Since ancient times, and to this day, the navy is the backbone of almost any country that has access to the sea. Someone has powerful ultra-modern ships, someone calls a few old boats a fleet. But the essence is the same for everyone, these ships guard the expanses of water.

The warship has come a long way from biremes and galleys to modern nuclear submarine missile carriers and aircraft carriers. But the sailors, like no one else, observe traditions, especially in the names and classification of ships.

Warships before the 20th century

In ancient times, the bulk of ships adapted for coastal navigation were divided according to the number of rows of oars. The presence of a large number of rowers, who required a large amount of food, did not contribute to the development of long-distance navigation.

With the advent of the sail, the development of the fleet and the enlargement of ships began. Along with the development of navigational instruments and technologies, the fleet developed, which by the 15th century made it possible to make the first major voyages across the oceans.

The wealth of the New World spurred European shipbuilders, and already in the 16th century, the design of warships began to develop and become more complicated. A little later, the fleet will begin to be divided into classes and ranks. At that time, either the number of guns or the ship's sailing armament was considered the main criterion.

Ships, depending on the number of guns, fell into the 1st rank (about 100 guns and more), 2nd rank (about 90 guns), 3rd rank (about 75) and so on, up to rank 6.

The second classification divided the ships depending on the presence or absence of certain sails. There were three-masted and two-masted sailboats, as well as single-masted varieties of very small ships, which were used, as a rule, to transport mail.

The names of the ships could be any related to personal names, religious or geographical component. There were cases when, for special merits, the name of the ship was left in the fleet, although the ship itself might not exist. In the Russian fleet, the most striking example was the brig "Mercury" and several ships "Memory of Mercury".

With the advent of mechanisms and the transition from sail to car, many names of ship types took root and remain to this day. The main difference of any ship was the size, displacement or tonnage. The history of steamships, although not as many centuries old as the sail, brightly inscribed pages in the naval chronicle.

The development of technology has brought to naught entire groups, once formidable ships, and transferred classes to other ranks. So, for example, the 20th century showed the weakness of battleships in front of aircraft carrier groups. The Second World War generally made major changes to the picture of warships in the world. And if 300 years ago the frigate was a large ship, now it has descended to the stage of patrol ships.

According to international maritime law, each ship falls into its own specific class. These rules, in order to avoid confusion, were used by Soviet sailors, as well as their successors, the ships of the Russian Navy.

Ships are divided by tonnage, or displacement, as well as by the type of weapons on board, that is, one can say that the old system has entered the new realities of modern ships.

According to these documents, the largest ships are included in the strike group, and these are:

• aircraft carriers, depending on the tonnage, can be large, medium and small, respectively, the strength of naval aviation on them also differs;
• cruisers, also differing in displacement, having more versatile tasks, from guarding convoys and aircraft carriers to intercepting enemy ships and shelling the coastline;
• submarines, often larger and more heavily armed than surface ships, are divided according to their size and the type of power plant they use;
• destroyers carrying out reconnaissance and guarding a group of ships carrying the main armament in the form of mines and torpedoes;
• torpedo boats, large of which are designed to attack large ships in squadrons, while small ones operate in the coastal zone;
• patrol ships designed for combat protection of convoys and the water area of ​​a port or other object.

There is also a finer division of these classes of ships, but in each country they have their own characteristics and characteristics.

The second large subclass includes auxiliary vessels. They can be divided into several groups:

• floating bases necessary for replenishment with everything necessary, depending on the specialization of the base for each class of ships;
• supply ships, unlike bases, are more mobile and fast, although the goals and tasks for them are the same as above;
• repair facilities, floating workshops necessary for the repair of ships on the high seas;
• rescue ships designed to help both submarines and surface ships in case of emergency;
• research ships testing new technical systems;
• training ships that serve to obtain and master the skills of being at sea;
• special ships that test weapons systems and complexes for spacecraft.

The crews of support ships solve many tasks to maintain the combat capability of the main fleet. In the Navy of the USSR, there was also a system of differences between ships by name. So, in the Northern Fleet for a long time there was a unit of Soviet guards, known as the “Bad Weather Division”.

