperature changes over time, as well as transparency water, which determines the light regime under its surface: photosynthesis of green and purple algae, phytoplankton, and higher plants depends on transparency.
As in the atmosphere, an important role is played by gas composition aquatic environment. In aquatic habitats, the amount of oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases dissolved in water and therefore available to organisms varies greatly over time. In water bodies with a high content of organic matter, oxygen is the limiting factor of paramount importance. Despite the better solubility of oxygen in water compared to nitrogen, even in the most favorable case, water contains less oxygen than air, about 1% by volume. The solubility is affected by the temperature of the water and the amount of dissolved salts: with a decrease in temperature, the solubility of oxygen increases, with an increase in salinity, it decreases. The supply of oxygen in water is replenished due to diffusion from the air and photosynthesis of aquatic plants. Oxygen diffuses into water very slowly, diffusion is facilitated by wind and water movement. As already mentioned, the most important factor that ensures the photosynthetic production of oxygen is the light penetrating into the water column. Thus, the oxygen content in water varies with time of day, season, and location.
The content of carbon dioxide in water can also vary greatly, but carbon dioxide behaves differently from oxygen, and its ecological role is poorly understood. Carbon dioxide is highly soluble in water, in addition, CO2 enters the water, which is formed during respiration and decomposition, as well as from soil or underground sources. Unlike oxygen, carbon dioxide reacts with water:
with the formation of carbonic acid, which reacts with lime, forming CO22- carbonates and HCO3-hydrocarbonates. These compounds maintain the concentration of hydrogen ions at a level close to neutral. A small amount of carbon dioxide in water increases the intensity of photosynthesis and stimulates the development of many organisms. A high concentration of carbon dioxide is a limiting factor for animals, as it is accompanied by a low oxygen content. For example, if the content of free carbon dioxide in the water is too high, many fish die.
Acidity - the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) - is closely related to the carbonate system. The pH value changes in the range 0? pH? 14: at pH=7 the medium is neutral, at pH<7 - кислая, при рН>7 - alkaline. If the acidity does not approach extreme values, then the communities are able to compensate for changes in this factor - the tolerance of the community to the pH range is very significant. Acidity can serve as an indicator of the overall metabolic rate of a community. Low pH waters contain few nutrients, so productivity is extremely low.
Salinity - content of carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, etc. - is another significant abiotic factor in water bodies. There are few salts in fresh waters, of which about 80% are carbonates. The content of minerals in the world's oceans averages 35 g/l. Open ocean organisms are generally stenohaline, while coastal brackish water organisms are generally euryhaline. The salt concentration in the body fluids and tissues of most marine organisms is isotonic with the salt concentration in sea water, so there are no problems with osmoregulation.
Flow not only greatly affects the concentration of gases and nutrients, but also directly acts as a limiting factor. Many river plants and animals are morphologically and physiologically adapted in a special way to maintaining their position in the stream: they have well-defined limits of tolerance to the flow factor.
hydrostatic pressure in the ocean is of great importance. With immersion in water at 10 m, the pressure increases by 1 atm (105 Pa). In the deepest part of the ocean, the pressure reaches 1000 atm (108 Pa). Many animals are able to tolerate sudden fluctuations in pressure, especially if they do not have free air in their bodies. Otherwise, gas embolism may develop. High pressures, characteristic of great depths, as a rule, inhibit vital processes.
Soil is a layer of matter that lies on top of the rocks of the earth's crust. The Russian scientist - naturalist Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev in 1870 was the first to consider the soil as a dynamic, and not an inert environment. He proved that the soil is constantly changing and developing, and chemical, physical and biological processes take place in its active zone. Soil is formed as a result of the complex interaction of climate, plants, animals and microorganisms. The Soviet academician soil scientist Vasily Robertovich Williams gave another definition of soil - it is a loose surface horizon of land capable of producing crops. Plant growth depends on the content of essential nutrients in the soil and on its structure.
The composition of the soil includes four main structural components: the mineral base (usually 50-60% of the total soil composition), organic matter (up to 10%), air (15-25%) and water (25-30%).
The mineral skeleton of the soil - is an inorganic component that was formed from the parent rock as a result of its weathering.
