Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - the world-famous poet, prose writer, publicist, playwright and literary critic - went down in history not only as the author of unforgettable works, but also as the founder of a new literary Russian language. At the mere mention of Pushkin, the image of a primordially Russian national poet immediately arises. The poet Pushkin is an internationally recognized genius, the lexicon of his works is unique, the imagery of his lyrics is wide and absolutely unique, the depth of the sensual and philosophical component of his poems amazes and excites readers of all countries and all generations. But still, Pushkin's lyrics deserve special attention, the versatility and imagery of which has not yet been fully studied.
The color of Pushkin's lyrics
Pushkin's lyrics are his poetic biography and, at the same time, a creative chronicle of the everyday and spiritual life of those distant times. The war of 1812 and 1825, and dreams about “holy liberty”, loved ones, friends and enemies, “beautiful moments” of life and sadness and “sadness of past days” - all these moments were reflected in written Pushkin's poems, messages, elegies , poetic tales, songs, epigrams. And all these themes and motifs of Pushkin's lyrics are so harmoniously combined by the author that not the slightest tension or dissonance is felt during the reading of his works. This indescribable inner unity of Pushkin's lyrics was extremely aptly and precisely defined by V. Belinsky: "The whole color of Pushkin's lyrical and any other poetry is the inner human beauty and humanity that warms the soul."
Pushkin's love lyrics
Pushkin's love lyrics are rightly called "an encyclopedia of love experiences." It contains a wide palette of feelings: from the beautiful and bewitching moment of the first quivering date to the complete disappointment and loneliness of a soul devastated by passions. Love in Pushkin's lyrics is very different. This is an ideal feeling that elevates the soul of any person, and just an accidental hobby that suddenly arises, but just as quickly passes, and a burning passion, accompanied by outbreaks of jealousy and resentment. The main motives of Pushkin's love lyrics are light love, adult and meaningful feeling, passion, jealousy and pain, resentment and disappointment.
The poem "I remember a wonderful moment ..."
Pushkin's most famous poem "I remember a wonderful moment ..." the author wrote during his exile in Mikhailovsky. These words are addressed to Anna Petrovna Kern. Pushkin first saw her in St. Petersburg in 1819 and was carried away by her. Six years later, he met her again at the neighbors, the landowners of the village of Trigorskoye, where Anna came to visit her aunt. The feeling of love in the soul of the poet flared up with renewed vigor. Before Anna left Trigorskoye, Pushkin presented her with a piece of note paper folded in four. Unfolding it, Anna saw poetic lines that would later become a masterpiece of Russian lyrics and glorify her name forever.
The compositional structure of the poem
It reflects the main biographical milestones of the relationship between Pushkin and Kern, the main thing here is the motive of recollection in Pushkin's lyrics. Compositionally, the poem is divided into three separate semantic parts. Each of them, in turn, consists of two quatrains - the same size quatrains. In the first part, the lyrical hero recalls the "wonderful moment" when he saw the beauty and fell in love with her forever. The second describes the years of parting - a time "without a deity and without rage." In the third - a new meeting of lovers, a new flash of feelings, in which "both the deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love." For the lyrical hero of the poem, love is like a true miracle, a divine revelation. This is exactly how the poet Pushkin himself felt at that time, it was exactly how he lived in him then, and he lived by them without looking back.
The poem "I loved you ..."
Another of his famous poems "I loved you..." Pushkin wrote in 1829 along with another of his masterpieces - "What's in my name for you?..". Initially, the work was included in the album of Karolina Sobańska, with whom the poet was hopelessly in love for a long time. A distinctive feature of the verse "I loved you ..." is that the lyrical feeling in it is transmitted extremely laconic, but surprisingly aphoristic and expressive. There are almost no metaphors, hidden images, polysyllabic epithets cutting the ear, with which the poets of those times usually depicted their feelings for their beloved, are almost absent in the poem. However, the image of love that arises before the reader from the lines of the poem is full of magical poetry and charm, unusual light sadness. The culmination of the work, reflecting the main motifs of Pushkin's lyrics in the love theme, are the two final lines. In them, the poet not only says that he “loved so sincerely, so tenderly,” but also wishes the object of his past adoration happiness with a new chosen one with the words “how God grant you be loved to be different.”
Landscape lyrics by Pushkin
Nature has always been inexhaustible for Pushkin. His poems reflect numerous images of pictures of nature and the elements, various seasons, of which the poet loved autumn most of all. Pushkin showed himself to be a real master of landscape detail, a singer of Russian landscapes, picturesque corners of the Crimea and the Caucasus. The main themes, motifs of Pushkin's lyrics are always, one way or another, "tied" with the surrounding nature. It is conceived by the poet as an independent aesthetic value that is admired, however, the vast majority of Pushkin's landscape poems are built in the form of a comparison of pictures of nature and situations of human life. Natural images often serve as a contrasting or, conversely, consonant accompaniment to the thoughts and actions of the lyrical hero. As if the pictures of nature in the poet's lyrics act as a living literary background. She acts as poetic symbols of his dreams, aspirations, spiritual values defended by him.
Poem "To the Sea"
Pushkin began to write this poem in 1824 in Odessa, already aware of his new exile in Mikhailovskoye, where he subsequently completed work on the poem. The main motives of Pushkin's lyrics, which have a natural orientation, always run in parallel - natural phenomena and the feelings and experiences of the poet himself. In the poem "To the Sea", farewell to the sea distances becomes the basis for the poet's lyrical reflections on the tragedy of human fate, on the fatal force that historical circumstances have over it. The sea, its free element for the poet is a symbol of freedom, evokes associations with the figures of two personalities who were the rulers of thoughts and the personification of human power. This very power of the circumstances of daily life seems to be as strong and free as the element of the sea. These are Napoleon and Byron, with whom Pushkin compares himself. This motif of remembrance in Pushkin's lyrics, where he refers to departed geniuses, is inherent in many of his poems. Geniuses are no more, and the fate of the poet continues in all its tragedy.
Tyranny and education - a contradiction in the poem
In the poem, in addition to natural motives, the poet brings together two concepts: tyranny and education. Like other romantics of that time, Pushkin implies in his work that civilization, introducing a new education system, simultaneously spoils the naturalness and sincerity of simple human relations, controlled by the dictates of the heart. Saying goodbye to the free and powerful sea element, Pushkin, as it were, says goodbye to the romantic period of his work, which is being replaced by a realistic worldview. Freedom-loving motifs in Pushkin's lyrics increasingly flicker in his later works. And even if at first it seems that the central core of the poem is a landscape, a description of natural phenomena, one should look for a hidden meaning associated with the poet’s desire to release his craving for freedom, to spread the wings of his inspiration to the fullest, without fear and without looking back at the strict censorship of those rebellious times.
Philosophical lyrics of Pushkin
Pushkinskaya contains the poet's comprehension of the imperishable themes of human existence: the meaning of life, death and eternity, good and evil, nature and civilization, man and society, society and history. An important place in it belongs to the themes of friendship (especially in poems dedicated to lyceum comrades), devotion to the ideals of goodness and justice (in messages to former lyceum students and Decembrist friends), sincerity and purity of moral relations (in poems reflecting on the meaning of life, about relatives). and people close to the poet). Philosophical motifs accompany the poet's lyrics the more often the older he gets. The most profound in philosophical terms are Pushkin's last poems, written shortly before his death. It was as if the poet, anticipating his departure, was afraid of not telling, not thinking and not feeling, he wanted to pass on to his descendants all of himself without a trace.
