What was interesting was the opening of the lyceum. Lyceum years

On October 19, 1811, a Lyceum was opened in Tsarskoye Selo - a new educational institution for boys from privileged families. Many years later, one of the lyceum students, I. I. Pushchin, wrote in his "Notes on Pushkin" that the educational institution "by its very name amazed the public in Russia", because few people knew the history of the origin of this word. Meanwhile, one of the outskirts of ancient Greek Athens was once called Lyceum, there was a temple of Apollo with a beautiful garden, and it was in this garden that Aristotle studied with his students in the famous "gymnasium". In the 18th century, educational institutions with the name "lyceum" appeared in France.

The new educational institution was created under the close attention of Emperor Alexander I, who wanted highly educated people to graduate from the Lyceum, who in the future could occupy the most important government positions. It was assumed that it was here that the Emperor's younger brothers, Grand Dukes Nikolai and Mikhail, would study. Therefore, the Lyceum was placed in a four-story wing of the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, specially rebuilt by the architect V. Stasov. It was even possible to go from the palace there through a special covered passage.

The project of a new educational institution and its charter were developed by M. Speransky himself, who had a great influence on the emperor in the first years of the reign of Alexander I. It was about training "new people" who would be able to carry out advanced transformations in Russia. That is why the Lyceum became a closed educational institution, and its students had to not only study, but also live here. The charter emphasized that "the Lyceum in its rights and advantages is completely equal to the Russian universities." The training program here was divided into two courses, each for three years, it was envisaged that students would receive a general education, but with a predominance of the humanities. So, in the initial course, it was about teaching grammar, mathematics, history, "fine writing" - literature, fine arts. In the senior year program, special attention was paid to the "moral sciences", which meant "the knowledge that relates to the moral position of a person in society", as well as history, mathematics, and foreign languages. The compilers of the programs considered it very important to study literature, while it was assumed that each student should learn to write on a given topic, expressing his thoughts correctly and gracefully.

The first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky

The emperor signed the decree on the Lyceum in August 1810, after which the recruitment of future lyceum students was announced, and after some time, the future director V. Malinovsky received petitions from thirty-eight families. This was more than the organizers of the educational institution expected, therefore, in the house of the Minister of Education, Count A. Razumovsky, they arranged a kind of entrance exams and a medical examination. By September, thirty boys were selected, the list of students was "highest" approved. Almost all children needed recommendations from influential people, so Alexander Pushkin was adopted with the support of a family friend of the famous writer A. Turgenev, he asked for his nephew and uncle V. L. Pushkin, also a well-known person in secular circles and not alien to literature. In early October 1811, the boys admitted to the Lyceum began to gather in Tsarskoye Selo. They were met by teachers and director.

Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky, director of the Lyceum in the first years of its existence, was one of the most educated people of his time, he sincerely believed in the exceptional purpose of the new educational institution, and did everything to make his pupils imbued with the highest ideas of transformation for the good of Russia. The director received the right to personally select the teaching staff, so among the first teachers of the Lyceum there were the most advanced and talented people. Malinovsky sought to create a special "lyceum spirit" - an atmosphere in which a free exchange of opinions was natural, even a discussion of the most sensitive topics of social order. Teachers and mentors had to treat lyceum students as adults, address them as "you", some pupils and among themselves remained on "you".

Opening of the Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo. A. Itkina

The grand opening of the Lyceum took place on October 19, 1811 in the presence of Alexander I, his family, the most distinguished and influential people of the Russian state. In the center of the large hall stood a table covered with red cloth, on which lay a luxuriously decorated charter on the establishment of the Lyceum. On one side of the table stood lyceum students together with the director, on the other - professors. Guests of honor, headed by the emperor, were seated at the table in armchairs. The director of the Lyceum, V. Malinovsky, made a solemn speech, then the associate professor Kunitsin addressed the future pupils. The lyceum students remembered his excited performance later with gratitude all their lives. After the solemn ceremony, the boys were taken to dinner, and the guests toured the premises of the Lyceum. In the evening they had a wonderful fireworks display.

