Anti-Hitler coalition: formation and activity during the Second World War.

1. Introduction……………………………………………2-4 p.

2. Anti-Hitler coalition.

Motives of creation and ways of formation.

2.1. Soviet diplomacy at the beginning of the war……………………………..………………………….4-6 pp.

2.2. Formation of the anti-Hitler coalition………………………………………………………………. ...7-9 pages

3. Economic assistance of the allies of the USSR……………………………………………………..10-12 pp.

4. Activities of the anti-Hitler coalition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12-16 4. 4. 4. page

5. Conclusion…………………………………… 15-17 p.

6. Literature………………………………………..18 p.

1. Introduction

In 1937, the capitalist world was engulfed in a new economic crisis, which aggravated all the contradictions of capitalism.

The main force of imperialist reaction was the aggressive military side of Germany, Italy and Japan, which launched active preparations for war. The goal of these states was a new redistribution of the world.

To stop the impending war, the Soviet Union proposed the creation of a collective security system. However, the initiative of the USSR was not supported. The governments of Britain, France and the USA, contrary to the fundamental interests of the peoples, made a deal with the aggressors. The behavior of the leading capitalist powers predetermined the further tragic course of events. In 1938 Austria became a victim of fascist aggression.

In March 1939, the whole of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany. The USSR was the only state that did not recognize this capture. When the threat of occupation loomed over Czechoslovakia, the Soviet government declared its readiness to provide her with military support if she asked for help. However, the bourgeois government of Czechoslovakia, betraying national interests, refused the offered assistance.

In the autumn of 1939, under pressure from Hitler, the new Czech government granted autonomy to Slovakia. Part of Slovakia occupied Hungary. Poland, taking advantage of the situation, occupied the Teszyn border region.

In the spring of 1939, it was obvious which country would be Hitler's next victim. The German press launched a fierce anti-Polish campaign, demanding the return of Danzig and the Polish corridor to Germany.

In April 1939, Italian troops occupied Albania, creating a springboard for aggression against Greece and Yugoslavia. Hitler defiantly tore up the Anglo-German Naval Treaty and denounced the non-aggression pact between Germany and Poland. W. Churchill wrote about this: "Poland was informed that now it is included in the zone of potential aggression."

The failure of the Munich strategy and the buildup of German aggression forced the West to seek contacts with the USSR. Britain and France proposed to the Soviet government that negotiations be held on the collective opposition to German aggression. On April 16, Litvinov received the British ambassador in Moscow and spoke in favor of signing a trilateral Anglo-French-Soviet treaty of mutual assistance, to which Poland could also join. The parties to the treaty were to provide guarantees to all the countries of Eastern and Central Europe that were threatened by German aggression.

France expressed her readiness to conclude an agreement between the three Powers on the immediate assistance of any of them that would be at war with Germany as a result of actions taken to prevent any violent change in the situation that exists in Central or Eastern Europe. But the foreign policy of Paris was almost completely dependent on London. Meanwhile, England hesitated to respond.

The British responded to the Soviet note only on 8 May. By this time, fundamental changes had taken place in the Soviet foreign policy department.

“In a word,” G.K. Zhukov wrote, “if we talk about Europe, Hitler’s pressure and the passivity of England and France dominated there. Numerous measures and proposals of the USSR, aimed at creating an effective system of collective security, did not find support among the leaders of the capitalist states. However, it was natural. All the complexity, inconsistency and tragedy of the situation was generated by the desire of the ruling circles of England and France to push Germany and the USSR against their foreheads.

2. Anti-Hitler coalition. Motives of creation and ways of formation.

Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union was not a surprise to the US and British governments. The leaders of both countries did not doubt such a development of events and even repeatedly tried to warn Stalin. On June 15, 1941, Prime Minister W. Churchill wrote to the American President: “... If this new war breaks out, we, of course, will provide the Russians with every possible encouragement and assistance, based on the principle that the enemy we need to defeat is it's Hitler." In a verbal response through the ambassador, Roosevelt assured that he would immediately support his public appearance.