Over 50% of the mineral composition of the soil is silica SiO2, from 1 to 25% is accounted for by alumina Al2O3, from 1 to 10% - by iron oxides Fe2O3, from 0.1 to 5% - by oxides of magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium. The mineral elements that form the substance of the soil skeleton vary in size: from boulders and stones to sand grains - particles with a diameter of 0.02-2 mm, silt - particles with a diameter of 0.002-0.02 mm and the smallest clay particles less than 0.002 mm in diameter. Their ratio determines soil mechanical structure . It is of great importance for agriculture. Clays and loams, containing approximately equal amounts of clay and sand, are usually suitable for plant growth, as they contain sufficient nutrients and are able to retain moisture. Sandy soils drain more quickly and lose nutrients through leaching, but are more beneficial for early harvests because their surface dries out faster in spring than clay soils, resulting in better warming. As soil becomes more stony, its ability to retain water decreases.
organic matter soil is formed by the decomposition of dead organisms, their parts and excrement. Incompletely decomposed organic remains are called litter, and the end product of decomposition - an amorphous substance in which it is no longer possible to recognize the original material - is called humus. Due to its physical and chemical properties, humus improves soil structure and aeration, as well as increases the ability to retain water and nutrients.
Simultaneously with the process of humification, vital elements pass from organic compounds to inorganic ones, for example: nitrogen - into ammonium ions NH4 +, phosphorus - into orthophosphations H2PO4-, sulfur - into sulfations SO42-. This process is called mineralization.
Soil air, like soil water, is located in the pores between soil particles. Porosity increases from clays to loams and sands. Free gas exchange occurs between the soil and the atmosphere, as a result of which the gas composition of both environments has a similar composition. Usually, soil air, due to the respiration of the organisms inhabiting it, has somewhat less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than atmospheric air. Oxygen is essential for plant roots, soil animals, and decomposer organisms that decompose organic matter into inorganic constituents. If there is a waterlogging process, then the soil air is displaced by water and the conditions become anaerobic. The soil gradually becomes acidic as the anaerobic organisms continue to produce carbon dioxide. The soil, if it is not rich in bases, can become extremely acidic, and this, along with the depletion of oxygen reserves, adversely affects soil microorganisms. Prolonged anaerobic conditions lead to the death of plants.
Soil particles hold a certain amount of water around them, which determines the moisture content of the soil. Part of it, called gravitational water, can freely seep into the depths of the soil. This leads to the leaching of various minerals, including nitrogen, from the soil. Water can also be retained around individual colloidal particles in the form of a thin, strong, cohesive film. This water is called hygroscopic. It is adsorbed on the surface of particles due to hydrogen bonds. This water is the least accessible to plant roots and is the last to be retained in very dry soils. The amount of hygroscopic water depends on the content of colloidal particles in the soil, therefore, in clay soils it is much larger - about 15% of the soil mass, than in sandy soils - about 0.5%. As layers of water accumulate around soil particles, it begins to fill first the narrow pores between these particles, and then spreads into ever wider pores. Hygroscopic water gradually turns into capillary water, which is held around soil particles by surface tension forces. Capillary water can rise through narrow pores and tubules from the groundwater level. Plants easily absorb capillary water, which plays the greatest role in their regular water supply. Unlike hygroscopic moisture, this water evaporates easily. Fine-textured soils, such as clays, retain more capillary water than coarse-textured soils, such as sands.
Water is essential for all soil organisms. It enters living cells by osmosis.
Water is also important as a solvent for nutrients and gases absorbed from the aqueous solution by plant roots. It takes part in the destruction of the parent rock underlying the soil, and in the process of soil formation.
The chemical properties of the soil depend on the content of mineral substances that are in it in the form of dissolved ions. Some ions are poisonous for plants, others are vital. The concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil (acidity) pH> 7, that is, on average, close to neutral. The flora of such soils is especially rich in species. Lime and saline soils have pH = 8...9, and peat soils - up to 4. Specific vegetation develops on these soils.
The soil is inhabited by many types of plant and animal organisms that affect its physicochemical characteristics: bacteria, algae, fungi or protozoa, worms and arthropods. Their biomass in various soils is (kg/ha): bacteria 1000-7000, microscopic fungi - 100-1000, algae 100-300, arthropods - 1000, worms 350-1000.
