In which city does the function of the subway perform ordinary trams, which have a door on only one side?

In the 1970s, due to the difficult transport situation in Volgograd, there was a need for a metro, but Volgograd was not then a “millionaire” city, and it was not supposed to have a metro. They found a way out of the situation by tearing out three underground stations under the busiest intersections and launching the so-called “light rail” through them, which traveled both through tunnels and along ordinary streets. An additional complication was that it was not possible to find trams with doors on both sides of the car. Therefore, to ensure the arrival of the tram on the platform, always on the right side of the tunnels under the ground, twisted ones were built. A similar light rail system has also been built in the Ukrainian city of Krivoy Rog.

When and where did the tram run on rails laid at the bottom of the sea?

In 1896, between the English cities of Brighton and Rottingdean, an unusual vehicle called Daddy Long Legs began to run - a cross between a tram and a ferry. Laying the railway overland on this route required a lot of engineering structures, and engineer Magnus Volk proposed laying the rails directly on the seabed - the total length of the track was 4.5 km. The platform with passengers rose above the rails on four supports 7 meters long and had a flag, a lifeboat and other maritime attributes, as it was formally considered a ship. The service was canceled in 1901 when it was decided to build new breakwaters near Brighton, and the transfer of the track was considered too costly.

Why does the numbering of trolleybuses in Budapest start from the 70th number?

Trolleybuses appeared in Budapest in 1949. The first trolleybus was immediately given the number 70, since this year was the 70th anniversary of Stalin. And now there are no trolleybuses up to number 70 in Budapest.

Why in the Moscow metro, in some cases, stations are announced by a male voice, and in another - by a female?

If you travel towards the city center in the Moscow metro, the stations will be announced in a male voice, and when moving from the center - in a female voice. On the circle line, a male voice can be heard when moving clockwise, and a female voice can be heard counterclockwise. This was done for the convenience of orienting blind passengers.

Which company's owner died after losing control of his product?

On September 27, 2010, the owner of a Segway company died while riding a Segway. 62-year-old Jimi Haselden toured his estate on this scooter, but lost control and fell off a cliff into a river.

What is the length of the longest trolleybus route in the world and where does it pass?

The length of the longest trolleybus route in the world is 86 kilometers, and it runs in the Crimea between Simferopol and Yalta.

What was the main reason for the transition to a time zone system in the 19th century?

Until the 19th century, there was no division into time zones, everywhere the time was determined by the Sun. There was no need for time zones, as there was no high-speed transport. Unification was driven by the development of railways in England, because due to time differences in each city, it was very difficult to draw up a normal timetable. It was the railway companies who ensured that there was one GMT time zone throughout the country. And then gradually the system of time zones began to spread around the world.

Where does bus number 0 go?

Until 2002, there was a rule in Moscow - for the duration of the repair of trolleybus or tram lines, a bus with number 0 was allowed to run along this route. In 1995, repairs were started on the line on Prospekt Mira, but then it was closed forever. But the temporary bus number 0 still runs along the route Rizhsky railway station - Belorusskaya metro station.

What invention do the British consider the greatest in history?

In 2005, in the UK, a public opinion poll on the greatest technical invention since 1800 named the bicycle as the winner. Not only did it outperform inventions like the internet and the internal combustion engine, it also won more votes than all other inventions combined.

Where are American transport planes worshipped?

After the Second World War, the cargo cult spread to the Pacific Islands. Aboriginal people build replicas of runways, airports and radio towers out of wood and straw. The cult members believe that these buildings will attract transport planes (which are believed to be spirit messengers) filled with cargo (cargo).

When did restaurant porters write students' addresses in chalk on their backs?

On Tatyana's Day, the porters of the Strelna and Yar restaurants wrote the address of the students with chalk on their backs. When a student got drunk to the point of insensibility, the driver knew where to take him.

Municipal educational institution

"School No. 101 of the city of Donetsk"

"An amusing trip"

This manual contains 10 activities where children travel, getting acquainted with different types of transport. They get acquainted with the history of the emergence of modes of transport, learn interesting facts, perform tasks not only theoretical, but also practical. I think that this information will be useful for both teachers and children.

Prepared

teacher Folman T.I.

Lesson 1

Transport in ancient times

Greetings, children! I, Traffic Light, pedestrian and vehicle assistant.

Children, what good am I doing? What types of transport do you know? Transport is air, water, ground and underground.

But in the distant past, there was no transport.

What do you think people used to transport goods or people?

I suggest you travel around the country and see how transport has developed from the past to the present.

In ancient times, important roads and routes passed through our country, through which goods were transported from Europe to Asia, as well as salt and fish were transported from the Crimea. From these times, the history of the development of transport begins.

People carried small objects, berries, fruits, vegetables in their hands. To do this, they used earthenware and wooden utensils, various baskets, leather and linen bags. Water was carried by a yoke.

