Chemistry is one of the sciences that study nature. More precisely, elementary particles (atoms and molecules), the substances they form and the laws according to which chemical reactions occur. Historically, it turned out that the whole discipline consists of two sections: inorganic chemistry and organic. Until the end of the XVIII century. these terms meant only to which kingdom of nature (animal, plant, or mineral) the compounds obtained belonged. But, since the beginning of the 19th century, their meaning has changed. Now they indicate whether there is carbon in the resulting substance. Inorganic chemistry is in contact with the sciences of "inanimate" nature: geology, mineralogy, geochemistry. And organic - on the contrary, with biochemistry and biology.
For schoolchildren who want to improve their knowledge of chemistry, a large amount of additional literature is offered. Precisely “additional”, because school textbooks have always been and will remain the main ones. All books correspond to the educational standard of the Russian Federation and can be used for independent work.
An example is the "Short Course of Chemistry. Allowance for applicants to universities "Kuzmenko N.E. The book contains the fundamentals required for understanding by every graduate who plans to become a chemist-technologist, physician or biologist. This is one of the most complete problem books on the subject, in which, moreover, a sufficient amount of theory is given.
The book attracts attention, using, as proven, the most effective ways of presenting the material - illustrative and tabular. It's called "All Chemistry in 50 Tables". Author - Stakheev Yu.A. The manual can be used for repetition in the process of preparing for the exam. Teachers can use it to prepare handout cards for lessons. In addition to tables, the book provides information on solving the main types of problems in chemistry.
But, in order to master the methodology for solving practical tasks, it is better to choose something more fundamental. For example, "1001 tasks in chemistry with answers, instructions, solutions" Sleta L.A. It covers all sections of general, organic and inorganic chemistry and is suitable for both schoolchildren and students. It has two types of tasks: qualitative and quantitative (calculated). In addition to the tasks of the school course, the collection includes tasks of regional Olympiads. The final part contains answers, detailed solutions and comments.
Another book that you should definitely remember is “A Brief Guide to Chemistry” by Kurylenko O.D. The advantage of this type of manuals is that they provide in a convenient concise form information on chemistry that is necessary not only for schoolchildren or students, but also for employees of the chemical industry, agriculture, laboratories, etc.
There are other useful books: “Chemistry. Textbook for Universities” Nikolsky A.B., “Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Chemist” (group of authors), “Organic Chemistry. Crib "(group of authors) and others. All of them are written with one goal - to help students master this fascinating discipline.
2nd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2011. - 144 p.
Format: pdf
The size: 2.9 MB
drive.google
Didactic materials on chemistry for grades 10-11. A.M. Radetsky, V.P. Gorshkova, L.N. Kruglikova ( 1999 , 2nd ed., 80s.)
Format: djvu/zip (scanned a little sloppily, p.75 ends, and p.76-77 ended up at the beginning, between pages 5 and 6)
The size: 65 0 Kb
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Contents (ed. 2011, 144 pp.)
Preface 3
Grade 10
Topic I. Theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds. Electronic nature of chemical bonds
Work 1. Chemical structure of organic substances. Isomerism. Electronic nature of chemical bonds... 4
Theme II. Limit hydrocarbons (alkanes, or paraffins)
Work 1. Nomenclature and homology of alkanes 5
Work 2. Isomerism, preparation and chemical properties of alkanes 7
Work 3. Calculation tasks 11
Final work on theme II 13
Additional tasks 15
Topic III. Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkadienes and alkynes)
Work 1. Nomenclature, homology and isomerism of alkenes 17
Work 2. Obtaining and chemical properties of alkenes 20
Work 3. Diene hydrocarbons. Natural rubber 21
Work 4. Acetylene hydrocarbons (alkynes) 22
Work 5. Calculation tasks 23
Final work on theme III 27
Additional tasks 29
Topic IV. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes)
Work 1. Nomenclature, isomerism and chemical properties of arenes 31
Work 2. The relationship of saturated, unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons 32
Work 3. Calculation tasks 33
Additional tasks 34