In the soil, the processes of synthesis, biosynthesis are carried out, various chemical reactions of transformation of substances occur, associated with the vital activity of bacteria. In the absence of specialized groups of bacteria in the soil, their role is played by soil animals, which convert large plant residues into microscopic particles and thus make organic substances available to microorganisms.
Organic substances are produced by plants using mineral salts, solar energy and water. Thus, the soil loses the minerals that the plants have taken from it. In forests, some of the nutrients are returned to the soil through leaf fall. Cultivated plants withdraw significantly more nutrients from the soil over a period of time than they return to it. Usually, nutrient losses are replenished by the application of mineral fertilizers, which, in general, cannot be directly used by plants and must be transformed by microorganisms into a biologically available form. In the absence of such microorganisms, the soil loses its fertility.
The main biochemical processes take place in the upper soil layer up to 40 cm thick, since it is home to the largest number of microorganisms. Some bacteria participate in the cycle of transformation of only one element, others - in the cycles of transformation of many elements. If bacteria mineralize organic matter - decompose organic matter into inorganic compounds, then protozoa destroy an excess amount of bacteria. Earthworms, beetle larvae, mites loosen the soil and thus contribute to its aeration. In addition, they process difficult-to-decompose organic substances.
The abiotic factors of the habitat of living organisms also include relief factors (topography) . The influence of topography is closely related to other abiotic factors, since it can strongly influence the local climate and soil development.
The main topographic factor is the height above sea level. With altitude, average temperatures decrease, the daily temperature difference increases, the amount of precipitation, wind speed and radiation intensity increase, atmospheric pressure and gas concentrations decrease. All these factors affect plants and animals, causing vertical zonality.
mountain ranges can serve as climate barriers. Mountains also serve as barriers to the spread and migration of organisms and can play the role of a limiting factor in the processes of speciation.
Another topographical factor is slope exposure . In the northern hemisphere, south-facing slopes receive more sunlight, so the light intensity and temperature are higher here than at the bottom of the valleys and on the slopes of the northern exposure. The situation is reversed in the southern hemisphere.
An important relief factor is also slope steepness . Steep slopes are characterized by rapid drainage and soil erosion, so the soils here are thin and drier. If the slope exceeds 35b, soil and vegetation usually do not form, but screes of loose material are created.
Among abiotic factors, special attention should be given to the fire or fire . Currently, ecologists have come to the unequivocal opinion that fire should be considered as one of the natural abiotic factors along with climatic, edaphic and other factors.
Fires as an environmental factor are of various types and leave behind various consequences. Mounted or wild fires, that is, very intense and uncontrollable, destroy all vegetation and all soil organic matter, while the consequences of ground fires are completely different. Crown fires have a limiting effect on most organisms - the biotic community has to start all over again with what little is left, and many years must pass before the site becomes productive again. Ground fires, on the contrary, have a selective effect: for some organisms they are more limiting, for others they are a less limiting factor and thus contribute to the development of organisms with high tolerance to fires. In addition, small ground fires supplement the action of bacteria by decomposing dead plants and speeding up the transformation of mineral nutrients into a form suitable for use by new generations of plants.
If ground fires occur regularly every few years, there is little deadwood on the ground, this reduces the likelihood of crown fires. In forests that have not burned for more than 60 years, so much combustible bedding and dead wood accumulate that, if it ignites, a crown fire is almost inevitable.
Plants have developed special adaptations to fire, just as they have done to other abiotic factors. In particular, the buds of cereals and pines are hidden from fire in the depths of bunches of leaves or needles. In periodically burnt habitats, these plant species benefit, as fire contributes to their conservation by selectively promoting their prosperity. Broad-leaved species are deprived of protective devices from fire, it is destructive for them.
Thus, fires maintain the stability of only some ecosystems. For deciduous and humid tropical forests, the balance of which developed without the influence of fire, even a ground fire can cause great damage, destroying the upper horizon of the soil rich in humus, leading to erosion and leaching of nutrients from it.
The question "to burn or not to burn" is unusual for us. The effects of burnout can be very different depending on the time and intensity. Due to their negligence, a person often causes an increase in the frequency of wild fires, so it is necessary to actively fight for fire safety in forests and recreation areas. In no case shall a private person have the right to intentionally or accidentally cause a fire in nature. However, it is necessary to know that the use of fire by specially trained people is part of proper land use.