Over time, people began to use the power of animals - horses and oxen. Sledge transport is considered ancient. According to scientists, in the old days they used only sleds. This is confirmed by the sayings “Do not sit in your own sleigh”, “What are you, such is the sleigh”. These sledges were used to carry various loads. The children also went sledding in the winter.

With the invention of the engine came the transport you know - cars, trains, planes. But even now, in our time, people ride sledges, carts, using the power of horses.

Interesting to know that...

Each country has its own unusual transport. In Italy, in Venice, the main transport is a gondola - a boat that has been used by residents and guests of the city for several centuries.

In Japan, it is a bicycle with a trolley that transports people like a taxi. In Finland they ride on a sleigh pulled by reindeer, and in Nepal they ride on elephants.

Game "Traffic Light"

Students line up. The teacher shows the flags with colors in turn. If red - you need to sit down, if yellow - stand up, if green - march.

check yourself

What did people use to carry berries, fruits, water?

What animal strength was used in those days?

What type of transport did people use in ancient times?

Lesson 2

marvel train

We see a lot of traffic on the roads. Do you know what this word means? Transport is a branch of the economy associated with the transportation of people and goods. Has transport always existed? No. But people have always sought to quickly overcome distances than walk. In fairy tales, they came up with flying carpets, on which you could fly wherever you wanted, walking boots, with which you can quickly run any distance and even jump over forests and mountains. People's dream came true when they invented the wheel. What modes of transport only do not have wheels! Today I will tell you about one of them - the railway.

A train - is a vehicle that runs on rails. For hundreds of years, miners have used wooden or iron rails for carts carrying coal, ore, or rock. The carts were pulled or pushed by the miners themselves or by horses. The first steam-powered locomotive was built in 1804 by English engineer Richard Trevithick to pull bogies in an ironworks. The first passenger road was opened in England between the cities of Stockton and Darlington in 1828. With the advent of steel rails in 1840, fast steam locomotives appeared. The design of passenger cars improved, sleeping cars and dining cars appeared. Bridges were thrown over wide rivers. Gradually, steam locomotives gave way to diesel locomotives and electric locomotives.

Modern trains. There are three types of modern trains: electric locomotives, diesel-electric locomotives and diesel locomotives. The wheels of a diesel locomotive are powered by a diesel engine. The wheels of an electric locomotive are driven by electric motors. The voltage comes from an overhead cable that is suspended above the railroad tracks.

The most modern train A TGV is moving at a speed of 300 km/h. Special railway rails were built for him, without bends and with computer control. There are also air-suspended trains - electromagnets keep them in the air above the road.

Interesting to know that...

In Australia, a railway was laid on the desert plain, which is listed in the Guinness Book of Records. It is famous for the fact that for 500 km there is not a single turn on it.

The longest railway passenger route in the world runs along the Trans-Siberian Railway from Moscow to Vladivostok. The whole journey takes almost 8 days.

"Check yourself"

What is transport?

Why was the first locomotive invented?

What are modern trains, how do they differ?

Complete the task

There were 65 passengers in two carriages of the train. At the station, 3 people got off the first car, and 4 times more people got off the second. After that, the number of passengers in the carriages became equal. How many passengers traveled in each carriage to the stop?

Lesson 3

Seas and oceans

Long before the advent of the steam locomotive, there was a transport that people used in ancient times. What kind of transport do you think? This is water transport. What types of ships do you know?

People have traveled by water for centuries. Probably the first ships were wooden decks. Later they were tied together to make rafts, or hollowed out to make a boat. If there were no trees nearby, boats were made from reeds or animal skins. Ancient ships were steered with oars. The first ships appeared in ancient Egypt about 5 thousand years ago. They were built from reeds. The ships had one mast with a rectangular sail, which was used as an aid to the oars. The ancient Greeks and Romans had sailing cargo ships with good seaworthiness and light warships called galleys.

Soon there were powerful ships - galleons. Using a compass, sailors went to European ports in search of new sea routes to Asia, where spices grew and the search for new lands. The fastest sailing ships were clippers with huge sails that caught a small breeze. They were used to transport important goods. More often it was the transportation of tea from China to Europe.

During the 19th century, large sailing ships gave way to steamboats. The first steam-powered ship in the world was a river steamer built in America in 1808.

In the middle of the 20th century, steam engines are replacing diesel, which is more efficient. At the same time, sea cruises and large cruise ships became popular.

Modern ships are divided by purpose: cruise liners, ferries, cargo ships. The navy is made up of warships. There are also many fishing boats, recreational boats - yachts.

Ships float not only on water, but also under water - these are submarines. Submarines are designed for diving, but can also move on the surface of the water. The hull of the submarine is distinguished by its special power to withstand water pressure at great depths.

Interesting to know that...

The giant Nimitz-class aircraft carrier with nuclear power plants is the largest in the world. Its mass is more than 100,000 tons, and the flight deck is 333 meters long. Nearly 100 combat aircraft are based on one ship.

