What is the difference between a national language and a literary one. National language

National Russian language and its varieties
National language - the language of a particular nation.

Language as a means of communication within a nation, including the literary language and non-literary varieties of the language. The concept of the national language is broader than the literary language.

Literary language is highest form national language. And the basis of the culture of speech.

Signs of the literary language that distinguish it from the forms of the national language:

1) normativity:

language norm - a system of rules for the use of language means. The norm covers all levels of the language system. There are orthoepic norms, that is, pronunciation, lexical, how to choose the right word to express thoughts, phraseological, grammatical (morphological and syntactic), spelling (spelling and punctuation), stylistic.

2) mandatory for all native speakers

The language must be generally accepted, and therefore generally understandable - this is the main property of the literary language, which in essence makes it literary.

3) codification

codification is a scientific description of norms, enshrined in grammars, reference books, dictionaries.

4) the relative stability of the rules, that is, historical stability, tradition.

5) availability of oral and written forms

6) the presence of functional styles in the language as part of the modern Russian literary language, six styles are distinguished:

1) scientific style;

2) official business;

3) artistic;

4) journalistic;

5) religious;

6) colloquial.

Non-literary varieties of the national language:

1) dialect (dialect or dialect) - the speech of the inhabitants of a certain region.

The vocabulary of the dialect gives an idea of the life of people, their occupations, clothes, food.

To grammatical features include the use of the preposition for instead of other prepositions. Pronoun forms are often incorrectly used in the Kuban dialect. The use of grammatical and phonetic dialectisms in speech indicates a low level of proficiency in the norms of the literary language.

As a rule, the dialect is not used by the entire population of the region, but mainly by the rural population.

2) vernacular is a non-literary form of a language, unlike dialects, it is unlimited territorially. It is characterized by deviation from literary norms at all levels of the language.

For example: in phonetics "tranway". The vernacular of the speaker is also indicated by some combinations of words: "no difference."

3) jargon is the speech of people of certain social or professional groups.

Youth

Student

Military

Athletes

The purpose of use is to psychologically and socially separate a certain circle of people from the rest. A special kind of youth jargon is student jargon: tail, scooter.

The lower classes of society have their own jargon - the declassed groups of society (homeless people). This vocabulary and phraseology has recently become widespread in society, which indicates a negative trend - the activation of jargon.

Professional jargon is manifested not only in special words ah, but also in special emphasis: sailors have a compass.

Jargon is acceptable in the circle of their own, in a homogeneous social environment. Jargon, dialect or vernacular is rarely used as a system, usually separate jargon, dialectisms and vernacular words are used in speech along with elements of the literary language.

Any developed language, including Russian, performs a variety of functions, is used in the most different situations, on large territories and a variety of people, who are sometimes united by only one common property- they all speak this language, so the latter has a complex and branched structure. In this regard, it becomes necessary to introduce a number of concepts (later they will be actively used in other chapters) that make it possible to reflect the differentiation of the language and give an idea of the features and purpose of each of its varieties.

Russian language has rich history and is constantly evolving. Naturally, to read, say, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" without translation modern man is extremely difficult, therefore, to begin with, it is necessary to determine when the language appeared that can serve as a means of communication for us without requiring translation from Russian into Russian, i.e., in other words, introduce chronological boundaries modern Russian language.

In Russian studies, it is believed that the modern stage of development of the Russian language begins with the era of A.S. Pushkin - approximately from the 1830s. It was then that there was literary variety language, which still serves as the basis for the development of a dictionary, and grammar, and a system of functional styles, and phonetics, and orthoepy. It is this circumstance that serves as the basis for counting the current stage in the development of the Russian language.

A huge role in creating the system of the modern literary language as a set of means of expression and ideas about the literary norm as the basis of this system was played by A. S. Pushkin, who went down in history not only as the “sun of Russian poetry” (in the words of V. F. Odoevsky), but also how great reformer- the creator of the modern Russian literary language.

However, almost 200 years have passed since Pushkin's time, and the language has inevitably undergone significant changes, especially in the 20th century. During this period, first the October Revolution, and 70 years later, the collapse of the USSR significantly influenced the development of both lexico-phraseological and grammatical (albeit in lesser degree), and especially the functional-stylistic system of the Russian language. There was also a transformation of the social conditions of its existence. For example, in connection with the introduction of compulsory school education after the revolution, the circle of native speakers of the literary language expanded. In connection with the ubiquity of the media, territorial dialects die off and remain only as a fact of the history of the language. Other changes are also taking place.

Although Pushkin's language remains both generally understandable and exemplary for us, we ourselves, of course, no longer speak, let alone write, Pushkin. This was noted back in the 1930s. Soviet linguist L. V. Shcherba: “It would be ridiculous to think that now it is possible to write in the sense of the language quite in Pushkin’s way.” In this regard, it became necessary to allocate a period for present stage the evolution of a language that would take into account precisely the ongoing metamorphoses.

This is how the idea arose of the actual modern stage of language development, the beginning of which dates back to the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

Thus, the stage of evolution of the modern Russian language begins with the reform of A. S. Pushkin, and within this period, from the beginning of the last century, the actual modern language which we use.

Now let's answer the question: what language is called national? In short, the national language is the language of the Russian nation as a whole, a developed multifunctional and multifaceted system. Being the main means of communication, it serves all spheres of public and private life of people and is an essential element national identity and unity. Historically, the Russian national language is formalized in holistic education from the 17th century together with the transformation of the Great Russian people into the Russian nation.

On the one hand, the national language includes elements that are generally understood and generally accepted, used in any situation, and on the other hand, those whose use is limited either by attachment to a certain type of activity, or by territory, or by social reasons.

The structure of the national language can be represented as follows.

The core of the national language is literary Russian

language, i.e. historically established exemplary form of existence of the national language, which has a number of the most important properties, which allow it to play the role of a generally understood, socially sanctioned means of communication and serve all the most important spheres of life. These properties are:

1. Literary language is a processed language. All its elements (pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, stylistics) have gone through a long historical process of processing and selection in folk art in the works of writers and poets, in the language of other authoritative masters of the word, therefore the resources of the literary language are the most accurate, figurative and expressive and most adequate. reflect the peculiarities of the national mentality, create a Russian language picture of the world, serve as the basis of Russian culture.
2. Literary language - a standardized language, with an established generally accepted system of units of all levels and a unified system of rules for their use. Vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical forms of the literary language, as well as the rules for using these units (from pronunciation and spelling to stylistic features) is described and fixed in dictionaries, grammars, reference books, educational literature, and geographical, administrative, historical and some other names are enshrined in law.
3. Literary language is both traditional and developing language. Each younger generation inherits the language of the older one, but at the same time develops those of its means and trends that most fully reflect its socio-cultural tasks and conditions of speech communication.
4. Literary language is an integral branched stylistic system. In it, along with neutral means applicable in any situation, there are means that are stylistically colored. Stylistic coloring reflects attachment language resources to the oral or written form of the language, to various thematic areas, conveys various expressive, emotional and other shades of meaning. AT explanatory dictionaries, for example, this is reflected by the system of stylistic labels that a word or expression is supplied with: book.- book, unfold- colloquial iron.- ironic poet.- poetic rough.- rude mouth- obsolete, etc.

