History of Russian folk song. Folk Song History Why Folk Song Story

A huge number of musical and poetic works are passed on from generation to generation among the people. Their totality is what is commonly called folk music, otherwise - folk music or musical folklore.

Folk music is part of folklore and is traditionally transmitted by word of mouth, that is, it does not have a written form. At the same time, one should take into account the fact that folklore music is characteristic not only of oral, but also of written socio-historical formations. Therefore, it is advisable to consider folk music as a significant part of the musical art as a whole, opposed to academic and popular music.

Formation of folk music

It is believed that folk music took shape in the preliterate period. In other words, until it became possible to record musical works on paper, the entire existing musical tradition was transmitted orally, which means that it had the main feature of folk music.

During this period, the main characteristic features of folk music were formed. It is very difficult to study them due to the lack of written sources. You can go by searching for analogies in related areas of human activity or analyze the few available written or material sources (in particular, chronicles, ancient musical works found ...). Another way is to analyze modern folk music, which largely inherited the principles of its ancient forms.

Religious origins of folk music

The question of the relationship between folk and spiritual music is acute to this day. On the one hand, religious songs, gaining popularity among the people, gradually passed into the category of folk musical tradition. In particular, this happened with religious Christmas songs in Poland, France, England and Germany, which over time began to be considered folk (carols, carols, noels ...). On the other hand, folk music often developed in opposition to religious canons.

Stages in the evolution of folk music

Music historians distinguish three stages in the development of musical folklore.

The first stage concerns the history of society, which is usually limited to the moment of the first mention of the tribe, on the one hand, and the period of official adoption of a single state religion in the society that grew out of this tribe, on the other.

The second stage in the development of folk music was when individual nationalities finally took shape and folklore appeared in its classical form. In Europe, the folklore of this period was represented by oral works of the so-called peasant music.

The third epoch concerns modernity, more precisely modern and recent history. Its main feature is diversity. In most countries, this is primarily the transition to the capitalist system and the development of urban culture. The folk music of the modern period is characterized by a change in traditions, the emergence of new forms.

However, due to the difference in socio-historical features, folk music in different countries at the present stage develops in different ways. In particular, in the eastern countries there is no such division of folk music into a peasant and urban tradition, as in Europe.

If we consider European folk music, then all three of the above stages of development are clearly traced in it. Thus, the oldest forms of epic and ritual folklore passed into the period of lyrical genres in the Middle Ages, and at the present stage they acquired a written form and dance accompaniment.

"RUSSIAN SONG - THE SOUL OF THE PEOPLE". Article by Irina Skorik about Russian song.

RUSSIAN SONG - THE SOUL OF THE PEOPLE

Our Mother Russia is truly rich in talents; real art, the Russian song has been replaced by foreign cheap fakes, false culture. But the song, like the Russian soul, cannot be destroyed; it glows with an unquenchable candle in the native hinterlands, like a lamp in front of an icon, protecting its true faith, its culture from unkind glances.

Why, when we hear our native speech, the intonations of a Russian song, does a poignant and inexplicable sadness appear in our soul, and at the same time an amazing feeling of peace in the soul? What is the mysterious power, the charm of a folk song?

Everything is very simple. The intonations of the Russian song - the intonations of the Russian people - are the voice of the Motherland, the voice of the mother, the voice of our heart.

Folk wisdom says - "The soul of the Russian people lives in the Russian song." Russian song is a unique original cultural monument. The basis of the folk song is, first of all, its high spiritual orientation, which contains the natural wealth of the Russian land, the characteristic features, the traditions of Russian life, and most importantly, the correct religion.

The Russian song is the source, the bearer of culture, the basis of all musical genres. It is no coincidence that the Russian composer, founder of Russian musical classics F.I. Glinka stressed that "Music is created by the people, and we only arrange it."

Some Russian songs have come down to us from ancient times. Passing a centuries-old path, the song often lost its author and acquired truly folk features, became the property of all Russian culture. But fortunately, some songs have retained their authorship to this day. : "The bell rattles monotonously"- I. Makarov, "Varangian"- I. Repinsky, "Evening call, evening Bell"- I. Kozlov, "Luchinushka"- N. Panov. But, despite this, all these songs have one common definition, close and dear to our hearts - Russian folk song.

The song culture is infinitely rich and multifaceted. Let's remember how a Russian song sings lovingly about the hometown, about the dark night, about the beaten road infinitely close to us with a mournfully lonely sounding bell and the driver's aching song.

With what sorrow, sadness, the people sing about the hard fate of women, about the share of the widow - soldier, about the share that matches our mother Russia ( "Mother", "Luchinka", "Oh, you, widow" and etc.)

Oh, you, bitter share - a splinter,

Crying in the field girlish beauty,

Like a woman's share - destiny

She took mothers from Russia.

And vice versa - contagiously funny, witty, dance and comic songs - another facet of folk character.