"Check yourself"

How did people move on water in ancient times?

What ship names do you remember?

How can submarines submerge in water?

Mission "Submarine"

For the product you need: thick paper, scissors, ruler, felt-tip pens, glue. You need to cut a sheet of 12x15 cm. Make 2 cuts of 4 cm in it - at the top and in the middle. Draw the water surface and the submarine at the level of the bottom notch. Color them. Cut a strip 3 cm wide and 4 cm longer than your sheet. Draw a periscope at the bottom. Pass the strip through the slits. Pull over the top edge to raise the periscope.

Lesson 4

iron Horse

It is hard to imagine the streets of the city and the village without cars. Trucks, cars, fire trucks, ambulances, water carriers, garbage trucks and many others use our roads. When was the first car invented?

Even 5,000 years ago, man used carts drawn by horses, oxen, or other large animals. The first machines appeared in France in 1770, and they worked with the help of steam. But they could not be called machines either, as they served as tractors, dragged loads. The word "chauffeur" means "stoker", because it was the "stoker" who drove the first automobile cart.

As soon as people invented the gasoline engine, they immediately put it on a cart. This was done by the German engineer Benz 100 years ago. The first cars were funny and clumsy. It was not easy to drive such a car, they were made by hand and were expensive. For an ordinary person, a car has become available since 1908, when Ford appeared in the USA. This small car was made on an assembly line, its production was cheap, and the cost of purchase was low.

Meanwhile, motor sports were gaining more and more popularity: cars took part in races and rallies, and their designers competed among themselves who would create the fastest car in the world. The first speed record was set in 1898 and was 63 km / h.

The number of cars on the street increased, and it became necessary to introduce traffic rules so that cars would not crash into horses, passers-by and one on one.

Modern cars are very diverse in shape and structure. The car body can be closed, open and movable. To make a person's trip safe, the designers came up with devices: seat belts, airbags, a movable steering wheel. The car was equipped with safety glass, which does not break into sharp fragments, but turns into glass crumbs with blunt edges or tears like paper.

Trucks are vehicles that are designed to transport goods on off-road and unpaved roads. These machines are large and powerful. Wheels, cab, body are adapted to carry various loads over any distance. Trucks perform different jobs: sprinklers wash city streets early in the morning, snow plows remove snow from the roads. Cars carry grain and bread, books and milk, gasoline and cement, and even live fish. Man built many cars for himself.

Interesting to know that...

"Check yourself"

When was the first car invented?

Tell us about the structure of the car.

The task "I am a passenger"

In order not to fall, you need to hold on to the handrails.

You can litter in transport.

You need to buy a ticket.

It is necessary to give way to the elders.

Once in the transport, you need to sit down as soon as possible.

Lesson 5

"Quick legs"

How many of you have ridden a bike at least once in your life? What is a bicycle? What is it for?

Until the 19th century, ordinary people could not imagine such a transport. And if on the streets of the ancient city bystanders would see a man on a bicycle, he would be mistaken for an alien from another planet. And all because the bicycle was invented relatively recently, at the beginning of the 19th century.

In 1808, a two-wheeled scooter without a steering wheel appeared in Paris. It was invented by Baron von Drez, who named it in his honor - a trolley. It was possible to ride on it, pushing off in turn with your feet from the ground. Not very convenient, but fast. The first bicycles were made of wood. Shaking on these bikes is very strong. But shaking wasn't the only downside to a fast car. There were no brakes. It was easy to accelerate, but try, stop!

The name "bike" was given when pedals and a lever were attached to the front wheel. Translated, this word means "fast feet."

The inventors saw that the larger the front wheel, the faster the machine could go. Everyone wanted their bike to go fast, and so it got bigger and bigger. They called these wonderful bicycles "spiders".

By the way, rubber tires first appeared on a bicycle. The English doctor Dunlop was a caring father. To make his son's bike less cowardly, he took a rubber garden hose, cut off a piece from it and tied it with a rope to the wheel. Soon he guessed to inflate the tires with air. This further reduced the noise and made the bike ride much smoother. But the first brakes appeared 80 years after the invention of the bicycle. The sound signal was invented later.

Today, more than a billion bicycles are used in the world. It remains the most popular mode of transport. Japan can rightfully be called a cycling country. There are bicycles in every family.

There are tandem bikes, mountain bikes, stunt bikes, kids bikes, sports bikes, teen bikes, city bikes, circus bikes, and even electric bikes.

A bicycle consists of the following parts: a frame - the main part to which other parts are attached, a handlebar - thanks to which the bicycle is controlled, a saddle, a brake, wheels and pedals to transfer muscle forces to the wheels.

Interesting to know that...

In many countries of the world there is a taxi - a type of public transport that transports a passenger or two passengers on a bicycle of a special design by the force of a cyclist. There are such bicycles in Japan, Russia, America, England.

"Check yourself"

Tell the story of the development of the bicycle.

What are bicycles?