The first in the series was the ship "Hurricane", and in honor of it, subsequent ships of the same class, displacement and armament received "rainy" names. For example, the waves of the Barents Sea plowed at different times "Storm", "Metel", "Purga" and other ships with similar names.

On the ships themselves, for many years there has been a division into warheads, or warheads, each of which designates a part of the ship and its purpose.

Warships of the fleets of different countries

The ship classification system adopted by the international community has proven to be inappropriate for some fleets. So, the Japanese ship division system can cause at least a lot of questions from an ignorant person. Japan, having a serious fleet, one of the best in Asia, meanwhile went a long way to modernize the ships under construction.

As a result, the same class of warships can differ significantly in their characteristics depending on the year of manufacture. Thus, the same destroyers in service can meet all modern requirements if they were built recently, or they can match frigates or corvettes of other fleets.

Helicopter carriers are considered the main force of the Japanese fleet.

Despite their name, they are essentially light aircraft carriers equipped with state-of-the-art electronics. This class includes two types of ships, "Hyuuga", represented by a pair of ships, and "Shirane", also a pair of ships. Interestingly, the last two ships were introduced into the fleet back in the 1980s.

The second category consists of URO destroyers (guided missile weapons). There are also ships of various types. The most modern, such as "Atago", represented by two ships. The Kongo class consists of four ships built in the 1990s. Hatakase type, created in the second half of the 1980s, with a couple of ships now used as training ships.

Another category, the third, again destroyers, but more similar to the brothers of the other fleets. This includes many types, broken down depending on the time of construction. The fourth category, submarines, is represented by 17 diesel submarines. The fifth includes landing and auxiliary ships, as well as icebreakers.

Its classification in the US Navy. Vessels are divided according to their purpose. To distinguish them, an alphabetic encryption system was introduced. So, for example, the letters "BB" mean BigBattleship, corresponding to the class of battleships in other fleets.

It is interesting that sometimes the ship changes its class, but the letters are left by the decision of the naval command.

This happened several times after a major reform of the fleet throughout the twentieth century. Common to all ships are the letters "USS", which means "ship of the United States" in translation.

Aircraft carriers are among the largest types of ships, usually denoted by variations with the letters "CV". They differ in size and type of aircraft, airplanes or helicopters, but are grouped into one class.

The rest of the surface ships have the original letter designation, such as "C" - cruisers, "D" - destroyers, "F" - frigate. In different years, both watchdogs and monitors were found under codes, but over time they were removed from their composition by the US Navy.

The submarine fleet wears the obligatory letter "S", which also has many additional meanings depending on the type of weapon or power plant. The letter "P" means boats, also differing in size and types of weapons located on them.

There are quite a lot of ciphers used during the Vietnam War, and then simply canceled.

You can also put American Coast Guard warships, formally a separate unit, here. The letter "L" means that the vessel belongs to the landing fleet. It differs in huge landing ships, transporting soldiers from one continent to another, and landing craft, landing infantry and equipment directly on land. The latter have the trait of amphibians.

Much attention was paid to the development of these boats during the Second World War, when the Marines landed and fought on the Pacific Islands and in the famous landing zone in Normandy. The letter "A" denoted all auxiliary vessels.

Despite the former glory of the mistress of the seas, the British fleet has lost all its former power. However, the authority of the English sailors is still on top. The classification of the ships of the British Navy is quite difficult to carry out.

Of course, among them are the same aircraft carriers, destroyers, corvettes and boats, but they differ in pennant number.

Each flotilla had its own special pennant, and the ship in this flotilla was assigned a number, and then a letter indicating the class of the ship. It is interesting that in numerology there is no number "13" at all, which is considered unlucky among sailors.

The system of classification by numbers and pennants continues to exist, with minor changes since the First World War.

The history of the navy goes back hundreds of years. Since sailors are extremely superstitious people, they keep traditions, including those associated with their “native home” - a ship, in the names of ships, and in their classification, you can find many old terms and designations that do not make the fleet less effective.

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Types of warships

The navy is a powerful defense of the state, which has direct access to the seas, oceans and large rivers. There are more than 60 types of surface vessels used in the navy. But I want to tell you about the most significant ones. So, depending on the task performed, the ships are divided into the following types:
1. Cruisers. The ships are equipped with guided missile launchers. The cruiser can hit both surface, air and underwater targets, as well as shelling the coastal zone.

