(μεταφ.) series, chain of events, etc.), line, series, queue, order.- [sirin] ουσ. Α (μυθ.) siren ... Λεξικό Ελληνικά-ρωσική νέα (New Greek-Russian Dictionary)
CHAIN, chains, about chains, in (on) chains, pl. chains, chains, women 1. A number of interconnected metal links, upr. as a rope or rope for tying, lifting, etc. "Anchor chains rattle." Maksim Gorky. Anchor chain. Iron chain. Put the dog... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
chain- and, about the chain / pi, in (on) the chain /, pl. and, e / d, f. 1) A movable row of metal links threaded one into the other. Anchor chain. ... Scream, noise, gypsy choruses, a bear's roar, its impatient rattling of chains ... (Pushkin). 2) trans. only ed. A row, a string ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language
CHAIN, and, about the chain, in (on) the chain, from the chain and from the chain, pl. and, she, wives. 1. A series of metal (or other strong) links threaded one into the other. Anchor c. Dog on a chain. Put on a chain or on a chain. How someone broke off the chain. (about the noisy, violent ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
And, suggestion. about the chain, on the chain; pl. genus. her, dat. pyam; and. 1. A series of metal links threaded sequentially one into the other. Bridge chains. Put the dog on c. Anchor c. // plural only: chains, hey. Obsolete Shackles, shackles. Shackle chains. Chain in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
I 1. A series of metal links threaded sequentially one into the other. 2. trans. A string, a series of following or located one after another persons, objects. ott. Continuous following one after another, a consistent series of any phenomena, ... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
An example of a two-state chain A Markov chain is a sequence of random events with a finite or countable number of outcomes, characterized by the property that, go ... Wikipedia
And, suggestion about the chain, on the chain, kind. pl. her, w. 1. A number of metal links threaded sequentially one into the other (used for communication, lifting, etc.). Bridge chains. Put the dog on a chain. □ Three hours! she said, taking out a small watch, ... ... Small Academic Dictionary
chain- and, suggestion; about the chain / pi, on the chain /; pl. genus. e/y, date. pyam; and. see also chain, chain 1) a) A series of metal links threaded sequentially one into the other. Bridge chains. Put the dog on a chain... Dictionary of many expressions
A Markov chain is a sequence of random events with a finite or countably infinite number of outcomes, characterized by the property that, loosely speaking, with a fixed present, the future is independent of the past. Named after A. A. Markov ... Wikipedia
Books
- Golden Chain, Alexander Grin, Mysterious circumstances lead Sandy - the protagonist of the story "The Golden Chain" - to an extraordinary house, where he finds himself in the center of events that he will remember all his life: "...... Series: Publisher: Book on Demand,
- Kashcheeva chain, Prishvin M., Lifetime edition. Moscow - Leningrad, 1927. State publishing house. Owner's binding with original glued cover. The safety is good. "Kashcheev's chain" is conceived as ... Publisher:
b. ETLYO
nBZYS OCHEPSFOSHHI UCHRBDEOYK
obyb TsYosh UPUFPIYF Y UPVSHCHFIK. ZMPVBMSHOSHCHI, VPMSHYI, NBMEOSHLYI Y UPCHUEN NYLTPULPRYUEULYI. hRBM fHOZKHUULYK NEFEPTYF - UPVSCHFYE. tPDYMUS TEVEOPL - UPVSCHFYE. uFPMLOHMYUSH BCHFPNPVYMY - UPVSCHFYE. about MBDPOSH HRBMB UOETSYOLB Y TBUFBSMB - FPCE UPVSCHFYE. upvshchfye - ffp FP, UFP OBTHYBEF PDOPTPDOPUFSH FEYUEOYS TSOYOY Y CHSHCHCHCHBEF RPUMEDUFCHYS. YUEN VPMSHIE RPUMEDUFCHYK, FEN OBYUYNE UYUYFBEFUS UPVSHCHFYE. lBTsDPE UPVSHCHFYE YNEEF RTYYUYOH Y UMEDUFCHYE, LPFPTSHCHE PVTBYHAF VEULPOYUOKHA GERPYULKH PE READING. TSYOEOOOSCHK PRSHCHF OBHYUYM OBU LMBUUYZHYGYTPCHBFSH UPVSCHFIS RP UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEIN GERPYULBN UCHSHEK Y FEN UBNSCHN OBCHPDYFSH RPTSDPL CH OBYEN CHPURTYSFYY NYTB. eUMY TS UPVSCHFYE OILBL OE HLMBDSCHCHBEFUS CH LBLHA-MYVP MPZYUEULHA GERPYULKH, FFP RTYCHPDYF HN CH OBNEYBFEMSHUFCHP - CHEDSH PRSHCHF OBHYUYM OBU, UFP UPVSCHFIK VE RTYUYOFE OE.
PDOPK Y TBOPCHIDOPUFEK OEPSCHYUOSCHI UPVSCHFIK SCHMSAFUS OECHETPSFOSHCHE UPCHRBDEOYS - UPCHRBDBAEYE RP READING UPVSCHFIS, PFOPUSEYEUS, ABOUT RETCHSHCHK CHZMSD, L TBOSCHN RTYUYOOOSCHN GERPYULBN. p OII Y RPKDEF TEYUSH CH DBOOPK UFBFSH.
OECHEPSFOSHCHE UPCHRBDEOYS CHUFTEYUBAFUS CH TSOYOY MAVPZP YuEMPCHELB. nshch PFRTBCHMSENUS CH NEUFP, CH LPFPTPN VSCCHBEN LTBKOE TEDLP Y CHUFTEYUBEN FBN OBLPNPZP, U LPFPTSCHN DPCHPMSHOP TEDLP RETEUELBENUS YMY CHPPVEE "UFP MEF" OE CHYDEMY. u HDYCHMEOYEN HOBEN, UFP H PDOP Y FP TSE CHTENS CHCHMYY YU UFTPS DCHB TBOSCHI RTYVPTB, CH LPFPTSHCHE CHIPDYMY DPUFBCHMEOOSHCH PDOK RPUSHCHMLPK YNRPTFOSCHE NYLTPUIENSCH TBOBOSCHI RTPYCHPDYFEMEK. teybenus Pdobtsdsch RPCHPOYFSH DTHZH, KHEIBCHYENKH OEULPMSHLP MEF OBBD H DTKHZHA UFTBOH Y HOBEN, UFP YNEOOP CH FFPF NPNEOF ENH OEPTSYDBOOP PYASCHMSAF PV HCHPMSHOEOYY. fBLYE NYUFYYUEULYE UPCHRBDEOYS CHSHCHCHCHBAF UIMSHOSCHK YNPPGYPOBMSHOSHCHK CHURMEUL Y RPOECHPME CHPOYLBEF CHPRTPU - UFP YFP VSCHMP? yZTB CHETPSFOPUFY? OBL WHAT?
yUFPTYYUEULYE LPTTTEMSGYY
h 1975 ZPDKh Ch DEFTTPKFE (uyb) NBMEOSHLIK TEVEOPL CHSHCHCHBMYMUS YЪ PLOB 14 LFBTsB RTSNP ABOUT ZPMPCH OELPZP NYUFETB dTsPIEZHB zhyzmplb. TPCHOP YuETE ZPD LFPZP TSE zhYZMPBDYMP CHOPCHSH RTPKFYUSH RP FTPFHBTH ABOUT FPN CE NEUFE, Y LPOEYUOP CE, ENH ABOUT ZPMPCH CHOPCHSH URYLYTPCHBM Chuyo FPF CE TEVEOPL. th IPFS ЪB ZPD NBMSCHY ЪBNEFOP RTYVBCHYM CH CHUE, FEN OE NEOEE, Y ABOUT FFPF TB CHUE BLPOYUMPUSH VMBZPRPMHYuOP! [HIL-YOD, iHPMP, 05/19/1976].