Let's remember how a Russian person in folk songs says goodbye to the whole world before his death. Here the picture of the highest morality comes before him. In the last minutes of his life, he does not curse fate, but calmly surrenders to the will of God, asking everyone for forgiveness, bowing to his parents, and to his wife - his last will, so that she would not be sad and marry another, releasing her with peace and love, blessing her on new life. Thoughts not about oneself, but about close people, are a vivid example of the highest moral purity, the inseparability of the life of a Russian person with Christianity, an example of the fact that a Russian song is a spiritual reflection of Orthodoxy in Rus'.

And most importantly, the Russian song is a living testimony of the historical events of different eras.

This is a kind of chronicle, kept by the people's memory. Folk epic ballads, rune tales recreate pictures of hoary antiquity, the greatness and heroism of the people. Songs about great Russian victories, about our grandfathers, descendants of Russian heroes, raise the spirit of the greatest patriotism of the people, who feel the inseparable connection of their past with the present ( "Varyag", "It was near Poltava", "Susanin", "Soldiers - kids", "Ermak" and etc.)

Russian song is a living confession of our people. It reflects not only the positive features of the Russian spirit, but also truly historical events, sometimes deeply negative. Such songs as “Because of the island on the rod”, “Dubinushka”, “Khaz Bulat daring”, “Alexandrovsky Central” speak of the most difficult long-suffering fate of Russia. They frankly confess the most terrible, deadly sins - murder, paganism, freethinking, apostasy, regicide:

But the time will come and the people will wake up, there are big criminals

He will straighten his mighty back. They didn't like the law

And to the bar, to the king, to the priests and gentlemen, And they stood up for the truth

He will find a stronger club. To destroy the royal throne.

"Dubinushka" "Alexander Central"

But, we must pay tribute - there are few such songs. After all, the ideal of Russian song has always been the desire for holiness. Russia is a country where people lovingly call their homeland holy - "Holy Rus'!"

Holy Rus' is being destroyed, you take a horse,

There is no strength to control oneself: What is not better,

Abusive heat in the blood burns, You run, run, mother,

The heart is begging for a fight! To Holy Rus'.

“Remember, brothers, Rus' and glory” “As beyond the river, but beyond the Darya”

The musical basis of Russian folk songs are spiritual chants, ancient znamenny chants. This once again emphasizes that Christianity, the Orthodox faith of our ancestors, lies at the basis of the great Russian culture.

Spiritual znamenny chants are monophonic singing. Gradually, Russian song developed on their basis a deeply original type of polyphony, sub-voice polyphony, where one voice is picked up by another, another by a third, and in its development each one goes his own way, as if living a melodic fabric reminiscent of magnificent Russian lace patterns.

In the original harmonic sounding of the diatonic mode of the Russian song, we hear the features of the Russian character. In the folk song there is no fuss, pettiness. Everything is solid there. In the very modal basis lies archaism, depth, steadfastness, restraint. A huge powerful inner spiritual strength underlies the Russian song, which, at the same time, is distinguished by a special melodiousness and melody. The amazing melody reveals all the natural beauty of mother Russia, its expanse, breadth, purity and sincerity of the soul of a Russian person.

A special distinguishing feature of Russian songs is the absence of aggressiveness. Russian people, the Slavs, have been engaged in peaceful activities since ancient times - agriculture and cattle breeding. He is not a conqueror, but a defender, it has always been like this:

“Remember brothers, Rus' and glory,

And let's go to smash the enemies.

Let's defend our state

Better to die than to live in slavery.

(“Let us remember, brothers, Rus' and glory”)

The Russian people are proud of their songs and sing them with great love in their folk art:

How it will tighten, how it will fill

Song of the Russian people

And where does it come from

It goes straight to the heart.”

("What Songs")

What power, gigantic strength, and at the same time openness. This is not boasting, but a great love for their Russian culture. It is no coincidence that Russia is now experiencing a huge confrontation. The anti-Orthodox forces of the West and the whole world are aimed at destroying Russian culture. The might of Russia is feared, the riddle of the Russian soul is incomprehensible. After all, behind it lies the depth, the innermost, which was nurtured and protected for centuries by our ancestors - this is the true Orthodox faith. In fact, Mother Russia alone has remained throughout the world the guardian of the Orthodox faith.

Russia cannot be taken in open battle; it immediately becomes an invincible shield. Now everything is done quietly, without a fight or a fight. Putting on a friendly mask, through the media, sects, an alien ideology is being introduced into Russia. The main goal is the destruction of Orthodoxy through Russian culture. Through the media, sects, an alien ideology is being introduced into Russia. By planting their false culture, i.e. trying to subjugate the Russian people, the West replaces the true concepts.