The room in which the lyceum student Alexander Pushkin lived

For thirty boys a new life began. They lived in small rooms with modest furniture - only the most necessary. Pushchin later recalled that in their "cells" there were "an iron bed, a chest of drawers, a desk, a mirror, a chair, a washing table. On the desk there was an inkwell and a candlestick with tongs." The daily routine was harsh: getting up at six in the morning, from 7 to 9 - classes, at 9 - tea, until 10 - a walk, from 10 to 12 - classes, then a walk, lunch, again classes in calligraphy and drawing, from 3 to 5 - again classes, again a walk, repetition of lessons, at 9 - dinner, at 10 - evening prayer and tea. During the six years of study, none of the lyceum students had to leave the Lyceum, relatives were allowed to visit the boys only on holidays.

Monument to Pushkin - lyceum student in Tsarskoye Selo

Almost all graduates of the first lyceum recruitment later recalled with gratitude and sadness the years of their life and study at the Lyceum, and the day of October 19 became sacred for them. Former lyceum students tried to get together on October 19, but the years passed, each of them had their own difficult life, and the opportunity to meet did not always appear. Everyone remembers the verses of A. S. Pushkin, in the names of which this significant date, October 19, stands. Pushkin himself and his fellow students, not without reason, considered only their first graduation to be truly lyceum. And although the Lyceum continued to exist, the training program in it changed, other teachers came - and there was no unique lyceum spirit. In 1822, the Lyceum was transferred to the department of the chief director of the cadet and page corps, and in 1843 it was transferred from Tsarskoye Selo to St. Petersburg, renamed from Tsarskoye Selo to Aleksandrovsky. The lyceum existed for almost a hundred years, many of its pupils became worthy citizens of their country - military men, engineers, scientists. But the very word "Lyceum" remains for us associated with its first, Pushkin's issue.

The building of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum today

The text was prepared by Galina Dregulyas

For those who want to know more:

1. Pavlova S. V. Imperial Alexander (formerly Tsarskoye Selo) Lyceum. M., 2002
2. Rudenskaya S.D. Tsarskoye Selo - Alexander Lyceum. SPb., 1999
3. Basina M. Pushkin's life. In 4 vols. M., 1999

The inner, closest homeland, the homeland of Pushkin's soul, was the lyceum, Tsarskoye Selo. He mentioned them often. Pushkin was brought to Tsarskoe Selo on August 12, 1811, shortly after the upcoming opening of the lyceum was announced. He was brought by his uncle, Vasily Lvovich Pushkin, a well-known poet in his time, who had some literary influence on the young Pushkin. In his literary views, Vasily Lvovich was a staunch Karamzinist and an enemy of all literary "Old Believers" headed by Shishkov. He traveled from Moscow to St. Petersburg not only to accompany his nephew, but also in order to quickly print one of his polemical literary messages to Shishkov. In St. Petersburg, young Pushkin settled in his uncle's house. Here he lived all the time while preparing for exams at the Lyceum.

Lyceum opening

The lyceum was conceived by Alexander I as a closed privileged educational institution for the training of educated and devoted servants of the state. Alexander I attached such importance to the educational institution he had conceived that he was going to place the Grand Dukes there at the beginning. Later, he abandoned this idea, but did not lose his interest in the Lyceum. The curriculum at the lyceum provided for the study of a wide variety of sciences. Among those invited to teach lyceum students were also the best teachers at that time: A.P. Kunitsyn, A.I. Galich and others. Interestingly, in 1816, courses in political science were announced in St. Petersburg, which were very popular in the advanced circles of society and which were placed by members of the Union of Salvation: Pestel, Muravyov, F. Glinka, I. Dolgorukov. Among those who taught at these courses were lyceum teachers: Kunitsyn and Galich. The royal family attended the celebration of the solemn act on the occasion of the opening of the lyceum. However, the most memorable event for Pushkin on the solemn day of October 19, 1811 was Kunitsyn's opening speech. In his last poem, dedicated to the date of October 19, "it was time ..." (1836), Pushkin will say about Kunitsyn's speech - he will say, because he always remembered about it: Do you remember when the Lyceum arose, And the tsar opened the tsaritsyn's chamber for us, And we came. And Kunitsyn greeted us with the greeting of the royal guests... In his speech, Kunitsyn urged - and Pushkin did not forget this either, later it will echo, in particular, in his ode "Liberty" - above all to honor the laws and observe them: "Preparing to be the guardians of the laws, learn first read it yourself; for the law, broken by its guardians, has no holiness in the eyes of the people. Kunitsyn ended his speech with words addressed to the lyceum students: “Do you want to mix with the crowd of ordinary people, crawling in the unknown and every day being swallowed up by waves of oblivion? No! May this thought not corrupt your imagination! Love for glory and fatherland should be your leaders.” The high hopes that were pinned on him, the lyceum, of course, justified. But not in this way, and not in this sense, in which Emperor Alexander I thought. The lyceum entered the history of Russia as one of the most remarkable phenomena of Russian culture. But not, of course, because he trained "enlightened servants of the state", but because he was the cradle of Pushkin, and therefore of all Russian poetry, because such great patriots and martyrs of freedom as Kuchelbecker, Pushchin and others.