бЧФПТХ УЕТЙЙ ЛТПУУЧПТДПЧ, ПРХВМЙЛПЧБООЩИ Ч ЧПЕООПН 1944 ЗПДХ МПОДПОУЛПК "дЕКМЙ фЕМЕЗТБЖ", ВЩЧЫЕНХ ЫЛПМШОПНХ ХЮЙФЕМА мЕПОБТДХ дПХЙ РТЙЫМПУШ ДПМЗП ДПЛБЪЩЧБФШ, ЮФП ПО ДЕКУФЧЙФЕМШОП ОЕ ЙНЕМ ОЙ НБМЕКЫЕЗП РПОСФЙС П РМБОБИ ПФЛТЩФЙС ЧФПТПЗП ЖТПОФБ. лБЛ ЪБНЕФЙМБ ВДЙФЕМШОБС УЕЛТЕФОБС УМХЦВБ, Ч ПФЧЕФБИ ОБ ЕЗП ЛТПУУЧПТДЩ ЙНЕМЙУШ ФБЛЙЕ УМПЧБ, ЛБЛ нБМВЕТТХ, оЕРФХО, пНБИБ, пЧЕТМПТД Й хФБ - ЧУЕ ПОЙ ЪОБЮЙМЙУШ Ч ЛБЮЕУФЧЕ ЛПДПЧЩИ ПВПЪОБЮЕОЙК ТБЪМЙЮОЩИ ЮБУФЕК УЧЕТИУЕЛТЕФОПК ПРЕТБГЙЙ УПАЪОЙЛПЧ Ч оПТНБОДЙЙ. HUYFEMA RTYYMPUSH RPRPFEFSH ABOUT DPRTPUBI, DPLBSCCHBS, UFP PO OE OBGYUFLYK YRYPO. l UYUBUFSHHA, KHUREYOPE RTPDCHYTSEOYE CHPKUL UPAYOYLPCH CH OPTNBODY RPLBBMP, UFP OBGYUFSHCHOE RPDPTECHBMY P Her RPDZPFPCHLE. th - PFUADB UMEDHEF, UFP "UELTEFOSHCHE" PVP-OBYUEOIS RTYYMY CH ZPMPCH DPHY UPCHETYEOOOP UMHYUBKOP ...
blfet yofpoy iPRLYOU RPMHYUYM ZMBCHOKHA TPMSH CH ZHIMSHNE "DECHKHYLY U REFTCHLY". oP OY CH PDOPN LOYTSOPN NBZBYE mPODPOB LOYZY, RP LPFPTPK OBRYUBO UGEOBTYK, OE OBYMPUSH. y CHPF RP DPTPZE DPNPK CH NEFTP ON HCHYDEM ABOUT MBCHPYUL YNEOOP LFKH, BVSHCHFHA LEN-FP LOIZKH U RPNEFLBNY ABOUT RPMSI. юЕТЕЪ РПМФПТБ ЗПДБ ОБ УЯЕНЛБИ иПРЛЙОУ РПЪОБЛПНЙМУС У БЧФПТПН ТПНБОБ, ЛПФПТЩК РПЦБМПЧБМУС, ЮФП РПУМБМ УЧПК РПУМЕДОЙК БЧФПТУЛЙК ЬЛЪЕНРМСТ У ТЕНБТЛБНЙ ОБ РПМСИ ТЕЦЙУУЕТХ, ОП ФПФ РПФЕТСМ ЕЗП Ч НЕФТП... нПУЛЧЙЮ рБОЛТБФПЧ Ч 1972 ЗПДХ ЧП ЧТЕНС РПМЕФБ ОБ ТЕКУПЧПН УБНПМЕФЕ ЮЙФБМ ЛОЙЦЛХ. LOIZB VSCHMB P CHPDHYOSCHI VPSI PE CHTENS CHEMYLPK PFEYUEUFCHEOOOPK CHPKOSHCH, Y RPUME ZHTBSHCH "uOBTSD RPRBM CH RETCHSHCHK NPFPT ...", RTBCHSHCHK NPFPT ABOUT UBNPMEFE yM-18 CHDTHZ DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPYM. rPMEF RTYYMPUSH RTETCHBFSh ABOUT RPMRHFY...
tsYFEMY CHILDREN'S THFCHEMM (dBNZHTYUYT, yPFMBOYS) CH 1975 ZPDKh OYUEZP OE RPDPETCHBS UNPFTEMY ZHIMSHN "chPLTHZ UCHEFB bb 80 DOEKS". th LPZDB ZETPY ZHIMSHNB UEMY CH LPTYOKH CHPDHYOPZP YBTB Y PFTHVIMY LBOBF, ABOUT DETECHOA ACCORDING TO UCHBMYMUS ... UBNSCHK OBUFPSEYK CHPDHHYOSCHK YBT! eZP RPUBDLB VSCHMB OEHDBYuOPK, RPTSCHCH CHEFTB RTYTSBM VBMMPO L'MELFTYYUEULYN RTCHPDBN Y UCHEF CH CHILDREN'S RPZBU. ["HILMY OSHAU", 04/12/1975].
ч 1974 ЗПДХ ЦЙФЕМШ дЕТВЙ (бОЗМЙС) оПЬМ нБЛЛЬКВ УМХЫБМ РМБУФЙОЛХ "рМБЮ ДЙЛПЗП ЗХУС", Й ЗХУЙ ОЕ ЪБУФБЧЙМЙ УЕВС ДПМЗП ЦДБФШ: ПДЙО ТБЪВЙМ ПЛОП Й ЧМЕФЕМ Ч УРБМШОА, ДЧПЕ ДТХЗЙИ ЛБОБДУЛЙИ ЗХУЕК ХРБМЙ ЪБ ПЛОПН ["уБО", 19.11.1974] . WENSHS NEMLYU YDHOUFEKVMB (VEDZHTDYT, BOZMYS) UNPFTEMB RP FEMECHYPTH ZHIMSHN P "FYFBOYLE". h FPF NYZ, LPZDB LPTBVMSH DPMTSEO VSCHM UPDTPZOHFSHUS PF HDBTB PV BKUVETZ, DPN NEMLYUPCH ЪBFTEEBM RP YCHBN CH TEEKHMSHFBFE ... UFPMLOPCHEOYS UP MSHDYOPK! TEDYUBKYEE SCHMEOYE - MEDSOPC NEFEPTYF YNEOOP CH FFPF NPNEOF RTPMPNYM LTSCHYYH Y BUFTSM CH RPFPMLE ...
YOFETEUOSCH YUFPTYY, UCHSBOOSHCHE AT OBCHBOYEN "FYFBOIL". UPZMBUOP ZTEYUEULPK NYZHPMPZYY, UEUFET FYFBOPC - "FYFBOYD" IECHU OYCHETZOHM CH fBTFBT. h XIX-XX CHELBI VSCHMY RPFPRMEOSCH CHUE LPTBVMMY, OBCHBOOSCHE YNEOEN "FYFBOIL", RTYUEN YUBEE CHUEZP POY YMY ABOUT ADDITIONAL RTY RETCHPN CE RMBCHBOY. RYUBFEMSH nPTZBO TPVETFUPO CH TPNBOE "FEEFOPUFSH" CH 1898 ZPDH PRIUBM ZYVEMSH ZYZBOFULPZP LPTBVMS "fYFBO" RPUME UFPMLOPCHEOYS U BKUVEZPN CH RETCHPN UCHPEN TEKUE. Urhufs 14 MEF CHELPVTIFBISHIS URHUFIMB about the CCD Obnshchk VPMSHYPK RP FPNH CHEUIFBCHYUCUS OREPFRMPPD "Fyphbroil", Y otzbz PTPZP Ts. DBMSHOEKYE UPVSCHFIS CHSH ЪOBEFE, CHUE OBRYUBOOPE CH LOYSE CHPRMPFIMPUSH CH TSYOSH, UPCHRBMY CHUE DEFBMY LBFBUFTPZHSHCH. chPLTHZ PVPYI Eee DP CHSHIPDB CH NPTE VSCHMB RPDOSFB OECHPPVTBBYNBS YKHNYIB CH RTEUUE Yb-b YI PZTPNOSCHI TBNETCH. pVB UYUYFBAEYIUS OERPFPRMSENSCHNY UHDOB OBMEFEMY ABOUT MEDSOHA ZPTH CH BRTEME, YNES ABOUT VPTFH CH LBYUEUFCHE RBUUBTSYTPCH NOPTSEUFCHP OBNEOYFPUFEK. й Ч ПВПЙИ УМХЮБСИ БЧБТЙС ПЮЕОШ ВЩУФТП РЕТЕТПУМБ Ч ЛБФБУФТПЖХ ЙЪ-ЪБ ОЕТБУРПТСДЙФЕМШОПУФЙ ЛБРЙФБОБ Й ОЕИЧБФЛЙ УРБУБФЕМШОЩИ УТЕДУФЧ... уРХУФС ЕЭё 27 МЕФ, Ч 1939 ЗПДХ Ч ФПН ЦЕ ТБКПОЕ бФМБОФЙЛЙ, ЗДЕ ЪБФПОХМ ЧЩДХНБООЩК "фЙФБО" Й ЗДЕ РПЗЙВ ТЕБМШОЩК "фЙФБОЙЛ", OPYUSHA RMSHCHM DTHZPK LPTBVMSH - "FYFBOYBO". choebrop chokhfteoooee yuhfshe RPDULBBMP UFP-FP THMECHPNKH, Y ON PFDBM LPNBODH "uFPR-NBYOB". Lpzdb Ukhdop Kommersant Kosdnp, on the UFPSEIE UFBMYA Checchtbzbfsh Prozedpchpmshuufchp Kommersalpk, Yu phenopfsch chshchoschtokhm tsepnoschk RP LPTRCHUKHU UIMSHUSHK, OPL UUBTSHK, Oe Uzhubufmshchk, Oe Uzhubuhchk, Oe Uzhubuhchk.