What is a bicycle made of?

The task "My friend is a bicycle"

Imagine that you are the inventor of the bicycle. Draw how it can be - with a flying engine, or maybe underwater? Tell us about your bike, what makes it special.

Lesson 6

On the seventh sky

You have already learned that people can travel by land, by sea. But humanity has conquered another element - the air. What types of transport travel by air?

The history of the subjugation of the sky began in ancient times. For thousands of years people have dreamed of flying. One of these was the young man Icarus. He was very fond of bird watching. One day, Icarus decided to make himself wings, like those of birds. He collected feathers and connected them with wax. Icarus climbed a high mountain and, putting on his wings, took off. He flew high, high. He felt good, and he forgot that it was dangerous to climb high up to the sun. The wax melted and the wings crumbled. Icarus fell and crashed. Such a legend was formed by people in ancient Greece. But people continued to dream. In the 18th century, there was another attempt to fly, but in a hot air balloon. For the first time, people took to the air in Paris in 1783 on a balloon built by the Montgolfier brothers. Soon, inventors began to create airships - streamlined balloons that can move in the air in the desired direction with the help of an engine.

The first aircraft that were heavier than air were gliders. In 1903, the Wright brothers created a gasoline-powered airplane and named it the Flyer. The first flight on a controlled vehicle lasted 12 seconds. Ten years after the Wright brothers' historic flight, ballooning has become a popular sport. Competitions and aerial spectacles were arranged for the public, and the pilots tried to set distance records. More powerful aircraft hulls appeared. More economical and powerful engines and propellers made it possible to increase the speed, reliability and service life of airplanes.

How did helicopters appear? The first successful models were created in 1930. The single-rotor helicopter was designed by Ukrainian engineer Igor Sikorsky. Its design makes it possible to ascend and descend in a vertical line, as well as hover in the air.

The first passenger airlines appeared in 1919 immediately after the end of the First World War, and the first air liners were converted military bombers.

The jet engine was developed at the end of 1930 in Germany. The advent of such jet liners as the Boeing 707 and the Comet caused a huge boom in passenger traffic. The Concorde supersonic airliner began flying in 1969, and the first Boeing 747 airliner began carrying passengers in 1970.

Interesting to know that...

The most powerful transport aircraft in the world was created in Ukraine - this is the An-225. It can carry 250 tons and fly at a speed of 800 km/h.

"Check yourself"

Who according to legend was the first to fly into the sky?

What did they fly before the invention of the airplane?

Where was the largest aircraft in the world built?

The task "Who drives this mode of transport?"

No machine can move without human assistance. Name the professions of people who drive one type of transport:

Bus - (bus driver). Tram - (carriage driver).

Train - (driver). Tractor - (tractor driver).

Bicycle - (cyclist). Motorcycle - (motorcyclist).

Aircraft - (Pilot).

Lesson 7

Journey to the stars

When we look at the night sky, we can see many stars. Would you like to take a closer look at them? How can I do that?

Although outer space begins only 100 km above the Earth's surface, it is very difficult to reach it. Airplanes cannot reach space because the air becomes rarefied with altitude. Their wings lose lift and their jet engines stop working due to lack of oxygen. Therefore, a spacecraft needs rocket engines that can operate in space where there is no air. To travel in space, a spacecraft needs to reach the minimum speed required to overcome gravity, which is 28,500 km/h!

The first rockets - a weapon for fireworks - were found in China. Centuries have passed. Thanks to the rocket, man conquered space. The first real rocket was designed in America in 1926, it flew up to a height of 56 meters. During the war, the Nazis fired rockets at the city. On April 12, 1961, the first cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin circled the globe in a spaceship in 1 hour and 30 minutes.

The first orbital space station "Salyut" began its work in 1971. On space stations, astronauts study how the human body reacts to a long stay of a person in space, and how plants and animals behave under conditions of very weak gravity. Scientists and engineers are developing new types of reusable spacecraft, conventionally called "space planes". They will take off and climb like airplanes with the help of engines, and then go into orbit by switching the engines to rocket mode. Space planes will also be able to carry out passenger flights, reducing the flight time from Europe to Australia from 20 to two hours.

Interesting to know that...

The astronaut leaves the spacecraft in outer space in special clothing - a spacesuit that protects from space cold, fast meteorites and solar radiation. Sometimes astronauts use a control chair that is propelled by thin streams of gas and allows them to maneuver freely in outer space.

"Check yourself"

Tell us how people explored space.

What is a spacesuit?

Mission "Rocket launch"

For the experiment, we need a bottle (made of glass), a cork from a wine bottle, colored paper, glue, 3 tablespoons of lemon juice, 1 teaspoon of soda, a piece of toilet paper. We cut out from colored paper and glue strips of paper on both sides of the wine cork so that the model of the rocket comes out. We try on the “rocket” on the bottle so that the cork enters the neck of the bottle without effort. Pour and mix lemon juice and water into a bottle. We wrap the soda in a piece of toilet paper so that it can be pushed into the neck of the bottle, and wrap it with thread. We lower the bag of soda into the bottle and close it with a rocket cork, but not very tightly.