In addition, several functional styles are distinguished in the literary language - varieties of the literary language, each of which serves a specific area of communication. According to the classification of V. V. Vinogradov, these styles include the following: colloquial, scientific, business, journalistic, style fiction. Currently, the nomenclature of styles is being specified: in particular, many researchers single out a preaching, or religious, style.

5. The literary language functions in two varieties - bookish and colloquial. In general, any of the styles belongs to one of these forms. Business, scientific, journalistic, religious styles represent book speech, colloquial - respectively colloquial. The artistic style, with its dominant aesthetic function, combines both literary and colloquial features.

However, within the limits of book business and scientific styles, oral genres are distinguished (job interview, conference call, oral reprimand), and accordingly, the possibilities of using resources are expanding. colloquial speech.

6. Literary Russian language accumulates all the best that is in the national language. This allows him to be a model, to serve as a universal means of communication, to perform the functions state language and one of the working languages of international communication.
7. Literary language - a language that exists and functions in two varieties: oral and written (see 1.5). Written fixation, along with traditionality, allows the literary language to become the basis for the accumulation and inheritance of knowledge and experience of predecessors, the continuity from the older generation to the younger of the achievements of science, material and spiritual culture and civilization as a whole.

The periphery of the national language is vernacular, territorial dialects, social and professional jargons. Unlike literary, non-literary varieties of the national language, which will be discussed, of course, can be recorded in writing, but they function in oral form.

Territorial dialects are variants of the national language that are characteristic of a particular area. They differ from each other in pronunciation. For example, in northern dialects they are okayut (they say words like beard, sequentially distinguishing sounds a and o), and in South Russian akayat (pronounce barada). Vocabulary is also partially different in different dialects (for example, delusional in the Pskov dialect means willow), phraseology, morphological and syntactic forms(for example, K. I. Chukovsky in the book “Alive, like life” gives a dialect form a person (What kind of person are you?) whereas in literary language the form Human). Invaluable observations of the dialectal features of word usage are given by the dictionary of V. I. Dahl.

In general, the topic speech communication in folk dialects is rather limited, which is reflected in thematic groups of vocabulary: agriculture and household, interpersonal relations, folklore, traditions and rituals.

At present, due to the ubiquitous spread of electronic media focused on oral literary speech, the territorial dialects of the Russian language as integral systems, the territorial varieties of the national language are dying off. Only elderly people remained among their speakers, while younger people often retain only some features of dialectal pronunciation.

Remain outside the literary language jargon- group varieties of the national language. According to the functions and who are their carriers, they distinguish professional and social jargon. The first group is oral, everyday colloquial equivalents professional languages: jargon of doctors, lawyers, rock musicians, computer, etc. The second group - jargons of social groups: school, student, sports fans, social bottom (drug addict, criminal), etc. Jargon is characterized by its own vocabulary, relatively quickly replaced and highly emotional, generally reduced stylistic coloring, the predominance of certain thematic groups in the vocabulary, its own phraseology, sources of its replenishment and word-formation models. So, for youth and school jargon, truncation of the bases is characteristic as a way of word formation (people - Human, teacher or prep- teacher, nerd, bot(from slang botanist) - diligent student) and replenishment vocabulary largely due to anglicisms and jargons of the social bottom.

In addition to the term "jargon", the concepts of "social dialect" (otherwise "sociolect"), "slang", "slang", "interjargon" are used to designate group varieties of the national language. The latter includes words common to several jargons, and this brings it closer to urban rough vernacular. Lrgo is a secret, secret group language, such as thieves' slang.

Not included in the literary language and vernacular- the speech of an insufficiently educated part of the urban population, the urban lower classes. There are two types of vernacular: rude (starting from rough vocabulary and ending with taboo curses) and illiterate - non-normative (non-normative can be observed at the level of pronunciation, vocabulary, morphology, syntax).

Words that go beyond the literary language are not included in general language dictionaries and are recorded only in specialized publications, for example, in jargon dictionaries.

Shcherba L. V. Selected works on the Russian language. M., 1935. S. 135.

ODA + signs

the presence of a corpus of texts;

1) the presence of writing;

6) prevalence;
7) general use;
8) general obligatoriness;

Literary and national language.

Comparison. Literary is included in the national

Non-literary forms of language, dialects.

The national language is a form of language that exists in the era of the nation.

The national language is a hierarchical integrity within which a regrouping of linguistic phenomena takes place.

National language:

· literary language:

· written form(book);

oral form (colloquial);

non-literary forms:

territorial dialects;

social phraseological units;

Prison (argotic vocabulary);

vernacular;

jargon

A dialect is a means of communication between people united territorially (national language + ter. features).

Jargon is a social dialect that is distinguished by specific vocabulary, phraseology, expressive means, without affecting the phonetic and grammar basics. The main function is to express belonging to an autonomous social group. ( 18th - 19th century based on loanwords)

Slang ( from eng) is a set of special words or meanings of words, also used in various social groups, but with a short lifetime.

Argotic vocabulary is the language of a closed social group, which does not affect the phonetic and grammatical foundations.

Vernacular is a distorted, misused form of lit. language, i.e., in fact, a deviation from the literary language norm. (For everyone language levels) Resists all other forms, because it distorts lexical bases. The main features of colloquialism: carelessness, loss of self-control, fuzzy articulation, the presence of erroneous forms, oversimplification. (oral speech is not the same as vernacular)

The history of the formation of the Russian literary language

Indo-European linguistic unity

Common Slavic 1500 BC - 400 AD

Old Russian language

Beginning of formation 14th century

Special Role Church Slavonic

Two elements:

· Old Russian language(mostly without writing);

· Church Slavonic(mostly book);

Many borrowings of different time and source.

A large number of dialects of the Old Russian language.

The Russian language was at first part of the East Slavic language (Old Russian), which was spoken by the East Slavic tribes that formed in the 10th century ancient Russian nationality within the Kievan state. Over time (Х1У - ХУ centuries) r u s c k and th language stood out from general group and formed as independent language, along with ukrainian and belorussian.

Old Russian language ( common ancestor Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian) is reflected in the written monuments. Of the surviving and extant manuscripts, the earliest manuscript belongs to the 11th century (dated - 1057).