y'CHEUFOPK UFBMB "RHDYOZPCHBS YUFPTYS" RPPFB nNYMS DEYBOB. h DEFUFCHE EZP HZPUFYM OPCHSHCHN DMS ZHTBOGKHJPCH VMADPN - UMYCHPCHSHCHN RHDYOZPN - CHPCHTBFYCHYKUS FPMSHLP UFP Yb BOZMYY OELYK zhPTZYVA. URHUFS 10 MEF DEYBO RTPIPDS NYNP TEUFPTBOB HCHYDEM, YuFP FBN ZPFPCSF ЪBRPNOYCHIEEUUS ENH VMADP, PDOBLP PZHYGYBOF ENH RPUEFPCHBM, YuFP CHEUSH RHDYOZ HCE BLB JBM DTHZPK ZPURPYOBYOBYO... EEEEE YUEULPMSHLP MEF DPNU, in the place of DMS ZPOLTSHMYA UMICHPCHK RHDYOZ, RPF RPCHEMIM UPVTBCHYUIYUIK PFN, Chubb -tsda СР ь Р т НР ь Р т Р т Р т НО ьDPShLP -fpshlp. ZPUFY OBRETEVPK OBYUBMY YKHFYFSH, YuFP ChPF UEKYUBU ... th CH DCHETSH RPCHPOYMY! LPOEYUOP CE, LFP VSCHM zhPTZYVA, LPFPTSCHK, RTIEIBCH CH PTMEBO, VSCHM RTYZMBYEO CH ZPUFY PDOIN YЪ UPUEDEK, OP... RETERHFBM LCHBTFYTSCH! [zhMBNNBTYPO l. "OEYCHEUFOPE", 1902].
oEVESHOFETEUOB Y "TSCHVOBS YUFPTYS", GERSH UPVSCHFIK, RTPY'PYEDYYI CH FEYUEOYE 24 YUBUPCH U Y'CHEUFOSHCHN RUYIPMPZPN lBTMPN aOZPN. obYUBMPUSH U FPZP, UFP ABOUT PVED X OEZP RPDBMY TSCHVKh. uyds yb ufpmpn, po hchydem rtpetsbchyyk nynp tshchvoshchk zhkhtzpo. 'BFEN DTHZ EZP 'B' PVEDPN CHDTHZ RPCHEM TBZPCHPT PV PVSCHYUBE "DEMBFSH BRTEMSHULHA TSCHVKH" (FBL YNEOHAFUS RETCHPBRTEMSHULIE TPSHCHZTSCHYY). oEPTSYDBOOP RTYYEM VSHCHYK RBGYEOF Y RTYEU H OBBL VMBZPDBTOPUFY LBTFYOH, ABOUT LPFPTPK PRSFSH-FBLY VSCHMB YЪPVTBTSEOB VPMSHYBS TSCHVB. rPSCHYMBUSH DBNB, RPRTPUYCHYBS CHTBYUB TBUYZHTPCHBFSH Her UPO, CH LPFPTPN ZHYZKHTYTPCHBMB POB UBNB CH CHYDE THUBMLY Y RMSHCHCHYBS bb OEK TSCHVSHS UFBS. б ЛПЗДБ аОЗ ХЫЕМ ОБ ВЕТЕЗ ПЪЕТГБ, ЮФПВЩ УРПЛПКОП ПВДХНБФШ ЧУА ГЕРПЮЛХ УПВЩФЙК (ЛПФПТБС, РП ЕЗП ТБУЮЕФБН ОЙЛБЛ ОЕ ЧРЙУЩЧБМБУШ Ч ПВЩЮОХА УМХЮБКОХА ГЕРШ УПВЩФЙК), ФП ТСДПН У УПВПК ПО ПВОБТХЦЙМ ЧЩВТПЫЕООХА ОБ ВЕТЕЗ ТЩВЕЫЛХ.
h 1953 ZPDKh YUYLBZULYK ZBEFYUYL YTCHYOZ lBRUJOEF, RTYMEFECH CH mPODPO, CH OPNETE PFEMS PVOBTHTSYM VKHNBZY, SBVSHCHFSHCHE EZP DTHZPN VBULEFVPMYUFPN IBTTY iEOOYOPN. б ЛПЗДБ ДПНБ ПО РЕТЕДБМ ЙИ ИПЪСЙОХ, ФПФ Ч ПФЧЕФ РТПФСОХМ ЗБМУФХЛ, ЛПФПТЩК ЛБЛ ЧЩСУОЙМПУШ, ЪБВЩМ УБН лБРУЙОЕФ Ч ОПНЕТЕ РБТЙЦУЛПЗП ПФЕМС... оЕУЛПМШЛП РПЪЦЕ ДТХЗПК БНЕТЙЛБОЕГ, ВЙЪОЕУНЕО ЙЪ ЫФБФБ лПООЕЛФЙЛХФ дЦПТДЦ м. вТБКУПО ЕИБМ Ч РПЕЪДЕ ПФ уЕОФ-мХЙУБ ДП оША -kPTLB, LPZDB OEPTSYDBOOP H UETEDYOE RHFY ON CHDTHZ TEYIM UDEMBFSH PUFBOPCHLH H mHYUCHYMME. BOSCH CH MHYUYEN PFEME OPNET 307, PO ABOUT CHUSLYK UMHYUBK (BLLHTBFOPUFSH VYOEUNEOB!) URTPUYM RPTFSHE, OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS MY LFP YN. th RPMHYUYM CH PFCHEF LPOCHETF U OBDRYUSHA "NYUFETH dTsPTDTSH m. VTBKUPOH, OPNET 307". LBL CHSCHSUOYMPUSH, RYUSHNP RTEDOBOBYUBMPUSH EZP RPMOPNKH PDOPZHBNYMSHGKH, CHSCHVTBCHYENKH FPF TSE OPNET H PFEME TBOEE. edYOUFCHEOOBS TBOYGB NETsDH MADSHNY-LPRYSNY BLMAYUBMBUSH CH FPN, UFP CHFPTPK RTPTSYCHBM CH nPOTEBME...
h 1973 ZPDKh ABOUT VETNHDBI FBLUI UVYMP DCHHI VTBFSHECH, TBUlbfshchchbaeyi RP DPTPZE U OBTHIEOYEN RTBCHYM. KhDBT VSHCHMOE UIMSHOSCHK, VTBFSHS RPRTBCHYMYUSH, Y KhTPL O RPYEM YN CHRTPL. TPCHOP YUETEЪ 2 ZPDB ABOUT FPK CE UBNPK HMYGE ABOUT FPN CE UBNPN NPREDE POI CHOPCHSH RPRBMY RPD FBLUI. RPMYGYS HUFBOPCHYMB, UFP CH PVPYI UMHYUBSI CH FBLUI EIBM PYO Y FPF CE RBUUBTSYT, PDOBLP RPMOPUFSHA YULMAYUYMP LBLHA-MYVP CHETUYA P RTEDOBNETEOOPN OBEDE ["MYCHETRHM LPKH", 21.07.
u 1987 ZPDB H PDOPN y UHRETNBTLEFPCH BOZMYKULPZP ZTBZHUFCHB yuEYT FCPTSFUS OEPVYASUOYINSCHE YUHDEUB. lBL FPMSHLP ЪB LBUUH RPD OPNETPN 15 UBDYFUS LBUUYTYB, FBL HCE Yuete OEULPMSHLP OEDEMSH POB VETENEOOEEF. rCHFPTSEFUS CHUYO U BCHYDOSHCHN RPUFPSOUFCHPN, YFPZ - 24 VETENEOOOSCHI, 30 TPTsDEOOSHCHI DEFEK. rPUME OEULPMSHLYI BLPOYUYCHYIUS "KhDBYuOP" LPOFTPMSHOSCHI PRSHCHFPCH, ChTENS LPFPTSHCHI YUUMEDPCHBFEMY RPDUBTSYCHBMY OB LBUUKH DPVTPCHPMSHGECH, OBHYUOSHI CHSHCHCHPDCH OILBLYI OE RPUMEDCHBMP. IPFS OEF, PYO ChSCHCHPD EUFSH. UTEDY VEURMPDOSCHI RP CHTBYEVOSCHN BLMAYUEOYSN TSEOEIO RPSCHIMYUSH TSEMBAEIE TBVPFBFSH LBUUITBNY ["CHEYUETOSS nPULCB", 7.07.1992].