Pushkin's civil lyrics
The civic theme in Pushkin's lyrics is revealed through the motives of love for the motherland, through a sense of national pride in its historical past, through a strong protest against autocracy and serfdom, which threatens the primordial freedom of a person as an individual. The main motives of Pushkin's lyrics of a civil orientation are the themes of freedom and inner human strength. Not only political freedom, which consists in serving high social ideals based on the principles of equality and justice, but also the inner freedom of every person, which no one can take away. The main component of civic poems is the condemnation of tyranny and any form of enslavement of a person, the glorification of inner, personal freedom, which manifests itself in a clear and principled moral position, self-esteem and a spotless conscience.
The theme of the poet and poetry
Along with civil, there are also religious motifs in Pushkin's lyrics. In moments of doubt and internal spiritual discord, the poet resorted to such images. It was the Christian component that seemed to bring him even closer to the worldview of the people. Poems dedicated to the theme of the poet and poetry are a kind of synthesis of the lyrics of philosophical and civil sound. What is the purpose of the poet and the meaning of the lyrics itself - these are the two main questions that initiate Pushkin's reflections on the problems of the place and role of the poet in society, the freedom of poetic creativity, his relationship with the authorities and his own conscience. The pinnacle of Pushkin's lyrics, dedicated to the theme of the poet and poetry, was the poem "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ...". The work was written in 1836 and was not published during Pushkin's lifetime. The theme and individual plot motifs of Pushkin's poem originate from the famous ode of the ancient Roman poet Horace "To Melpomene". From there, Pushkin took the epigraph to his work: "Exegi monumentum" ("I erected a monument").
Message to future generations
The main motives of Pushkin's lyrics of those times are a message to the representatives of future generations. In terms of its content, the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ...” is a kind of poetic testament that contains a self-assessment of the poet’s work, his merits to society and descendants. The significance that his poetry will have for future generations, Pushkin symbolically correlates with the monument, which ascended above the “Pillar of Alexandria”. The Pillar of Alexandria is a monument to the ancient Roman commander Pompey in Egyptian Alexandria, but for the then reader it was previously associated with the monument to Emperor Alexander, erected in St. Petersburg in the form of a tall pillar.
Classification of the main motives of Pushkin's lyrics
The table below shows the main motives of Pushkin's lyrics very clearly:
Lyric genres | motive |
Philosophy | The motive of freedom - both internal and civil |
human relationships | The motive of love and friendship, devotion and the strength of earthly human bonds |
Attitude towards nature | The motive of closeness with nature, its comparison with man and his inner world |
Religious motive, especially close to the reader of those times |
|
The motive is deeply philosophical, giving an answer to the question of the place of the poet and poetry in the world of literature as a whole. |
This is only a general description of the main themes of the works of the great poet. The table cannot contain every single motif of Pushkin's lyrics, the poetry of the genius is so multifaceted and comprehensive. Many literary critics admit that Pushkin is different for everyone, everyone discovers new and new facets of his work. The poet was counting on this, speaking in his notes about the desire to arouse a storm of emotions in the reader, to make him think, compare, experience and, most importantly, feel.
The lyrics of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin are not only poems about love. These are poems about friendship, about the purpose of the poet and poetry, as well as civil lyrics.
Examples of civil lyrics are the ode "Liberty", "Freedom the desert sower", "In the depths of Siberian ores".
The very first work on this topic is the ode "Liberty". I wrote it at the age of 18. The very first line tells us what these verses will be about:
I want to sing freedom to the world
On thrones to strike vice.
Already in his youth, Pushkin felt that his works would glorify freedom, the struggle for it, because he was brought up on the works of such free-thinking authors as Beaumarchais and Voltaire. N.M. Karamzin is the uncle of Alexander Sergeevich, teacher V.A. , G.R. Derzhavin. His youth is stormy: novels, duels, sharp poems, witticisms and epigrams are written. His friendship with Chaadaev, N.I. Turgenev, who is an opponent of serfdom, also influence the work of A.S. Pushkin. The influence of views is reflected in the poem "Village":
Here the nobility is wild, without feeling, without law,
Appropriated by a violent vine
And labor, and property, and the time of the farmer,
Leaning on an alien plow, submitting to whips,
Here, skinny slavery drags along the reins.
However, Pushkin believes that the desire to fight for freedom will certainly bear fruit:
Comrade, believe: she will rise,
Star of captivating happiness
Russia will wake up from sleep
And on the ruins of autocracy
Write our names!
A.S. Pushkin was always worried about the purpose of the poet and poetry. He always highly appreciated the role of the poet in society. Already his lyceum poems indicated that Pushkin was thinking about the role of the poet in contemporary society.
In one of the first verses "To a Poet Friend" there are such reflections:
Not so, dear friend, writers are rich,
Fate has not given them any marble chambers,
Chests full of pure gold,
Underground shack, high lofts.
Warning the “friend” about the difficult and unenviable fate of the poet, Pushkin, however, chooses the path of the poet himself:
And know that my lot has fallen, I choose the lyre.
Let the whole world judge me as it wants,
Get angry, shout, scold - but I'm still a poet.
He is not touched by the judgment of society about him, the poet must be free from this and go his own way, which Pushkin proves with his poems. In Pushkin's time, it was considered bad manners not to be able to write poetry. But not all those who wrote them reached such a level as Pushkin. He succeeded in all genres of poetry: ode, elegy, satire, epigram. His poems are far from classicism. Pushkin refuses to sing of the tsars, but sings of "freedom to the world" and with his poems "strikes the vices" of society, which he wrote about when he was still very young. A.S. Pushkin designated not only freedom-loving poems, but also friendship with the Decembrists. “The eyes of Russia are fixed on you, they love you, they believe you, they imitate you. Be a poet and a citizen,” Ryleev wrote these lines to Pushkin.
It is absolutely impossible to imagine Pushkin's poetry without love poems. They reveal the talent to see and feel the beauty of human feelings. His poems prove that Pushkin valued feelings as highly as friendship and service to the fatherland.
All his poems about love create the feeling that this feeling is boundless and that "all ages are submissive to him." Love bewitches not only the young, but also the mature, wise by life experience. The poem "Desire", which was written in the lyceum years, conveys the longing of the first unhappy love, from which the hero does not want to get rid of, despite the fact that she brings pain with her:
I cherish the torment of my love -
Let me die, but let me die loving!
Over time, with sometimes growing up, the poet's perception of love changes. Love is no longer so painful, but on the contrary, the source of life. She works miracles with people, the soul awakens.
I remember a wonderful moment:
You appeared before me
Like a fleeting vision
Like a genius of pure beauty.
This poem is dedicated to A.P. Kern. Acquaintance with her made an unforgettable impression on the 20-year-old Pushkin, he dedicated 7 messages to her in French.
Many years later, captivated by the beauty of the sound of these lines, the composer M. Glinka wrote a romance. Anna Kern herself gave him poems written by Pushkin's hand, which she later regretted very much. Glinka lost his poetry. But the romance was nevertheless written in 1840 and dedicated to the daughter of A.P. Kern. M. Glinka was in love with her. So beautiful poems about the “genius of pure beauty” found their continuation in the feelings of a completely different person. But not only Kern Pushkin dedicated his poems. Many women: E.K. Vorontsova, E.P. Poltoratskaya, E.N. Ushakova, Princess Z.A. Volkonskaya - were awarded such an honor. Pushkin saw in them not only external beauty. He greatly appreciated the female mind.
You can not ignore his love for his wife Natalya Goncharova. Pushkin writes about the first meeting: "When I saw her for the first time, I fell in love with her, my head was spinning."
Having married Natalya Goncharova, Pushkin admired his wife throughout his short life with her. She was always a charm for him, a sweet, kind creature:
I'm in love, I'm enchanted
I'm completely dismayed.