For abiotic conditions, all considered laws of the impact of environmental factors on living organisms are valid. Knowledge of these laws allows us to answer the question: why did different ecosystems form in different regions of the planet? The main reason is the peculiarity of the abiotic conditions of each region.
Populations are concentrated in a certain area and cannot be distributed everywhere with the same density, since they have a limited range of tolerance in relation to environmental factors. Consequently, each combination of abiotic factors is characterized by its own types of living organisms. Many options for combinations of abiotic factors and species of living organisms adapted to them determine the diversity of ecosystems on the planet.
Constantly evolving, humanity does not particularly think about how abiotic factors directly or indirectly affect a person. What are abiotic conditions and why is their seemingly imperceptible influence so important to consider? These are certain physical phenomena that are not related to wildlife, which in one way or another affect the life or environment of a person. Roughly speaking, light, the degree of humidity, the Earth's magnetic field, temperature, the air we breathe - all these parameters are called abiotic. Under this definition does not fall in any way the influence of living organisms, including bacteria, microorganisms and even protozoa.
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Examples and types
We have already found out that this is a set of phenomena of inanimate nature, which can be climatic, water or soil. The classification of abiotic factors is conditionally divided into three types:
- Chemical,
- physical,
- Mechanical.
The chemical influence is exerted by the organic and mineral composition of the soil, atmospheric air, groundwater and other waters. The physical ones include natural light, pressure, temperature and humidity of the environment. Accordingly, cyclones, solar activity, soil, air and water movement in nature are considered mechanical factors. The combination of all these parameters has a tremendous impact on the reproduction, distribution and quality of life of all life on our planet. And if a modern person thinks that all these phenomena that literally control the life of his ancient ancestors have now been tamed with the help of advanced technologies, then, unfortunately, this is not at all the case.
One should not lose sight of biotic factors and processes that are inevitably tied to the abiotic influence on all living things. Biotic are the forms of influence of living organisms on each other, almost any of them is caused by abiotic environmental factors and their influence on living organisms.
What influence can the factors of inanimate nature have?
To begin with, it is necessary to indicate what falls under the definition of abiotic environmental factors? Which of the parameters can be attributed here? The abiotic environmental factors include: light, temperature, humidity, and the state of the atmosphere. Let's consider which factor influences how in more detail.
Light
Light is one of the environmental factors that literally every object in geobotany uses. Sunlight is the most important source of thermal energy, responsible in nature for the processes of development, growth, photosynthesis and many, many others.
Light, as an abiotic factor, has a number of specific characteristics: spectral composition, intensity, periodicity. These abiotic conditions are most important for plants whose main life is the process of photosynthesis. Without a high-quality spectrum and good lighting intensity, the plant world will not be able to actively reproduce and grow fully. The duration of light exposure is also important, so, with a short daylight, plant growth is significantly reduced, and reproduction functions are inhibited. Not in vain, for good growth and harvest, in greenhouse (artificial) conditions, they necessarily create the longest possible light period, which is so necessary for plant life. In such cases, natural biological rhythms are drastically and deliberately violated. Lighting is the most important natural factor for our planet.
Temperature
Temperature is also one of the most powerful abiotic factors. Without the right temperature regime, life on Earth is really impossible - and this is not an exaggeration. Moreover, if a person can deliberately maintain the light balance at a certain level, and it is quite simple to do this, then the situation with temperature is much more difficult.
Of course, over the millions of years of existence on the planet, both plants and animals have adapted to the temperature that is uncomfortable for them. The processes of thermoregulation are different here. For example, in plants, two methods are distinguished: physiological, namely, an increase in the concentration of cell sap, due to the intensive accumulation of sugar in cells. Such a process provides the necessary level of frost resistance of plants, at which they can not die even at very low temperatures. The second way is physical, it consists in the special structure of foliage or its reduction, as well as growth methods - squat or creeping along the ground - to avoid freezing in open space.
Among animals, eurytherms are distinguished - those that freely exist with a significant temperature fluctuation, and stenotherms, for whose life a certain temperature range of not too large size is important. Eurythermal organisms exist when the ambient temperature fluctuates within 40-50 degrees, usually these are conditions close to the continental climate. High temperatures in summer, frost in winter.
A striking example of a eurythermic animal can be considered a hare. In the warm season, he feels comfortable in the heat, and in frosts, turning into a hare, he perfectly adapts to the temperature abiotic factors of the environment and their effect on living organisms.