h 1997 ZPDKh Y'CHEUFOBS UPCHEFULBS (OSHCHEE BNETYLBOULBS) ZHYZHTYUFLB yTYOB tpdoyob RP TPUYKULPNKh FEMECHIDEOYA TBUULBBMB P UFTBOOPN UMHYUBE CH UCHPEK TSYOY. оЕЪБДПМЗП ДП ЬФПЗП ПОБ РТЙЕИБМБ ЧНЕУФЕ УП ЪОБЛПНЩН Ч мПУ-бОЦЕМЕУ, Й РТПИПДС НЙНП ЛБЖЕ, УФБМБ ЧУРПНЙОБФШ: "чПФ ЪДЕУШ ЛПЗДБ-ФП НЩ У НПЙН РЕТЧЩН УРПТФЙЧОЩН РБТФОЕТПН хМБОПЧЩН ЧРЕТЧЩЕ ЪБЫМЙ Ч ЛБЖЕ ОБ УЧПЙ ДЕОШЗЙ. чПФ ЪБ ФЕН УФПМЙЛПН..." lBLPPCHP CE VSCHMP Her HDYCHMEOYE, LPZDB ЪB LFYN UFPMYLPN POB HCHYDEMB UBNPZP hMBOPCHB; LBL CHSCHSUOYMPUSH, AFTER FPTS RTYCHEM UADB ЪOBLPNKHA RPLBBFSH NEUFP, HERE WE WILL GO CHETCHESCHE CH LBZHE "U UBNPK TPDOYOPK"! [FEMERTPZTBNNB "chZMSD", 6.06.1997].
yOPZDB rTYTPDB RPDLYDSCHCHBEF UBNSHCHE OCHETPSFOSCHE UPCHRBDEOYS U RPNPESH FBLYI IPTPYP YЪHYUEOOSHCHI SCHMEOYK, LBL CHEFET Y FEYUEOYE CHPDSHCH CH PLEBOBI. RYUBFEMSH zhMBNNBTYPO LBL TB RYUBM LOYZH "OYJCHEUFOPE" P RPDPVOSHCHI YUKHDEUBI, LPZDB CHOEBROSCHK RPTSCHCH CHEFTB KHOEU CH PLOP YUBUFSH THLPRYUY. bChFPT DKhNBM, YuFP LFPF NBFETYBM VEUUMEDOP RTPRBM Y, OE UYUYFBS ChPNPTSOSCHN ChPUUFBOPCHYFSH EZP, PFDBM THLPRYUSH H YЪDBFEMSHUFCHP CH HUEYUEOOPN CHIDE. lBLCHP CE VSHMP HDYCHMEOYE, LPZDB ON HCHYDEM ZMBCHSH P UPCHRBDEOYSI CH OBREYUBFBOOPK LOYZE! PLBBMPUSH, UFP CHEFET HMPTSYM RPIYEEOOSHCH MYUFSHCH RTSNP RETED RPUSCHMSHOSHCHN YIDDBFEMSHUFCHB! [NYUEMM dts., TYLBTD t. "ZHEOPNEOSCH LOYZY YOUHDEU"].
y'CHEUFOSHCHK BNETYLBOULYK BLFET yUBTM lpzmeo, KhNETYK CH 1899 ZPDH, VSCHM BIPTPOEO OE OB UCHPEK TPDYOE, B H ZPTPDE zBMCHEUFPO (YFBF FEIBU), ZDE UNETFSH UMHYUBKOP FTBUKhFHTPMB ZBU. YuETE ZPD HTBZBO OECHIDBOOPK UYMSCH PVTKHYYMUS ABOUT FFPF ZPTPD, TBNSCHM OEULPMSHLP HMYG Y LMBDVYEE. ZETNEFYUOSCHK ZTPV U FEMPN lPZMEOB bb 9 MEF RTPRMSCHM CH bFMBOFILE RP NEOSHHYEK NET 6000 LN, RPLB, OBLPOEG, FEYEOOYE OE CHSHCHEUMP EZP OB VETEZ RTSNP RETED DPNPN, ZDE ON TPDYMUS ABOUT PUFTHEGBTCHE uFTHBTPCHE MBCHTEOFIS...
LBL TBUUUYUYFBFSH CHETPSFOPUFSH
LBCDSCHK Y RTYCHEDEOOOSCHI UMHYUBECH RPUCHPENCH OCHECHEPSFEO, PDOBLP TBUUYUYFBFSH CHETPSFOPUFSH CH OYI CHEUSHNB RTPVMENBFYUOP. OP VSCCHBAF UPCHRBDEOYS, CHETPSFOPUFSH LPFPTSCHI NPTsOP CHCHUYUMYFSH. рТЙНЕТ - ЙУФПТЙС, ПРЙУБООБС бМЕЛУБОДТПН зПМПЧБЭЕОЛП ЙЪ уБИБМЙОБ: "рЕТЕД УОПН ТЕЫЙМЙ УЩЗТБФШ Ч ОБТДЩ, РТЙЮЕН ОЕ ЛБЛ ПВЩЮОП, Б РТЙ УЧЕЮБИ (!). цЕОБ ВТПУБМБ РЕТЧБС, РПМХЮЙМУС ДХВМШ 6:6, ВТПУЙМ С - ДХВМС ОЕ ВЩМП, ПОБ - УОПЧБ 6: 6, Kommersant Eye, the UFBMP UNIIB, LPZB b ьfptimpush 8 TB RPDTSD, Kommersant 7 TB - Yuta TB! Owbmy Umedhaha Yztkh, Ferthesh hca dhvm 7 tbu tbu, bivos 8 tbfen 8 tbu tbni Ч ЙЗТХ, УЧЕЮЙ РТПЗПТЕМЙ, ОБЮБМЙ УМЕДХАЭХА РБТФЙА, Й ЧЕУШ ЬЖЖЕЛФ РПУФЕРЕООП РТПРБМ, УТЕДОЕЕ ЛПМЙЮЕУФЧП ДХВМЕК ЪБ РБТФЙА УФБМП ТБЧОСФШУС 1:3, ФП ЕУФШ ЛБЛ ПВЩЮОП. с ЧУЕЗДБ ПФОПУЙМУС УЛЕРФЙЮЕУЛЙ ЛП ЧУСЛПЗП ТПДБ ФЕМЕРБФБН, ЬЛУФТБУЕОУБН Й Ф.Д. оП ФЕРЕТШ. .." чЕТПСФОПУФШ УМХЮБКОПЗП ЧЩРБДБОЙС Ч ДБООПН РТЙНЕТЕ УФПМШ НБМБ, ЮФП ДМС РПМХЮЕОЙС РПДПВОПЗП ЬЖЖЕЛФБ ОЕПВИПДЙНП ЛТХЗМПУХФПЮОП, РПЪБВЩЧ РТП ЧУЕ ДЕМБ, ЙЗТБФШ Ч ОБТДЩ ЧУЕН МАДСН, ОБЮЙОБС ПФ бДБНБ... рБХМШ лЕННЕТЕТ Ч ФЕЮЕОЙЙ 20 МЕФ РХОЛФХБМШОП ЪБРЙУЩЧБМ Й РТПФПЛПМЙТПЧБМ ЧУЕ УПВЩФЙС, RTPYUIPDSEIE U OIN UBNYN Y EZP OBBLPNSHNY, B ЪBFEN U RPNPESH OEUMPTSOSCHI RPDUYUEFPCH CHCHYUYUMSM UFEREOY CHETPSFOPUFEK FEI YMY YOSCHI RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOPUFEK UPVSCHFIK. h 1919 ZPDKH HYUEOSCHK RTYYEM L CHSHCHCHPDH, UFP UPCHRBDEOYS Y UFTBOOSCH RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOPUFY "CHEDEUKHEY Y VEULPOYUOSCH CH TSYOY, RTYTPDE Y LPUNPUE" [lBNNETET r. "BLPO RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOPUFEK", 1919]. chNEUFE UP UCHPYN RPUMEDPCHBFEMEN dCHBTDPN dshai ON FBLTS CHSCCHEM DMS UEVS BLPO P RETYPDYUOPUFY UPVSCHFIK Y RPDFCHETDYM DTECHOAA NHDTPUFSH "chuyo ChPCHTBEBEFUS ABOUT LTHZY UCHPS" [dSHAY y.t. "GYLMSCH: FBYOUFCHEOOSHCH UYMSCH, RPTPTSDBAE UPVSCHFIS", 1971]. DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP: FP, UFP EUFSH, FP VKhDEF YMY VSHMP. op ... LPNH CE OBDP YZTBFSH U OBNY CH FBLHA UMPTSOKHA Y BRHFBOOKHA YZTH? VPZH, CHUENYTOPNH TBHNH, PVSCHYuOPK UMHYUBKOPUFY YMY OBYENH UPVUFCHEOOPNH CHPPVTBTSEOYA? оБУЮЕФ ЧППВТБЦЕОЙС - ЧЩ УБНЙ НПЦЕФЕ УПУФБЧЙФШ УЕВЕ УПВУФЧЕООПЕ НОЕОЙЕ, ОБУЛПМШЛП ПРЙУБООЩЕ УМХЮБЙ ВЩМЙ ЙЪ ТБЪТСДБ "ПВЩЛОПЧЕООПЗП" ЮХДБ, Б ОБУЛПМШЛП - ЙЪ ЙЪЧЕЮОПЗП УФТЕНМЕОЙС ЮЕМПЧЕЛБ ОБКФЙ ЬФП УБНПЕ ЮХДП ДБЦЕ Ч НБМПН. b RP RPCHPDKh UMHYUBKOPUFEK - NPTsOP CHURPNOYFSH UMCHB lPMYOB HYMUPOB: "pDOBCDSCH, LPZDB S YULBM PDYO OKHTSOSCHK NOE ZhBLF, U RPMLY HRBMB LOIZB, TBULTSHCHCHYUSH LBL TBB OB FPK UFTBOYSHDEY ZDE". CHYDYNP, OEF CH NYTE OYYUEZP UMHYUBKOPZP, B EUFSH BLPPNETOPUFY RPOSFOSHCHE Y BLPPOPNETOPUFY OERPOSFOSHCHE.