That is why you rarely hear a real Russian folk song in its true sound now. And what we hear is a somewhat popped, cheerful, non-committal urban modern folklore, where there is very little of the Russian song. If we hear our favorite songs, then in a completely crippled form, processed by modern aggressive rhythms, which are deeply alien to the singsong of Russian melody. These are crippled songs, where the wide drawl of a Russian song must fit in with a clear rhythm, the so-called "freedom".

I'm not talking about the fact that they try to mix Russian songs with Negro rhythms and tunes, which is completely unacceptable, not to mention the purely external appearance, about the “Russian”, painted with gold patterns, costumes of young performers that barely cover nakedness.

It is shameful and painful to hear the song "Evening Bells" - a symbol of Russian culture in a completely distorted form, in the form of a dance-agony. It's a shame for our pop superstars, who, out of their own ignorance, are destroying Russian culture with their own hands.

The folk song has not only been preserved, but is also developing. Deep bow to our wonderful folk art performer. Russia L. Zykina and L. Strelchenko and others. Who really cherish and keep in their hearts the true sound of the Russian song. Our mother Russia is an inexhaustible source of folk art. It is gratifying that in our time new songs are being written, in which everything that Rus' has kept for centuries is preserved. These are really pure springs. How you want them to murmur with a cheerful din and illuminate the Russian land with their bright streams. They washed away all the dirt, the western alluvial culture, which, like a scab, clung to its native land, to the souls of the Russian people.

The Russian song is the living creativity of the Russian people, and as long as it lives, it will live. and our great Russian culture.

And everything that is happening now - outside of true culture - is a conscious act to discredit the great real art that gives the true light of the soul. Trying to block the sun, they themselves find themselves in the shade. This is mouse fuss, a weak attempt to bite oneself by the tail, since the Russian song, like the Orthodox faith, cannot be scolded!

Irina Skorik, St. Petersburg, 2001

Literature question grade 8. URGENTLY!!!
Why does a story about a folk song become a work glorifying goodness and poetry?

it is folk, suffered. no fake...
song "Allow me \ From weak forces \ Sing in response \ To what you said." \ I sang a song, \ I sang and became sad. \\ Looked -\ And everyone is full of sadness. Do Fu. Translation by A. I. Gitovich 757
SONG "I want my song to sound, \ Captivate the hearts of others. \ And let it not have a beginning, \ and let it not have an end!" Sergei Bokhantsev 1979 BARDY RU I want my song to sound
SONG (Knave.) \I'm not talking about myself and about you, - \So, - so as not to cry from the rain, \Yes, do not sit idle on the throne. \ This song my grandmother sang to me, - \ Where everyone sings. - In my land... \I dare not sing in front of the king. Marina Tsvetaeva 1918 Jack of Hearts\Piece
a song... so that people make a song about us, \ it's better not to be a bump out of the blue, \ but the very place where a Christmas tree sprouts for a long time \ from a spruce cone ... \ ... the uncle turns on the tree, lined with cotton wool in places , \ depicting the holiday with a guilty smile, \ the holiday is like the sea, but it is more difficult to drown \ due to the fact that the morning is wiser than the evening ... Evgeny Bunimovich From the collection "Natural Selection" 2000 A PLACE UNDER THE SUN
song ... you will throw words out of the song \ into some dictionary. And the grass doesn't grow anymore, and the bell ringer doesn't ring. Only January stumbles, silver ravines. \ And \ the creature, \ who loved you, yearns in heaven. Alexander Kabanov
SONG ... That in my heart there is my song. \ PHEASANT HEN (embracing him with wings). \Oh, you will find it! \CHANTICLEER. Yes, speak, it's sweet for me \ To listen to your words. You give me strength. \ You believe in me, don't you? Tell me! \ PHEASANT HEN. You're good! Edmond Rostand. Translated by T. L. Shchepkina-Kupernik 1910 CHANTECLERE
SONG And where am I, where is my song? \ It's about a house somewhere. \ There, relatives sit by the fire, \ Relatives sit and wait for me. Leonid Sergeev BARDY RU Relatives
song And then the song started up... \ Ah, dragged on, curled up \ Transparent grass ... \ Yes, gray geese flew in, \ They muddied fresh water, \ They plucked the grass, \ And they released the song \ From the porch - along a path \ Crooked. Vyacheslav Kiktenko
Will I sing a song about in the garden, when I come home from the hill, I waited a long time for a letter, and a bullet, and here there is lace and fringe, and a child’s dress on a chair, and they even cheated with the moon, again it’s winter. Demyan Kudryavtsev From the book "PRACTICE OF RUSSIAN VERSE" 2002 PALINDROME 2002
Song A good song so many times \ The soul, wandering, turned on, \ Breaking into the late lights \ Into the untracked snows, \ Eyes pierced with gold \ Where the candles of the sun are fir-trees \ And with the sky beloved AAANGEL \ Taught the burning sunset .. . Alexander Radashkevich ROMANCES AND ARIA TO SERGEY LEMESHEV
SONG To my native land, where the silence of the forest, \ In my cold, winter discomfort ... \ I'm stubborn, I still recognize, \ I'll hear them sing. Nikolai Mikheev "Siberian Lights" 2008, No. 5 DROZDY
song There is a gentle caress of participation in it, \ Vows of love without end ... \ A smile of contentment and happiness \ Daria does not leave her face. Nikolay Nekrasov. Frost, Red Nose 1863