We put the bottle on a flat surface and move to a safe distance. Our rocket takes off!

Task 8

Urban transport

In order to make it more convenient for people in a city or village to move around, there is a special transport - passenger. What types of transport do you know? Today I will tell you the story of the bus, tram and taxi.

Bus. Before the buses, people were transported by mail coaches, stagecoaches, fiacres. Wagons with horses appeared in the 17th century and drove 30 km per day. Stagecoaches were used to travel long distances. In double-decker stagecoaches, passengers who sat in the middle paid twice as much as those who sat on the roofs. Before the advent of buses, citizens were driven by omnibuses - double-decker horse-drawn carriages. In the 19th century, engines began to be installed on omnibuses, first steam, and then gasoline. Over time, double-decker buses were replaced by single-decker ones, which we now see on our streets.

Tram. It is believed that the ancestor of the modern tram was the Konka - the city horse road. Her trains consisted of a single carriage, which was pulled along the rails by horses. The first horse-drawn horses appeared in the 1830s in the United States, often instead of horses they used mules and zebras. There were many shortcomings in this type of transport: the horses could not move a large load, quickly got tired and required constant care. Even in the USA there were cable cars, more like funiculars.

The first electric motor tram was launched in Germany in 1881. Its maximum speed reached 20 km / h, and the length of the tram line was 2.5 km. Over time, the invention was improved, and the tram became a silent and convenient mode of transport.

Taxi. The word "taxi" comes from the French word "taxo", which means a vehicle that is used to transport passengers and cargo, and to pay for the fare. Renault began to produce the first cars for the taxi service. They differed from other cars in bright colors. In such cars, the driver was fenced off from passengers. The driver sat in the open front of the car, so he was dressed in waterproof clothes and a cap, and the passenger was in the closed part of the car and was protected from the weather.

Interesting to know that...

The length of the longest trolleybus route in the world is 86 kilometers, and it runs in the Crimea between Simferopol and Yalta.

"Check yourself"

What mode of transport did people use before the advent of the bus?

What was the ancestor of the modern tram?

What urban transport was invented first?

What did the first taxi look like?

Task "Guess the transport"

From anagrams, you need to add the types of transport: asvutob, mtraiva, troy, buslleytro, satik, fuernicul, tiask.

Lesson 9

Underground is a real miracle

Have you been underground? In big cities, there is such a transport that moves underground - this is the subway. What is a subway?

Metropolitan- This is a city railway for the transport of passengers. The movement of trains in the metro is always regular, according to the schedule. The metro is very fast and carries a lot of people (from 60 thousand passengers per hour in one direction. A metro train consists of several cars that are larger than trams and smaller than railway cars. Metro trains are powered by electric current. The place where the metro train stops, called a station.Down to the station and up to the street, people are transported by special stairs - an escalator.An escalator is a movable walkway with steps to move people up or down.The steps move on rollers.

The metro was invented by the Englishman Charles Pearson, who presented his project to the Royal Commission of Roads. At that time there were no buses or cars. The construction of the Underground began in London over 150 years ago. The company that built the subway in the British capital was called the Metropolitan. Now you understand why the metro is called that. The subway opened in 1863. There were 7 stations on the line, the trip lasted 33 minutes. There were 4 cars in the train, they were pulled by a locomotive, filling the tunnel with smoke and steam.

After 10 years, the subway was already in America in New York, then it appeared in Budapest. After 2 years, the subway appeared near Paris, and later near Berlin.

Interesting to know that...

An unusual subway is located in Stockholm. Each line is designed in its own way. Some stations look like the fabulous grottoes of underground kings, while others show Greek sculptures. At one station, huge shoes are nailed to the ceiling.

The double escalator of the Arsenalnaya station is the deepest descent in Kyiv - 55.8 meters and 46.6 meters.

"Check yourself"

When was the subway invented?

What is an escalator?

Tell us about the unusual subway.

The task "Metro in our city"

Imagine that a subway is being built in your city or village. Think about what streets the metro would pass through and what names the stations would have.

Lesson 10

Rules for a young pedestrian

Your parents are always worried when you go to school or for a walk. Because there is a lot of traffic on the roads and streets. But transport can be not only useful, but also dangerous if you do not know the rules of the road. What rules do you know? But the rules are sometimes forgotten. Therefore, they must be repeated. Let's remember the rules together - it's much more interesting!

What traffic lights do you know? (Red, yellow, green).

What is an intersection? (The intersection of streets and roads on the same level).

Who regulates the movement of vehicles and pedestrians? (Adjuster).

When can you start crossing the street? (When the traffic light turns green, you need to make sure that all the cars have stopped, and then you can cross the street).

Where should pedestrians walk? (On the sidewalk).