2. Landing ships It is customary to divide into large (BDK) and universal (UDK). These types of warships are responsible for transporting and landing troops and military equipment. The BDK is designed with a ramp in front to allow troops to disembark more quickly onto land. The UDC has great combat power and is comparable in potential to an average aircraft carrier.

3. Aircraft carriers- the largest ships of all that have been built to date. Several dozen aircraft can fit on board. These types of warships are equipped with a rig with fuel and weapons. Therefore, the army can operate for a long time far from the coast. The aircraft carrier provides defense, support for troops near the coast, and destroys enemy ships. Aircraft carriers are equipped with missiles and cannons. Despite their large size, these ships are very mobile.

4. Corvettes according to the class of weapons, they are also divided into two types: small anti-submarine and small missile ships. Their main purpose is to defend a convoy of ships against enemy ships or protect the coast.

5. Destroyers- one of the most versatile warships. They can deliver a powerful artillery strike. As well as missile and torpedo in the enemy fleet, they protect water bodies and the coastal zone from air attack. They are excellent at scouting.

6. Frigates– multi-purpose types of warships. This ship is capable of fighting far from the coast. Frigates support ground forces on the shore, provide landings, strike ships, provide ship defense, and perform reconnaissance functions.

If you want to learn more about each of the types of warships or just patch up your knowledge of maritime transport, you can go to.

Submarines are the strength of the Navy

This type of ships is much more effective in battles than surface ships. Of the advantage in the invisibility of maneuvers and sudden attacks on surface ships. Submarines also do an excellent job with radar reconnaissance, and also fire missiles at enemy ships. Submarines are divided into classes:
1. Large. Their maximum speed is 25 knots, they are equipped with nuclear installations.
2. Medium. Gaining speed of 15-20 knots.
3. Small with a speed of 10-15 knots.

Submarines are armed with mines, missiles and torpedoes. There are special-purpose submarines designed to transport cargo or radar patrols.

Types of Russian warships

I talked about the most common courts. They are of strategic importance, and they have no equal in combat operations on the water. Now let's see what types of warships Russia from the above are represented in the fleet.

The aircraft carrier was left alone - "Admiral Kuznetsov". There was another ship of this type, but it was sold to China. Interestingly, the cost of building one aircraft carrier can reach 6 billion dollars, and maintenance per month exceeds 10 million. The largest cruiser in the world that does not carry aircraft on board is "Peter the Great". The main purpose of the vessel is the destruction of aircraft carrier objects by the enemy. "Peter the Great" can perform tasks anywhere in the world on the water.

Things are better with UDC. There is a Mistral project, according to which a French company is building 2 UDCs for the Russian fleet - Vladivostok and Simferopol. On board these ships, Ka-52 Alligator helicopters will presumably be placed. Above, we talked about corvettes, and so, there are 4 of them in the Russian fleet. In addition, 4 more ships are under construction. Already existing corvettes are part of the Baltic Fleet.

Particular attention is paid to the modernization of submarines. On the basis of the Russian Navy there are 48 nuclear and 20 diesel submarines with different purposes and equipment. In addition, after 2030, it is planned to create fifth-generation submarines with appropriate weapons based on cruise missiles of the Caliber type and ballistic missiles of the Bulava type. The state cannot fit all types of warships in its fleet, but if you invest in the development of defense, you can reach the ideal.

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TYPES OF OLD WARSHIPS:

Galley - propelled warship, out of use since the twentieth century

Galley "Dvina", 1721

The frigate is the most common class of sailing warship. This is a three-masted sailing ship, second in strength after the sailing ship of the line.

Frigate "Shlisselburg", 1704

Corvette is a military sailing ship, mainly intended for reconnaissance. In the second half of the 19th century. out of use.

Corvette "Vityaz", 1883

Fireship - predominantly a sailing ship of any type, stuffed with explosives and flammable substances, designed to make contact with an enemy ship and set it on fire and explode.

Brander Ilyina

Ship of the line (sailing) - a sailing three-masted wooden ship with gun ports in the sides on decks 2-4. In the 19th century out of use.