Lyceum opening

In his last poem, dedicated to the date of October 19, "it was time ..." (1836), Pushkin will say about Kunitsyn's speech - he will say, because he always remembered about it: Do you remember when the Lyceum arose, And the tsar opened the tsaritsyn's chamber for us, And we came. And Kunitsyn greeted us with the greeting of the royal guests... In his speech, Kunitsyn urged - and Pushkin did not forget this either, later it will echo, in particular, in his ode "Liberty" - above all to honor the laws and observe them: "Preparing to be the guardians of the laws, learn first read it yourself; for the law, broken by its guardians, has no holiness in the eyes of the people. Kunitsyn ended his speech with words addressed to the lyceum students: “Do you want to mix with the crowd of ordinary people, crawling in the unknown and every day being swallowed up by waves of oblivion? No! May this thought not corrupt your imagination! Love for glory and fatherland should be your leaders.” The high hopes that were pinned on him, the lyceum, of course, justified. But not in this way, and not in this sense, in which Emperor Alexander I thought. The lyceum entered the history of Russia as one of the most remarkable phenomena of Russian culture. But not, of course, because he trained "enlightened servants of the state", but because he was the cradle of Pushkin, and therefore of all Russian poetry, because such great patriots and martyrs of freedom as Kuchelbecker, Pushchin and others.

First impressions and new life

For Pushkin, the lyceum was not only a source of precious memories, but also of many essential and decisive things in his subsequent spiritual development. There were good teachers in the lyceum, the fundamentals of science were read to the students there, but even more than the teachers and the scientific information they presented, their close circle of friends served the education of the lyceum students. Its significance for Pushkin was immeasurably great. It was not for nothing that Pushkin, after graduating from the lyceum, celebrated each lyceum anniversary with poems dedicated to this date. And these were poems about friendship. The lyceum, the lyceum community was the very thing that replaced in his youth the feeling of Home, so necessary for the human soul. The lyceum, lyceum friends, memories of the lyceum were the positive foundation on which, with all the mistakes and failures, not only in joys, but also in adversity, the inner fate of Pushkin's personality was always built. This is what Pushkin looked back at at all the turns of his life, with which he measured everything that happened to him.

In the lyceum, in the atmosphere of the lyceum, everything brought up well. Friendly conversations refined the mind and accustomed to mental and spiritual openness (to that openness without which there can be no true poet); walks in the gardens of the lyceum forced to remember and join in thought to the past of mankind and its culture (which was later strongly reflected in Pushkin's poetry). The lyceum laid the cultural and human foundations of Pushkin's poetry to a greater extent than home reading in childhood and the lessons that were given to Pushkin by his numerous home good and bad teachers could do. In the lyceum there were opportunities for free and naturally unconstrained familiarization with culture and - which is no less important - familiarization with all the friendly circle, together. Among the lyceum friends of Pushkin, Delvig, Pushchin, Kuchelbecker became especially close and dear - dear for life. Two of them were poets. All Lyceum friends of Pushkin - and he himself above all - were most passionate about literary affairs. The lyceum brotherhood was not only a human, but also a poetic brotherhood. This could not but have an impact on Pushkin. At the lyceum, as Pushchin later recalled, Pushkin "constantly and actively participated in all literary magazines, improvised the so-called folk songs, sharpened epigrams for everyone, etc." This lyceum friendship sealed them with their union for life!!! They were close not only at the Lyceum, but also after its graduation ... Their union only strengthened even more. Throughout their lives, they helped and supported each other ... Sincerity and warmth remained with them forever!!!

In the spring of 1817, the lyceum course ended. The time has come to say goodbye to places that have become roads, to say goodbye to friends. Terrible times and terrible fates awaited Pushchin, and Kuchelbeker, and Delvig, and Pushkin himself. And always, no matter how hard their life was, the voice of joy and consolation was for them the voice of faithful lyceum friendship ...