Merry song .. \\\ Why are you so sung, sonorous nightingale, \ And who are you teasing with your song? \ There is bad weather in the yard, grief and war - \ Are your songs up to date in our times? Julius Kim, Jerusalem Magazine No. 6, 2002 THREE SONGS
song The whole world of the nightingale is stitched with a song: \ Then a flute is heard somewhere, \ Then

Russian folk songs are an important component of folklore. This is a musical and poetic reflection of the life, traditions and history of the Russian people. The authors of these songs are forgotten, but the songs themselves are passed down from generation to generation, although some of them still have a literary origin.

Origins

The source of Russian folk musical and poetic creativity can be called peasant songs and the epic epic of the Old Russian era. In ancient times, the song reflected the worldview and history of the people (epics) and accompanied the life and main events in the life of the family: sowing and harvesting, the change of seasons, as well as weddings, funerals, and the birth of children.

The history of the development of folk song and music

You can partially trace the history of Russian folk songs from the 17th century. In the famous monument of literature of that time - "Domostoroe" there are mentions of humorous songs. Due to the strict morals that prevailed in the old days, such creativity was condemned and even declared "demonic". In the era of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, there was even an order to confiscate and break musical instruments found in the house (then they played the horns, mugs, domras and harps).

A completely different attitude was to akathists, psalms and troparia - hymns associated with church life and the lives of saints. They were recognized as useful for the spiritual development of man.

As a result, ancient folk songs were performed, as a rule, during festive feasts.

The reign of Peter the Great and his daughter Elizabeth Petrovna brought many changes to Russia, and people faced new realities. As a result, new genres of folk songs arose, for example, soldier songs, and characters became not only good fellows, red girls and epic heroes, but also clerks, clerks, soldiers and officers, etc. In addition, gradually (up to XX - XIX centuries) urban romance began to develop, and new folk songs partly copied it.
In the 19th century, a new genre appeared - ditties. These are comic quatrains written in five-foot trochee and performed to a characteristic melody (by the way, ditties are not only folk, but also author's).

Genres of Russian folk songs

Genres are varieties of songs in form and content. The main known genres of Russian folk songs:

epics. These are epic songs about heroic heroes.
Ritual-calendar- Maslenitsa, obzhinkovye, carols, stoneflies. They accompanied the change of seasons and related work in the field (before, most of the population lived in the countryside and worked on the land), folk riddles (they were also sung, and most often during Christmas divination).
Ritual-family- wedding, vyunishnye, lullaby songs, as well as laments and laments that were performed at the funeral.
Lyric. The main themes are unhappy love, the hard life of a peasant, and sometimes separation from his native country; this group also includes bandit and labor songs (bourgeois, soldier and coachman songs).
Chastushki. These are funny quatrain songs. They ridiculed both the vices of individuals (friends and acquaintances of the performer, as well as representatives of the authorities), public life (poverty) and simply composed of hooliganism and touched the intimate sphere (they are called so - hooligan ditties).

Heroes of Russian folk songs

In ancient Russian and old Russian folk songs, the main characters were:

Epic heroes- Mikula Selyaninovich, Volga, Stavr Godinovich, Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich.
pagan deities- Maslenitsa and Kostroma and others, and later - Orthodox saints associated with them, for example, Agafya-Korovnitsa.
family members- this concerned ritual songs that were dedicated to the bride and groom, their friends and relatives (in wedding songs), the baby (weeping and lullaby songs), the deceased (weeping and lamentations).
Animals- such characters are typical for lullabies ("A gray top will come").

During the time of the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union, some other characters began to stand out:

Representatives of all strata of the then society: soldiers, officers, clerks, village elders, ordinary peasants, workers, robbers, barge haulers, etc.,
Favorite person (lyrical songs and mischievous / hooligan ditties).
Separately, it should be said that some ditties on military topics ridiculed the enemy, raising the morale of the soldiers and the population.

"RUSSIAN SONG - THE SOUL OF THE PEOPLE". Article by Irina Skorik about Russian song.

RUSSIAN SONG - THE SOUL OF THE PEOPLE

Everything is very simple. The intonations of the Russian song - the intonations of the Russian people - are the voice of the Motherland, the voice of the mother, the voice of our heart.

Oh, you, bitter share - a splinter,

Crying in the field girlish beauty,

Like a woman's share - destiny

She took mothers from Russia.

And vice versa - contagiously funny, witty, dance and comic songs - another facet of folk character.