Pushkin is so fascinated by one of the beauties of St. Petersburg that, judging by the word "enchanted", the poet simply lost himself.
The poem "Madonna" is another proof that for A.S. Pushkina N.N. Goncharova is a perfect ideal. And in fact she was. The poet's wife, according to the memoirs of her contemporaries, was so beautiful that they began to take her out into the light from the age of 15. Therefore, it is not surprising that the poet wrote about her:
My wishes have been fulfilled.
The Creator sent you down to me, my Madonna,
The purest beauty, the purest example.
All poems by A.S. Pushkin, written about love, tell us that love is not a selfish feeling. Love is a feeling that elevates a person above the ordinary. A person in love becomes spiritually purer, the soul at this moment exudes benevolence and nobility. Love makes the world brighter and more beautiful. Beauty for Pushkin is sacred. It is impossible to write about such feelings without experiencing them yourself. Therefore, love poems by A.S. Pushkin are so beautiful - the poet felt and experienced all this himself.
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The main themes and motives of the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin
Introduction. Lyrics of A.S. Pushkin in the assessments of critics of philosophers and religious figures.
The main themes and motives of the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin.
"He should be exiled to Siberia," the emperor was indignant. Of course, he, who led the conspiracy against his father, was painfully hurt by a hint in the ode “Liberty.
O martyr of glorious mistakes,
For ancestors in the noise of recent storms
Laid down the king's head.
And yet, it was not she who resented, but poems such as Tales and messages, for example - "To Cha-adaev." Formally, what we call a southern exile was a service transfer. But in fact it was just a link: Pushkin was removed from the capital, sent under supervision. He left St. Petersburg in May 1820 - to return in 1826. For 5 years he was excluded not only from the social life of the capital, but also in many respects from the life of literary circles and communities. Official Pushkin was not overloaded with official duties. There was relative freedom in this, but the poet Pushkin felt like an exile - and this could not but affect his work. 1820-1822 in the work of Pushkin - the heyday of romanticism.
In the poem "The Village" (1819), Pushkin opposes serfdom. In order to emphasize the whole injustice of serfdom, Pushkin, in the construction of the poem, resorts to the method of opposition. In the first part of the poem, a bright, peaceful picture of the village is given. This is followed by a sharp transition to the second part of the poem, where the poet indignantly points out the powerless position of the serfs.
The different content of the two parts of the poem also determined the difference in the figurative means of the poet's language. The intonation of speech in the first part of the poem is calm, even, friendly. The poet carefully selects epithets, conveying the beauty of rural nature. In the second part, the intonation is different. Speech becomes agitated. The poet selects well-aimed epithets, gives an expressive speech description: "wild nobility", "chosen by Fate to ruin people", "relentless owner".
To better understand the ideological and figurative content of the romantic method, let's turn to one of Pushkin's most famous poems of that time - "The Prisoner". This is a kind of formula for a romantic worldview.
The poem opens with the hoops of the "dungeon" and the "prisoner" languishing in it. Has it ever occurred to you to ask the question: for what crime is the hero "sitting"? How long was he sentenced to? How was the trial? Where is the prison located? Of course it didn't come. And this is absolutely normal, but also correct. Because according to the laws of romanticism, such questions cannot arise. The main content of romanticism is the expression of the suffering of the soul from the discrepancy between reality and ideals: the world is not what it should be. And the romantic hero, acutely aware of this discrepancy, feels like a stranger in this gray everyday world. He is lonely, he is driven into a cage. Hence the central motives of romanticism - the theme of freedom, escape from prison to some other, unattainable and alluring world. People seem to be a faceless mass, the hero is looking for his world outside the crowd: where the sky, the sea are the elements.
A young eagle bred in captivity,
My sad friend.
Why the eagle? Why not a goldfinch, not a titmouse? The image of an eagle is a very romantic symbol. First of all, it is a proud bird (not given in hands, not tamed!), lonely (eagles never gather in flocks). In it - the power of free flight, thrust in the skies. Please note: the desire for freedom in an eagle is innate, because it is fed in captivity. That is, this desire is a defining quality; having lost it, the eagle ceases to be an eagle, ceases to be a romantic symbol. Where does the eagle call the prisoner? To the enchanted distance, to that world that always lives in the imagination, in the soul of a romantic hero, opposing the real world:
There, where the mountain turns white behind the cloud,
There, where the sea edges turn blue,
There, where we walk only the wind. Yes I. "
The romantic poem "To the Sea" was written in rough draft before the poet's departure from Odessa, and processed and completed in early October 1824.
The poetic image of the sea is combined in the poem with the poet's thoughts about his fate as an exile and about the fate of peoples. The sea is close and dear to Pushkin because it seems to be a living embodiment of the rebellious and free elements, power and beauty. These qualities, in the perception of Pushkin's romantic contemporaries, were possessed by two "rulers of thoughts" of the then young generation - Byron and Napoleon.
In the stanzas dedicated to Napoleon, Pushkin does not clearly speak of his attitude towards him. But earlier in the poem "Napoleon" (1821), the poet described him as a tyrant.
In Byron, Pushkin is attracted by such traits of the famous English poet as genius (“a genius rushed off”), love of freedom (“disappeared, mourned by freedom”), indomitable spirit of a fighter (“like you, mighty, deep and gloomy, like you, indomitable by anything ").
The poem "To the Sea" was Pushkin's farewell not only to the sea, but also to romantic lyrics.
Among Pushkin's poems, a prominent place belongs to those in which the poet draws pictures of his native nature with amazing poetic power and love. An incomparable painter of nature, Pushkin perceived it not only with the keen eye of an artist and the delicate ear of a musician, but also with the heart of an ardent patriot who loves his homeland.
Since childhood, when Pushkin left for the summer in Zakharovo, love for his native nature has firmly entered his soul. This love strengthened and expanded and found its artistic expression in poems, poems, the novel "Eugene Onegin".
But Pushkin did not immediately approach a realistic depiction of nature. During the period of the poet's southern exile, his poems are of a romantic nature. Such, for example, is the poem "To the Sea" (see above).
In the poem "Autumn" we find not only the image of nature in the autumn season; before us are various pictures of life: the hunting of the landowners, from which the sown fields of the peasants suffer, skating, winter holidays, etc.
Of all the seasons, Pushkin preferred autumn: "Of the annual seasons, I am glad only for her."
Autumn is pleasant and dear to Pushkin not only for its "farewell beauty": it is the season that most disposes the poet to creativity; "Autumn. It's time for my literary works," said Pushkin.
The poem "To Chaadaev (1818)" is imbued with ideas of struggle against autocracy.
... Russia will wake up from sleep,
And on the ruins of autocracy
Write our names!
Written. in the form of a friendly message, it reflected the views and political sentiments that united Pushkin with his friend P.Ya. Chaadaev and with all the progressive people of that time. Therefore, the poem was widely distributed.
It is important to note that here Pushkin's patriotism is inextricably linked in his view with revolutionary service to the motherland. Love for the motherland is inseparable from the struggle for its freedom.
The feelings expressed in the poem find precise and vivid expression in a number of verbal images. We come across such expressive metaphors as "desires still burn in us", "while we burn with freedom, while our hearts are alive for honor", "the star of captivating happiness".
In his Stanzas (1826), the poet, convinced of the hopelessness of attempts to carry out a revolutionary coup without the support of the people and seeing the complete lack of communication between the people and the advanced circles of society, tries to convince Nicholas I, who, with his pseudo-liberal promises, managed to inspire the poet, like many Decembrists, confidence in yourself. The Stanzas end with a bold appeal to the tsar to be a "non-malicious memory", that is, to return the Decembrists exiled to hard labor. This poem, although full of erroneous and political illusions, was nevertheless misjudged by many of his contemporaries, and even by Pushkin's friends.