In the conditions of the outbreak of war, extremely important tasks fell on Soviet foreign policy. The main specific task of Soviet diplomacy was to unite all the forces opposing the bloc of fascist aggressors: to create a coalition of the USSR, Great Britain, the USA and other countries ready to cooperate in the war.

First of all, Soviet diplomacy had to take care to establish allied relations with countries that were already at war with Germany and Italy. First of all, it was about cooperation in the war with England. The USSR was interested in concluding a lasting alliance with England in the war, in intensifying military operations against Germany, especially in opening a second front in Western Europe. Close cooperation has been established between the United States and Britain. The Soviet Union also sought to establish possible cooperation with the United States. The process of folding the anti-Hitler coalition was not a simple and one-time act. The Soviet Union was also interested in military cooperation with the peoples of the countries occupied by the fascist aggressors.

After the attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union, she found herself in a state of war both in the East and in the West. In London, the prevailing opinion was that the Soviet Union might not be able to withstand the onslaught of the aggressors, in connection with which the fate of Great Britain would also be sealed, and the question arose of whether actions in the West should be intensified to divert part of the German troops from the eastern front.

I.V. Stalin, in his speech, noted: “In this war of liberation, we will not be alone. In this great war, we will have true allies in Europe and America… Our war for the freedom of our fatherland will merge with the struggle of the peoples of Europe and America for their independence…”

On July 8, JV Stalin, in a conversation with St. Cripps, again returned to the Soviet proposal to conclude an agreement. The head of the Soviet government said that he had in mind an agreement of two points:

1. England and the USSR undertake to provide each other with armed assistance in the war with Germany.

2. Both sides undertake not to conclude a separate peace.

The repeated proposal of the USSR, this time coming from the head of the Soviet government, had its effect. On July 10, Winston Churchill informed I.V. Stalin of the acceptance in principle of the Soviet proposal, but at the same time reduced the matter only to the publication of the declaration of the two governments.

As a result, on July 12, an Agreement on joint actions of the USSR and Great Britain in the war against Germany was signed in Moscow. The agreement read:

1. Both governments mutually undertake to provide each other with assistance and support of every kind in the present war against Hitlerite Germany.

Thus, the first military agreement was signed. A monthly English newspaper in Russian, The British Ally, began to appear in the USSR. Sometimes it also published anti-Soviet materials.

By the end of 1941, the "troika" of the main allies in the war against Germany took shape: the Soviet Union, England and the USA.

2.2. Formation of the anti-Hitler coalition.

Anti-Hitler coalition - military-political alliance led by the USSR against the "axis" countries (Germany, Italy, Japan) during the Second World War. The core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China. A significant role was played by the British dominions - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South America, India. After the defeat of France, the forces of the patriotic movement of General Charles de Gaulle "Free France" (from June 1942 - "Fighting France") entered the fight against Germany. On the side of the allies were the troops of Brazil. Other Latin American countries - members of the coalition - supported it mainly financially and politically.

Direct armed actions were conducted by 25 states. In April 1945, 50 states were at war with Germany and Japan. The status of "jointly warring parties" in the same year received Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland - the former allies of Germany, who declared war on her.

The unification of forces at the state level to resist the fascist aggressors accelerated starting from the summer of 1940. The US government, without departing from its position of neutrality, provided support for the warring England in various forms.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union, the process of forming a broad coalition of states and peoples received a new impetus. The announcement of the start of German aggression against the USSR was broadcast by the BBC at noon on June 22, 1941. At the same time, it was announced that British Prime Minister W. Churchill had spoken on the radio in the evening. In his speech, he stated: "Any person or state that goes with Hitler is our enemy ... Therefore, the danger that threatens Russia is the danger that threatens us and the United States."

What were the motives for the decisions announced in June 1941 in London and Washington?