And most importantly, the Russian song is a living testimony of the historical events of different eras.

But the time will come and the people will wake up, there are big criminals

He will straighten his mighty back. They didn't like the law

And to the bar, to the king, to the priests and gentlemen, And they stood up for the truth

He will find a stronger club. To destroy the royal throne.

"Dubinushka" "Alexander Central"

Holy Rus' is being destroyed, you take a horse,

There is no strength to control oneself: What is not better,

Abusive heat in the blood burns, You run, run, mother,

The heart is begging for a fight! To Holy Rus'.

“Remember, brothers, Rus' and glory” “As beyond the river, but beyond the Darya”

“Remember brothers, Rus' and glory,

And let's go to smash the enemies.

Let's defend our state

Better to die than to live in slavery.

(“Let us remember, brothers, Rus' and glory”)

The Russian people are proud of their songs and sing them with great love in their folk art:

How it will tighten, how it will fill

Song of the Russian people

And where does it come from

It goes straight to the heart.”

("What Songs")

The Russian song is the living creativity of the Russian people, and as long as it lives, it will live. and our great Russian culture.

Irina Skorik, St. Petersburg, 2001

Formation of folk music

Religious origins of folk music

Stages in the evolution of folk music

Music historians distinguish three stages in the development of musical folklore.

folk - helps to build and live ...

SongOur song \ In weekdays rejoiced, - \ Well, lead her into battle with you. \ Sing along, \ the first to sing, And the shelves will tighten behind you ... Mikhail Svetlov

Song Do not trust the words of a sad song, I will burn you with scorching complaints by speech. \But my fire in my chest will go out if\I don't meet you. Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Translation by V. Kadenko

Song I do not know where they sang, \ Birds - sang and sang - \ Birds that sang ... Juan Ramon Jimenez. Translation by I. Polyakova-Sevostyanova SONG OF WINTER

Song I don’t know, from where their bliss sounds, \ But Russian prowess \ Beats and boils in them; Alexey K. Tolstoy
song I can't figure it out, \ Though howling, even cracking, \ What to do with the song \ In the end? \ Or maybe, brothers, \ The song ends \ And falls into the ground \ With a white face? Mikhail Ancharov ANTI-BORN SONG (From the book "This Blue April")

Song Do not separate songs from the age, ... Shallowness overtakes them, Like the depth of a river arm. Ages and opinions are changing, New words are coming. George Leonidze. Translation by B. Pasternak OLD DRAMA

I hear the song Not of Baydar's nightingales, \ Not the maidens of Salgir - the noise of the Lithuanian forests is a dream, \ It is more pleasant for me to trample wet moss than to marvel, \ Like gold pineapple and red berries. Adam Mickiewicz. Translation B. Romanov Wanderer

Song Isn't that how you sing for cold beauty? \Remember, O poet, what are you striving for? \ She does not listen, does not feel the poet; \ You look - it blooms; you call - there is no answer. Alexander Pushkin

Song He did not have time to finish this song - \ Shouts of "Vivat!" announced the hall; \ Only the krul waved his hand, frowning: \ Say, I heard these songs! KAZIMIR THE GREAT 1874 in memory of A. F. Hilferding

The song is not written in ink - \ With red blood in hard times, \ And it is not the birds in the clouds who sing it, \ But the people in battle with revolvers in their hands. Hirsch Glick. Translation by J. Kandrora PARTISAN ANTHEM

Song A quiet song by the fire, \ A late tear... \ But it was the same way before me. \ And will be after. Andrey Dementiev After us A. Voznesensky

SongA ridiculous song\Abandoned years. He loves her, but she doesn't love him. \ Naum Korzhavin 1962 From the collection "Times", Selected 1976 SAD SELF-PARODY

Song A few of them. They are not glorious and not loud, \They will not pass into centuries, my friend... \Neither contemporaries, nor proud descendants\Won't bewitched ears will incline to them. Anatoly Alexandrov My songs 6 Aug. 1907, Nick. wish. dor.

Song Carried, burning, eyebrows yoke / from the eyes of wells cold buckets. \ In the silks of the lake you hung, \ hips sang with an amber violin? \ In the region where the malice of the roofs, \ you will not throw a brilliant forest. \ In the boulevards I'm drowning, longing for the sands fanned: \ after all, this is your daughter - \ my song \ in an openwork stocking \ at coffee houses! Vladimir Mayakovsky

Song There is no drowning of art in my songs, There is neither music nor beauty in them; In them I poured out my youthful feelings, In them I poured out dear dreams. Alexey Gmyrev

Song No, don't wait for a passionate song, These sounds are obscure nonsense. \ Languid ringing of the string; But, full of dreary torment, These sounds evoke / Tender dreams. Athanasius Fet