What shape and color are prohibited signs? (White circle with red rim).

What is the phone number for the police? (102).

On which side of the street do we receive traffic? (From the right).

Where is the food point sign located? (Near canteen, cafe, restaurant).

What parts of the roads do you know? (roadway and pavement).

What part of the road is reserved for cars? (roadway).

What does a yellow traffic light mean? (Now there will be a signal change).

How does a traffic controller control traffic? (With the help of a wand).

Where is the bus waiting? (On a bus stop).

What is the number to call an ambulance? (By number 103).

At what age are children allowed to ride a bike on the road? (From the age of 14).

What shape and color are service marks? (Blue rectangle with a white square in the middle).

How many signals does a pedestrian traffic light have? (Two: green and red).

Where is the "Children" sign installed? (Near schools, kindergartens).

Which cars are equipped with siren signals? (ambulance, fire truck, police car).

Which intersection is called regulated? (Where is the traffic controller or traffic light).

Which traffic light signal allows traffic? (Green).

Interesting to know that...

In Australia, to prevent the death of koalas under the wheels of cars, they stretch artificial vines from ropes that connect eucalyptus trees on both sides of the road. Animals willingly use these bridges.

Quest "You are an inspector"

Come up with and draw your own traffic sign, maybe it will be “No entry into the puddle”, “Road for dogs” or something else.

For decades and even centuries, people have dreamed of flying carpets and walking boots, self-assembled tablecloths and good wizards who could build a palace in one night. Of course, these dreams were embodied in fairy tales that have become the property of many peoples of the world...
But in real life, people had to work to feed themselves and their loved ones. It took weeks and months to overcome the distances between cities, public buildings were built over the years, because there were too few of man’s own physical strength and the strength of the muscles of the animals tamed by him. In some ways, man managed to use the help of wind and water. But the unbridled nature of these elements made their help very limited ...
And so it went on for thousands of years, until man began to create machines capable of multiplying his own physical strength and remaining obedient to his will.

Public transport is something that is joy and torment for us at the same time)))))) Agree that the timely arrival of a tram or fixed-route taxi can significantly improve our mood, especially if the weather promises to be desired. But at the same time, in the morning hours, rare transport does without a crush, and we have to somehow adapt in order to get to the right place with comfort. As I now understand - it is a great happiness to live next to work !!! The realities of modern Krasnodar are such that sometimes it is easier to get from a neighboring village to the outskirts of the city than to get, for example, from Festivalny to Komsomolsky!

In different countries of the world, the issue of public transport was sometimes solved in a rather original way. And people got out of the situation as best they could, using those means of transportation that are quite profitable and convenient in a particular region.

I propose a small digest of interesting facts about transport , which always cause amazement and even admiration among my ninth-graders when studying the topic "Transport complex of Russia":

* After the opening of the first railway in Russia (between Moscow and St. Petersburg), the first three days of travel were free. Because no one wanted to ride this "terrible thing."

* The export name of the car Lada Kalina for Finland is Lada 119, since in translation from Finnish kalina means crackling, knocking, rumbling and rattling.

* In the Japanese city of Osaka, there is a Gate Tower building, through which an elevated highway passes. In 1983, the owners of the land below the building decided to redevelop the existing property, but faced a ban from the city authorities due to the approved road construction plan. However, the owners did not give up and after lengthy negotiations with the corporation laying the highway, they reached a compromise. The 16-story high-rise was built so that the road passed through it in the interval from the 4th to the 8th floor, and in the building itself there are only stairs and elevators on these floors. The highway at the intersection is surrounded by a special structure that protects the house from noise and vibration.

* An average passenger car contains about 1,000 wires with a total length of 2 kilometers and a weight of 40 kilograms.

* In Crimea, the oldest trolleybuses in the world run along the longest route in the world. The longest - 86 km - trolleybus route connects Simferopol with Yalta. The Crimean trolleybus has been carrying vacationers for 50 years, overcoming the Angarsk Pass (752m) and reaching the destination in 2.5 hours.

* When developing the car "Victory", it was planned that the name would be "Motherland". Upon learning of this, Stalin ironically asked: "Well, how much is our homeland now?" - after which the name was decided to be changed to "Victory".

* Bridges can be used for crossing not only land, but also water transport. Most often, the need for the construction of such a bridge arises during the construction of a water channel at a different height than the river or other channel it crosses. The longest water bridge in Europe is Magdeburg, its length is 918 meters, and it crosses the Elbe River. And the Barton Water Bridge near Manchester is designed in such a way that it can also turn 90 ° horizontally, passing heavy ships going along the Manchester Shipping Canal.

* A suspension railway has been operating in the German city of Wuppertal since 1901. The "hanging" train runs on a 13.5-kilometer section and carries about 82,000 passengers daily.

* Rickshaws have been used in Japan since the nineteenth century and are an integral part of Japanese culture.