Until the XIV century. Old Russian existed as a common language of the ancestors of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians. The Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages. This group includes Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. In addition to the eastern group, among the Slavic languages there is also a southern group (Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian) and a western group of languages (Polish, Slovak, Czech and some other languages). All Slavic languages are closely related, have many common words, are significantly similar in grammar and phonetics. In the XIV century. there was a separation East Slavic(in connection with the formation of the Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian nation), and since then the Russian language of the Russian people has existed.

From Peter I to the XIX century - the normalization of the Russian language.

Stalinist normalization - Lomanosov.

Later: Ushakov, Vinogradov, Ozhegov...

One can detect the similarity of words in the Indo-European family of languages:

Russian language in the system of languages of the world

Map of language families

Genealogical and typological classification

language families. Basque language isolated. Japanese isolated. RF (???)

In total, there are about 5,000 languages in the world.

Related languages are called languages that came out of the same “parent” language. All related languages ascending to common ancestor called language family.

World languages:

· North Caucasian family of languages;

Indo-European family of languages:

· Slavic group languages:

West Slavic subgroup:

· Polish;

· Czech;

East Slavic subgroup:

· Ukrainian;

· Russian;

Belarusian

South Slavic subgroup:

· Bulgarian;

· Macedonian;

Basque family:

The Basque language

Chinese → Eastern group of languages → Sino-Tibetan family languages

There are about 1000 dialects in the Papuan languages *trollface*

Japanese language isolated

Example: the word "house"

Russian language: house

Serbian: house

Polish language: dom

Journalistic style.

A distinctive feature of the journalistic style is considered to be the combination of the opposite in it: standard and expression, strict logic and emotionality, intelligibility and conciseness, informative richness and economy of language means.

The journalistic style is inherent in the periodical press, socio-political literature, political and judicial speeches, etc. It is used, as a rule, for illumination and discussion. actual problems and phenomena of the current life of society, to develop public opinion, which is formed with the aim of solving them. Let's make a reservation that the journalistic style exists not only in verbal (oral and written) form, but also in graphic, pictorial (poster, caricature), photo and cinematographic (documentary film, television) and other forms.

One of the central functions of the journalistic style of speech is the information function. Realizing it, this style performs another function - the impact on the reader and listener. It is associated with the public upholding of certain ideals, with the conviction of others in their justice and justification.

The journalistic style, unlike the scientific one, for example, is associated with simplicity and accessibility of presentation, often uses elements of appeal and declarativeness.

His speech expressiveness manifests itself in the desire for novelty of presentation, in attempts to use unusual, unhackneyed phrases, to avoid repetition of the same words, turns, constructions, to address the reader or listener directly, etc. Publicism is inherent in public accessibility, because it is intended for the widest audience. The stylistics of journalistic speech allows to implement the mass nature of communication.

Another important manifestation of journalistic style is the use of so-called intellectual speech. It is characterized by strict documentaryism, focusing on the accuracy, verification, objectivity of the facts presented. Such speech is usually full of professional terminology, but the use of figurative, metaphorical terms is limited in it. She claims to be analytical and factual in the presentation of the material. The author of the speech seeks to draw attention to the significance of the facts cited, the information published, highlights the nominal, personal, personal nature of the speech. In a word, the stylistic core of intellectual speech is its emphasized documentary and factual accuracy.

critical role emotional means of expression play in the journalistic style of speech. Among them is the use of words with a bright emotional coloring, the use of figurative meanings of words, the use of various figurative means. Epithets, lexical repetitions, comparisons, metaphors, appeals, rhetorical questions are widely used. Proverbs, sayings, colloquial turns of speech, phraseological units, the use of literary images, the possibilities of humor and satire also act as means of emotional expressiveness. Emotional linguistic means act in a journalistic style, combined with figurativeness, logic, evidence.

Art style

The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, the wide use of figurative and expressive means of the language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of fiction, vernacular and dialectisms, words of high, poetic style, jargon, rude words, professionally business turns of speech, journalism. HOWEVER, ALL THESE MEANS IN the artistic style of speech ARE SUBJECT TO ITS MAIN FUNCTION - AESTHETIC.

If the colloquial style of speech performs primarily the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of the message (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotionally aesthetic impact. All language tools included in artwork, change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.

In literature, language occupies a special position, since it is that building material, that matter perceived by ear or sight, without which a work cannot be created. The artist of the word - the poet, the writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, "the only necessary placement of the only necessary words" in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express an idea, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.

All this is accessible ONLY to the LANGUAGE OF ART LITERATURE, therefore it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in language, its strongest possibilities and the rarest beauty - in the works of fiction, and all this is achieved by the artistic means of the language.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. You are already familiar with many of them. These are such tropes as epithets, comparisons, metaphors, hyperbole, etc. Tropes - a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some way. The most common types of tropes are allegory, hyperbole, irony, litote, metaphor, metomia, personification, paraphrase, synecdoche, simile, epithet.

For example: What are you howling about, the night wind, what are you complaining about insanely - personification. All flags will visit us - synecdoche. A man with a fingernail, a boy with a finger - litote. Well, eat a plate, my dear - metonymy, etc.

The expressive means of the language also include STYLISTIC FIGURES of speech or simply figures of speech: anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, multi-union, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, and intonation.

Each author has his own unique author's style. For example, when publishing classic literary works often retain the author's neologisms and even the author's obvious grammatical and spelling errors to convey the author's style as fully as possible. Sometimes later they even become a new literary norm.

Conversational style

The colloquial style is mostly spoken, but can also be recorded.

Conversational style features:

Vocabulary is neutral, specific-subject;

a large place is occupied by expressive, emotionally colored words;

folk phraseology;

Abstract nouns are uncharacteristic;

almost no participles and participles are used;

Simplified syntax: sentences are usually simple, often incomplete;

word order is free, inversion is easily allowed;

intonation with a clearly noticeable transition from rising to falling;

At the same time, colloquial speech is open to various intrusions, including foreign ones. So, a purely colloquial word, like “to act up” and a term, coexists in it. In a conversational style, you can also talk about a business topic, if it is appropriate for the conditions of communication (for example, if friends are talking). The conversational style is not completely homogeneous: it can be neutral speech, colloquial business and familiar. With all the freedom of colloquial style, it still remains the style of the literary language, that is, it does not go beyond the limits of the language norm. Therefore, it has no place for vernacular and other types of profanity.

Successful colloquial speech prevents conflicts, greatly contributes to the adoption of optimal decisions, the establishment of the desired moral climate in the family and the team.

We emphasize that the colloquial (colloquial-everyday) style fully performs the function of communication. Along with the domestic environment, it is also most widely used in the professional field. In everyday life, the conversational style is manifested both in oral and written form (notes, private letters), in the professional sphere - mainly in oral form.