Battleship "St. Paul", 1794

NEW TYPES OF WARSHIPS:

The battleship is a heavy artillery ship designed to destroy ships of all types and establish dominance at sea.

Battleship "Prince Potemkin Tauride", 1903

A squadron battleship is a heavy artillery ship adapted to conduct artillery combat as part of squadrons.

Squadron battleship "Alexander II", 1886

Battleship - in the twentieth century, a new class of artillery ships appeared designed for combat in the form of a duel, as well as allowing you to focus the fire of a number of ships on the enemy.

Battleship Kostenko

Battleship "Empress Maria", 1913.

A battlecruiser is a ship that is comparable in firepower to a battleship, but due to the weakened armor, it is faster.

Battlecruiser "Kronstadt"

MODERN TYPES OF WARSHIPS:

Cruiser - A ship that operates independently of the rest of the fleet. One of the most popular warships
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Armored cruiser "Russia", 1895

Anti-submarine ship - a ship designed to destroy submarines. With the help of radar, he tracks down the submarine, then the helicopters on board take off and destroy the submarine with missiles. There are also torpedoes on board the ship.

"Admiral Vinogradov", 1987

Destroyer - a destroyer, characterized by small (compared to cruisers and battleships) size and cost. The main weapons of the destroyer are torpedoes.

Destroyer "Kashin"

An aircraft carrier is a warship that carries aircraft. The deck of the ship provides the possibility of takeoff and landing for aircraft. The aircraft carrier is equipped with a radio station, which allows you to maintain contact with the aircraft taking off.

Aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov"

Arsenal ship - a ship that is a mobile missile system.

Landing ship - a warship designed to transport and land amphibious assault.

Landing ship "Caesar Kunikov"

A submarine is a vessel that can navigate underwater. It sinks and rises thanks to reservoirs. Mainly used as a weapon to hit targets. Modern submarines operate on a nuclear reactor and are equipped with nuclear weapons.

Submarine "Nerpa"

They are on par with the US Navy. And this is not surprising. Well, we should briefly talk about the Navy, and separately touch upon such an interesting topic as the classification of ships.

Definition

The modern one is the successor to the navy of the USSR and the Russian Empire. These troops protect the sovereignty of the country, which extends beyond its land territory, and also create and maintain conditions for ensuring calm maritime activities in the oceans. Also, the Russian fleet participates in military, humanitarian and other actions that meet the interests of our country. And, in addition to the above, the Navy provides the naval presence of the Russian state in the oceans.

There are many tasks. All of them are diverse and have their own characteristics. And it is not surprising that our fleet includes a variety of equipment and ships. Therefore, there is a classification divided into classes (depending on what their purpose is). And they, in turn, are subclassed. It all depends on specialization, type of power plant and displacement.

It is also important to know that all ships are also divided into ranks. The distribution among them depends on the tactical and technical elements and the immediate purpose. And to begin with, I would like to say that four ranks have been established in Russia, and the first is considered the highest.

General characteristics of the first rank

This class includes nuclear submarines, as well as large surface ships. That is, aircraft carriers, anti-submarine, missile, heavy and light cruisers, as well as battleships. All ships of the first rank have precedence over the rest in matters relating to supply and manning. And, of course, in terms of ceremonial procedures.

The commander of a ship of the first rank is obliged to be responsible for the mobilization and combat readiness of his regiment. Another thing is to monitor the successful completion of combat missions and the training, education, and discipline of personnel. He is also responsible for the internal order, as well as for the safety of weapons and related equipment. And, of course, he is obliged to control the material, financial, medical, and other maintenance of the regiment.

Vessels belonging to the first rank

The classification is very detailed. Above all are aircraft carriers. These are large special-purpose surface ships, the main striking force of which is carrier-based aviation. They provide air cover, amphibious landings, and also carry out air strikes against enemy ships. Plus, they are used to transport goods and people. The main weapons are helicopters and aircraft based on the deck. They are also equipped with all the necessary means to ensure the functioning and basing of aircraft.