* "Amfibus" or amphibious bus (Netherlands). This is a universal vehicle that can travel both on land and on water. The amphibious bus seats about fifty passengers and is a very popular tourist attraction in Rotterdam.
There is a similar mode of transport in Toronto (Canada):

This transport is both land and floating, and its shape resembles a hippo - hence the name of the bus. The mode of transport is quite convenient and capacious, it can accommodate forty passengers.

Most the usual division of transport into types looks like this:

But in our geography textbooks, land transport is supplemented by pipeline and electronic transport.

Of course, each mode of transport has its own Advantages and disadvantages! The main thing when choosing a transport is to know exactly why it is needed and where the transportation will be! Those. we can't do without geography!

It so happened that in two ninth grades homework on the topic "Transport" fell during the autumn holidays! And how not to take advantage of such a favorable situation ???
So, this is what, in addition to the paragraph and entries in the notebook, 9 "A" and 9 "D" were given:
1. Take a picture against the background of as many modes of transport as possible,
2. Combine photos into groups, trying not to duplicate the generally accepted distribution by type.

In addition to the geographical component, I also wanted to make the children leave the house during the holidays, and not sit near the PC! What could be better - a walk with parents or friends around the city, an interesting task, thoughts about the author's incarnation and award ...?))))

I invite you to take a look at some children's work with me...

1.

The work of Daniel K.

As I understand it, the child visited several parks in our city.

Of course, it was the road transport that was in the lead in terms of diversity!

It's a pity we don't have a subway in Krasnodar!!!

And here are the groups that Danila singled out:

2.

It was air transport (how to take pictures with it????) that caused the guys the most questions before the holidays ... But they did it!

The work could be both general and individual.

When I saw the elevator, at first I was surprised ... But what, and in fact it is a transport !!!

But for pipeline transport, an attempt to show it - in general, well done !!!

As we can see, there was a place for a smile...

3.

Another job that made me walk around the city.

Despite the fact that the great Leonardo da Vinci designed the first aircraft back in 1483, people were able to take to the skies only three centuries later. And it all started with wind-blown balloons.

First experience in aeronautics

The Montgolfier brothers, together with the pilot Jean-Francos, opened a new era in the conquest of the elements of air. Their balloon prototype was not much different from modern models: flight was possible due to the temperature difference between the warm gas in the spherical sphere and the cold air outside. A successful experience was recorded in 1783.

Subsequently, repeated attempts were made to install the engine in the nacelle of the balloon, so as not to depend solely on the wind. But only in 1901, the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont managed to fly a cigar-shaped device over the outskirts of Paris with the help of a gasoline engine. The flight distance at that time was only 11 km.

And in 1914, the German Hans Berliner was able to fly from Berlin to the Urals. Gradually, the idea of ​​balloons was replaced by bulky airships capable of carrying many people on board. Huge ships were able to cross the oceans and even fly around the Earth. In particular, as did the airship Graf Zeppelin in 1929. In the future, these aircraft found their application in military aviation.

Parachute prototype development

Personal security equipment in the air has its own characteristics. The task of making the descent smoother is successfully handled by the fabric dome, which was invented almost at the same time as the balloon - in 1783. So, Louis Sebastian Lenormand used ordinary beach umbrellas to demonstrate the possibilities of the dome design. True, he only jumped from a tall tree.

Already in 1802, another Frenchman Andre-Jacques Garnerin conquered a height of 2400 m. In the middle of the 20th century, the Parachuting Federation was created, which gave impetus to the development of popular entertainment.

The appearance of the first helicopter

Modern helicopters are equipped with two propellers with enough power to lift several people or a large group of people into the air. However, this was not always possible. In 1784, the Frenchmen J. Bienvenue and B. Lonoy were able to build a helicopter, and after more than half a century, the Englishman Kayley even managed to raise the device above the ground by a whole meter. At the beginning of the 20th century, the helicopter rose to a height of up to two hundred meters, but was still uncontrollable and tied to the ground with cables. And only at the end of the 30s it turned out to make a vertical flight with the help of blades.

Distinguished Russian-American aircraft designer Igor Sikorsky, who was previously engaged in aircraft construction. Sikorsky built two helicopters in the Russian Empire - in 1908 and 1909. The helicopter took to the air, but was not strong enough to lift the pilot.

Airframe aerodynamics

Free planning on the waves of air currents became a reality after the development of the German Otto Lilienthal, who lived in the second half of the 19th century. However, the "glider" he invented led to the death of his creator. Read about inventions that killed their developers on our website. It wasn't until 1896 that American inventors modified the tail section of the craft and built an easily controlled glider. And starting from the 30s of the XX century, these individual gliders were introduced into mass production.

At first they were used in the war, when it was necessary to break through to their own through an ambush. Modern technologies have made it possible to significantly improve the aerodynamic component of gliders, thanks to which their use has become a separate type of tourist sport.