There are also many representatives of the fauna - these are animals, and insects, and mammals that have a different type of thermoregulation - with the help of a state of torpor. In this case, the metabolism slows down, but the body temperature can be kept at the same level. Example: for a brown bear, the abiotic factor is winter air temperature, and its method of adapting to frost is hibernation.
Air
The abiotic environmental factors also include the air environment. In the process of evolution, living organisms had to master the air habitat after leaving the water on land. Some of them, especially this was reflected in insects and birds, in the process of development of land-moving species, adapted to air movement, having mastered the technique of flight.
One should not exclude the process of ansmochory - the migration of plant species with the help of air currents - the vast majority of plants populated the territories in which they now grow in this way, by pollination, seed transfer by birds, insects, and the like.
If you ask yourself what abiotic factors affect the flora and fauna, then the atmosphere, in terms of its degree of influence, will clearly not be in last place - its role in the process of evolution, development and population size cannot be exaggerated.
However, it is not the air itself that is important, as a parameter that affects nature and organisms, but also its quality, namely, its chemical composition. What factors are important in this aspect? There are two of them: oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Importance of oxygen
Without oxygen, only anaerobic bacteria can exist; other living organisms need it to an extreme degree. The oxygen component of the air environment refers to those types of products that are only consumed, but only green plants are capable of producing oxygen, by photosynthesis.
Oxygen, entering the body of a mammal, is bound into a chemical compound by hemoglobin in the blood and, in this form, is transferred with the blood to all cells and organs. This process ensures the normal functioning of any living organism. The influence of the air environment on the process of life support is great and continuous throughout life.
Importance of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a product exhaled by mammals and some plants, it is also formed in the process of combustion and vital activity of soil microorganisms. However, all these natural processes emit such an insignificant amount of carbon dioxide that they cannot even be compared with a real ecosystem disaster that is directly and indirectly related to all natural processes - industrial emissions and products of technological processes. And, if some hundred years ago, a similar problem would be mainly observed in a large industrial city, such as, for example, Chelyabinsk, then today, it is spread almost throughout the entire planet. In our time, carbon dioxide, produced everywhere: enterprises, vehicles, various devices, stubbornly expands the group of its impact, including the atmosphere.
Humidity
Humidity, as an abiotic factor, is the water content of whatever it is: plant, air, soil, or living organism. Of the environmental factors, it is humidity that is the first condition necessary for the origin and development of life on Earth.
All living things on the planet need water. The mere fact that any living cell is eighty percent water speaks for itself. And for many living beings, the ideal conditions for the habitat of the natural environment are precisely water bodies or a humid climate.
Wettest place on earth Urek (Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea) Of course, there are also types of areas where the amount of water is minimal or it is present with any periodicity, these are desert, high mountain relief, and the like. This has an obvious effect on nature: the absence or minimum of vegetation, drying up soil, no fruit-bearing plants, only those types of flora and fauna that can adapt to such conditions survive. Fitness, to whatever extent it is expressed, is not lifelong and, in the case when the characteristics of abiotic factors change for some reason, it can also change or disappear altogether.
In terms of the degree of influence on nature, humidity is important to take into account not only as a single parameter, but also in combination with each of the listed factors, since together they form the type of climate. Each specific territory with its own abiotic environmental factors has its own characteristics, its own vegetation, species and population size.
The influence of abiotic factors on humans
Man, as a component of an ecosystem, also applies to objects that are influenced by abiotic factors of inanimate nature. The dependence of human health and behavior on solar activity, the lunar cycle, cyclones and similar influences was noted several centuries ago, thanks to the observation of our ancestors. And in modern society, the presence of a group of people is invariably fixed, the changes in mood and well-being of which are indirectly affected by abiotic environmental factors.
For example, studies of solar influence have shown that this star has an eleven-year cycle of periodic activity. On this basis, fluctuations in the electromagnetic field of the Earth occur, which affects the human body. Peaks of solar activity can weaken the immune system, and pathogenic microorganisms, on the contrary, make them more tenacious and adapted to widespread distribution within the community. The sad consequences of such a process are outbreaks of epidemics, the emergence of new mutations and viruses.