Cruisers are next - combat surface ships that perform tasks regardless of the main forces of the Navy. They use artillery, rocket, mine-torpedo, anti-submarine weapons and air defense. Cruisers can destroy enemy ships, hold defenses, and support coastal flanks of ground forces.

The first rank also includes the main armament of which is an air defense system and an attack missile system. This classification of ships also includes submarine warships. They destroy enemy ships, carry out reconnaissance, covertly lay minefields. Their weapons are mine-torpedo and missile. Rank 1 also includes anti-submarine and landing ships.

Subclasses: cruisers

Since the first rank is the most serious, it is imperative to pay attention to the subclasses of ships. First on the list are heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers. Their displacement is more than 25,000 tons! They work on a steam turbine power plant. It is this classification of ships of the Russian Navy that demonstrates the power of our state in the international arena.

Heavy nuclear missile cruisers follow. Their characteristics are close to those of the aforementioned vessels. They only work at a nuclear power plant. Two helicopters and an attack guided missile system, which is capable of destroying large surface ships, are permanently based on these ships.

Also, the classification of ships of the Russian Navy includes missile cruisers. They operate in remote areas of the oceans and seas, and their purpose is to destroy large enemy surface ships, thereby providing anti-aircraft defense and air defense for their own ships. Even the first rank includes nuclear submarines, which are capable of hitting large coastal targets at a distance of up to 8250 kilometers from a position under water at a depth of 400-600 meters.

Boats and ships of the first rank

When discussing such a topic as the classification of ships of the Navy of the 1st rank, one cannot fail to mention a large nuclear submarine. She deserves attention. There is only one name from the boat here: it is a large, 2-hull warship. Its displacement is ~6000-10000 tons. The ship is equipped with torpedo tubes, a nuclear installation, cruise missiles - everything, due to which it is possible to destroy aircraft carrier strike groups and submarines.

Also, the classification of ships by size includes a large anti-submarine and universal landing ships. Displacement - 6500-9000 and<11500 тонн соответственно. Первые из перечисленных обеспечивают слежение и уничтожение атомных подводных лодок, а вторые - перевозку техники и войск.

2 rank

The vessel of the second rank is a three-deck ship. It has a guis, which rises on the bow flagpole when moored. The purpose of the ships of the second rank is to carry out military and defensive operations in the far sea zone. Moreover, both independently and as part of compounds.

The classification of ships of the 2nd rank begins with a patrol ship. Its main task is to protect. But, nevertheless, this is a combat multi-purpose ship. And he has weapons (artillery, mine, anti-submarine, missile and air defense). It is designed to protect both the ship itself and the escort. The classification of ships of the second rank also includes missile ships. They are designed to hit enemy surface equipment on closed seas, as well as in the near sea zone.

Another rank 2 includes special-purpose submarines (for destroying opponents) and landing ships (transporting military equipment and employees).

Ships of the third rank

They are also commonly called two-deck, linear, they do not have a guis, and their purpose is to carry out actions in the near sea zone. The classification of warships of the third rank begins with small missile ships. They are designed to hit any enemy naval equipment on closed seas. The main armament is an air defense system and an attack missile system.

There are also small artillery and anti-submarine ships. These are combat surface ships. Artillery provides fire support for amphibious assault, and anti-submarine search, track down and destroy enemy submarines.

Also, the classification of warships includes the so-called minesweepers. These are special purpose surface vessels. Their task is to search, detect and trawl bottom and sea anchor mines. Minesweepers also guide ships and other vessels through mines.

Small landing craft also belong to the third rank. These are surface ships that transport personnel and military equipment.

Ships of the fourth rank

These include two-deck line ships, the number of guns of which ranges from 44 to 60 units. If we touch on such a topic as the classification of warships by size, then it should be noted that rank 4 is the smallest ships. They do not have a guis, and their displacement is only 100-500 tons. Compare at least with aircraft carriers, in which this figure is 25,000 tons!

And ships of the fourth rank operate in the coastal sea zone, as well as in raids.

The classification of warships by size ends with combat and landing craft. These are small surface ships. Vessels of the first type listed are designed to strike at enemy naval equipment. And landing craft unload troops and equipment ashore. Even among the ships of the 4th rank there are minesweepers operating in the roads, in the coastal zone and in the waters of the naval base.