Sociable and able to appreciate people, Pushkin had many friends, wrote a lot about friendship. Friendship for him was the force that unites people in a strong alliance for life.
Pushkin acquired friends while still at the Lyceum; to many of them he addressed his messages, sincerely and sincerely responded with verses to lyceum anniversaries.
After graduating from the lyceum, the graduates decided to meet annually on October 19, the day of the grand opening of the lyceum in 1811. In the big message "October 19, 1925", Pushkin addresses his friends with warm warmth, recalls the days of the lyceum, his classmates. In those years, Pushkin was in exile and could not be with his comrades.
Pushkin writes about his visit to Mikhailovsky Pushchin
. Poet's disgraced house,
Oh my Pushchin, you were the first to visit;
You delighted the sad day of exile,
You turned his lyceum into a day.
Close to him were both Delvig and Küchelbecker, "brothers by muse." Delvig also visited Pushkin in Mikhailovskoye, and his arrival "awakened (in the poet) the warmth of the heart, so long lulled," and brought courage to the soul of the exile.
The lyceum forever remained in Pushkin's memory as the cradle of freethinking and love of freedom, as a "lyceum republic" that rallied the lyceum students into a "holy brotherhood."
The poem "I.I. Pushchin" (1826) is addressed to Pushkin's closest friend from his lyceum years, the Decembrist Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin, who was sentenced to life imprisonment. It was written on December 13, on the eve of the first uprising on Senate Square.
The first stanza of the poem coincides with the first stanza of the letter to Pushchin, promised by the poet to a friend and begun after his visit to Mikhailovsky. The message was left unfinished.
Pushkin's love lyrics include the poem K*** ("I remember a wonderful moment.") (1825). In the summer of 1825, Anna Petrovna Kern (niece of Pushkin's neighbor P.A. Osipova) visited Trigorskoye. In the first stanza, the poet recalls the first meeting with her, in 1819 in St. Petersburg, in the Olenins' house. Kern wrote about how Pushkin gave her these poems on the day of her departure from Trigorskoye. “He came in the morning and in parting brought me a copy of the 2nd chapter of Onegin, in uncut sheets, between which I found a fourfold folded postal sheet of paper with verses: “I remember a wonderful moment,” and so on and so forth. When I I was about to hide a poetic gift in a box, he looked at me for a long time, then convulsively snatched it and did not want to return it; I forcefully begged them again; what flashed through his head then - I don’t know.
The poem "Madonna" is addressed to the bride, N.N. Goncharova. The same painting (“Madonna” by an Italian master, attributed to Raphael and sold in St. Petersburg) is mentioned in Pushkin’s letter of July 30, 1830 to his bride: “I stand for hours in front of a blond Madonna who looks like you like two drops of water; I would buy her if it did not cost 40,000 rubles.
In the poem "The Prophet" Pushkin in the form of a prophet meant a poet. The picture depicted by Pushkin, in several small details, goes back to the VI chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Bible (six-winged Seraphim with a burning coal in his hand).
The poem was originally part of a cycle of four poems, under the title "Prophet", of anti-government, patriotic content, dedicated to the events of December 14th. M.P. Pogodin explained
P.A. Vyazemsky in a letter dated March 29, 1837, that he wrote "Prophet" Pushkin on his way to Moscow in 1826. There should be four poems, the first one has just been printed ("We languish with spiritual thirst")"
A year before his death, as if summing up his poetic activity, Pushkin wrote a poem "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands."
Already in the first stanza, Pushkin emphasizes the nationality of his work. And it also becomes clear that Pushkin. towards the end of life, pride develops strongly, apparently due to the overly enthusiastic opinion of others.
Further, Pushkin speaks of his historical immortality and prophetically predicts the future wide popularity of his poetry among all the peoples of Russia.
The fourth stanza contains the main idea of the entire poem - Pushkin's assessment of the ideological meaning of his work. Pushkin claims that he deserved the right to recognition and love of the people, firstly, by the high humanity of his work (“I awakened good feelings with my lyre”); secondly, by their struggle for freedom ("in my cruel age I glorified Freedom"); thirdly, the protection of the Decembrists ("and mercy to the fallen call-shaft").
Philosophical lyrics by A. S. Pushkin.
My sadness is light.
My path is sad
Promises me labor and sorrow
The coming exciting sea...
But I do not want, oh my friends, to die,
Russia will wake up from sleep
And on the ruins of autocracy
Write our names!
The main themes and motives of the lyrics of M. Yu. Lermontov.
The work of M. Yu. L is the post-Pushkin stage in the development of Russian poetry. It reflects an important period in the public consciousness of the noble intelligentsia, which did not put up with the lack of spiritual and political freedom, but after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising was deprived of the opportunity for open struggle. Not believing in the imminent victory of freedom, L asserted with his work the need to fight for it in the name of the future.
The lyrical "I" of the early L appears in a contradiction between the heroic nature, thirsting for freedom, active work, and the real position of the hero in a society that does not need his exploits. The youthful lyrical "I" of L is still conditional in many respects. Its originality lies in the fact that through autobiographical events, impressions, the author presents his hero as if in different guises: either as a rebel, or as a demon.
The theme of loneliness in the lyrics of M. Yu. Lermontov
The hero of mature lyrics L. longs to embrace the whole universe and enclose it in his chest, he wants to find harmony with everything, but he is not given such happiness. He is still a "world-driven wanderer", challenging earth and heaven. If in early lyrics loneliness was understood as a reward, then in mature lyrics loneliness is boring, and in later verses it is the tragedy of a person, lonely among people and all over the world.
The theme of loneliness in society is devoted to a poem "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd ...". The hero is bored at the ball among the "motley crowd", "the decency of tight masks." In order to distract from the noise and brilliance, the hero is carried away in memories to the pictures of childhood, which are so beautiful in comparison with the picture of the ball that the poet has a desire to openly challenge this soulless realm of masks:
Oh, how I want to embarrass their cheerfulness
And boldly throw an iron verse into their eyes,
Filled with bitterness and anger!
« And boring and sad". The image of the lyrical hero embodied here the characteristic features of the youth of the 30s. Hope for the fulfillment of desires disappears, not finding happiness either in love or in friendship, the hero loses faith in them, loses faith in himself and in life.
The picture of the sea and the ship, lonely among the endless expanses of the sea, also appears in the poem "Sail":
A lonely sail turns white
In the fog of the blue sea! ..
In such poems as "Cliff", "In the Wild North...", "Leaf", the leading motive is the tragedy of loneliness, which is expressed either in unrequited love or in the fragility of human ties.
Political and civic lyrics .
The creative activity of M. Yu. L proceeded during the years of the most severe political reaction that came after the uprising of the Decembrists in 1825. According to the poems of the poet, one can trace the fate of a generation. A conflict developed between the poet and cruel reality, which killed the L-man, but the L-poet dealt an irresistible moral blow to the autocratic regime. "Iron verse" was the poem "Duma". It rebukes the generation for aimlessness:
Sadly, I look at our generation!
His future is either empty or dark,
Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,
It will grow old in inaction.
In the poem "Farewell, unwashed Russia ..." the bitter shade of grief and indignation is replaced by contempt and hatred for the "country of slaves, the country of masters", "for blue uniforms" and "the people devoted to them."