Epidemic of unknown infection in India Another important example of abiotic influence is ultraviolet. Everyone knows that in certain doses, this type of radiation is even useful. This environmental factor has an antibacterial effect, slows down the development of spores that cause skin diseases. But in high doses, ultraviolet radiation negatively affects the population, causing such deadly diseases as cancer, leukemia or sarcoma.
The manifestations of the action of abiotic environmental factors on a person directly include temperature, pressure and humidity, in short - climate. An increase in temperature will lead to inhibition of physical activity and the development of problems with the cardiovascular system. Low temperatures are dangerous hypothermia, which means inflammation of the respiratory system, joints and limbs. It should be noted here that the humidity parameter further enhances the influence of the temperature regime.
An increase in atmospheric pressure threatens the health of owners of weak joints and fragile blood vessels. Especially dangerous, there are sharp changes in this climatic parameter - sudden hypoxia, blockage of capillaries, fainting and even coma can occur.
Of the environmental factors, one should also note the chemical aspect of the impact on humans. These include all chemical elements contained in water, atmosphere or soil. There is the concept of regional factors - the excess or, conversely, the lack of certain compounds or trace elements in the nature of each individual region. For example, from the listed factors, both a lack of fluorine is harmful - it causes damage to tooth enamel, and its excess - it accelerates the process of ossification of the ligaments, disrupts the functioning of some internal organs. Fluctuations in the content of such chemical elements as chromium, calcium, iodine, zinc, and lead are especially noticeable in terms of the incidence of the population.
Of course, many of the abiotic conditions listed above, although they are abiotic factors of the natural environment, are in fact very much dependent on human activity - the development of mines and deposits, changes in riverbeds, the air environment, and similar examples of the intervention of progress in natural phenomena.
Detailed characteristics of abiotic factors
Why is the impact on the population of most abiotic factors so huge? This is logical: after all, to ensure the life cycle of any living organism on Earth, the totality of all parameters that affect the quality of life, its duration, which determines the number of ecosystem objects, is important. Lighting, atmospheric composition, humidity, temperature, zonality of distribution of representatives of wildlife, salinity of water and air, its edaphic data are the most important abiotic factors and adaptation of organisms to them is positive or negative, but in any case, it is inevitable. It is easy to verify this: just look around!
Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment provide the origin of life, make up three-quarters of every living cell on Earth. In the forest ecosystem, biotic factors include all the same parameters: humidity, temperature, soil, light - they determine the type of forest, saturation with plants, their adaptability to a particular region.
In addition to the obvious, already listed, important abiotic factors of the natural environment should also be called salinity, soil and the Earth's electromagnetic field. The entire ecosystem has evolved for hundreds of years, the terrain has changed, the degree of adaptation of living organisms to certain living conditions, new species have appeared and entire populations have migrated. However, this natural chain has long been violated by the fruits of human activity on the planet. The work of environmental factors is fundamentally disrupted due to the fact that the impact of abiotic parameters does not occur purposefully, as factors of inanimate nature, but already as a harmful effect on the development of organisms.
Unfortunately, the influence of abiotic factors on the quality and life expectancy of a person and humanity as a whole has been and remains enormous and can have both positive and negative consequences for each individual organism for all of humanity as a whole.
Abiotic factors
Climatic (influence of temperature, light and humidity);
Geological (earthquake, volcanic eruption, movement of glaciers, mudflows and avalanches, etc.);
Orographic (features of the terrain where the studied organisms live).
Let us consider the action of the main direct acting abiotic factors: light, temperature, and the presence of water. Temperature, light and humidity are the most important environmental factors. These factors naturally change both during the year and day, and in connection with geographic zoning. To these factors, organisms show a zonal and seasonal nature of adaptation.
Light as an environmental factor
Solar radiation is the main source of energy for all processes occurring on Earth. In the spectrum of solar radiation, three regions can be distinguished, different in biological action: ultraviolet, visible and infrared. Ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of less than 0.290 microns are detrimental to all living things, but they are delayed by the ozone layer of the atmosphere. Only a small part of the longer ultraviolet rays (0.300 - 0.400 microns) reaches the Earth's surface. They make up about 10% of radiant energy. These rays have a high chemical activity - at a large dose they can damage living organisms. In small quantities, however, they are necessary, for example, for humans: under the influence of these rays, vitamin D is formed in the human body, and insects visually distinguish these rays, i.e. see in ultraviolet light. They can navigate by polarized light.