Song No, these days will not return to the world, / Weep, soldier, our great shame! \Poet, break the silent lyre, \You will not create a song from this sorrow! \Now, when the Teutonic detachments\All outposts are on the alert - \Only one song will break through the barriers. \My friends! Let's sing from Beranger! Gustave Nadeau. Translation by A. Argo

Regional scientific and practical conference of students

Section "The world of my hobbies"

Topic: "Folk song - a mirror of folk life"

I've done the work

Ivanova, Elizabeth

4th grade student "B"

MBOU "Secondary School No. 56"

Scientific adviser:

Lychenkova Irina Vitalievna,

music teacher

MBOU "Secondary School No. 56"

Novokuznetsk 2015

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3-4

Main part…………………………………………………………………..5-11

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………....11-13

List of used literature………………………………………………..13

Introduction

Today we are beginning to look at many things in a different way, we are rediscovering many things for ourselves. This also applies to the past of our people. How Russian people lived, how they worked, how they rested. What customs and traditions did they observe? To answer this question means to restore the connection of time, to return the lost values. Folk musical works unobtrusively, often in a cheerful, playful way, introduce us to the customs and life of the Russian people, work, respect for nature, love of life. Folk musical creativity N.V. Gogol figuratively called "sounding history", "vociferous living chronicles". Songs are the most popular and massive genre of folklore. They are sung by all the people from young to old. Truly, the song is the soul of the people. The eternal folk aspirations for goodness and beauty found in it a deeply emotional and highly artistic expression. Songs spiritually unite people, educate entire generations in the spirit of the people's moral and aesthetic ideal. Due to its sincerity and sincerity, folk songwriting has a profound impact on the emotional world of children.

Among the students of the 4th grade of MBOU "Secondary School No. 56" I conducted a survey on the topic: "Russian folk song". (Slide 2) The following questions were asked: Do we need a folk song? What recordings of Russian folk songs do you have at home? Which of the Russian folk songs do you like the most and why? What is sung about in Russian folk songs? What folk groups of our city do you know?

Analysis of diagnostic results.

130 students were interviewed . Based on the results of the questionnaires, it turned out that 87% of students answered the question “Do I need a folk song” that they do. The song is needed to find out how the Russian people lived, how they worked, how they rested, what customs and traditions they observed. There was also such an answer: to give joy to lovers of Russian folk songs. 13% answered that the song is not needed.

To the question “What kind of recordings of Russian folk songs do you have at home?” 93% noted the recordings of Nadezhda Babkina's concerts, 23% - Nadezhda Kadysheva, 12% - Lyudmila Zykina and 7% answered that they do not have recordings of Russian folk songs.

To the question “Which of the Russian folk songs do you like the most and why?” the students singled out the songs that took place in the lesson “Soldiers, brave kids”, “The moon shines”, “Chatushki”, “Oh, frost”, “Kalinka”.

“What is sung about in Russian folk songs?” 93% answered that it was about love and the hard life of women in Rus'. 7% - about what a person lived, about that he sang.

To the question, “what folk groups of our city do you know”, 97% noted the ensemble “Romashka” and 3% answered - I don’t know.

Examining the works, I came to the conclusion that at present many children know little about folk songs and are little familiar with Russian folklore, many are not interested in Russian folk art. (Slide 3)

Goal of the work: to draw the attention of my peers to Russian folk songs.

Tasks:

1. Find out how well we know the culture of our people.

2. Analysis of the Russian folk song "Mother, mother, what is dusty in the field ..."

3. Study, analyze and systematize the material on the chosen topic.

The object of my research: Russian folk song.

Subject of study: lingering lyrical Russian folk song.

As a hypothesis I assume the following: the Russian folk song will live as long as the Russian people are alive.

Main part

The song has always been there for both joy and sorrow. From birth to death. Russian folk song- , words and which have developed historically in the course of development. The folk song does not have a specific author or the author is unknown. Russian folk song is original, colorful, its melody deeply reveals the plot, creates a single, complete artistic image. In music lessons, we highlighted the features of Russian folk songs: (Slide 4)

1. Ancient words;

2. Intrasyllabic chants;

3. Solo and pickup;

4.Ac cappella;

5. Chant, length;

6. The name is equal to the beginning.

A folk song, like a resonant chronicle, reveals the history of our people. Whatever a person does: sting, mow hay, float timber or pull a huge barge behind him - everywhere a song helps him. They also sang at needlework, they sang about the heavy female lot. The song has been around for a very long time. Back then, there was actually no division into storytelling and singing. Buffoons wandered around the world - jacks of all trades: they sing and dance and tell a fairy tale. Russian folk songs are divided into genres and types. I found the most detailed classification on the Internet site "Wikipedia". (Slide 5)

Epic folk songs:

2. Historical songs

3. Ballads

Ritual folk songs:

1. Songs of the calendar circle

2. Ritual and household (wedding, funeral, lamentations - lamentations, lullabies, etc.)

Round dance, game, dance songs:

1. Lyrical round dance (circular round dance processions)

2. Comedy - comic

3. Fast round dance

4. Remote valiant

5. Conversational, guest, etc.

Labor folk songs:

1. Rural (sowing, reaping)

2.Factory

3. Burlatsky (artel, etc.)

Songs of the revolutionary struggle:

1 Revolutionary songs of struggle and protest

3.Patriotic songs, etc.