Ch RTPVMENE RSCHFBMUS TBPPVTBFSHUS PDYO Yu Puopchpmpmptsoylpch LPPHBOFPCH ZHYLYA OPVEMACHULYK MBHTHTF PPMSHZHZBOZ RBHMY, LPFPK HEFPK HUMSHAMS. rBHMY UZHPTNHMYTPCHBM LMAYUECHPK RTYOGYR FEPTEFYUEULPK ZHYYYLY, UPZMBUOP LPFPTPNKH DCHE YUBUFYGSHCH OE NPZHF OBIPDYFSHUS H PDYOBLPCHPN LCHBOFPCHPN UPUFPSOY. aOZ Y'CHEUFEO UCHPYNY FEPTYSNNY P LPMMELFYCHOPN VEUUPOBFEMSHOPN. h FPMLPCHBOY UPCHRBDEOYK RBKHMY U aOZPN YЪZPPFCHYMY OELYK ZYVTYD UCHPYI FEPTYK, PRHVMYLPCHBCH TBVPFH "uYOITPOOPUFSH, YMY RTYOGYR UMHYUBKOPK UCHSY". FEPTYS rBHMY-AOZB FTBLFPCHBMB UPCHRBDEOYS LBL RTPSCHMEOYS RPLB OEHUFBOPCCHMEOOPZP HOYCHETUBMSHOPZP RTYOGIRB, LPFPTSCHK UCHSCHCHCHBEF CHPEDYOP CHUE ZHYYYYUEULYE BLPOSHCHK. Bfpk Fpyul Kommersan, FBLEE KOBZBDPUOCHOCHOCHEIS, LBB UMHUBY FEMERBFYY YU RTDHEDCHEIS VHDHAZP, FPCHF VSHFSH PFTBCEIEN ZHYYuyuyuyi Zhyuyuyuyu ibpnotopokoku about jubepcheuuuuyul.
NOE OE TB RTYIPDYMPUSH TBNSCHYMSFSH OBD RTYTPDPK UFTBOOSCHI UPCHRBDEOYK CH OBYEK TSOYOYK, - ZPCHPTYF SBCHEDHAEYK PFDEMPN FEPTEFYUEULPK ZHYYYLY nBFENBFYUEULPZP YOUFYNFHB. uFELMPCHB tbo BLBDENIL BODTEK uMBCHOPCH. - OP SOY TBKH PE CHUEI LFYI MAVPRSCHFOSCHI YUFPTYSI OE CHUFTEYUBM UFBFYUFYUEULY DPUFPCHETOPZP BOMBMYB CHETPSFOPUFY RPDPVOSHCHI UPCHRBDEOYK. b FFP DMS OBHYUOPK PVPUOPCHBOOPUFY CHUEI TBNSCHYMEOYK UDEMBFSH OEVPVIPDYNP CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH. rPLB CHUYO CHSCHZMSDYF RTYCHMELBFEMSHOP, OP UFBFYUFYUEULY OE UMYYLPN DPUFPCHETOP. oEPVIPDYNP ChЪCHEUYFSH CHUE ZHBLFPTSCH, CHMYSCHYIE ABOUT CHPNPTSOPUFSH UPCHRBDEOYS, YCH YFPZE CHETPSFOPUFSH NPCEF VSHCHFSH OE FBLPK KhTs NBMPK. PYUEOSH YUBUFP VSCCHBEF FBL, UFP RTY RTPCHETLE ZHBLFPCH OYEBCHYUYNBS LURETFYB PVOBTHTSYCHBEF, YUFP DBTSE YUEUFOP TBVPFBCHYE MADY DEMBMY PYYVLY, OERTBCHYMSHOP BRYUSCHCHBMY ZhBLFSHCH. h YUFPTYY OBHLY FBLYI RYЪPDCH OENBMP. pDOBTDSCH, L RTYNETKH, CH LURETYNEOFE VSCM PVOBTKhTSEO NBZOYFOSHCHK NPOPRPMSH (BOBMPZ PDOPPMAUOPZP LMELFTYUEULPZP BTSDB, CH FP CHTENS LBL CHUE NBZOYFSH YNEAF DCHB RPMAUB). OP OILPZDB VPMSHIE FFPF TEEKHMSHFBF OE RPCHFPTYMUS. UFP LBUBEFUS FEPTYY rBHMY, FP UPCTENEOOOPK FEPTEFYUEULPK ZHYYYLE HOYCHETUBMSHOSHCHK RTYOGYR, TEZHMYTHAEK UPCHRBDEOYS Y RTEDCHYDEOYE VHDHEEZP, OEYYCHEUFEO. DHNBA, FFP VMBZPDBFOBS RPYUCHB DMS MTSEOBHLY. IPFS RPDPVOSCHE YUFPTYY CHPMOHAF CHPPVTBTSEOYE.
nPTSEF VSHCHFSH, ZHYYLY Eee OE Chuyo OBAF PV HUFTPKUFCHE OBYEZP NYTB?
fBOEG BRHFBOOSCHI UPUFPSOIK
ч 30-Е ЗПДЩ РТПЫМПЗП ЧЕЛБ ьКОЫФЕКО ПВОБТХЦЙМ РБТБДПЛУ ЛЧБОФПЧПК НЕИБОЙЛЙ, УПУФПСЭЙК Ч ФПН, ЮФП ЕУМЙ ДЧБ БФПНБ (ЙМЙ МАВЩЕ ЮБУФЙГЩ НЙЛТПНЙТБ) ЧЪБЙНПДЕКУФЧПЧБМЙ ДТХЗ У ДТХЗПН, Б ЪБФЕН ТБЪПЫМЙУШ, ФП НЕЦДХ ОЙНЙ ДПМЦОБ ПУФБФШУС УРЕГЙЖЙЮЕУЛБС НЗОПЧЕООБС ЛЧБОФПЧБС УЧСЪШ (ФБЛ ОБЪЩЧБЕНЩК ьрт- RBTDPLU). UChSh OEMPLBMSHOBS, OEBCHYUSEBS PF TBDEMSAEEZP YI TBUUFPSOYS, DBCE EUMY ABOUT LFPN TBUUFPSOY OILBLPZP ZHYYYYUEULPZP CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS NETSDH YUBUFYGBNY HCE OEF. rPUFEREOOP CHSCHSUOYMPUSH, UFP LFP OE RBTDPLU, CHSCCHBOOSCHK OEUPCHETYEOUFCHPN LCHBOFPCHPK ZHYILY, B TEBMSHOPE UCHPKUFCHP NYLTPNYTB. h RPUMEDOYE ZPDSH ABOUT PUOPCHE LFPZP UCHPKUFCHB VSHCHUFTP TB'CHYCHBEFUS (L UPTsBMEOYA, OE H tPUUYY) FBL OBSCCHCHBENBS ZHYYLB BRHFBOOSCHI LCHBOFPCHSCHI UPUFPSOIK. нБФЕТЙБМШОБС РПДДЕТЦЛБ ДБООПЗП ОБРТБЧМЕОЙС ЛЧБОФПЧПК ЖЙЪЙЛЙ УФЙНХМЙТХЕФУС ЪБНБОЮЙЧЩНЙ РЕТУРЕЛФЙЧБНЙ УПЪДБОЙС ОПЧПЗП ЛМБУУБ УХРЕТ ВЩУФТПДЕКУФЧХАЭЙИ ЛПНРШАФЕТПЧ (ЛЧБОФПЧЩЕ ЛПНРШАФЕТЩ) Й УЙУФЕН РЕТЕДБЮЙ УЕЛТЕФОПК ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ, РТЙОГЙРЙБМШОП ЙУЛМАЮБАЭЙИ ЧПЪНПЦОПУФШ ОЕУБОЛГЙПОЙТПЧБООПЗП ДПУФХРБ Л ОЕК (ЛЧБОФПЧБС ФЕМЕРПТФБГЙС ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ: юЙР лМХВ Ч № 6, 2003). BRHFBOOPUFSH UPUPPSOYS DCHHI YUBUFYG PJOBYUBEF, UFP POY PVTBIHAF OELHA UYUFENKH, CH LPFPTPK OECHPЪNPTSOP CHSHDEMYFSH RETCHPOBYUBMSHOSHCHE YUBUFYGSCHCH. OECHPNPTsOP CH FPN UNSHUME, UFP RTYOGYRYBMSHOP OEMSHЪS RTYDKHNBFSH ZHYYYYUEULYK URUPUPV RP YI IDEOFIYZHYLBGYY. IPFS LFP Y FTHDOP RTYOSFSH BDTBCHPNH UNSCHUMH (LHDB DECHBAFUS YUBUFYGSCH, LPZDB POI OEDPUFHROSCH?), OP LFP, FEN OE NEOEE, RTPCHETEOOOSCHK LLURETYNEOFBMSHOSHCHK ZhBLF. h ЪBRHFBOOPN UPUFPSOY NPZHF OBIPDYFSHUS GEMSHCHE UYUFENSCH YUBUFYG. obyvpmee hdpvoshchn pvyaelfpn DMS YЪHYUEOYS BRHFBOOSCHI UPUFPSOYK SCHMSAFUS URYOPCHSCHE UYUFENSCH. URYO IBTBLFETYYHEF LCHBOFCHPE UCHPKUFCHP NYLTPYUBUFYGSCH, PYUEOSH RPIPTSEE ABOUT PVSCHYUOPE CHTBEEOYE. уРЙО ЧП НОПЗПН РПИПЦ ОБ НПНЕОФ ЙНРХМШУБ, ЬФП ФПЦЕ ЧЕЛФПТ, ПДОБЛП ЕУФШ РТЙОГЙРЙБМШОПЕ ПФМЙЮЙЕ: РТПЕЛГЙС ЧЕЛФПТБ УРЙОБ ОБ МАВХА РТПЙЪЧПМШОП ЧЩВТБООХА ПУШ Ч РТПУФТБОУФЧЕ РТЙОЙНБЕФ ФПМШЛП ПРТЕДЕМЕООЩК