The fact is that by this time Britain had suffered a serious defeat in Africa, Crete and Greece. In May, German aircraft subjected London to a new fierce bombardment. The possibility of landing the Wehrmacht on the British Isles also remained. The German aggressor threatened important areas of British colonial rule in the Middle East. Government circles in London were aware that victory over the Nazi Reich could not be achieved by England alone, without the participation of an ally in Europe. America, unlike Britain, was not under such direct threat from Germany. But the ruling circles of Washington considered the probable intensification of German operations in the Atlantic and economic expansion in the Western Hemisphere. Absolutely unacceptable for them is the prospect of establishing the world domination of the Nazi Reich. On May 24, 1941, the American ambassador in Moscow, L. Steingardt, expressed this idea in the following way: “The United States cannot allow Germany to control the whole world, to subjugate all countries to its influence and completely dispose of all resources.”

The decisions of Great Britain and the United States to support the USSR were thus dictated by their own interests. Although not completely identical, they were based on the same aspiration - to keep the main forces of the Wehrmacht busy on the Soviet-German front, received additional time to strengthen their security, for rearmament.

The Soviet leadership already in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War spoke in favor of rapprochement with England and the United States. On June 22, 1941, it supported the British proposal to send military and economic missions to the Soviet Union. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR I.V. Stalin, in a radio speech on July 3, expressed gratitude on behalf of the Soviet people to the governments of Great Britain and the United States in connection with their declaration of assistance to the USSR. “Our war for the freedom of our fatherland,” he declared, “will merge with the struggle of the peoples of Europe and America for their independence, for democratic freedoms. It will be a united front of the peoples standing for freedom against enslavement and the threat of enslavement from Hitler's fascist armies." In July, Stalin entered into correspondence with Churchill, in August with Roosevelt.

The anti-Hitler coalition officially took shape on January 1, 1942, when 26 states that had declared war on Germany or its allies issued the Washington Declaration of the United Nations, declaring their intention to direct all their efforts to the struggle against the Axis countries. It was signed by the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, its dominions Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Union of South Africa, the British Indian Empire, China, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and also the emigrant governments of Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Greece. In January 1942, the Joint Chiefs of Staff was created to coordinate the actions of the British and American troops. The principles of relations between the leaders of the coalition - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain - were finally established by the Soviet-British Union Treaty on May 26, 1942 and the Soviet-American agreement on June 11, 1942.

3. Economic assistance of the allies of the USSR.

The first official document on the way to the creation of an anti-Hitler coalition was the signing on July 12, 1941 in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR and Great Britain. It obliged both sides, firstly, to provide each other with assistance and support of any kind in the war and, secondly, not to negotiate with Germany during it and not to conclude an armistice or peace treaty with her without mutual consent. In form, it was a political agreement (which the Soviet government insisted on), and not just a general declaration (which the British government wanted to limit itself to). The condition not to enter into separate negotiations was put forward by Stalin, and apparently in connection with the "Hess case" (Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy for the Nazi Party, in May 1941 unexpectedly flew from Germany to England on his own plane, giving food to rumors about a possible behind-the-scenes collusion between the governments of the two countries). Both then and later, Stalin believed that Churchill was holding Hess (he was taken into custody) "in reserve."

The agreement did not specify the scope and content of the assistance that Britain was going to provide to the Soviet Union (as, indeed, in Churchill's statement of June 22). Its very dimensions turned out to be very modest at first - mainly because it was not clear to London whether the Red Army would be able to resist the enemy. For the same and other reasons, deliveries promised by the Americans were delayed.

The beginning of the interaction of the Red Army with the armed forces of the allies was the joint entry of British and Soviet troops and Iran.

Iran was flooded with German agents, while the Iranian government was inclined to support Germany. Hitler sought to establish control over Iran, pursuing several goals: to threaten the Soviet Union from the south, to get Iranian oil, to interfere with military supplies to the USSR through Iranian territory, to threaten British possessions in India and the Middle East.

To prevent this, on August 26, 1941, Soviet and British troops entered the territory of Iran. An alliance agreement was concluded with his government, according to which the USSR and Great Britain pledged to defend Iran from German aggression, and the Iranian government to cooperate with the allies by all available means. Thus, Iran joined the anti-Hitler coalition.