Visible rays with a wavelength of 0.400 to 0.750 microns (they account for most of the energy - 45% - solar radiation), reaching the Earth's surface, are of particular importance for organisms. Green plants, due to this radiation, synthesize organic matter (carry out photosynthesis), which is used as food by all other organisms. For most plants and animals, visible light is one of the important environmental factors, although there are those for which light is not a prerequisite for existence (soil, cave and deep-sea adaptations to life in the dark). Most animals are able to distinguish the spectral composition of light - have color vision, and in plants, flowers have bright colors to attract pollinating insects.
The human eye does not perceive infrared rays with a wavelength of more than 0.750 microns, but they are a source of thermal energy (45% of radiant energy). These rays are absorbed by the tissues of animals and plants, as a result of which the tissues are heated. Many cold-blooded animals (lizards, snakes, insects) use sunlight to raise their body temperature (some snakes and lizards are ecologically warm-blooded animals). Light conditions associated with the rotation of the Earth have a distinct daily and seasonal periodicity. Almost all physiological processes in plants and animals have a daily rhythm with a maximum and minimum at certain hours: for example, at certain hours of the day, a flower in plants opens and closes, and animals have developed adaptations for night and day life. The length of the day (or photoperiod) is of great importance in the life of plants and animals.
Plants, depending on habitat conditions, adapt to the shade - shade-tolerant plants or, on the contrary, to the sun - light-loving plants (for example, cereals). However, strong bright sun (beyond optimal brightness) suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to get a high yield of crops rich in protein in the tropics. In temperate zones (above and below the equator), the development cycle of plants and animals is timed to the seasons of the year: preparation for changing temperature conditions is carried out on the basis of a signal - a change in the length of the day, which is always the same at a certain time of the year in a given place. As a result of this signal, physiological processes are turned on, leading to growth, flowering of plants in spring, fruiting in summer and dropping leaves in autumn; in animals - to molting, accumulation of fat, migration, reproduction in birds and mammals, the onset of the dormant stage in insects. Animals perceive changes in the length of the day with the help of their organs of vision. And plants - with the help of special pigments located in the leaves of plants. Irritations are perceived with the help of receptors, as a result of which a series of biochemical reactions occur (activation of enzymes or release of hormones), and then physiological or behavioral reactions appear.
The study of photoperiodism in plants and animals has shown that the reaction of organisms to light is based not simply on the amount of light received, but on the alternation of periods of light and darkness of a certain duration during the day. Organisms are able to measure time, i.e. have a "biological clock" - from unicellular to humans. "Biological clock" - also controlled by seasonal cycles and other biological phenomena. The "biological clock" determines the daily rhythm of activity of both whole organisms and processes occurring even at the level of cells, in particular cell divisions.
Abiotic environmental factors include the substrate and its composition, humidity, temperature, light and other types of radiation in nature, and its composition, and microclimate. It should be noted that temperature, air composition, humidity and light can be conditionally referred to as "individual", and the substrate, climate, microclimate, etc. - to "complex" factors.
The substrate (literally) is the place of attachment. For example, for woody and herbaceous forms of plants, for soil microorganisms, this is the soil. In some cases, the substrate can be considered a synonym for habitat (for example, soil is an edaphic habitat). The substrate is characterized by a certain chemical composition that affects organisms. If the substrate is understood as a habitat, then in this case it is a complex of biotic and abiotic factors characteristic of it, to which one or another organism adapts.
Characteristics of temperature as an abiotic environmental factor
The role of temperature as an environmental factor comes down to the fact that it affects metabolism: at low temperatures, the rate of bioorganic reactions slows down greatly, and at high temperatures it increases significantly, which leads to an imbalance in the course of biochemical processes, and this causes various diseases, and sometimes and lethal outcome.
The effect of temperature on plant organisms
Temperature is not only a factor determining the possibility of plant habitation in a particular area, but for some plants it affects the process of their development. Thus, winter varieties of wheat and rye, which did not undergo the process of “vernalization” (low temperatures) during germination, do not produce seeds when they grow in the most favorable conditions.
Plants have various adaptations to withstand exposure to low temperatures.