ОБВПТ ДЙУЛТЕФОЩИ ЪОБЮЕОЙК. UNEOIM OBRTBCHMEOYE PUI - B OBYUEOYE RTPELGIY URYOB OE YЪNEOYMPUSH. rTPELGYS CE CHELFPTB PVSCHUOPZP NPNEOFB CHTBEEOYS IBCHYUYF PF KhZMB NETsDH PUSH Y CHELFPTPN Y NPCEF YNEFSH MAVPE OBBYUEOYE PF OHMS DP NBLUINBMSHOPZP. URYOPCHSCHE UYUFENSCH UPUFPSF YЪ BFPNPCH, LBTsDSHK YЪ LPFPTSCHI YNEEF PFMYUOSCHK PF OKHMS URIO (BFPN NPTSEF Y OE YNEFSH URJOB, LFP ЪBCHYUYF PF EZP LMELFTPOOPK PVPMPYULY). pVSCHUOP CH LBYUEUFCHE URYOPCHPK UYUFENSCH YURPMSHHAF LTYUFBMM OELPFPTPK UPMY. eUMMY UYUFENKH URYOPCH RPNEUFYFSH CH NBZOYFOPE RPME, FP URYOSCH BFPNPCH UVBTBAFUS PTYEOFYTPCHBFSHUS RP OBRTBCHMEOYA RPMS, Y NETsDH URYOBNY (BFPNBNY) CHPOYLBEF UREGYZHYUEULPE CHYBYPE. ч ТЕЪХМШФБФЕ ЧЪБЙНПДЕКУФЧЙС ЙЪНЕОСАФУС ОЕЛПФПТЩЕ ИБТБЛФЕТЙУФЙЛЙ ЛТЙУФБММБ (ОБРТЙНЕТ, ФЕНРЕТБФХТОЩЕ) Й РП ИБТБЛФЕТХ ЙИ ЙЪНЕОЕОЙС ЧП ЧТЕНЕОЙ ЖЙЪЙЛЙ-ЬЛУРЕТЙНЕОФБФПТЩ НПЗХФ ДЕМБФШ ЧЩЧПДЩ П ИБТБЛФЕТЕ ЧЪБЙНПДЕКУФЧЙС. TEEKHMSHFBFSCH PDOPZP Ъ FBLYI LURETYNEOPPCH VSCHMY PRHVMYLPCHBOSHCH UEOFSVTShULPN (2003) OPNETE OBHYUOPZP TsHTOBMB "Nature".
фЕПТЕФЙЮЕУЛЙК БОБМЙЪ РПЧЕДЕОЙС УЙУФЕНЩ ЧЪБЙНПДЕКУФЧХАЭЙИ УРЙОПЧ РПЛБЪБМ (у.й. дПТПОЙО, ЦХТОБМ Phys. Rev. A 68, 052306 (2003)), ЮФП РТЙ ОБМЙЮЙЙ ОБЮБМШОПК ОЕПДОПТПДОПУФЙ УФЕРЕОШ ЛЧБОФПЧПК ЪБРХФБООПУФЙ ОБЮЙОБЕФ РЕТЙПДЙЮЕУЛЙ ЙЪНЕОСФШУС ЧП ЧТЕНЕОЙ. bFPNSCH (URYOSCH) RETYPYUEULY CHIPDSF FP CH YUYUFP ЪBRHFBOOPE UPUFPSOIE, FP CH YUYUFP LMBUUYYUEULPE UPUFPSOYE. DMS Choeyozp Obvmadbfems Ureoshch VHDHF RETHEPDYUELELELELELBFSH "Yuyuzp" LBL MPLBMEL PUVELPHSH (ChITBEBEYEUS "EBTILY") Y UPCHB Yuyufpchphas, RPMOPHPSHPSHPS LPOEYUOP, DBTSE OBIPDSUSH H YUYUFP LCHBOFPCHPN UPUFPSOYY URYOSCH, LBL RPDUYUFENSCH, OE RETEUFBAF UHEEUFCHPCHBFSH, POY RTPUFP UFBOPCHSFUS OEDDPUFHROSCHNY OILBLYN OBVMADEOYSN. h YUYUFP LMBUUYYUEULPN UPUFPSOYY URYOSCH CHIDOSCH FBLTSE, LBL Y MAVSHCHE NBLTPPVYAELFSHCH. rPMHYUBEFUS UCHPEPVTBOBOSCHK FBOEG NETSDH VSHCHFYEN Y OEVSCHFYEN. фБЛБС ЛБТФЙОБ НПЗМБ ВЩ УЮЙФБФШУС БВУФТБЛФОЩН РПУФТПЕОЙЕН, ЕУМЙ ВЩ ОЕ ЬЛУРЕТЙНЕОФ: ФПМШЛП РТЙ ПРЙУБООПК ЛБТФЙОЕ ЧЪБЙНПДЕКУФЧЙС УРЙОПЧ РПМХЮБЕФУС ЙДЕБМШОПЕ УПЧРБДЕОЙЕ ЬЛУРЕТЙНЕОФБМШОПК Й ФЕПТЕФЙЮЕУЛПК ЛТЙЧЩИ ЙЪНЕОЕОЙС УЧПКУФЧ ЛТЙУФБММБ, ТБУЮЕФЩ Ч ТБНЛБИ ДТХЗЙИ ЖЙЪЙЮЕУЛЙИ РПДИПДПЧ ОЕ ПВЕУРЕЮЙЧБАФ ХДПЧМЕФЧПТЙФЕМШОПЗП УПЧРБДЕОЙС У ЬЛУРЕТЙНЕОФПН. DPCHPMSHOP VPMSHYBS HDBYUB DMS ZHYYILPC - RPUFTPIFSH LURETYNEOF, RPCHPMSAEYK PDOPOBBYUP CHSCVTBFSH RTBCHYMSHOHA FEPTYA SCHMEOYS.
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With chains. As a practical application, a relatively simple task was chosen - forecasting the movement of the exchange rate.
When constructing chains, the methodology described in the article “Automatic text analysis without moderators” and in the comments to it was used. After describing the algorithm, a strategy with a positive mathematical expectation of profit will be proposed.
Introduction
When processing events, you have to look for the meaning of what is happening. If the sun is shining from the sky and the southwest wind is blowing, then what does this mean? And if it suddenly got dark and deaf rumbles are heard, then what threatens it?The answer to these questions lies in the future. If the weather is good now, then you can go for a walk. And if the clouds suddenly thickened, then you need to prepare for the rain. Thus, events from the present become prerequisites for shaping the future.
But the future does not exist. Even if it is predetermined, a factor can always appear that will change the result to one degree or another. We can only talk about a certain probability with which the forecast is fulfilled.
When forecasting, one has to operate with a limited set of information. The larger it is, the more time it takes to process. The need for processing deliberately makes an instant response impossible. Even if it takes seconds to process, a lot can happen in seconds. And the more complex the methods involved, the greater the gap between the appearance of the initial data and the final result.
Another factor is that the behavior of the environment is not always defined and determined. This forces us to resort to empirical research methods: first, we fix the prerequisites, and then we associate them with the consequences that have occurred. The time between cause and effect gives additional delay.
If the behavior of the environment does not depend on its past states, then its prediction is impossible - you never know what will happen in the next moment. But in practice, stable causal relationships still occur and exist, sometimes, from time immemorial.