The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum became the most legendary educational institution in Russia immediately after its establishment. The initiator of its appearance was Emperor Alexander I, a brilliant teaching staff and a talented director, with their pedagogical and personal talents, brought to light several generations of Russian thinkers, poets, artists, military men. Lyceum graduates made up the Russian elite not so much by origin, but by the implementation of the principles of selfless service to the Fatherland in any field.

Base

The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum was opened during the reign of Alexander I, and more specifically, the decree on its foundation was signed by the highest permission in August 1810. The foundation of a higher educational institution fell on the "liberal years" of the reign of the sovereign. The lyceum was supposed to be the first example of an educational institution with a European approach to education, nurtured on Russian soil.

The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum, from other higher schools, was distinguished by the absence of physical punishment, friendly relations between teachers and students, a rich curriculum designed to form personal views, and much more. It was planned that the grand dukes, the younger brothers of the ruling tsar, Nikolai and Mikhail, would study at the lyceum, but later they decided to give them a traditional home education.

living conditions

For the lyceum, a four-story new building was provided - an outbuilding of the Tsarskoye Selo Palace. The premises of the first floor were intended for the medical unit and the board. On the second floor there were classrooms for the junior year, the third was given to older students, and the uppermost, fourth floor, was occupied by bedrooms. The private bedchambers were modest, almost Spartan, furnished with a wrought-iron canvas-covered bed, an office table for study, a chest of drawers, and a wash table.

For the library, a two-height gallery was assigned, which was located above the arch. The main hall for celebrations was on the third floor. Services, the church and the director's apartment were located in a separate building next to the palace.

idea of learning

The concept and curriculum were developed by an influential courtier, adviser to Alexander I in the first half of his reign. The main task was to educate civil servants and the military of a new formation from the children of the nobility. Speransky's idea was to Europeanize Russia, and this required officials with a different way of thinking, with inner freedom and an appropriate level of humanitarian education.

The selection of lyceum students was very strict, boys from noble families aged 10 to 12 were accepted, who had to successfully pass the entrance exams, confirming a sufficient level of knowledge in three languages (Russian, German, French), history, geography, mathematics and physics. The full course consisted of six years of study, divided into two stages, each of which was given three years.

Humanities and military

The main direction of education is humanitarian, which made it possible to instill in the student the ability for further independent learning, logic and to comprehensively develop the talents inherent in the child. For six years, teaching was conducted in the following main subjects:

Study of native and foreign languages (Russian, Latin, French, German).
Moral sciences, the law of God, philosophy).
Exact sciences (arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, geometry, physics).
Humanities (Russian and foreign history, chronology, geography).
Fundamentals of fine writing (rhetoric and its rules, works of great writers).
Art (fine, dancing).
Physical education (gymnastics, swimming, fencing, horseback riding).

In the first year, students mastered the basics, and in the second year they moved from the basics to in-depth mastering of all subjects. In addition, throughout the training, much attention was paid to civil architecture and sports. Those who chose military affairs were additionally read hours on the history of wars, fortification and other specialized disciplines.

The entire educational and educational process took place under the vigilant supervision of the director. The teaching staff included seven professors, a priest who taught the law of God, six teachers of fine arts and gymnastics, two adjuncts, discipline was monitored by three overseers and tutors.

The first set of students was carried out under the supervision of the emperor himself, out of 38 people who submitted documents and passed the competition, only 30 students were admitted to the lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo, the list was approved by the royal hand. Alexander I carried out the patronage of the educational institution, and Count Razumovsky A.K. was appointed head of the lyceum with the rank of commander in chief. By position, the count was supposed to be present at all exams, which he did with pleasure, knowing by sight and by name all the students.

Principles

The tasks of the director of the lyceum were comprehensive, this position was entrusted to V. F. Malinovsky, who was educated at Moscow University. According to the charter of the institution, the director was obliged to live around the clock on the territory of the lyceum and pay attention to the students and the whole process tirelessly, he was personally responsible for the students, for the level of teaching and the general condition of the lyceum life.

The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum was staffed by the best teachers of its time, all had higher education, scientific degrees, loved their work and the younger generation. Teachers were free to choose the methods of presenting knowledge, one principle had to be strictly observed - there should not be any idle pastime for lyceum students.