The complex confrontation of feelings, the tragedy of the poet's fate in secular society is revealed in the poem " Death of poet”, written by L after the tragic death of A.S.P. Sorrow and bitterness, sadness and admiration sound in the poem. There are three heroes in the poem: P-n - "a slave of honor", a secular crowd and a poet who stigmatizes and mourns P-a. The crowd did not appreciate true talent, did not understand true art. The poet openly points to the true killers - this is a soulless secular society that directed the killer's hand:
He rebelled against the opinions of the world
Alone, as before... and killed!
The theme of Motherland and nature
The theme of the Motherland occupies one of the leading places in the work of M. Yu. L, but it is revealed by him ambiguously. L creates a concrete historical image of Russia, it is closely connected with the theme of the "lost generation", which is important for the poet's work. "Borodino". The poet speaks of the heroic past of Russia. The poem is, as it were, a dialogue between the generation of the poet and the generation of fathers, participants in the war, in the face of an old soldier. Through the mouth of an old soldier, the author reproaches the “current tribe” for impotence:
Yes, there were people in our time,
Not like the current tribe:
Bogatyrs - not you!
At the same time, L clearly emphasizes this, repeating himself. Glorifying the exploits of his predecessors, the poet condemns his contemporaries for the ingloriously lived life. The image of Russia and the poet's attitude towards it are twofold. In the poem " motherland" He says:
I love my homeland, but with a strange love!
The peculiarity of L's love for the Motherland is that this love is in contrast - social life is opposed to spiritual life, and they do not harmonize. Hence philosophical reflections, where real images become the embodiment of the general laws of being. Poems like "Clouds", "In the Wild North...", "Cliff", "Three Palm Trees", "Sail" and others capture not just the spiritualized beauty of nature, but tragic phenomena in the life of the human soul. In 1840, before leaving for the Caucasus, L writes a poem " Clouds». The spontaneous wandering of the clouds is compared with the exile of the poet: You rush, as if like me, exiles
From the sweet north to the south.
The theme of the poet and poetry
Already in his earliest poems, Lermontov appears as a poet of a pronounced active, protesting thought. He proclaims: "Life is boring when there is no struggle ... I need to act." L sees the separation of people, and not their community, and therefore he does not believe that his confession will be heard. The human soul is changeable and contradictory, and the word is often powerless to reveal it.
In a poem "Poet" L compares the poet to a dagger.
In 1841, L wrote his last poem, The Prophet. The theme of this poem is the lofty idea of a poetic vocation and its misunderstanding by the crowd. The prophet sees what the common man cannot see:
Since the eternal judge
He gave me the omniscience of the prophet,
I read in the eyes of people
Pages of malice and vice.
The crowd is selfish and petty, they brutally persecute, mock and humiliate the Prophet.
The prophet goes into the desert, he remains alone, because the crowd did not accept his teachings.
love lyrics
Even in love, L could not find support for his ideals. His lyrical hero perceives true love as a wonderful gift, reflecting the fullness of life, bringing joy and peace to a person from mental anxieties and suffering. In the poem " Like heaven, your eyes shine he speaks of the "trembling soul" and "tender voice" he met. According to the lyrical hero, if you love, then with all the fullness of your soul, selflessly. But the disharmony that dominates life violates the beauty of love, makes it tragic, bringing only torment. Secular society is capable of trivializing, trampling even the purest earthly love.
Relentlessly, all his life, L loved Varvara Alexandrovna Lopukhina, who married Bakhmetyev. Varvara Alexandrovna responded to the feelings of L, but fate decreed in its own way. "Among the icy, among the merciless light," the poet's happiness was impossible. But the bright feeling experienced by them will illuminate their subsequent life. The poet speaks of this in the poem We parted; but your picture...»:
We parted; but your portrait
I keep on my chest:
Like a pale ghost of better years,
He pleases my soul.
The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov.
Grisha Dobrosklonov is a key figure in (The Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov) Nekrasov's poem “Who Lives Well in Russia”. Let me tell you a little about him. Grisha was born into the family of a poor clerk, a lazy and mediocre man. The mother, on the other hand, was a type of the very female image drawn by the author in the chapter “Peasant Woman”. Grisha determined his place in life at the age of 15. No wonder, after all, a hungry childhood, hard labor hardening, donated by his father; strong character, broad soul, inherited from the mother; a sense of collectivism, resilience, incredible perseverance, brought up in the family and the seminary, ultimately resulted in a deep sense of atriotism, moreover, responsibility for the fate of an entire nation! I hope I have explained the origins of Grisha's character in an accessible way?
And now let's look at the real-biographical factor of Grisha's appearance. Perhaps you already know that Dobrolyubov was the prototype. Like him, Grisha, a fighter for all the humiliated and offended, stood for peasant interests. He had no desire to satisfy prestigious needs (if anyone remembers lectures on social science), i.e. in the foreground, he does not care about personal well-being.
Now we know something about Dobroskl "The Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov" one. Let's identify some of the "Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov" and his personal qualities in order to find out the degree of significance of the "Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov" of Grisha's awn as a key figure. To do this, we just need to select from the above "Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov" words that characterize him. Here they are: the ability to compassion, strong convictions, iron will, unpretentiousness, high efficiency, education, excellent mind. Here you and I, imperceptibly for ourselves, approached the meaning of the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov. Look: these qualities are enough to reflect the main idea of the poem. Hence the conclusion is as prosaic as it is laconic: Grisha himself reflects one of the main ideas of the poem. Here is the idea: it is good to live in Russia only for such fighters for the happiness of the oppressed people. To explain why I am unlikely to succeed is a philosophical question and knowledge of psychology is required. Nevertheless, I will try to give an example: when you save someone's life, you get the feeling that you are strong and kind, a servant of the king, a father to soldiers, ... yes? And then you save the whole people ...
But this (the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov) is only a consequence, and we still have to find out where it started. Let's reason, we know that from childhood Grisha lived among unfortunate, helpless, despised people. What pushed him to such a height that made him sacrifice himself for the sake of the common people, because, frankly, limitless opportunities opened up before a literate and educated, talented young man. By the way, this feeling, quality or sensation, call it what you will, nourished Nekrasov's work, the main idea of the poem was determined from his submission, patriotism and a sense of responsibility originate from him. This is the capacity for compassion. The quality that Nekrasov himself possessed and gave him to the key figure of his poem. It is quite natural that this is followed by patriotism inherent in a person from the people, and, well, a sense of responsibility to the people.
It is very important to determine the era in which the hero appeared. The epoch is the upliftment of the social movement, the many millions of people are rising to the struggle. Look:
“... The army rises innumerable -
her power is invincible…”
The text directly proves that people's happiness is possible only as a result of a nationwide struggle against the oppressors. The main hope of the democratic revolutionaries, to which Nekrasov belonged, is a peasant revolution. And who raises revolutions? - revolutionaries, fighters for the people. For Nekrasov, it was Grisha Dobrosklonov. From this follows the second idea of the poem, or, rather, it has already flowed out, it remains for us to single it out from the general stream of reflections. The people, as a result of the direction of the reforms of Alexander II, remains unhappy, oppressed, but (!) Forces for protest are ripening. The reforms spurred in him the desire for a better life. Have you noticed the words:
"…Enough! Finished with the last calculation,
Finished sir!
The Russian people gather with strength
And learns to be a citizen! ... "
The form of transmission was songs performed by Grisha. The words just reflected the feelings that the hero is endowed with. We can say that the songs were the crown of the poem because they reflect everything that I was talking about. And in general, they inspire hope that the Motherland will not perish, despite the suffering and troubles that overwhelm it, and the comprehensive revival of Russia, and most importantly, changes in the consciousness of the simple Russian people.
The main themes and motives of the lyrics of A. S. Pushkin.