Topic V. Natural sources of hydrocarbons and their processing
Work 1. Natural sources of hydrocarbons 35
Additional tasks 36
Theme VI. Alcohols and phenols
Work 1. Limit monohydric alcohols 36
Work 2. Polyhydric alcohols and phenols 38
Work 3. Calculation problems 39
Additional tasks 40
Theme VII. Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids
Work 1. Aldehydes 42
Work 2. Carboxylic acids 44
Work 3. Calculation problems 46
Work 4. Genetic relationship between hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids 47
Work 5. Alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids (experimental and calculation problems) 48
Final work on topics VI, VII 50
Additional tasks 52
Theme VIII. Complex ethers. Fats
Work 1. Esters 54
Work 2. Esters, fats 55
Work 3. Calculation problems 56
Additional tasks 57
Topic IX. Carbohydrates
Work 1. Glucose, sucrose 59
Work 2. Starch, cellulose 60
Work 3. Alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates (experimental and calculation problems) 61
Work 4. Calculation problems 62
Final work on topics VIII, IX 63
Additional tasks 64
Topic X. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds
Work 1. Amines 66
Work 2. Amino acids, proteins 67
Work 3. Calculation problems 68
Final work on topic X 69
Additional tasks 70
Topic XI. Synthetic polymers
Work 1. General characteristics of the Navy. Plastics... 72
Work 2. Rubbers 73
Work 3. Fibers 74
Additional tasks 75
Theme XII. Generalization of knowledge in the course of organic chemistry
Work 1. Types of isomerism of organic substances 76
Work 2. Genetic connection of organic compounds 77
Final work on the course of organic chemistry 78
Additional tasks 82
Grade 11
Topic I. The most important chemical concepts and laws
Work 1. Tasks for the derivation of formulas of substances based on the law of constancy of the composition of substances 83
Theme II. The periodic law and the periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev from the point of view of the doctrine of the structure of atoms
Work 1. The structure of atoms and electron shells of atoms 84
Work 2. Valence possibilities of atoms.
Periodic change in the properties of chemical elements and their compounds 86
Topic III. The structure of matter
Work 1. The structure of matter 88
Work 2. Solving calculation problems for the preparation of solutions of various concentrations 89
Final work on topics I, II, III 91
Additional tasks 93
Topic IV. chemical reactions
Work 1. Classification of chemical reactions 95
Work 2. The rate of chemical reactions. Chemical equilibrium 96
Work 3. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Theory of electrolytic dissociation. Reactions in electrolyte solutions 99
Work 4. Hydrolysis of organic and inorganic compounds 101
Final work on topic IV 102
Additional tasks 105
Theme V. Metals
Work 1. Obtaining metals. Electrolysis. Corrosion of metals 109
Work 2. Metals 1A-group 111
Work 3. Metals of the HA-group 112
Work 4. Aluminum and its compounds 114
Work 5. Copper, iron, chromium - metals of B-groups 115
Work 6. Alloys of metals. Metal oxides and hydroxides 117
Final work on topic V 118
Additional tasks 120
Theme VI. non-metals
Work 1. Review of non-metals. Oxides and hydrogen compounds of non-metals 124
Work 2. Properties of non-metal oxides. Oxygenated acids 126
Final work on topic VI 128
Additional tasks 130
Final work on the course of general chemistry 135
Applications 138
Summary - 1999, 2nd ed., 80 p.:
10th grade(page 4-50)
Subject I. Theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds.
Job 1 (4 options)
Subject II. Limit hydrocarbons (alkanes). Cycloparaffins (cycloalkanes).
Subject III. Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes).
Work 1 - Work 6 (each work contains 4 options)
Subject IV. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes).
Work 1 - Work 4 (each work contains 4 options)
Subject V. Alcohols and phenols.
Work 1 - Work 3 (each contains 4 options or calculation tasks)
Subject VI. Aldehydes and carboxylic acids.
Work 1 - Work 6 (each contains 4 options or calculation tasks)
Subject VII. Complex ethers. Fats.
Work 1 - Work 2 (each work contains 4 options)
Subject VIII. Carbohydrates.
Work 1 - Work 5 (each contains 4 options or calculation tasks)
11th grade(pp. 51-77)
Subject I. Amines. Amino acids. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.
Work 1 - Work 4 (each work contains 4 options)
Subject II. Synthetic macromolecular substances and polymeric materials based on them.
Subject III. Generalization of knowledge on the course of organic chemistry.
Work 1 - Work 3 (4 options each)
Tasks with industrial and interdisciplinary content (1-20)
Advanced tasks (1-10)
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