Based on all of the above, everyone, even a person who is not even privy to the details, will conclude that the Russian navy is not without reason considered one of the most powerful in the whole world. And this fact cannot but rejoice.

Bombardier ship

Sailing 2-, 3-masted ship of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. with increased hull strength, armed with smoothbore guns. They first appeared in France in 1681, in Russia - during the construction of the Azov Fleet. Bombardier ships were armed with 2-18 large-caliber guns (mortars or unicorns) to fight against coastal fortifications and 8-12 small-caliber guns. They were part of the military fleets of all countries. In the Russian fleet existed until 1828

Brig

Military 2-masted ship with direct sailing, designed for cruising, reconnaissance and messenger services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns, crew up to 120 people. Possessed good seaworthiness and maneuverability. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. brigs were part of all the fleets of the world

Brigantine

2-masted sailing ship of the 17th - 19th centuries with a straight sail on the front mast (fore) and oblique on the back (mainsail). Used in the navies of Europe for reconnaissance and messenger services. On the upper deck, 6- 8 small caliber guns

Galion

A sailing ship of the 15th - 17th centuries, the forerunner of a sailing ship of the line. It had fore and main masts with straight sails and mizzen with slanting ones. Displacement about 1550 tons. Military galleons had up to 100 guns and up to 500 soldiers on board

Caravel

A high-sided single-deck 3-, 4-masted ship with high superstructures at the bow and stern, with a displacement of 200-400 tons. It had good seaworthiness and was widely used by Italian, Spanish and Portuguese navigators in the 13th - 17th centuries. Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama made their famous voyages on caravels

Karakka

Sailing 3-masted ship XIV - XVII centuries. displacement up to 2 thousand tons. Armament 30-40 guns. Could accommodate up to 1200 people. Cannon ports were used for the first time on karakka and guns were placed in closed batteries

Clipper

3-masted sailing (or sailing-steam with a propeller) ship of the 19th century, used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. Displacement up to 1500 tons, speed up to 15 knots (28 km/h), armament up to 24 guns, crew up to 200 people

Corvette

A ship of the sailing fleet of the 18th - mid-19th centuries, intended for reconnaissance, messenger service, and sometimes for cruising. In the first half of the XVIII century. 2-masted, and then 3-masted ship with direct sailing, 400-600 tons displacement, open (20-32 guns) or closed (14-24 guns) batteries

Battleship

A large, usually 3-deck (3 artillery decks), 3-masted ship with direct sailing weapons, designed for artillery combat with the same ships in the wake formation (battle line). Displacement up to 5 thousand tons. Armament: 80-130 smoothbore guns along the sides. Battleships were widely used in wars in the second half of the 17th - first half of the 19th century. The introduction of steam engines and propellers, rifled artillery and armor led in the 60s. 19th century to the complete replacement of sailing battleships with battleships

flutes

Sailing 3-masted ship of the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries, used in the navy as a transport. Armed with 4-6 guns. It had sides that were littered inward above the waterline. The rudder was used for the first time on the flute. In Russia, flutes were part of the Baltic Fleet from the 17th century.

Frigate sailing

A 3-masted ship, second in terms of armament (up to 60 guns) and displacement after a battleship, but surpassing it in speed. It was intended mainly for operations on sea lanes.

Sloop

Three-masted ship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. with straight sails on the forward masts and a slanting sail on the stern mast. Displacement 300-900 tons, artillery armament 16-32 guns. It was used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as a transport and expeditionary vessel. In Russia, the sloop was often used for circumnavigation (O.E. Kotzebue, F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, etc.)

Shnyava

A small sailing ship, common in the XVII - XVIII centuries. in the Scandinavian countries and in Russia. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. They were armed with 12-18 small-caliber guns and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service as part of the skerry fleet of Peter I. The length of the shnyava is 25-30 m, the width is 6-8 m, the displacement is about 150 tons, the crew is up to 80 people.

Schooner

Sea sailing vessel with a displacement of 100-800 tons, having 2 or more masts, is armed mainly with slanting sails. Schooners were used in sailing fleets as messenger ships. The schooners of the Russian fleet were armed with up to 16 guns.