City folk songs. Chastushki:

1. Russian song

2.City song

3. Choruses, dances

4. Suffering, etc.

Long lyrical songs:

1. Women's lyrical (family, love)

2. Men's lyrical (love, coachman, recruit, soldier)

3. General lyric, etc.

In those songs that talk about the fate of each person: about what is dear to him, what he loves, what he is sad about, what he dreams about, they are called lyrical. I want to dedicate my work to lyrical songs. They are characterized by smooth melodies on a wide breath, singing several sounds in one syllable. Therefore, these songs are also called lingering. The feelings of people or the events described in the song are often first experienced in nature:

Not a rain white face fell silent -

Wet his white face with tears.

Not frost zealous poznobilo -

Loved the heart melancholy.

Songs-reflections, songs-dreams, songs-stories about the experience. The melodies of these songs are sincere, with frequent sighs "ai", "oh", the pace is unhurried, unhurried.

The people have many songs about their native home, about separation from it. Indeed, in peasant families, each child was an extra mouth, and they tried to give him “to the people”, i.e. into workers. Girls were given in marriage, forever into a strange family, and young men were taken into recruits (for a service that lasted 25 years). The man yearned for his native father and mother, and poured out this longing in songs. A wounded soldier dies in an open field, in the last hour of his thoughts about his home. A person is happy when he feels free, free, when dear, close relatives are next to him. And in the last hour, a person's thoughts are turned to his native home.

Man cannot live without love. And the people composed the largest number of songs about this. In them - about happy love, when a good fellow with a red maiden, like a dove with a dove, side by side and look, do not look enough at each other. And people all admire them, and envy their joys. But there are few such songs.

More often, a good fellow and a red-haired girl are separated, because the “clear falcon” has a long path ahead, or because the young man loved, loved the girl, but “left”:

Vanechka, you are my dear little friend,

But where are you, falcon, leaving,

Who are you putting me down on?

I remain alone in grief,

In tears, as in the sea.

Separation is especially difficult when a girl is given in marriage to another. And the good fellow sings: “Farewell, joy, my life!”

In Rus', weddings have been played for a long time. Each locality had its own set of wedding ritual actions, lamentations, songs, sentences. Depending on the specific circumstances, the wedding could be "rich" - "two tables" (both in the house of the bride and the groom's house), "poor" - "one table" (only in the groom's house), "widow", "orphan ". In a word, there could not be two identical weddings, and each one who married had his own, one of a kind, wedding in his memory. But with all the endless variety, weddings were played according to the same laws. Matchmaking, conspiracy, the bride's farewell to the parental home, the wedding in the bride's house, the wedding in the groom's house - these are the successive stages along which the wedding action developed.

Many wedding rituals during the wedding were "retelled", "commented", "sung" in songs, lamentations, sentences. Poetic wedding reality is different from what actually took place, so to speak, from real reality. In this magical world, the bride is always a white swan, the first princess; the groom is a clear falcon, a young prince; mother-in-law is a fierce snake; the other side (the groom's house) is “watered with tears” ... Everything is like in a fairy tale.

In Rus', young people got married at the age of 13-15. Everyone who stayed in brides or grooms until the age of 20 caused fear among neighbors and acquaintances. Parents tried to find a suitable match for their child when he was just starting to walk and talk. The opinion of the children themselves was almost never taken into account, since the older generation was more experienced and knowledgeable. From here came the sayings: “To endure - fall in love”, “Do not drink water from the face” and many others.

This state of affairs could not but be reflected in the Russian song.

LISTENING: Russian folk song "Mother, mother, what is dusty in the field" performed by Lyudmila Zykina.(Slide 6)

The song "Mother, mother, what is dusty in the field ..." is built in the form of a dialogue between a girl and a mother. Looking at the music, one can see the Daughter Theme and the Mother Theme.

The excited appeal of the daughter is built on repeated descending and again soaring intonations that do not get completed. Confusion, anxiety, experience, dramatic intensity of feelings. The soothing responses of the mother are built on a slow, gradually descending melody, which leads to the upstoy (sustained sound in the tonic). Submission, humility with a hopeless situation.

The song sounds tense, in a minor key. Why is the heroine of the song so disturbed?

The works of artists will help you understand the meaning of the song and everything that happens in it.

Look at the paintings “Preparing the Bride for the Crown” by V. Feklistov, (Slide 7) by V.V. Pukirev “Unequal Marriage” (Slide 8), (Slide 9) “Major’s Matchmaking” by Pavel Fedotov.