A similar agreement was reached with the government of Afghanistan.

The military-economic cooperation of the USSR with the Western allies developed mainly along the lines of Lend-Lease (Lend-Lease - English “to lend” - a system for transferring military equipment, weapons and food to the Allied countries in the anti-Hitler coalition on loan or for temporary use).

In 1941-1945. four protocols were signed on the supply of weapons, military materials and food to the Soviet Union. During the period of the first protocol (October 1, 1941-June 30, 1942), assistance was provided in relatively small quantities and lagged behind the planned norms. Lend-lease did not provide any serious material assistance to the Soviet country, although some types of supplies (copper, aluminum, etc.) compensated for the sharp drop in domestic industrial production at the end of 1941.

Beginning with the Third Protocol (July 1, 1943-June 30, 1944), the bulk of the supplies came from the United States. Its main flow came at the time of the completion of the radical change in the war and the offensive of the Red Army on all fronts.

Lend-Lease was not an act of charity. The United States pursued its own interests, primarily strategic (support for the Soviet-German front as the main front of World War II). In the spring of 1945, influential groups in the American establishment intensified their demands for a reduction in the scale of aid to the USSR and other countries.

Lend-lease deliveries contributed to the development of a new mechanism for economic and international relations, which had no analogues in world practice before.

4. Activities of the anti-Hitler coalition.

The activities of the anti-Hitler coalition were determined by the decisions of the main participating countries. The general political and military strategy was worked out at the meetings of their leaders - I.V. Stalin, F.D. October 30, 1943), Tehran (November 28 - December 1, 1943), Yalta (February 4-11, 1945) and Potsdam (July 17 - August 2, 1945).

The Allies quickly reached unanimity in determining their main adversary: ​​although the command of the US Navy insisted on concentrating the main forces against Japan, the American leadership agreed to consider the defeat of Germany as a paramount task; At the Moscow Conference, it was decided to fight against her until her unconditional surrender. However, until the middle of 1943 there was no unity on the question of the opening of a second front by the United States and Great Britain in Western Europe, and the Red Army had to bear the burden of the war on the European continent alone. The British strategy envisaged the creation and gradual compression of the ring around Germany by striking in secondary directions (North Africa, the Middle East) and the destruction of its military and economic potential through the systematic bombing of German cities and industrial facilities. The Americans considered it necessary to land in France already in 1942, but under pressure from W. Churchill they abandoned these plans and agreed to conduct an operation to capture French North Africa. Despite Stalin's insistent demands, the British managed to convince the Americans to land in Sicily and Italy instead of opening a second front in 1943 in France. It was only at the Quebec Conference in August 1943 that F.D. Roosevelt and W. Churchill finally made a decision on a landing operation in France in May 1944 and confirmed it at the Tehran Conference; for its part, Moscow promised to launch an offensive on the Eastern Front to facilitate the Allied landings.

At the same time, the Soviet Union in 1941-1943 consistently rejected the demand of the United States and Great Britain to declare war on Japan. At the Tehran conference, I.V. Stalin promised to enter the war in it, but only after the surrender of Germany. At the Yalta Conference, he obtained from the allies, as a condition for the start of hostilities, their consent to the return of the territories lost by Russia under the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905 to the USSR, and the transfer of the Kuril Islands to it.

Since the end of 1943, the problems of post-war settlement came to the fore in inter-allied relations. At the Moscow and Tehran conferences, it was decided to establish, after the end of the war, an international organization with the participation of all countries to preserve world peace and security. At Yalta, the great powers agreed to convene in June 1945 a founding conference of the United Nations; its governing body was to be the Security Council, acting on the basis of the principle of unanimity of its permanent members (USSR, USA, Great Britain, France, China).