The everyday situation of communication, especially dialogic, is characterized by an emotional, primarily evaluative reaction. Such communication is characterized by the unity of its verbal and non-verbal manifestations.

The conversational style is also characterized by a sensually specific nature of speech, the absence of strict logic and inconsistent presentation, discontinuity, the predominance of emotional and evaluative information content, frequent manifestations of violent expression, personal character speech. All this, of course, significantly affects the functioning language units, serving the conversational style, i.e. on the general orientation their use.

The colloquial style is inherent in the active operation of lexical, syntactic and grammatical synonyms (words that are different in sound, but identical or close in meaning; constructions that match in meaning).

Literary language. Its main features.

ODA + signs

The literary language is an exemplary, standard, codified, processed form of the national language:

the presence of a corpus of texts;

processing and codification;

· universal character use;

stylistic differentiation;

Literary language - the national language of writing, the language of official and business documents, schooling, written communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form (written and sometimes oral), perceived by native speakers of a given language as exemplary. Literary language is the language of literature in broad sense. The Russian literary language functions both in oral form and in written form.

Signs of literary language:
1) the presence of writing;
2) normalization is a fairly stable way of expression that expresses the historically established patterns of development of the Russian literary language. Normalization is based on the language system and is fixed in the best examples of literary works. This mode of expression is preferred by the educated part of society;
3) codification, i.e. anchored in scientific literature; it is expressed in the presence grammar dictionaries and other books containing rules for the use of the language;
4) stylistic diversity, i.e. variety of functional styles of literary language;
5) relative stability;
6) prevalence;
7) general use;
8) general obligatoriness;
9) compliance with the use, customs and capabilities of the language system.
The protection of the literary language and its norms is one of the main tasks of the culture of speech. Literary language unites the people in terms of language. The leading role in the creation of the literary language belongs to the most advanced part of society.
The literary language must be generally understandable, i.e. accessible to all members of society. The literary language must be developed to such an extent that it can serve the main areas of human activity. In speech, it is important to follow the rules of the language. Based on this important task linguists is to consider everything new in the literary language from the point of view of correspondence general patterns language development and optimal conditions its functioning.

The literary language has a number of features that fundamentally distinguish it from other forms of language existence: processedness, normalization, the breadth of social functioning, universal obligatoryness for all members of the collective, and the development of a functional-stylistic system.

There is a difference between the literary language and the common (national) language. The national language appears in the form of a literary language, but not every literary language immediately becomes a national language.

One can speak about the Russian literary language already from the beginning of the 17th century, while it becomes the national language in the first place. half of XIX century, in the era of A. S. Pushkin. [After Peter the Great began to introduce achievements in Russia Western culture, a linguistic element was added to the stratification between the nobility and the rest of the people. The nobility spoke French. Thus, the Russian language became the language of the lower strata, and therefore there was an opinion that it did not have the merits of European languages.]

The national language has a tendency to operate with non-literary layers of vocabulary: dialectisms, jargon, slang, vernacular.

Dialectisms and their stylistic function.

Dialectism- a word or figure of speech used by people of a particular locality. Dialectisms are part of the national language and are opposed to the literary language. In the literary language, they can be used by the author to give the speech of a certain character a certain degree of expressiveness and coloring.

Dialectisms stand out in the flow of literary speech as deviations from the norm. Differ dialectisms phonetic: for example, clatter, i.e. the pronunciation of “dotska”, “nots”; yakan: “pyatukh”, “ryaka”, “syastra”; "x" instead of "g" at the end of the word: "sneh", "druh", "vrach"; grammatical ending "t" in 3rd person verbs: "go", "sit", "take"; the ending "e" in the genitive case such as: "to my wife", "from my sister"; special usage prepositions: “came from Moscow”, “left for bread”, “go to the hut”; derivational: for example, “on the side” - “on the side”, “blueberries” - “blueberries”, “especially” - “especially”. Lexicaldialectisms there can be several types: words that name objects, phenomena that are characteristic of everyday life, the economy of a given area and have no parallels in the literary language: “poneva” is a kind of skirt, “tuyos” is a vessel made of birch bark; synonymous words corresponding to the literary ones: “kochet” - “rooster”, “hefty” - “very”; words that have a different meaning than in the literary language: “thin” - “bad”, “weather” - “bad weather”. Dialectisms are used in the language of fiction as a means of stylization, the speech characteristics of characters, and the creation of local color. Dialectisms can also be found in the speech of persons who have not fully mastered the norms of the literary language.

Professional vocabulary. Her stylistic role

Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various fields human activities, which, however, did not become common. Professionalisms serve to refer to various production processes, production tools, raw materials, products obtained, etc. Unlike terms that are official scientific names special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific nature. As part of professional vocabulary, it is possible to distinguish groups of words that are different in scope and directly dependent on a certain type of activity.

The inclusion of professionalism in the text is often undesirable. Thus, in a newspaper article, the use of highly specialized professionalisms cannot be justified due to the fact that a wide audience of the media simply cannot be familiar with such words. In book styles, professional vocabulary should not be used because of its colloquial vernacular coloring.

Jargon. Her style.

Jargon(from French jargon - adverb) - this is social limited group words, located outside the literary language, belonging to some jargon. Jargon- this is a set of features of the colloquial speech of people, united by a commonality of interests, occupations, social status, etc. Jargon can arise in any team.

The reasons for the emergence of slang words are different. Most often, jargon arises as a result of the desire for a speech expression specific to a given collective, to express a special (ironic, dismissive, contemptuous) attitude to life. This is a kind of collective language game, which ends with the release of a person from this team. In other cases, jargon is a means of linguistic isolation, linguistic conspiracy. This type of jargon is called slang.

Slang vocabulary is expressive, is exclusively oral, often uses abbreviations and modified literary words.

Spacious vocabulary.

colloquial vocabulary- words with a stylistically reduced, rude and even vulgar connotation that are outside the boundaries of literary speech. They are not typical for book speech, but are widely known in various social groups of society and act as a socio-cultural characteristic of speakers who usually do not fully master the literary language.

Often vernaculars are used in certain types verbal communication: in familiar or joking speech, in verbal skirmishes, etc. Proper colloquial they call non-literary vocabulary used in everyday oral speech, while not rude, not having a special expression (enough, inward, theirs, for nothing, hardly, get tired, balk, hard worker, brainy). Rough-colloquial vocabulary is reduced, rude expressive coloring(dylda, riff-raff, mug, dumbass, pot-bellied, bast shoes, muzzle, bastard, sting, bitch, boorish, slam). There are words with special colloquial meanings (usually metaphorical): roll ("write"), whistle ("steal"), weave ("talk nonsense"), vinaigrette ("mess"), hat ("blunder"), and cuts ("speaks briskly").