What emotions are experienced by the heroines of these paintings? Confusion, anxiety, or resignation to one's lot? Are these experiences similar to the mood of the heroine of the song "Mother ..."?

Wedding songs attract us with clarity of form, harmonious combination of words and music, and crystallized intonations. Family relationships, the difficult position of a woman in a patriarchal family are most vividly depicted in these songs.

... You spared me, dear father, One evening.

You wanted me, dear mother, In the tower - then plant.

Planted me, dear mother, In melancholy - kruchinushka.

Today, hardly anyone follows all the rules of the wedding. Probably, only the ransom of the bride remained from the traditional rite. And for sure no one sings ritual songs at the wedding.

There are some points that unite all folk songs - these are symbols.

Bitter wormwood in Russian folk poetry is a symbol of melancholy, sadness. Sad and sad was the life of the people of enslaved Rus'.

... Well, now, wife, those worker,

From Rus', a Russian polonyanochka ...

Polonyanochka, Russian from Rus',

She guards the swans with her eyes,

And he spins a tow with his hands,

And the cradle sways with its legs...

Images such as the month - a symbol of the father, the sun - mothers and stars - children, as well as the month-well done (husband) and dawn-girl (wife).

Quite widely in folk lyrical songs, various birds act as symbols. So, the symbol of a young man in them is most often a nightingale, a falcon, a drake and a dove. The symbol of the girl in them is a white swan, a gray duck, a peahen and a gray dove. The symbol of a sad girl or a bitter female fate, as a rule, in songs is a gray cuckoo.

Even more widely than from the world of birds and animals, objects of the plant world act as symbols in traditional lyrical songs. For example, very often the symbol of a girl in them is a white birch, viburnum, raspberries and sweet cherries. A bird pecks a cherry - well done woo a girl, etc.

The symbol of a woman in folk lyric songs, as a rule, is a pear, pine, mountain ash and aspen.

Oak, and sometimes hops or grapes, most often acts as a symbol of a young man in folk songs.

Wedding songs were both cheerful (for guests) and sad (the bride was mourned).

Conclusion

In a friendly circle, in loneliness and in a noisy company, in moments of joy and sadness - a song is with us everywhere. Ancient and modern, soulful and singsong, perky and mischievous - they are all in our hearts. The poetic content of the songs reflects various aspects of everyday life, family and social relations, thoughts and feelings of the Russian people. With special reverence, the Russian people treated the song, and not only because it accompanied him from birth to death, but also, probably, because the performance of the song required a special, elevated state of mind. The folk song both healed and consoled, educated and taught, warned and cheered, amused and ridiculed. “Veselukha”, “We have a Saturday afternoon”, “Malanya scattered beans ...”.

One should not be surprised why our people are so reverent about singing and song. The song, in all its manifestations, was a natural need for self-expression. Only spiritually rich and talented people could create, appreciate and constantly recreate such masterpieces. No wonder they say that the song is the soul of the people.

Studying a Russian folk song, you realize with admiration how rich, generous, talented, sincere, and pure it is. The song reflected and kept in the memory of generations the history of our Motherland!

The songs reveal the fate of the people, the unique national character in all its wealth of thoughts and feelings.

As a kind and wise mentor, the song inspires us with love for the traditions and customs of our native land, for its heroes and masters. The song teaches to live according to the laws of justice, to help neighbors in difficult times, not to be afraid of suffering, defending the truth and one's human dignity.

Like a free bird, the song does not recognize state borders and freely flies from one country to another. The folk song has an enviable fate. Fashionable for one season "hits" and "hit hits" disappear without a trace from memory. And the folk song breaks out of the captivity of oblivion and again sounds pure and fresh in the mouths of people from another era.

During the walk, you can hear a cheerful ditty or a folk song. And the guys from generation to generation pass on riddles, rhymes, teasers, without thinking that they are the keepers of folk musical wisdom.

It is in this immortality that the great secret of the national character of the folk song lies. In today's social situation in our country, when the policy of the state is aimed at the revival of spiritual values, the promotion of folk art is becoming more important. Isn't folk art honed over the centuries, preserved in hundreds of generations, one of the highest spiritual values of the Russian people.

The material of the work can be used in music lessons, world art culture, for conversations at class hours.

Literature

Alekseeva O. I. Russian folk song as an ethno-cultural concept: Belgorod, 2006

Knyzeva DV The origins and formation of Russian comic opera in the last third of the 18th century in close connection with the study of folk songs. 2011

Shchurov V. M. Song, tradition, memory. - M .: State Musical Publishing House, 1987.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Formation of folk music

Religious origins of folk music

Stages in the evolution of folk music

Origins

The history of the development of folk song and music

Genres of Russian folk songs

Heroes of Russian folk songs

Formation of folk music

Religious origins of folk music

Stages in the evolution of folk music

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