An important place was occupied by the question of the political future of Germany. In Tehran, I.V. Stalin rejected F.D. Roosevelt’s proposal to divide it into five autonomous states and the project developed by W. Churchill to separate North Germany (Prussia) from South and include the latter in the Danube Federation together with Austria and Hungary. At the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, the principles of the post-war structure of Germany (demilitarization, denazification, democratization, economic decentralization) were agreed upon and decisions were made to divide it into four occupation zones (Soviet, American, British and French) with a single governing body (Control Council), about on the amount and procedure for paying reparations by it, on the establishment of its eastern border along the Oder and Neisse rivers, on the division of East Prussia between the USSR and Poland and the transfer of the latter to Danzig (Gdansk), on the resettlement of Germans living in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary to Germany.

Serious disagreements were caused by the Polish question. The demand of the Soviet Union to recognize the "Curzon Line" as the Soviet-Polish border and the entry of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus into its structure in September 1939 ran into resistance from the allies and the Polish government in exile; On April 25, 1943, the USSR severed relations with him. In Tehran, the American and British leadership were forced to accept the Soviet solution to the Polish question. In Yalta, W. Churchill and F. D. Roosevelt also agreed to territorial compensation for Poland at the expense of German lands and to the official recognition of the pro-Soviet Provisional Polish government of E. Osubka-Moravsky, provided that several moderate emigrant figures were included in it.

Other important political decisions of the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition were the decisions to restore the independence of Austria and the democratic reorganization of Italy (Moscow Conference), to preserve the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran and to provide large-scale assistance to the partisan movement in Yugoslavia (Tehran Conference), to create an interim Yugoslav government based on the National Liberation Committee headed by I. Broz Tito and on the transfer of all Soviet citizens liberated by the Allies to the USSR (Yalta Conference).

5. Conclusion.

In contrast to the 1920s, in the 1930s the international situation became much more complicated. But the Second World War could have been avoided provided that a system of collective security was created in Europe. Western countries pursued a policy of appeasement of the aggressor directed against the USSR through territorial, military, economic and political concessions. Thus, they wanted to bind Germany, Italy and Japan with certain obligations. Due to this policy, the West was going to protect itself from the aggressor, but everything turned out the other way around: the policy of appeasement undermined the security of the countries of Europe and Asia; did not restrain, but encouraged the aggressors for unleashing a world war and redistributing the world. Most scholars agree that the USSR was trying to create a system of collective security in Europe. But Stalin's terror causes distrust towards him. The West was afraid of a sharp increase in the influence of the USSR in Europe. The fear of "contacting" with the USSR turned out to be stronger than the danger from the Nazi Reich. And the Western countries convinced their peoples that it was better to appease the aggressor than to come to an agreement with him. Thus, the efforts of the USSR to create a system of collective security failed.

From the spring of 1939, Germany sought to secure itself from a war on two fronts. By the end of the summer of 1939, diplomatic pressure on the USSR was increased to sign the agreement. Hitler was in a hurry, because on September 1, 1939, he scheduled an attack on Poland. It was not easy for Stalin to take this step, since in the 30s the USSR was the last opponent of fascism, speaking out against Hitler's aggression in Europe. A change in political orientation could lead to the international isolation of the country, would undermine confidence in the USSR; the international communist movement would be disorganized and its people, brought up on anti-fascist traditions, would be disoriented. On the other hand, the benefits of an agreement with Germany were obvious: the threat of Hitlerite aggression would be removed; would contain Japan; The USSR would get time to prepare the economy and military forces; Stalin hoped that Germany would turn its aggression towards the West. This determined Stalin's choice.

On June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War began, which lasted 1418 days and nights, and was of a liberating nature on the part of the USSR, and predatory on the part of Germany. During the first three weeks of the war, 28 Soviet divisions were defeated. The enemy lost less than he could and quickly occupied the industrially developed territory. What were the strategic mistakes of the military-political leadership of the USSR, which led to such a difficult state of the country? First of all, this is a mistake in determining the timing of the start of the war, purges in the army; repression against technicians; outdated military doctrine, which was guided by the experience of the civil war; an early victory was assumed with little bloodshed and on foreign territory; unequipped units were created. Tactical mistakes were no less serious: the main part of the army was in the south-western, and not in the western direction; old borders were destroyed and new ones were not fortified; warehouses were located close to the border and therefore 50% of fuel and 30% of all stocks were destroyed in the first weeks of the war; most units were in training camps; the Soviet leadership hoped that the working people would not rise up against the USSR against the aggressor countries. Due to the above reasons, the current catastrophic situation for the Soviet Union in the first weeks of the Great Patriotic War led to tragic losses.