Among vernacular there are commonly used words that differ only in their phonetics and accentology (instr. at cop instead of tool, n about briefcase instead of briefcase, with at serious instead of serious, etc.)

Labels in dictionaries that indicate the stylistic reduction of words or their meanings and give them negative evaluation, numerous, for example: simple. - "colloquial", disapproving - "disapproving", fam. - "familiar", scorns. - "contemptuous", vulg. - “vulgar”, swearing. - “swearing”. P. l. most often contains expressive-evaluative coloring.

The reasons for the use of vernacular in different types of speech are different: expressive motives, including outrageous (colloquial speech), characterological motives ( artistic speech), direct author's attitude to the depicted, pragmatic motives (publicistic speech). In scientific and official business speech P. l. perceived as a foreign style element.

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National and literary language

Place the stresses on the following words. Make up phrases with them. Vision (ability to see) - vision (ghost).

Vision (the ability to see) - Vision perspective.

Vision (ghost) - vision girl

Arrange the stresses in the following words: alphabet, contract, supper, catalog, quarter, more beautiful, cooking, Ukrainian, August, pamper.

alphabet, agreement, supper, catalogue, quarter, more beautiful, cookery, Ukrainian, august, indulge

Correct the errors in the use of phraseological units.

The music made a strong impression on everyone.

Music made a strong impression on everyone.

Science is of the utmost importance.

The boy liked to let the fog in his eyes, talking about his successes.

The boy liked to splurge, talking about his successes.

Determine the gender of these nouns and abbreviations, motivate your answer. Coffee, Hindi, attache, Capri, Mississippi, tush, kangaroo, Moscow Art Theater, Youth Theater, ATS.

Coffee is masculine, the word is exception

Hindi - masculine, exceptions to the rules

Attache is a masculine indeclinable noun denoting men.

Capri is masculine, as the island is masculine

Mississippi is feminine, as the river is feminine

Touch is masculine, since the second declension.

Kangaroo - masculine, indeclinable nouns foreign origin, denoting animals and birds, are usually masculine

Moscow Art Theater is masculine, since the main word is theater, it is masculine.

Youth theater is masculine, since the main word is theater, it is masculine.

ATS is feminine, since the main word station is feminine.

Make up sentences so that depending on the context following words have different lexical meanings. Example: fire up. An argument broke out between them. Lights lit up in the windows of neighboring cottages.

Speak, view, bypass.

Ivan Sergeevich made a report at the meeting.

The building was built with a ledge forward to the street.

The chairman, having looked through the papers, made several questions to the bailiff and the secretary.

Doctors overlooked the moment on which everything depended.

A big old sheepdog - three times calmly walked around the horse.

Having gone around all the paths, examining every bush and flower, we again went out into the alley.

Determine how these paronyms differ from each other. Make up a phrase with each word. To weaken - to weaken, neighboring - neighborly, swampy - swampy, diploma student - diploma student.

The patient is exhausted, exhausted by a sleepless night,

Neighbor village, Neighbor's daughter

Wading bird, Wetlands.

Diploma of the competition, future diploma student

Correct the suggestions.

The speech of Shukshin's heroes differs from the heroes of other works.

The speech of Shukshin's heroes is very different from the speech of the heroes of other works.

Compare Data last analysis with the previous one.

Compare the results of the last analysis with the previous ones.

Form the nominative plural from these nouns. Specify the options.

Address, accountant, century, year, diesel, director, jumper, contract, engineer, driver.

Address - addresses

Accountant - accountants

Century - centuries

Year - years, years

Diesel - diesels

Director - directors

Jumper - jumpers

Contract - contracts

Engineer - engineers

Chauffeur - chauffeur

Put the nouns in the genitive plural.

Amp, orange, barge, boot, Georgian, sock.

Ampere - ampere

Orange - oranges

barge - barge

Boot - boot

Georgian - Georgians

Sock - socks

Explain the meaning of Aesopian phraseological unit language.

Aesopian language - speech, manner of presentation, expression, based on allegory, allusions and other similar techniques that deliberately mask the thought, idea of the author. Aesopian language is an allegorical language, full of omissions, allusions, allegories. The expression comes from the name of the legendary Greek fabulist Aesop. Aesop was a slave; since it was dangerous for him to talk freely about many things, he turned to an allegorical, fabled form.

Decline the number 547 in cases

I.p. five hundred forty seven

R.p. five hundred forty seven

D.p. five hundred forty seven

V.p. five hundred forty seven

etc. five hundred and forty seven

P.p. five hundred forty seven

Determine the lexical meaning of words

mentality

legitimate

Identical

Mentality-attitude, worldview, determined by folk-national customs, way of life, thinking, morality.

Legitimate - legally legal, in accordance with the law in force in this state. Legitimate actions, an act of will. Legitimacy is a property of the legitimate.

Identical - Identical, exactly the same

Insert the missing letters P ... rollon, pr ... zent, int ... l ... ect, producer ... er, b ... calavr, gram ... student.

Foam rubber, present, intellect, producer, bachelor, literate, student.

What is the difference between national and literary language? (theoretical question).

The national language is a form of the existence of a language in the era of the existence of a nation, a complex systemic unity that includes the literary language, dialects, jargons, vernacular and slang.

The concept of the national language is not generally accepted: for example, S.B. Bernstein denied any linguistic content behind this concept, understanding it as a purely ideological construct. On the contrary, V. V. Vinogradov defended the linguistic reality of the national language as a hierarchical integrity, within which there is a regrouping of linguistic phenomena - in particular, the pushing of dialects further and further to the periphery.

Only in the era of the existence of developed national languages, especially in a socialist society, does the literary language, as the highest standardized type of the national language, gradually supplant dialects and interdialects and become, both in oral and written communication, the spokesman of the true national norm.

The formation of the national language goes in the direction of the formation and strengthening of the language norm, the acquisition of a literary language (due to its positions in governing, educational and cultural institutions, starting from certain period associated with the idea of the nation) a priority position in relation to regional dialects, as well as, in some cases, in the struggle to supplant the dominant foreign language in culture and politics (Latin, Church Slavonic, the languages of the metropolitan countries in the former colonies). The colloquial form of the national language, which is based on one or more dialects, according to some experts, is already formed under the influence of the literary language.