1. In winter, the cytoplasm loses water and accumulates substances that have the effect of "antifreeze" (these are monosaccharides, glycerin and other substances) - concentrated solutions of such substances freeze only at low temperatures.
2. The transition of plants to a stage (phase) resistant to low temperatures - the stage of spores, seeds, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, root crops, etc. Woody and shrubby forms of plants shed their leaves, the stems are covered with cork, which has high thermal insulation properties, and antifreeze substances accumulate in living cells.
The effect of temperature on animal organisms
Temperature affects poikilothermic and homeothermic animals differently.
Poikilothermic animals are active only during the period of optimal temperatures for their vital activity. During the period of low temperatures, they fall into hibernation (amphibians, reptiles, arthropods, etc.). Some insects overwinter either as eggs or as pupae. The hibernation of an organism is characterized by a state of anabiosis, in which metabolic processes are very strongly inhibited and the body can go without food for a long time. Poikilothermic animals can also hibernate under the influence of high temperatures. So, animals in the lower latitudes in the hot time of the day are in holes, and the period of their active life falls on the early morning or late evening (or they are nocturnal).
Animal organisms fall into hibernation not only due to the influence of temperature, but also due to other factors. So, a bear (a homeothermic animal) hibernates in winter due to a lack of food.
Homoiothermic animals depend on temperature to a lesser extent in their life activity, but temperature affects them in terms of the presence (absence) of food supply. These animals have the following adaptations to overcome the effects of low temperatures:
1) animals move from colder to warmer regions (bird migration, mammal migration);
2) change the nature of the cover (summer fur or plumage is replaced by a thicker winter one; they accumulate a large layer of fat - wild pigs, seals, etc.);
3) hibernate (for example, a bear).
Homeothermic animals have adaptations to reduce exposure to temperatures (both high and low). So, a person has sweat glands that change the nature of secretion at elevated temperatures (the amount of secretion increases), the lumen of blood vessels in the skin changes (at low temperatures it decreases, and at high temperatures it increases), etc.
Radiation as an abiotic factor
Both in the life of plants and in the life of animals, a huge role is played by various radiations that either enter the planet from the outside (solar rays) or are released from the bowels of the Earth. Here we consider mainly solar radiation.
Solar radiation is heterogeneous and consists of electromagnetic waves of different lengths, and therefore, they also have different energies. The Earth's surface reaches the rays of both the visible and invisible spectrum. The invisible spectrum includes infrared and ultraviolet rays, while the visible spectrum has seven of the most distinguishable rays (from red to violet). radiation quanta increases from infrared to ultraviolet (i.e., ultraviolet rays contain quanta of the shortest waves and the highest energy).
The sun's rays have several ecologically important functions:
1) due to the sun's rays, a certain temperature regime is realized on the Earth's surface, which has a latitudinal and vertical zonal character;
In the absence of human influence, the composition of the air, however, may differ depending on the height above sea level (with height, the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide decreases, since these gases are heavier than nitrogen). The air of coastal areas is enriched with water vapor, which contains sea salts in a dissolved state. The air of the forest differs from the air of the fields with impurities of compounds secreted by various plants (for example, the air of a pine forest contains a large amount of resinous substances and ethers that kill pathogens, therefore this air is curative for tuberculosis patients).
Climate is the most important complex abiotic factor.
Climate is a cumulative abiotic factor that includes a certain composition and level of solar radiation, the level of temperature and humidity associated with it, and a certain wind regime. The climate also depends on the nature of the vegetation growing in a given area, and on the terrain.
On Earth, there is a certain latitudinal and vertical climatic zonality. There are humid tropical, subtropical, sharply continental and other types of climate.
Repeat the information about the different types of climate in the textbook of physical geography. Consider the climate of the area where you live.
Climate as a cumulative factor forms one or another type of vegetation (flora) and a closely related type of fauna. Human settlements have a great influence on the climate. The climate of large cities differs from the climate of suburban areas.
Compare the temperature regime of the city where you live and the temperature regime of the area where the city is located.
As a rule, the temperature in the city (especially in the center) is always higher than in the region.
Microclimate is closely related to climate. The reason for the emergence of a microclimate is the differences in the relief in a given territory, the presence of water bodies, which leads to a change in conditions in different territories of this climatic zone. Even in a relatively small area of a summer cottage, in its individual parts, different conditions for the growth of plants may arise due to different lighting conditions.