The anti-Hitler coalition played an important role in achieving victory over Germany and its allies and became the basis of the United Nations .

6. Literature.

1. Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945. – M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2005.- 512 p.: ill.

2. Zemskov I.N. Diplomatic history of the second front in Europe. M., 1982

3. Soviet-American relations during the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945, vols. 1–2. M., 1984

4. Shtoler M. L. The Second Front in the Strategy and Diplomacy of the Allies. 1942 - October 1943 // Modern and recent history. 1988, No. 5

5. Leaders of the war - Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill, Hitler, Mussolini. M., 1995

6. Sipols V.Ya. On the way to the Great Victory: Soviet diplomacy. M., Military Publishing, 1985 - 203p.

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ANTI-HITLER COALITION, an alliance of states and peoples who fought in World War II against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The main core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the USSR, the USA and Great Britain ... Modern Encyclopedia

ANTI-HITLER COALITION, UNION of states and peoples, formed during the 2nd World War against the bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. It included the USSR, USA, Great Britain, France and China, as well as Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia and ... ... Russian history

Anti-Hitler coalition- ANTI-HITLER COALITION, an alliance of states and peoples who fought in World War II against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The main core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

The union of states and peoples, formed during the 2nd World War against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The anti-Hitler coalition included the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, France and China, as well as Yugoslavia, Poland, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

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• Second front. Anti-Hitler coalition. Conflict of interest, Falin Valentin. The well-known political scientist and diplomat Valentin Falin, relying on little-known documents from military archives and memoirs of major European politicians, analyzes the historical events that led to…
• Second Front Anti-Hitler Coalition Conflict of Interest, V. Falin. Well-known political scientist and diplomat Valentin Falin, relying on little-known documents from military archives and memoirs of major European politicians, analyzes the historical events that led to ...

“Anti-Hitler Coalition” in 1942 for the first time became the official name for the association of countries that were allies in World War II against the Nazi bloc. It included 26 states.

How the alliance against the Axis countries was formed

The creation of the anti-Hitler coalition began in 1941, when on July 12 an agreement was signed between the Soviet Union and Britain to fight Germany. A month later, on August 14, another historic document was signed - the Atlantic Charter. It was signed by British Prime Minister W. Churchill on the one hand and US President F. Roosevelt on the other.

Rice. 1. Franklin Roosevelt.

Finally, on January 1, 1942, the signing of the anti-Hitler coalition with its official composition of 26 countries took place. After that, several more important events took place, which the table will help to present in chronological order.

Rice. 2. Joseph Stalin.

Ideological and target differences

During the Second World War, the anti-Hitler coalition proved to be effective, since one of the common goals of the allies was the liberation of the states captured by Nazi Germany and the overthrow of the Hitler regime. At the same time, each pursued its own goals: the USSR sought to increase its influence in Eastern Europe by establishing a communist regime there, while Britain and the United States sought to get rid of such rivals on the world stage as Germany and Japan.

At the same time, the principles of the coalition during the war were intended to unite the states in the fight against Hitler: the allies exchanged information and technical means on equal terms.

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Opening a second front

Also, the formation of the anti-Hitler coalition contributed to another important process - the opening of a second front. It opened in Western Europe in 1944 when Anglo-American forces landed in Normandy on 6 June.

The second front played a very important role in the liberation of the countries of Western Europe.

End of the anti-Hitler coalition

The participating countries of this anti-Hitler alliance considered it as a promising basis for international relations, but ideological differences, objective and subjective circumstances put an end to this idea. Cooperation gave way to bitter confrontation, and the Cold War policy proclaimed by the British Prime Minister in 1946 effectively put an end to the anti-Hitler coalition.