National language, the language of the nation, formed on the basis of the language of the people in the process of the development of the people into a nation. The intensity of this process depends on the pace and special conditions of the development of a nationality into a nation among different peoples. The national language is a system of several forms of existence of the language: the literary language (oral and written forms), folk-spoken varieties of the language and dialects. In the process of the formation of the national language, the relationship between the literary language and dialects changes significantly. The national literary language is a developing form that occupies a leading position, gradually replacing the dialects that dominated the early stages of language development, especially in the field of oral communication. At the same time, the formation of new dialect features ceases, and under the influence of the literary language, the sharpest dialect differences are leveled. At the same time, the scope of the literary language is expanding, and its functions are becoming more complex. This is due to the complication and development of the national culture of the people, as well as the fact that the literary form of the national language, developing on a folk basis, displaces written languages alien to the people (for example, Latin in Western Europe, Church Slavonic in Russia). The national literary language also penetrates into the sphere of oral communication, where the dialect previously dominated. The most important feature of the national literary language is its normalized character. In connection with the need to satisfy the increasingly complex and diverse needs of society, caused by the development of fiction, journalism, science and technology, as well as various forms of oral speech, the syntactic system and vocabulary national literary language. In the era of existence bourgeois society the national literary language serves mainly the ruling stratum of society (i.e., its educated part). Rural population, as a rule, continues to use dialects, and urban koine compete with the literary language in cities. Under the conditions of the development of socialist nations, a single normalized nationwide literary language becomes, in connection with democratization and the widespread dissemination of education, the property of every member of the nation.

Literary language, a processed form of the national language, which has, to a greater or lesser extent, written norms; the language of all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form. The concept of "processed form" is historically changeable (in different eras and among different peoples). In the era of feudalism, a number of peoples of the world used a foreign language as a written literary language: among Iranian and Turkic peoples- classical Arabic; the Japanese and Koreans have classical Chinese; among the Germanic and West Slavic peoples - Latin; in the Baltic States and the Czech Republic - German; from the 14th-15th centuries for some states and from the 16th-17th centuries. for others, the vernacular displaces the foreign language from many functional areas of communication.

Literary language is always the result of collective creative activity. The notion of "fixed" norms. It has a certain relativity (with all the importance and stability of the norm, it is mobile in time). It is impossible to imagine a developed and rich culture of the people without a developed and rich literary language. This is the great social significance of the problem itself. There is no consensus among linguists about the complex and multifaceted concept of literary language. Some researchers prefer to talk not about the literary language as a whole, but about its varieties: either about the written and literary language, or about the colloquial literary language, or about the language of fiction, and so on. It cannot be identified with the language of fiction. These are different, though related concepts. Literary language is the property of all who own its norms. It functions in both writing and colloquial forms. The language of fiction (the language of writers), although it usually focuses on the same norms, contains a lot of individual, not generally accepted. In different historical epochs and among different peoples, the degree of closeness of the literary language and the language of fiction turned out to be unequal. There is a difference between literary and national language. The national language appears in the form of a literary language, but not every literary language immediately becomes a national language. National languages, as a rule, are formed in the era of capitalism. One can speak about the Russian literary language already from the beginning of the 17th century, while it becomes the national language in the 1st half of the 19th century, in the era of A.S. Pushkin. Monuments of the French literary language have been known since the 11th century, but only in the 17th - 18th centuries is the process of gradual formation of the French national language observed. In Italy, the literary language made itself known already in the works of Dante, but only in the 2nd half of the 19th century, in the era of the national unification of Italy, did the formation of its national language take place. A special problem is the correlation and interaction of the literary language and dialects. The more stable the historical foundations of dialects, the more difficult it is for a literary language to unite all members of a given nation linguistically. Dialects are still successfully competing with the literary language in many countries of the world, for example, in Italy and Indonesia.

The concept of literary language usually interacts with the concept of linguistic styles existing within the boundaries of each literary language. language style- this is a kind of literary language that has developed historically and is characterized by a certain set of features, some of which can be repeated in other styles, but their certain combination and their peculiar function distinguishes one style from another. The Leninist national policy of the Communist Party and the Soviet state ensured the flourishing of the literary language of the peoples inhabiting the USSR. Previously unwritten languages were written. The theory of the literary language is being successfully developed, which is based on the experience of the development of languages of different peoples of the world.

Let us now turn to the question of what determines the comparative dignity of individual literary languages. It does not require proof that it is determined, first of all, by the wealth of available means of expression, both for general and for particular concepts. It is not so obvious that it is also determined by the richness of synonymy in general. However, it is easy to see that synonymous rows usually form a system of shades of one and the same concept, which under certain conditions may not be indifferent. Take, for example, the cycle of the word famous (as applied to a person), which competes with famous, outstanding, wonderful and big. All these words mean, of course, the same thing, but each approaches the same concept from a slightly different point of view: a great scientist is, as it were, an objective characteristic; an outstanding scientist emphasizes, perhaps, the same thing, but in a somewhat more comparative aspect; a remarkable scientist speaks of the special interest he arouses; a famous scientist notes his popularity; the famous scientist does the same, but differs from the famous scientist superlatives quality.

In a similar way, one could parse a series: some of the readers, individual readers, some readers, and many other synonymous series.

The importance of synonyms for denoting new concepts is not so obvious; however, it is clear that the word dancer is a synonym for the word dancer, dancer, differentiated from his fellows. Synonyms, therefore, are to some extent an arsenal of ready-made designations for newly emerging concepts that are differentiating from old ones.

Even less obvious is the technical role of synonyms. Meanwhile, only it gives freedom of maneuvering in the literary language. Indeed: in the original draft of my report, I wrote: "Two people in one way or another socially connected with each other, who, as we say, understand each other perfectly." It turned out to be an awkward repetition of a similar expression, but a synonym for each other instead of each other immediately saved the situation.

Finally, - and this is perhaps the most important, although the least obvious - the dignity of a literary language is determined by the degree of complexity of the system of its means of expression in the sense that I have drawn above, i.e. richness of ready-made possibilities to express various shades.

The question is, does our Russian literary language satisfy all these requirements? The objective answer, it seems to me, is given by our truly great literature: if such a literature could be created, it means that our language is up to the mark of the tasks facing it. And I see objective confirmation that our literature is truly great in the fact that it is not only national literature but that it is also international. Despite the difficulties of the language, it is translated and read by the whole world; moreover, it had one or another undeniable influence on the course of world literature, and this is not stated by our Russian scientists, who can be suspected of partiality, but this is stated by foreign scientists, who, of course, are far from all of them, rather, and often not without grounds can be suspected of reverse predilection.

Turning to the consideration of the issue in the linguistic aspect, it is necessary to state, first of all, the historically established property of the Russian language - not to shy away from any foreign borrowings, if only they benefit the cause.

The Russian literary language began by assimilating itself through the mediaeval international language Eastern Europe - Eastern Latin, if I may say so - the language, unsuccessfully called Church Slavonic, is a whole arsenal of abstract concepts received from the Greeks. Grace, thank, blessing, passion, distraction, inspiration, creation and many other similar words - all this is a Greek heritage in a Slavic shell. Poetics, rhetoric, library - all these late words had their Greek predecessors in the form of piitika, rhetoric, vivliophics, etc.