When the kite became an airplane

It was these "naive" aircraft that the Wright brothers first hunted. But as history has shown, this hobby was a harbinger of the invention of real aircraft. In 1903, the internal combustion engine in the engine of the Flyer airplane reached a flight speed of 3 m/s. A few more decades and this accomplishment will be surpassed many times, and the aircraft will become the number 1 air transport. In this case, the aircraft will lose its propeller and become jet. Since it is jet thrust that allows you to reach speeds of over 700 km / h. The first such engine was the legendary Junkers, produced by German developers from BMW in 1938.

Somewhat later, all the advanced countries of the world will use the technology. At the moment, the development of technological progress has led to the fact that in 2004, NASA has designed so far an unmanned vehicle capable of reaching a speed of 3 km / s. Thus, the appearance of passenger rocket planes can soon be expected.

The heaviest aircraft in the world

If we talk about modern aircraft construction in Russia, then it is necessary to start from the distant 1910, when the Rossiya-A biplane was first produced, designed on the basis of a French design. A few years later, the name of Jan Nagursky will become loud: it is he who should be considered the founder of the most complex Arctic aviation.

• In which city the functions of the metro are performed by ordinary trams, in which the door is only on one side?

In the 1970s, due to the difficult transport situation in Volgograd, there was a need for a metro, but Volgograd was not then a “millionaire” city, and it was not supposed to have a metro. They found a way out of the situation by tearing out three underground stations under the busiest intersections and launching the so-called “light rail” through them, which traveled both through tunnels and along ordinary streets. An additional complication was that it was not possible to find trams with doors on both sides of the car. Therefore, to ensure the arrival of the tram on the platform, always on the right side of the tunnels under the ground, twisted ones were built. A similar light rail system has also been built in the Ukrainian city of Krivoy Rog.

• When and where did the tram run on rails laid at the bottom of the sea?

In 1896, between the English cities of Brighton and Rottingdean, an unusual vehicle called Daddy Long Legs began to run - a cross between a tram and a ferry. Laying the railway overland on this route required a lot of engineering structures, and engineer Magnus Volk proposed laying the rails directly on the seabed - the total length of the track was 4.5 km. The platform with passengers rose above the rails on four supports 7 meters long and had a flag, a lifeboat and other maritime attributes, as it was formally considered a ship. The service was canceled in 1901 when it was decided to build new breakwaters near Brighton, and the transfer of the track was considered too costly.

• Why in Budapest the numbering of trolleybuses starts from the 70th number?

Trolleybuses appeared in Budapest in 1949. The first trolleybus was immediately given the number 70, since this year was the 70th anniversary of Stalin. And now there are no trolleybuses up to number 70 in Budapest.

• Why in the Moscow metro, in some cases, stations are announced by a male voice, and in another - by a female?

If you travel towards the city center in the Moscow metro, the stations will be announced in a male voice, and when moving from the center - in a female voice. On the circle line, a male voice can be heard when moving clockwise, and a female voice can be heard counterclockwise. This was done for the convenience of orienting blind passengers.

• The owner of which company died after losing control of his products?

On September 27, 2010, the owner of a Segway company died while riding a Segway. 62-year-old Jimi Haselden toured his estate on this scooter, but lost control and fell off a cliff into a river.

• What is the length of the longest trolleybus route in the world and where does it pass?

The length of the longest trolleybus route in the world is 86 kilometers, and it runs in the Crimea between Simferopol and Yalta.

• What mainly led to the transition to a time zone system in the 19th century?

Until the 19th century, there was no division into time zones, everywhere the time was determined by the Sun. There was no need for time zones, as there was no high-speed transport. Unification was driven by the development of railways in England, because due to time differences in each city, it was very difficult to draw up a normal timetable. It was the railway companies who ensured that there was one GMT time zone throughout the country. And then gradually the system of time zones began to spread around the world.

• Where does bus number 0 go?

Until 2002, there was a rule in Moscow - for the duration of the repair of trolleybus or tram lines, a bus with number 0 was allowed to run along this route. In 1995, repairs were started on the line on Prospekt Mira, but then it was closed forever. But the temporary bus number 0 still runs along the route Rizhsky railway station - Belorusskaya metro station.

• What invention do the British consider to be the greatest in history??

In 2005, in the UK, a public opinion poll on the greatest technical invention since 1800 named the bicycle as the winner. Not only did it outperform inventions like the internet and the internal combustion engine, it also won more votes than all other inventions combined.

• Where American transport planes are worshipped?

After the Second World War, the cargo cult spread to the Pacific Islands. Aboriginal people build replicas of runways, airports and radio towers out of wood and straw. The cult members believe that these buildings will attract transport planes (which are believed to be spirit messengers) filled with cargo (cargo).

• When restaurant porters wrote students' addresses in chalk on their backs?

On Tatyana's Day, the porters of the Strelna and Yar restaurants wrote the address of the students with chalk on their backs. When a student got drunk to the point of insensibility, the driver knew where to take him.