Thus, the task is reduced to collecting the necessary information, empirical search for stable cause-and-effect relationships, and using the results in forecasting.
Formulation of the problem
Let's try to predict the direction of movement of the EURUSD rate in the FOREX market. We take history in the form of one-minute bars and try to predict: will the price go up or will the price go down? If there is no certainty in either, then we give an indefinite answer. The received answers are then compared with the real result and we find out whether the forecast was correct or not.As a platform for implementation, the MetaTrader 4 or 5 strategy tester is suitable. The fifth version is more preferable, as it supports Object-Oriented Programming, but the fourth one can also be dispensed with.
Those who are familiar with the FOREX market and have dealt with Mechanical Trading Systems - Expert Advisors, know well what is at stake. The tester sequentially goes through the history, creating trading conditions close to reality and evaluates the effectiveness of the adviser.
When solving the problem, I implemented my tester in Java, which turned out to be justified for me.
As a result, it is necessary to draw a conclusion: is forecasting possible in the FOREX market and is the method of building chains justified on it.
Testing strategies
When testing, we determine the number of pips of minimum income (MinProfit), maximum loss (MaxLoss) and set the amount of time for which we want to see the result (FeedbackHours). The last parameter sets the delay between the appearance of the initial data and their use in forecasting. To approximate real conditions, we also take into account the spread (Spread).The parameters can be varied in a wide range, MinProfit and MaxLoss can be taken different from each other. When solving the problem, the following parameter values were chosen:
MinProfit - 200 pips
MaxLoss - 200 pips
FeedbackHours - 24*7 hours
Spread - 30 pips
The MinProfit and MaxLoss parameters are taken not too large so that the testing time is not too long. With these parameters, the strategy will resemble pipsing. Getting a stable income from pipsing is the dream of almost all traders. Let's try to help them.
The FeedbackHours parameter is chosen not too small, since with a smaller value, the result does not always have time to form. If we take into account that the goal is to look for long-term trends, then it is possible to safely take large values. However, by reducing the waiting time for the result, you can get an advantage in time.
Spread sets the commission for each operation. The traditional value was chosen, which is quite acceptable for solving the problem. If desired, it can even be taken as zero.
During testing, one-minute history for 2010-2011 was taken from InstaTrader and MetaQuotes servers. It turned out to be technically difficult for me to do testing in a wider range (more than two years).
Interpretation of results
The accepted values set the probability of winning in case of a random price movement at the level of 17/43 (approximately 0.3953).If the profitability of the Expert Advisor is close to this value, then we can say that the effectiveness of the method is zero. Such a result will indirectly indicate that, within the accepted parameters, the behavior of the EURUSD price in the FOREX market is absolutely random. To change the situation, you need to change the parameters.
If the result obtained is less than this value, then the method should be guided exactly the other way around. That is, if the result is "Buy", then it is necessary to sell, if the result is "Sell", then it is necessary to buy.
If the result is more than 17/43, then we can say that the method is effective and its development can bring results.
But even if the probability of winning is more than 0.5, it would be a mistake to assume that the so-called “grail” has been found. A profitable method will spread very quickly and its advantages will be exhausted very quickly ( , ).
This, in fact, is the ultimate goal of this work. If statistical methods cease to justify themselves, then any possibility for speculation will disappear.
rough estimation
First, a rough estimate is made. That is, at each step, the expert says “Buy” and “Sell” at the same time. The resulting payoff provides information about trends in price behavior. If the payoff is close to 0.3953, then we can talk about the lack of certainty. If it is more than 0.3953, then the price movement is subject to trends, if it is less, the movement is horizontal.Moreover, if the deviation in one direction or another is large enough, then strategies will be justified in which MinProfit is not equal to MaxLoss.
A practical study showed that for 2010-2011 the winnings were at the level of 0.4250, which is better than the winnings at a random price by 0.0297. The increase in winnings is quite noticeable, and it was observed throughout the entire testing period.
A rough estimate was also made for the period from 2000 to 2011 inclusive, and a payoff of 0.4212 was obtained. That is, the price of EURUSD as a whole is subject to trends, sometimes to a greater extent, sometimes to a lesser extent.
Price analysis
We will conduct technical analysis, so we will study the form of price movement: bends, inclinations in one direction or another, at one angle or another. You can use many different indicators, but in this case we use the Open price change chain.For example, let's assume that the current date is January 4, 2010 and the time is 23:58. At this time, the opening price was 1.44163. And in the previous minute the price was 1.44165, that is, the price changed by -2 points. A minute earlier, the price was 1.44161, that is, the price changed by +4 points. As a result, we get a chain: -2, +4, +3, +5, -6, +6, -2, +0, +3 ... Chains, if necessary, can be made long.
Similarly, you can perform fundamental analysis. To do this, we build chains from information coming from the news feed. Obviously, fundamental analysis requires significant computing resources and more complex methods for constructing chains, so we are not doing fundamental analysis yet.
The resulting chains are taken as qualitative characteristics of the price. Next, we count them. In memory, we search for the longest chain that is observed at a given time. If nothing is found in memory, we consider a chain of length 1 (in this case: -1).
According to the found chain, we remember the final result (the price goes up, the price goes down, not defined). If a certain result is obtained for this chain, that is, the price always goes up or the price always goes down or is always undefined, then we leave it like that. Otherwise, we lengthen the chain by one and store the current result for it.
As a result, we get a database in which its behavior is known from the price configuration.
To evaluate the effectiveness, we will use the obtained database when trading. If there is a certain result in memory for the current chain, then we bet on it. As a result, for 2010-2011, the payoff was 0.4281, which is better than the result of a rough analysis by 0.0031 and better than the win at a random price by 0.0328.
The improvement is not very noticeable compared to the result of a rough analysis. This can be explained by the fact that a relatively small range of price movement is chosen - 200 pips, and the strategy resembles “pipsing”. On the other hand, this suggests that the chaining method may not be efficient enough and needs to be changed. In the meantime, we will be satisfied with the fact that throughout the entire testing period, the improvement in the result is observed steadily.
When tested on wider price movements, the EA shows more interesting results. Often even positive profitability is demonstrated.
However, at the stage of constructing chains, the effectiveness is not ensured; only a study of the price behavior is carried out.
Signal conditioning
It is possible that in one minute we have a signal to buy, and the next - to sell. Provided that the price has not changed much - what to believe?
Problem from the field of game theory. We try to understand which of the signals are correct and which are distracting or even false. As a result, it is necessary to outplay opponents, in this case, other FOREX market participants.
We coordinate according to the same principle: we build chains of the latest signals, take into account price changes, and collect winning statistics.
When testing for 2010-2011, a gain of 0.4293 was obtained, which is better than with a simple price analysis by 0.0012.
The gain increase is almost negligible. At times, there was a very poor result, much worse than not only the result of a rough estimate, but also the result at a completely random price, that is, less than 0.3953. Sometimes even a result of about 0.3 was noted. But sometimes there were very successful periods when the result, with such a high commission, was even at the level of 0.5. Hence the conclusion - sometimes the expert beats the market, and sometimes the market beats the expert.
When testing on wider price movements, the final result may turn out to be even worse. It is obvious that in this case more complex combinations come into play, which take away speculative money. But the picture is the same - at times there is a significant gain, and at times - a significant loss.
Obviously, the algorithm chosen for solving the problem is not perfect, but sometimes it can improve the result.
Signal selection
The selection of signals has not yet been implemented, but there is an idea in which direction to move. It is necessary to calculate the mathematical expectation of winning and choose those chains, the expectation of winning which gives hope for the maximum result. To do this, we collect information on all encountered chains, and weed out those of them, the winnings of which are below a certain threshold.An attempt was made to make a simple screening. A certain parameter is calculated, and if it is less (or more) than the average value, then the signal is filtered out. In some cases, it was possible to obtain a consistently winning strategy. But not enough has been done so far to talk about the maximum result.
Observations have shown that the identification of deliberately unfavorable conditions is quite possible. Quite often the strategy forced the expert to be passive when there was a big unprofitability.
Crisis management
Sometimes it happens that the wrong decision was made earlier and this became known later. If there is still time to correct the situation, then this should be used, for example, to close the position before the losses become too great.Maintaining prevention
At this stage, we collect statistics on emerging crisis situations and avoid them in advance.An example of a profitable strategy
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, I will try to propose a strategy with a positive mathematical expectation of winning. Let's take the following parameter values:MinProfit - 300 pips
MaxLoss - 2700 pips
FeedbackHours - 24*7*4 hours
Spread - 30 pips
Due to the fact that in 2007 the result was not formed too often for 4 weeks (the price fluctuated for a long time in the corridor of less than 600 pips), 2007 was calculated based on FeedbackHours - 24*7*8 hours.
rough estimation
With this strategy, you can win only when the price moves horizontally and moves with a swing of mostly more than 600 pips, but less than 5400 pips. The results show that predominantly horizontal price movement was observed only in the post-crisis year of 2009.