But the point is not only in this Greek heritage, but in this “Eastern Latin” itself, in this Church Slavonic language. Being, in contrast to real Latin, in general, understandable to every Russian person, the so-called Church Slavonic language enriched Russian not only with a baggage of abstract concepts and words, but also with endless doublets, which immediately created in the Russian language a complex system of synonymous means of expression: it is the head of the whole thing. and he is the head of this business; as a result of the coup, the townspeople turned into citizens; the difference in years made them live apart; give birth to children - give birth to high thoughts, etc.

If the Russian literary language had not grown up in an atmosphere of Church Slavonic, then it would have been unthinkable that Pushkin's wonderful poem "The Prophet", which we still admire to this day. In order to make my thought more concrete, I will cite the text of this poem, noting all its stylistic “Church Slavonicisms”, which are perceived by everyone in this way, and therefore create a clear stylistic perspective in the language; the note will indicate historical Church Slavonicisms, more precisely, everything that entered our literary language not from everyday, everyday language, but from the old bookish language, but is not stylistically perceived as something special, although it retains a certain peculiar flavor that makes it possible to more finely stylize our speech. Elements common to bookish and everyday speech have remained unnoticed, especially since they represent the vast majority.

Tormented by spiritual thirst In the gloomy desert I trudged, And the six-winged seraph At the crossroads appeared to me With fingers as light as a dream, He touched my eyes; Prophetic eyes opened, Like frightened eagle. He touched my ears, And they were filled with noise and ringing: And I heard the shudder of the sky, And the flight of the heavenly angels, And the reptile of the sea underwater passage, And the vegetation of the valley vine. And he clung to my lips, And tore out my sinful tongue, Both idle-talking and crafty, And the sting of the wise snake In my frozen mouth He put it with a bloody right hand. And he cut my chest with a sword, And took out my trembling heart, And coal, blazing with fire, Pushed it into the hole in my chest. Like a corpse, I lay in the desert, And God's voice called out to me: "Arise, prophet, and see, and listen, Fulfill my will And, bypassing the seas and lands, Burn the hearts of people with a verb!"

Literary language - the common language of writing of one or another people, and sometimes several peoples - the language of official business documents, school education, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form, more often written, but sometimes orally. That is why the written and bookish and oral and colloquial forms of the literary language differ, the emergence, correlation and interaction of which are subject to certain historical patterns. Difficult to say otherwise linguistic phenomenon, which would be understood as differently as a literary language. Some are convinced that the literary language is the same national language, only "polished" by the masters of the language, i.e. writers, artists of the word; supporters of this view, first of all, have in mind the literary language of modern times, and, moreover, among peoples with a rich artistic literature.

Others believe that the literary language is the language of writing, the language of the book, opposed to living speech, the language of conversation. The basis of this understanding is the literary languages with ancient writing (comparison with the fresh term "newly written languages"). Still others believe that the literary language is a language that is generally valid for given people, unlike dialect and jargon, which do not have signs of such general validity. Supporters of this view sometimes argue that the literary language can exist in the pre-literate period as the language of folk verbal and poetic creativity or customary law.

Availability different understandings phenomenon, denoted by the term "literary language", testifies to the insufficient disclosure by science of the specifics of this phenomenon, its place in common system language, its functions, its public role. Meanwhile, with all the differences in the understanding of this phenomenon, the literary language is a linguistic reality that cannot be doubted.

The literary language is a means of developing social life, the material and spiritual progress of a given people, an instrument of social struggle, as well as a means of education populace and familiarizing them with the achievements of national culture, science and technology. Literary language is always the result of collective creative activity. Numerous studies by Soviet scientists are devoted to general theoretical and concrete historical questions of the formation of various national literary languages: the specifics of the functions of the language of the nation in comparison with the language of the people, the exact content of the very concept of "national language" in its correlation with such categories as "literary language", "literary norm", "national norm", "territorial dialect", "cultural dialect", "interdialect", colloquial and literary form of the national language.

To determine the differences in the patterns of formation and development of national literary languages, languages with different types of traditions, which are at different stages of development, took shape in different historical conditions, were involved. Very little material was extracted from the history of Slavic literary languages. Meanwhile, it turned out that the literary language in different periods of the development of the language of the people occupies a different place in its system. In the early periods of the formation of bourgeois nations, the literary language was owned by limited social groups, while the bulk of the rural, as well as the urban population, used dialect, semi-dialect and urban vernacular; thus, the national language, if we consider it the core of the literary language, would turn out to be the property of only a part of the nation. Only in the era of the existence of developed national languages, especially in a socialist society, does the literary language, as the highest standardized type of the national language, gradually supplant dialects and interdialects and become, both in oral and written communication, the spokesman of the true national norm. The main sign of the development of the national language, in contrast to the language of the nationality, is the presence of a single, common to the entire nation and covering all areas of communication, a normalized literary language that has developed on a national basis; therefore, the study of the process of strengthening and developing the national literary norm becomes one of the main tasks of the history of the national literary language.

The medieval literary language and the new literary language associated with the formation of the nation are different in their attitude to folk speech, according to the range of its action and, consequently, according to the degree of social significance, as well as according to the consistency and cohesion of its regulatory system and the nature of its stylistic variation.

A special and unique place among the problems and tasks of studying the development of national literary languages is occupied by the question of the presence or absence of local (regional) literary languages (for example, in the history of Germany or Italy).

The East Slavic modern national literary languages, just like the West Slavic ones (in principle), do not know this phenomenon. The Bulgarian, Macedonian and Slovene languages also do not use their literary-regional varieties. But the Serbo-Croatian language shares its functions with the regional Chakavian and Kajkavian literary languages. The specificity of this phenomenon lies in the fact that "regional" literary languages function only in the sphere of fiction, and then mainly in poetry. Many poets are "bilingual", they write in general literary - Shtokavian, and in one of the "regional" - Kaikavian or Chakavian (M. Krlezh, T. Uevich, M. Franichevich, V. Nazor, etc.).

For the national literary language and its development, there is a typical tendency to function in different areas folk-cultural and state life - both in oral and written communication - as the one and only. This tendency makes itself felt with no less force and sharpness in the formation and functioning of the languages of the socialist nations, where the processes of linguistic development proceed very rapidly. Usually, the gap between the written-book and folk-spoken varieties of the literary language acts as an obstacle to the development of a single national culture on the path of the progress of the people as a whole (comparison of the current situation in countries Arab East, Latin America). Nevertheless, in some countries, the formation and development of the national literary language has not yet freed the people from its two variants (for example, in Norway, Albania, Armenia), although here, too, the trend towards the unity of national literary languages is increasing.