A. S. Pushkin entered the history of Russia as an extraordinary phenomenon. This is not only the greatest poet, but also the founder of the Russian literary language, the founder of new Russian literature. "Pushkin's muse", according to V. G. Belinsky, "was nurtured and brought up by the works of previous poets."
Freedom-loving lyrics
The first quarter of the 19th century is the time of the emergence of new political ideas, the birth of the Decembrist movement, the rise of social thought after the victory in the war of 1812.
In 1812, A. S. Pushkin entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. It is here that the creative life of the young poet begins. The mood caused by the war of 1812, the ideas of the liberation movement were close to Pushkin and found fertile ground among the lyceum students. The development of Pushkin's free-thinking was greatly influenced by the works of Radishchev, the writings of the French enlighteners of the 18th century, meetings with Chaadaev, conversations with Karamzin, communication with fellow lyceum students - Pushchin, Kuchelbecker, Delvig.
Pushkin's lyceum poems are imbued with the pathos of freedom, the idea that peoples prosper only where there is no slavery. This idea is vividly expressed in the poem "Licinius" (1815).
Rome has grown by freedom, but ruined by slavery!
In the St. Petersburg period, Pushkin's lyrics are especially saturated with freedom-loving political ideas and moods, most clearly expressed in the ode "Liberty", in the poems "To Chaadaev" and "The Village". Ode "Liberty" (1817) with crushing force denounced the autocracy and despotism that ruled in Russia:
Domineering villain!
I hate you, your throne
Your death, the death of children
With cruel joy I see.
The ode "Liberty" is written in verse close to the odes of Lomonosov and Derzhavin - this is a high, solemn verse, emphasizing the importance of the topic. In the poem "To Chaadaev" (1818), the internal plot develops the idea of a person's civic maturation. Love, hope, quiet glory, inspiring the young man, give way to a selfless struggle against "autocracy":
While we burn with freedom
As long as hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, we will devote to the fatherland
Souls wonderful impulses!
Pushkin sees the forces preventing the liberation of the fatherland. "The oppression of the fatal power" opposes the impulses of the "impatient soul". The poet urges to dedicate the best time of life to the fatherland:
Comrade, believe: she will rise,
Star of captivating happiness
Russia will wake up from sleep
And on the ruins of autocracy
Write our names!
In the poem "The Village" (1819), Pushkin passionately branded the foundations of the serfdom - lawlessness, arbitrariness, slavery, and laid bare the "suffering of peoples." In the poem, the idyllic first part and the tragic second part are contrasted in contrast. The first part of "The Village" is a preparation for the angry verdict, which is pronounced in the second part. The poet at first notices “everywhere there are traces of contentment and labor,” since in the village the poet joins nature, freedom, and is freed “from vain fetters.” The infinity of the horizon is a natural symbol of freedom. And only such a person, to whom the village "opened" freedom and whom she made a "friend of mankind", is able to be horrified by the "wild nobility" and "skinny slavery." The poet is indignant:
Why in my chest a fruitless heat burns
And the fate of ornate has not given me a formidable gift?
Freedom is already seen by the poet not as a distant “star of captivating happiness”, but as a “beautiful dawn”. From the ardent message "To Chaadaev" and the bitter wrath of "The Village" Pushkin moves to a doubt dictated by impatience ("Who, the waves, left you..."), to the crisis of 1823 ("The Sower"), caused by the fact that Pushkin is witnessed the suppression and death of European revolutions. He is not sure about the readiness of peoples to fight for freedom:
Desert sower of freedom,
I left early, before the star;
By a pure and innocent hand
In enslaved reins
Threw a life-giving seed -
But I only lost time
Good thoughts and works...
Memories are majestic:
Napoleon died there.
There he rested in torment.
And after him, like a storm noise,
Another genius rushed away from us,
In the elegy "To the Sea" the thirst for freedom-elements collides with the sober consciousness of the "fate of people" who live by their own laws. In the meantime, the only thing left for the poet is to preserve the memory of the beautiful indomitable elements:
The theme of freedom in a variety of variations is also manifested in the poems “Why were you sent and who sent you?”, “To Yazykov”, “A conversation between a bookseller and a poet”, “Defenders of the whip and lash”, etc. Throughout the life of A.S. Pushkin was faithful to the ideals of the Decembrists. He did not hide his spiritual connection with the Decembrist movement. And the defeat of the Decembrists on December 14, 1825 did not undermine the poet's devotion to freedom. To his Decembrist friends exiled to Siberia, he writes a message "In the depths of the Siberian ores" (1827), in which he expresses the belief that
Heavy chains will fall
The dungeons will collapse - and freedom
Although the poet was left alone, he is faithful to his friends, faithful to the ideals of freedom.
In the poem "Monument", summing up his life and work, the poet says that his descendants will remember him for the fact that "in a cruel age he glorified ... freedom and mercy to the fallen called."
The theme of the poet and poetry
The theme of the poet and poetry runs through all the work of A. S. Pushkin, receiving different interpretations over the years, reflecting the changes taking place in the poet's worldview.
the image of a freedom-loving poet-thinker, a fiery-severe denouncer of vices is sweet:
I want to sing freedom to the world
On thrones to strike vice...
In the poem "The Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet" (1824), the poet and the bookseller express their attitude towards poetry in the form of a dialogue. The author's view of literature and poetry is somewhat mundane here. There is a new understanding of the tasks of poetry. The hero of the poem, the poet, speaks of poetry that brings "fiery delight" to the soul. He chooses spiritual freedom and
poetic. But the bookseller says:
Our age of trade; in this age of iron
There is no freedom without money.
Pushkin considers his work-poetry not only as a "brainchild" of inspiration, but also as a means of subsistence. However, to the question of the bookseller: “What will you choose?” - the poet answers: "Freedom." Gradually comes the understanding that no political freedom is possible without inner freedom and that only spiritual harmony will give a person
feel independent.
After the massacre of the Decembrists, Pushkin writes a poem "Prophet» (1826). The mission of the prophet is beautiful and terrible at the same time: "Burn the hearts of people with the verb."
The process of human transformation is nothing but the birth of a poet. “Prophetic eyes were opened” in order to see the world around, “the sting of a wise snake” was given instead of a tongue, and instead of a quivering heart - “coal burning with fire”. But this is not enough to become the chosen one. We also need a lofty goal, an idea in the name of which the poet creates and which enlivens, gives meaning to everything that he so sensitively hears and sees. "God's voice" commands
"burn people's hearts" with a poetic word, showing the true truth of life:
Arise, prophet, and see, and listen,
Fulfill my will
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Burn people's hearts with the verb.
The poem has an allegorical meaning, but in this case the poet affirms the divine nature of poetry, which means that the poet is also responsible only to the Creator.
In a poem "Poet"(1827) also appears the motif of the poet's divine election. And when inspiration descends, “the divine verb touches the sensitive ear”, the poet feels his chosenness, the vain amusements of the world become alien to him:
He runs, wild and stern,
And full of sounds and confusion,
On the shores of desert waves
In the noisy oak forests...
In the poems “To the Poet”, “The Poet and the Crowd”, Pushkin proclaims the idea of freedom and independence of the poet from the “crowd”, “mob”, meaning by these words “secular mob”, people who are deeply indifferent to true poetry. The crowd does not see any benefit in the work of the poet, because it does not bring any material benefits:
Like the wind, its song is free,
But like the wind it is barren:
What use is it to us?
This attitude of the "uninitiated" crowd irritates the poet, and he contemptuously throws to the crowd:
Shut up you stupid people
Laborer, slave of need, worries!
I can't bear your impudent murmur,
You are a worm of the earth, not a son of heaven...