Price analysis
Price analysis provides insight into behavior. If the behavior does not change over time, then the strategy will be winning. It can be seen from the results that until 2008 inclusive, price behavior changes almost constantly, which means that strategies based on the repetition of movement led to a loss.
Perhaps this was the cause of the 2008 crisis, when financial institutions suffered huge losses and when several of the largest banks went bankrupt. Since 2009, there has been a predictability in the price movement, which tends to increase over time. This may be due to the fact that the scale of economic stimulus is also growing at this time.
Signal conditioning
By making signal matching, we are trying to outplay other market participants. The attempt turns out to be successful and manages to reach a positive profitability based on results for 12 years. In the post-crisis years, consistently positive profitability is also observed.
Signal selection
As mentioned above, the signal selection algorithm was not implemented, but a simple screening was implemented, in which those situations that were less common than usual were screened out. This made it possible to improve the result, but according to the results of several years, nevertheless, losses were observed. Especially high unprofitability was observed in the pre-crisis year of 2007.
You can show even better results. To do this, you can try to take, for example, the size of the minimum profit of 200 pips, and the maximum loss of 1800 pips, but more research is required to find the optimal strategy. If crisis management is carried out, then one can try to reduce losses by increasing total income.
It should also be taken into account that in this evaluation work, the calculation of many important characteristics for a trader, for example, drawdown, has not been broken through. However, there is a noticeable positive mathematical expectation of profit.
conclusions
The movement of the EURUSD price in the FOREX market is not accidental and its behavior, in most cases, tends. This speaks to its predictability.The method of constructing chains makes it possible to improve the result, but in the described form it is imperfect. But, despite the imperfection, chains allow you to create strategies with a positive mathematical expectation of profit.
Obviously, the search for causal relationships by statistical methods is justified, but its widespread use will lead to far-reaching consequences. It will be possible not only to identify and level trends in a timely manner, but also to shape them.
"Resistance in the AC circuit" - Inductive resistance in the AC circuit. Are the shapes the same color? Capacitance in an alternating current circuit. Conductor resistivity Conductor length in meters Conductor cross-sectional area in mm2. Capacitance - a value that characterizes the resistance provided to alternating current by electrical capacitance.
"Chains of food grade 3" - FROG 3rd link - insectivorous. Violation of the supply chain. What threatens the supply chain? Harm. Grasshopper 2 link - herbivorous. Nature. The assumption of the consequences of a violation of the food chain. Definition of a food chain. Death. Animals eat plants or other animals. Food chains. NETTLE 1 link - plant.
"Current in a circuit" - What is an electric current in metals? How to show by experience that the strength of the current in the circuit depends on the properties of the conductor? What is tension? What is the graph of current versus voltage? Ohm's law for a circuit section. What is the name of a device for measuring current? By what actions of the current can we judge the presence of it in the circuit?
"Parallel and serial circuit connection" - Application of serial and parallel connections. 3. How is a voltmeter included in the circuit? Solving problems for a mixed connection. Determine the readings of the voltmeter V and ammeters A2 and A3. Solving problems for parallel connection. Advantages and disadvantages of parallel connection. Algorithm for solving problems.
“Short circuit in the circuit” - There is such an expression “plugs burned out”. In the event of a short circuit, the current flowing in the circuit increases sharply, which leads to significant heat generation, and, as a result, thermal damage to the device or electrical wires, up to a fire or electrical injury.
"Conductor in an electrical circuit" - The current in the circuit is 0.4A. Determine the voltage at the ends of the circuit. Parallel connection I \u003d I1 + I2 U \u003d U1 \u003d U2 1 / R \u003d 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 For identical conductors R \u003d R1 / n p. The laws of connecting conductors. 1. Two conductors with a resistance of 4 ohms and 2 ohms are connected in series. The wires can be connected like this...
16.06.2002 (23:54)
Pay attention to the cyclicity of all these things - coils, spirals and histones. For me, DNA is the matrix of the entire tonal. I believe - and in time I will try to prove it to you - that our world (description of the world) depends on a combination of open and closed histones. That is, our whole world, all our behavior in everyday life and in dreams is determined by a combination of several variables, which can be either active or passive. All the places where the dreamer regains his luminosity, encounters teachers or teaching forces is histone activation. All the places where we have contact in dreams with oppressive forces are deactivated histones. And if you take my words on faith (at least for now), then we can assume that the world description is closely connected with certain cycles.
Of course, you knew this even without me: there are many cycles, they are diverse and there is no end to them. Dudki! There are not so many of them. But we must take into account that we never use many cycles in our lives - for example, the set that DH and CC called the second ring of power. The histone is closed, it does not let you into a beautiful life - so we are spinning: who is in poverty, who is in bad luck. Suddenly - bam! - the histon opens, a stream of events goes on, carries us somewhere. Then - bang! - closed histone. And everything is the same or different, but the same. I have painted this wonderful picture of change for life situations. But interestingly, any histone switch opens up new places for us in the world, in knowledge, everywhere. It would be great to control these small pieces of proteins - turn them on and off at will. And this desire was not visited by us alone. If we look back into the past, then behind us are crowds of magicians, sorcerers, witches, occultists and other respected people. They also tried to explore the cyclicity of being and use it for their modest needs. Of course, they did not know about DNA, the tonal and the nagual, but they guessed about a certain general matrix of secrets. These people brought different frames of reference into the world that helped them manipulate different cycles. Some systems were so effective that the ancient sages provided them with a game component and thus provided them with an “eternal” existence. For example, let's take chess, cards, dominoes and other products of brilliant minds. With the help of cards, you can play the “fool” or manipulate the chains of events (do almost magic). With the help of dominoes, you can score a "goat" or make a chain of transits for various situations. It all depends on the point of view - on the application of these wonderful systems.
Why do we use stalking cards. Because this system - the system of certain solitaire games - fits well with life situations. It takes into account four spheres of being (or more, if necessary) and nine key moments of these spheres. Back in the old days, John Dee and his predecessors noted a marvelous thing: they discovered that events tend to play out like solitaire. Let's say a man decides to score a joint. He takes out a box of matches, strikes a match on the teal, phosphorus and sulfur ignite, followed by a match, then the man brings the light to the cigarette, inhales, the dope begins to smolder, inhale, the smoke of hemp tickles his chest, and so on. This is a whole chain of events, but since the sequence "has developed", the man can say: I "lit a cigarette." The remaining elements of the chain "formed" - they ceased to matter to a person. And if the chain had not worked out, he would have broken the last match, dropped a cigarette into a puddle, burned his finger, etc.
Unfortunately, many chains of events in our lives did not work out. Worse, many of these chains carried a large energy and emotional charge. Roughly speaking, each of us is trailed by many kilometers of unfinished business, unfulfilled promises and other rubbish, on which our personal strength has remained. The revision of events offers us two benefits: the restoration of lost strength and the creation of a dummy for the Eagle (so that he ate the left Hawk, not us). DH created the dummy in the same way that we use in dream mapping. That is, we fill some artificial (virtual) space with memories of the events experienced. "Dream Hackers" brought an innovation to stalking: the solitaire method allows us, among other things, to control and direct the course of future events in the direction we need - so that with their help to solve past unresolved situations.
How do life events relate to "card tricks"? It is noted that events correlate with each other by suit and by face value. Namely: large crayfish are bought for five rubles, and small ones - for a three-ruble note. You can buy very large crayfish for five rubles. Or for a three-ruble note, but only very small crayfish. You can draw a masterpiece, and it will be placed in a museum - your name will be heard, and your career will be at its peak. And you can draw a face on the fence, from which glory will not increase for you. These are examples of event correlation at face value. If you want to see how events are correlated by suit, then think about such wonderful proverbs as: “The fisherman sees the fisherman from afar”, “The hand washes his hand”, “The raven will not peck out the eye of the crow” or (for such a connoisseur of Latin as Canis) “ Asinus asino pulcherrimus.
Now let's see how the events "add up". Let's say we're making a magazine. We started a compilation of articles (creation process), then we argued about something (argument), then we completed the work and put the finished product on public display (creation process). Do you think that after our friends praise us, we will remember the dispute? No, it won't matter, because the phases of the creation process have swallowed up the controversy. The chain has formed. The dispute has lost relevance. It has no energy and emotional charge. He, as an element of the chain, has developed into nothing!!! It would be another matter if we got into terrible insults and quit working on the magazine. Then the chain would have remained unfolded, and the dispute would have hung on us like a weight of emotional charge.
From this we conclude: we can energetically reset any past event, and thus return the emotional and energy charge back to the work process (restore our personal strength). But at the moment, your task is to complete the initial stage of this process. It is necessary to invent a description system - a language for encoding events. I argue that if we compose this language, and several people describe the events of two or three days in it, then when comparing these descriptions, we will find common features - minors. Moreover, we will see that these minors will be based on the elements of the routine. And then you will understand why DH forced CC to get rid of the routine of life. But understand it from a different point of view. From a completely different point of view!
Sergei Izrigi