A common feature of the development of national languages is the penetration of the literary norm into all spheres and forms of communication, speech practice. The national literary language, more and more displacing dialects and assimilating them, is gradually acquiring national significance and distribution.

The literary language has special properties:

The presence of certain norms (rules) of word usage, stress, pronunciation, the observance of which is of a general educational nature and does not depend on the social, professional and territorial affiliation of native speakers of a given language;

Possession of a rich lexical fund;

The desire for sustainability, for the preservation of the general cultural heritage and literary and book traditions;

Adaptability not only for the designation of the entire amount of knowledge accumulated by mankind, but for the implementation of abstract, logical thinking;

Stylistic wealth, which consists in the abundance of functionally justified variant and synonymous means, which allows you to achieve the most effective expression of thought in various speech situations.

Concentration and the best organization into a single system of linguistic elements of all levels of the language: vocabulary, phraseological units, sounds, grammatical forms and constructions of a national character; all these linguistic elements have been selected from the national language for many decades by the efforts of many generations of writers, publicists, and scientists;

Availability of written and oral forms.

Of course, these properties of the literary language did not appear immediately, but as a result of a long and skillful selection, carried out by the masters of the word, the most accurate and weighty words and phrases, the most convenient and expedient grammatical forms and constructions. The nature of literary languages is based on some provisions:

The evolution of vernacular languages is a natural-historical process, while the evolution of literary languages is a cultural-historical process. The folk language has a tendency to dialect fragmentation, while the literary one, on the contrary, has a tendency to leveling, to establish uniformity. But dialect speech, as unwritten speech, is gradually losing its differences, since, along with the development of literacy and literary education, the population is moving to the general use of the literary language. This is the process of integration in the language. In the literary language, on the contrary, differentiation increases: special languages are revealed (for example, terminological, the language of fiction, slang). So, in its peripheral areas, the Russian language breaks up into separate areas of communication associated with the division in the areas of everyday life, occupations of Russian speakers. However, there is a constant exchange between the core of the literary language and its peripheral areas. In addition, there is an expansion of the spheres of communication located around the core (for example, language mass media, informatics).

The purpose of the literary language is completely different from the purpose of the folk dialect. Literary language is an instrument of spiritual culture and is intended to develop, develop and deepen not only fine literature, but also scientific, philosophical, religious and political thought. For these purposes, he has to have a completely different vocabulary and a different syntax than those that popular dialects are content with.

Even if the literary language arose on the basis of a single dialect, then, due to its tasks, it is unprofitable for it to be closely related to this dialect, since the association of the literary language with the dialect interferes with correct perception words that entered the literary language from the dialect, but acquired new meanings in it.

Folk dialects, both phonetically and lexically, and even grammatically, develop much faster than the literary language, the development of which is retarded by the school and the authority of the classics. Therefore, moments come when the literary language and folk dialects represent such different stages of development that both of them are incompatible in the same folk-linguistic creation: here there will be either a victory of the folk dialect, on the basis of which in this case a new literary language is created, or, Finally, a compromise.

If the folk language is divided into dialects according to the geographical principle, then the principle of specialization, functional differentiation prevails in the literary language: educated people coming from different localities do not speak and write in exactly the same way, and it is often easy to determine where he comes from by the language of the writer's works. But differences in the types of special application are much stronger in the literary language: in almost all modern literary languages, official business, scientific, journalistic and colloquial styles stand out.

If vernacular languages can influence each other only when they are in contact in space and time, then a literary language can be strongly influenced by another language, even if this latter belongs to a much older era and has never geographically come into contact with the territory of this living literary language. language. Thus, the vocabulary of modern literary languages is largely formed from words borrowed from the old languages of culture - ancient Greek, Latin, Church Slavonic, Sanskrit, Arabic. Territorial differentiation of the language The division of the national language into many local varieties is obvious. It consists of dialects, adverbs, dialects. Dialect is the smallest local variety of the national language; it is realized in the speech of one or several nearby settlements. In dialects, as in the literary language, their own laws apply. So, the inhabitants of one village near Moscow say: In our strength, adin gopas ("speaking"), and in Afsshtkavi another, e Afsyapikavi, they say incorrectly. A set of dialects that share the same basic linguistic features is called a group of dialects. The attitude to dialects as to "uncultured" speech is unfair. All dialects from linguistic point views are equivalent and are an integral part of Russian culture. Dialects are the basis of any literary language. If Moscow had not become the capital of Russia, the Russian literary language would have been different. The Russian literary language was based on the central Central Russian dialects, i.e. Moscow dialect and the dialect of the villages surrounding Moscow. Recently, a new classification of Russian dialects has been developed. It was possible to take into account with the help of a computer about 4 thousand items. language features out of 4 thousand dialects. A territorial dialect is a territorial variety of a language characterized by the unity of phonetic, grammatical and lexical system and used as a means of communication in a certain area. To define a dialect, concepts such as dialect difference and isogloss are used. Difference is a linguistic feature that sets one dialect against another; for example, okanye contrasts northern Russian dialects with central and southern Russian dialects, which are characterized by okanye. Isogloss is a line on a linguistic map showing the boundaries of the distribution of one or another dialect difference; each dialect is characterized by a set of isoglosses that fix its peculiar linguistic features and showing the boundaries of its distribution. adverb - most large unit territorial division of the language, uniting several dialects. The boundaries between adverbs, dialects and dialects are usually blurred, mobile; isoglosses drawn on the map show that according to one phenomenon the boundary passes in one place, and according to another - in another; distinguish transitional dialects - dialects that contain the features of two bordering dialects at the same time. The norms of a dialect, dialect are valid only for residents of a certain region, district, are assimilated orally, since dialects do not have written fixation. An important difference The whole set of dialects from the literary language is that in dialects there is a wide variety of names for the same concepts, with the same stylistically neutral characteristic (for example, a rooster in South Russian dialects is called a kochet, and in North Russian dialects - peun). Similar differences are observed in phonetics, orthoepy, grammar, word formation of dialects. It follows from this that dialects cannot serve as a common language for all speakers of a national language. But dialects influence literary language.

List of used literature

literary language patois dialect

1. Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. - 3rd ed., Rev. - M.: Enlightenment, 1989.

2. orthographic dictionary Russian language. - M., 1999.

3. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Ed. prof. O.Ya. Goykhman. - M.: INFRA-M, 2008.

4. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Ed. prof. IN AND. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2008. - 413 p. (Recommended by the Ministry of Education Russian Federation as a textbook for university students).

5. . Rosenthal D.E. Practical style Russian language. M .: LLC "Publishing house AST-LTD", 1998.

6. Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. - 3rd ed., Rev. - M.: Enlightenment, 1989.

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