Rice. 3. Winston Churchill.

Allied countries took part in the Moscow Victory Parade for the first time only in 2010.

What have we learned?

We briefly reviewed the goals of the anti-Hitler coalition, learned what events preceded its formation and what important documents were signed during its existence. One of the important consequences of the signing of the international treaty of alliance against Hitler was the folding of military and economic forces, as well as the opening of a second front. The 9th grade textbook notes that the coalition lasted only a year after the end of the war before the Cold War was declared.

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Great Patriotic War 1941-1945.

Germany's goals in the war were:
1. Liquidation of the USSR and socialism as a state, system and ideology. colonization of the country. Destruction of 140 million “superfluous people and peoples.
2. Liquidation of the democratic states of Western Europe, deprivation of their national independence and subordination to Germany.
3. The conquest of world domination. The pretext for aggression is the imminent threat of attack from the USSR.
The goals of the USSR were determined during the war. This is:
1. Defense of the freedom and independence of the country and socialist ideas.
2. The liberation of the peoples of Europe enslaved by fascism.
3. Creation of democratic or socialist governments in neighboring countries.
4. Liquidation of German fascism, Prussian and Japanese militarism.

Character: predatory, unfair, inhumane on the part of the aggressor states.

In the first period of the war, Soviet troops suffered heavy defeats in border battles. The Nazi armies managed to encircle and destroy a significant part of the forces of the Western, as well as the North-Western and South-Western fronts.

In October 1941, the fascist German command, having regrouped forces in the western direction, launched the first, and in November 1941, the second decisive offensive against Moscow (Operation Typhoon). The battle for Moscow began.

The second period of the war began on November 19, 1942 with a counteroffensive of the Soviet troops near Stalingrad. It went down in history as a turning point in the war. In the course of it, the Soviet Army again seized the strategic initiative, surrounded and destroyed the 330,000-strong enemy grouping that broke through to the Volga (Operations Uranus, Little Saturn, and Ring), then inflicted a crushing defeat on the German, Romanian, Italian and Hungarian troops on the Middle and Upper Don, liberated most of the North Caucasus, Donbass, a number of central regions of Russia, broke through the blockade of Leningrad (Operation Iskra). The enemy was pushed back 500-600 km. Only after the transfer of significant forces from the west did the German command manage to stabilize the front with a counterattack in the Donbass and near Kharkov.
The victory at Stalingrad marked the beginning of a radical turning point in the war.

The third period of the war lasted from January 1, 1944 to May 9, 1945. During this period, the Soviet armed forces dealt increasing blows to the enemy. In 1944, the largest strategic offensive operations were carried out, as a result of which the Soviet troops finally lifted the blockade of Leningrad, liberated the Leningrad and Novgorod regions, Crimea, Belarus and most of the right-bank Ukraine, reached the state border to the foothills of the Carpathians and the territory of Romania.
In the summer of 1944, after the Western powers opened a second front in Europe, during Operation Bagration and a number of other major operations in the northwestern, western, southwestern directions, most of the Baltic states were liberated, all of Belarus, Western Ukraine, were withdrawn from the war Romania, Finland, the liberation of Hungary began. Germany lost all its allies in Europe. The war came close to the eastern borders of Germany, and in East Prussia stepped over them.
In the winter and spring of 1945, the Soviet Army, together with the armies of its Western allies, carried out the final strategic operations on the territory of Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Austria. The fascist German armies were completely routed. Germany capitulated. May 9, 1945 was the day of Victory over Nazi Germany and the end of the war in Europe.
59. Creation of the anti-Hitler coalition. Development by allies of global strategic decisions on the post-war reorganization of the world (Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam conferences). Anti-Hitler coalition