Poetry is the lot of the elite:
We are born to inspire
For sweet sounds and prayers.
This is how Pushkin formulates the goal in whose name the poet comes into the world. "Sweet sounds" and "prayers", beauty and God - these are the guidelines that guide him through life.
Philosophical lyrics
The subject of Pushkin's poetry has always been life itself. In his poems we will find everything: both real portraits of time, and philosophical reflections on the main issues of life, and the eternal change of nature, and the movement of the human soul. Pushkin was more than a famous world poet. He was a historian, a philosopher, a literary critic, a great man who represented an era.
The measure of beauty for him was in life itself, in its harmony. Pushkin felt and understood how unhappy a person is who has not managed to build his life according to the laws of beauty. The poet's philosophical thoughts about the meaning and purpose of existence, about life and death, about good and evil are heard in the poems "Do I wander along the noisy streets ..." (1829), "The Cart of Life" (1823), "Anchar" (1828) , "Scene from Faust" (1825), "Oh no, I'm not tired of life ..." and others. The poet is haunted by inevitable sadness and melancholy (“Winter Road”), tormented by spiritual dissatisfaction (“Remembrance”, 1828; “Crazy Years Faded Fun”, 1830), afraid of a premonition of impending troubles (“Premonition”, 1828).
But all these hardships did not lead to despair and hopelessness. In the poem "On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night ..." the poet says:
My sadness is light.
In the poem "Elegy" (1830), the tragic notes of the first part
My path is sad
Promises me labor and sorrow
The coming exciting sea...
are replaced by a rush to life no matter what:
But I do not want, oh my friends, to die,
I want to live in order to think and suffer.
The poem "To Chaadaev" (1818) reflects Pushkin's dreams of changes in Russia:
Russia will wake up from sleep
And on the ruins of autocracy
Write our names!
landscape lyrics
Landscape poetry occupies an important place in the poetic world of A. S. Pushkin. He was the first Russian poet who not only knew and fell in love with the beautiful world of nature, but also revealed its beauty to readers.
Poetry for Pushkin is not only a merger with the natural world, but also complete harmony, dissolved in the "eternal beauty" of this world. It is nature in its eternal cycle that creates the artist himself. “The mighty ridge of clouds is thinning”, “The daylight has gone out ...”, “To the sea” and others. In the poem "The daylight went out" (1820), the poet conveys the sad state of mind of the lyrical hero, striving in his memoirs to "the sad shores of the misty homeland." The dusk of the evening turned the sea into a "gloomy ocean", which evokes sadness, melancholy and does not heal "the wounds of the former heart."
And in the poem "To the Sea" (1824), the poet draws the "solemn beauty" of the sea, inspiring the poet:
How I loved your reviews
Deaf sounds, abyss voice,
And silence in the evening
And wayward impulses!
The poem "Winter Morning" (1829) reflects the harmony of the state of nature and the mood of man. When in the evening the “blizzard was angry”, the poet’s girlfriend “sat sad”, but with a change in the weather, the mood also changes. Here Pushkin paints a wonderful picture of a winter morning:
Under blue skies
splendid carpets,
Shining in the sun, the snow lies,
The transparent forest alone turns black,
And the spruce turns green through the frost,
And the river under the ice glitters.
P. was a real poetic painter of nature, he perceived it with the keen eye of an artist and the delicate ear of a musician. In the poem "Autumn" (1833), A. S. Pushkin is polyphonic and complex, like nature itself. The poet does not like the seasons, which seem to him monotonous, monotonous. But each line, creating the image of the favorite season - autumn, is filled with love and admiration:
Sad time! oh charm!
Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me -
I love the magnificent nature of wilting,
Forests clad in crimson and gold...
To the poet, autumn is sweet "with its quiet beauty, shining humbly", "from the annual seasons, he is glad only for her alone."
Friendship and love theme
In the lyceum, the cult of friendship inherent in Pushkin is born. Throughout the life of the poet, the content and meaning of friendship changes. What unites friends? In the poem "Feasting Students" (1814), friendship for Pushkin is a happy union of liberty, joy. Friends are united by a carefree mood. Years will pass, and in a poem<19 октября» (1825) дружба для поэта - защита от «сетей судьбы суровой» в годы одиночества. Мысль о друзьях, которых судьба разбросала по свету, помогла поэту пережить ссылку и преодолеть замкнутость
"house of the disgraced". Friendship resists the persecution of fate.
Friendship for Pushkin is the generosity of the soul, gratitude, kindness. And there is nothing higher than the bonds of friendship for a poet.
My friends, our union is beautiful!
He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal -
Unshakable, free and carefree -
He grew together under the shadow of friendly muses.
The poet experienced the failure of the Decembrist uprising, among whom were many of his friends and acquaintances.
love lyrics
Pushkin is sincerity, nobility, delight, admiration, but not windiness. Beauty for the poet is a "shrine" (the poem "Beauty").
In the Lyceum, love appears to the poet as inspiring suffering ("The Singer", "To Morpheus", "Desire").
I cherish my love of torment -
Let me die, but let me die loving!
During the period of southern exile, love is a merger with the elements of life, nature, a source of inspiration (poems “The flying ridge is thinning clouds”, “Night”). Pushkin's love lyrics, reflecting the complex vicissitudes of life, joyful and sorrowful, acquire high sincerity and sincerity. The poem "I remember a wonderful moment ..." (1825) is a hymn to beauty and love. The period of southern exile (May 1820 - July 1824) constitutes a new, mostly romantic, stage in the path of Pushkin the poet, which is very important for all his further creative development. It was during these years, in accordance with one of the main requirements of romanticism, that Pushkin's desire for "nationality" - the national identity of creativity - was growing, which was an essential prerequisite for Pushkin's subsequent "poetry of reality" - Pushkin's realism.
The poet not only completely rejects the rational "rules" of classicism, which regulate the choice of the object of the image, and genres, and style, but also more and more overcomes the salon-literary narrowness of Karamzin's "new style", as well as the conventions and clichés of the elegiac style largely associated with it. Zhukovsky - Batyushkov schools; he opens up ever wider access to the national folk language element - "colloquial" (see, for example, his poem "The Cart of Life", 1823). The poet is more firmly and confidently embarking on his own independent creative path, thus opening up a qualitatively new "Pushkin period" (in Belinsky's terminology) in the development of Russian literature.
Sadness, separation, suffering, hopelessness accompany Pushkin's best love poems, which reached the heights of cordiality and poetry: “Do not sing, beauty, with me ...” (1828), “I loved you ...” (1829), “On hills of Georgia ... "(1829)," What is in my name-?.. "(1830)," Farewell "(1830). These poems enchant with overflows of truly human feelings - silent and hopeless, rejected, mutual and triumphant, but always immensely
Man of the eraPushkin's work is unique
phenomenon. Taking in everything
previous literary
epoch, it terminates the process
development of the literature of his time and
at the same time, creating a new language,
giving birth to new themes and genres, stands at
origins of modern Russian
literature, opening the way to
future.
About nature
philosophical
freedom-loving
The theme of the poet and poetry
love Pushkin
The search for the support of "human self-reliance",
the idea of housebuilding is the most important
components of Pushkin's philosophical
lyrics.
Problems of the purpose and meaning of life,
correlation of being and personality,
self-knowledge, the place of man in the world,
relationship with God and nature are central
Philosophical motives
questions of all Russian literature. Them
called "eternal questions" because
no clear answer can be found,
they have always been and always will be
of people. And this is the guarantee of the immortality of mankind,
because the eternal life of the spirit is in this
restlessness, in this endless thirst
self-knowledge.
Do I wander along the noisy streets.
Do I wander along the streetsnoisy,
Do I enter the crowded
temple,
Am I sitting among the young men
insane
I surrender to my dreams.
I say the years go by
And no matter how much you see us here,
We will all go down forever
vaults And someone's hour is already close.
I look at the solitary oak,
I think: the patriarch of the forests
Outlive my age
oblivious,
How did he survive the age of his fathers ...
Pushkin's poem "Do I wander along
noisy streets…” was written on December 26
1829. It represents
philosophical reflection on
thirty years of the life of the poet.
In the poem, the thought of inevitability and
death predestination. Here is life
seems to be a transition to something eternal,
absolute and inevitable.
The first stanza seems to sound mournful.
Such "mournfulness" helps to immerse yourself in
atmosphere of hopelessness, inevitability
of death. The thoughts of the poet are directed only to
to one: "We will all descend under the eternal vaults ..."
The thought of death is forced into the poem
gradually, and in each subsequent
everything is felt in an expressive way
great inevitability of death.
In the poem, the poet conveys movement.
This movement of poetic thought, the path to
eternity through death. Thanks to
the presence of movement can be understood, which
it is the ideological content that the poet puts
into your poem.
Memories of Tsarskoye Selo
Freedom-lovingoh lyrics
Arion.
There were many of us on the boat;Others strained the sail,
Others chimed in unanimously
In depth powerful oars. In silence
Leaning on the steering wheel, our feeder
clever
A heavy boat ruled in silence;
And I am full of careless faith, -
I sang to swimmers ... Suddenly the bosom of the waves
A noisy whirlwind crushed on the fly ...
Both the feeder and the swimmer died! -
Only me, the mysterious singer,
Shot ashore by a storm,
I sing old hymns
And my wet robe
Drying in the sun under a rock.
A poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Arion" written in 1827
year.
The heroes of the poem are swimmers who went to
travel. Everyone on the ship has their own job:
“others strained the sail, others together rested deep into
oars are powerful ... "Sailors unanimously overcome
obstacles, they are led by the “smart helmsman”, and the hero,
"Full of careless faith," he sings to them, confident that
that his talent, his songs help swimmers in their
hard work. Lyrical hero, gullible,
open, free, definitely very close
auto RU. Pushkin also "sang, full of careless faith", not
knowing about the impending uprising, about its plans
leaders, not knowing what kind of "swimming"
cooking his friends.
The central event of the poem is "a whirlwind
noisy", crashed the ship, claimed lives and
feeder, and swimmers. It's metaphorical
image of the Decembrist uprising, its defeat.
For Pushkin, the events of 1825 were a tragedy,
storm, shipwreck. Just like the poet
Arion escaped death in a storm, he "on the shore
thrown out by a storm." But this accident did not break
hero, did not force him to renounce his friends. "I am the hymns
I sing the former ”- in these words and loyalty
Decembrists
and loyalty to their convictions, faith in justice. And the heart burns again and love
That it cannot not love
love lyricist
Burnt letter.
Goodbye love letter! goodbye: sheordered.
How long have I lingered! how long did not want
The hand to set fire to all my joys! ..
But enough, the time has come. Burn, letter
love.
I'm ready; my soul does not listen to anything.
Already the flame is greedy your sheets
accepts...
Just a minute!.. flared up! blaze - easy
smoke
Waving, lost with my prayer.
Having lost the impression of the faithful ring,
Melted sealing wax boils... Oh
providence!
It's done! Dark curled sheets;
On light ashes their cherished features
They turn white ... My chest was shy. Ash
cute,
A poor joy in my sad fate,
Stay a century with me in sorrow
chest...
This poem was written in 1825
year, during Pushkin's exile in the village
Mikhailovskoye and is dedicated to Vorontsova.
The eternal theme of love was developed by Pushkin
Very idiosyncratic. He writes about the burned
letter, but in fact we are talking about a burnt
love, and writing is just a way
conveying the experiences of a lyrical hero,
some artistic symbol.
This poem is filled with pain and bitterness.
from the very beginning. The mood of the lyrical hero
not evenly. As soon as he calmed down, he immediately
begins to suffer again; it can be seen thanks to
because the author uses exclamation marks
suggestions and silence.
Experiences of the lyrical hero to the reader
help to understand and numerous epithets:
"greedy flame", "cute ash", "poor
joy”, “dismal fate”, “woeful chest”.
It is no coincidence that Pushkin calls the ashes "cute", but
also "poor joy", because this is the only
trace, the only memory of the burnt
love, without which the lyrical hero does not see and
a glimmer of happiness in his "dull fate." The theme of the poet and poetry
he did not teach people, did not preach, he awakened "good feelings" in them
souls, sought to give people
powerful impulse to the spiritual
self-improvement, awaken
to life the good that is in each
soul is the only thing that can and
must appeal to art
Poet.
Until it requires a poetTo the sacred sacrifice
Apollo,
In the cares of vain light
He is cowardly immersed;
His holy lyre is silent;
The soul tastes cold
dream,
And among the insignificant children
peace,
Perhaps everyone
he is more insignificant.
The poem "Poet" was written in 1827
year, when Pushkin began to
think about your purpose.
The theme of the poet and poetry has gone through everything
Pushkin's work. Poem "Poet"
this plan is no exception. In that
poem, the author speaks of the poet as
unearthly being, for whom the ordinary
life among ordinary people is a fetter,
preventing his soul from waking up.
Dividing the poem into two parts
could not better show the change of feelings
lyrical hero. The first part is
the life of a poet without inspiration, under the yoke
everyday life before the coming of the Muse.
And the second part is the period of creation
the poet of something new. And then there is nothing
the whole world cannot break the great power
poet, his voice penetrating everywhere. He's like
would become higher than all people, for him
everything around disappears and he remains alone on
alone with your creativity. This is it, by
According to Pushkin, the true happiness of the poet. Subject
nature
Winter morning.
Pushkin prominent place belongs to the poem... Evening, do you remember the blizzard In the lyrics
"Winter morning",
written on December 3, 1829 in the village of Pavlovsky. It
angry
sunny
mood, accurately conveys the feelings that overcame
Darkness in the cloudy sky
author.
There are two heroes in the work: the so-called lyrical hero, and
worn;
that beauty,
to which the poem itself is dedicated, which is
The moon is like a pale spot
monologue of the lyrical hero.
It is this beauty that the author calls "charming friend" and
Through dark clouds
"dear friend"
turned yellow
The contrasting description of "today" and "evening" takes
poem main
And you sat sad place. The splendor of the winter morning is felt even sharper
compared to yesterday
And now ... look out the window:
storm, which is just as accurately described.
The most poetic landscape is in the second stanza, it is saturated
Under blue skies
comparisons and
personifications, although it causes sadness of the heroine.
splendid carpets,
The third stanza is a winter landscape. A picture created by a poet
saturated with color: it
Shining in the sun, snow
and blue, and black, and green.
The poet's sense of joy grows and demands movement, he wants to
lies;
visit the fields
empty."
Transparent forest one
I think the last line is the main magnet
turns black
works. After all, everything
this is a monologue of a man persuading a "friend
And the spruce turns green through the hoarfrost, a poem
cute" wake up,
to immediately go to the shore, dear to the poet.
And the river under the ice glitters ...
Conclusion
Pushkin is timeless, his poetry is sincere,captivates with ease of presentation and depth
feelings. And oddly enough, it resonates with
our souls! We can feel this way too
and love, but we can’t express it like that.
He wrote about the eternal, original features
person and society. Entourage with centuries
changes, and the essence of human life
remains, so Pushkin's work will be
always up to date and up to date.