Start creating Anti-Hitler coalition was laid down by the statements of mutual support made by the governments of the USSR, the USA and England after the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR, the Anglo-Soviet and Soviet-American negotiations in the summer of 1941, the signing on July 12, 1941 of the Soviet-English agreement on joint actions in the war against Germany, the Moscow Conference 1941 of the three powers, as well as a number of other agreements between the allies in the war against the fascist bloc. On January 1, 1942, a Declaration was signed in Washington by 26 states that by that time were at war with Germany, Italy, Japan and their allies; the Declaration contained the obligation of the countries Anti-Hitler coalition to use all the military and economic resources at their disposal for the struggle against the fascist states and not to conclude a separate peace with them. In the future, allied relations between the participants Anti-Hitler coalition were sealed by a number of new documents: the Soviet-British Treaty of 1942 on an alliance in the war against Nazi Germany and its accomplices in Europe and on cooperation and mutual assistance after the war (signed on May 26), an agreement between the USSR and the USA on the principles applicable to mutual assistance in waging war against aggression (June 11, 1942), the 1944 Soviet-French Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance (signed on December 10), the decrees of the Tehran (November-December 1943), Crimean (February 1945) and Potsdam (July-August 1945) conferences of the heads governments of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.

Tehran conference

Declarations on joint action against Germany were adopted

Decisions on the post-war borders of Poland

On the opening of the 2nd front in Europe in 1944.

Stalin announced the readiness of the USSR to enter the war against Japan immediately after the surrender of Germany

Yalta Conference (February 4-11, 1945)

(Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill)

Bili agreed on the plans of the parties to finish. Defeat the Wehrmacht

Conditional surrender of Germany

Post-war transformations of the 3rd Reich based on democratization

It was decided to create zones of occupation in Germany, to collect reparations from the aggressor countries in favor of the affected peoples

Establish a founding conference of the UN to prepare the UN charter

The USSR announced its entry into the war with Japan in 2-3 months. After the end of the war

Problems of the post-war reconstruction of the world and Europe

Demilitarization of Germany

Punished. Nazi war criminals

The introduction of a 4-sided occupation of Germany by the troops of the USSR, USA, England and France

Joint administration of Berlin

Establishment of the western borders of Poland

Resist the fascists

Already during the battle near Moscow, about 2 thousand partisan and underground groups were operating in the occupied territory of our country. Throughout the territory occupied by the Nazis, the partisans disrupted enemy communications, prepared sabotage, attacked the rear facilities of the German army and military administration, cracked down on traitors, and disrupted the sending of Soviet people to Germany. Created in May 1942, the partisan movement covered all the land occupied by the Nazis, especially the forest regions of Bryansk region (there arose the Partizan region, which was not subject to the invaders), Smolensk region, Oryol region, Belarus, Ukrainian Polissya, Crimea.

More than 400 partisan detachments numbering up to 50 thousand people operated in Belarus. A brigade fought near Orsha, the commander of which was K.S. Zaslonov. The Komsomol underground organization "Young Guard" originated in Krasnodon. Famous was the raid of cavalry partisan formations (3 thousand people) under the command of S.A. Kovpak and A.N. Saburov, undertaken in the autumn of 1942 in the Bryansk region. The actions of partisans under the command of D.N. Medvedev in the Orel, Smolensk, Mogilev, Rivne and Lvov regions, P.M. Masherov - in Belarus, and others became widely known.

The invaders severely punished the armed resistance of Soviet citizens. Tens of thousands of partisans and those whom the Nazis suspected of having links with them died. The Germans ruthlessly burned entire villages for their connection with the partisans.

Social origins of the victory of the USSR

Mobilization of millions of people. General military training. Labor mobilization of the population. Use of female and adolescent labor. Card power system. Payment in kind for labor. Possibility to sell products on collective farm markets. Strengthening patriotism, glorifying the heroic past. Call for the unity of peoples. Reconciliation with the Orthodox Church. Anti-fascist literature, cinema. Concerts of artists at the front. Artists who painted posters and caricatures. In science: new hard alloys and steels for the tank industry. Radio wave research. The theory of quantum fluid motion - Landau. The struggle in the occupied territory, the movement of partisans.