Daily Schedule

The usual school day was built according to a strict schedule:

The morning began at six o'clock, time was allocated for hygiene procedures, fees, prayers.
The first lessons in the classes started from seven to nine in the morning.
The next hour (9:00-10:00) the students could devote to a walk and a snack (tea with a bun, breakfast was not supposed).
The second lesson started at 10:00 and lasted until 12:00, after which there was a walk in the fresh air for an hour.
Lunch was served at 13:00.
In the afternoon, from 14:00 to 15:00, students were engaged in fine arts.
From 15:00 to 17:00 there were classes in the classroom.
At 17:00 the children were offered tea, after which a walk followed until 18:00.
From six o'clock until half past eight in the evening, the students were engaged in the repetition of the material covered, were engaged in auxiliary classes.
Dinner was served at 20:30 followed by free time to relax.
At 22:00 it was time for prayer and sleep. Every Saturday the students went to the bathhouse.

The lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo differed from other educational institutions in that it was obligatory for the teacher to achieve knowledge and understanding of his subject from each student. Until the material was mastered by all students in the class, the teacher could not start a new topic. In order to achieve efficiency, additional classes were introduced for lagging students, new teaching approaches were sought. The lyceum had its own system of control over the level of acquired and assimilated knowledge, each lyceum student wrote reports, answered oral control questions.

Often the teacher considered it good to leave the student alone in his subject, Pushkin was not forced to know the mathematical sciences thoroughly, Professor Kartsov said: “You, Pushkin, everything ends in zero in my class. Sit down in your seat and write poetry."

Lyceum life

The lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo was endowed with another feature - it was completely closed, the lyceum students did not leave the walls of the educational institution during the entire academic year. There was also a uniform uniform for all. It consisted of a dark blue caftan, a stand-up collar and cuffs, which were red, fastened with gilded buttons. To distinguish between senior and junior courses, buttonholes were introduced, for the senior course they were sewn with gold, for the junior course they were sewn with silver.

In the lyceum where Pushkin studied, much attention was paid to education. The students respected not only the people of their class, but also the servants, the serfs. Human dignity does not depend on origin, this was instilled in every student. For the same reason, children practically did not communicate with their relatives - everyone was the heirs of serfs and at home they could often see a completely different attitude towards dependent people, among the nobility, neglect of serfs was commonplace.

Brotherhood and Honor

Despite the fact that the lyceum students had a busy schedule of study and classes, in their memoirs everyone admitted to a sufficient amount of freedom. Students lived according to a certain code of laws, the charter of the institution was posted in the corridor of the fourth floor. One of the points stated that the community of students is a single family, and therefore there is no place among them for arrogance, bragging and contempt. Children came to the lyceum from an early age, and it became a home for them, and comrades and teachers were a real family. The atmosphere in the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo was friendly and close-knit.

A system of rewards and punishments was developed for lyceum students, which excluded physical violence. The guilty mischief-makers were put in a punishment cell for three days, where the director personally came to conduct a conversation, but this was an extreme measure. For other reasons, more benign methods were chosen - deprivation of lunch for two days, at which time the student received only bread and water.

The lyceum fraternity sometimes independently issued a verdict on the behavior of its members, those who retreated from honor and trampled on dignity. Students could boycott a friend, leaving him in complete isolation without the ability to communicate. The unwritten laws were observed no less sacredly than the charter of the lyceum.

First edition

The first pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum left the walls of the educational institution in 1817. Almost everyone got a place in the state apparatus, according to the results of the exams, many entered the service in high ranks, many lyceum students chose military service, equated in status to the Corps of Pages. Among them were people who became the pride of Russian history and culture. The poet Pushkin A. S. brought great fame to the Lyceum, no one before him treated his school and teachers with such warmth and awe. He devoted many works to the Tsarskoye Selo period.

Almost all students in the first intake became the pride of the country and glorified the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum. Famous graduates, such as: Kuchelbeher V. K. (poet, public figure, Decembrist), Gorchakov A. M. (outstanding diplomat, head of the Foreign Ministry under Tsar Alexander II), Delvig A. A (poet, publisher), Matyushkin F F. (polar explorer, admiral of the fleet) and others contributed to history, culture, and the development of the arts.

Lyceum student Pushkin

It is impossible to overestimate the influence of Pushkin on Russian literature, his genius was revealed and brought up within the walls of the Lyceum. According to the memoirs of classmates, the poet had three nicknames - the Frenchman (a tribute to his excellent knowledge of the language), the Cricket (the poet was a mobile and talkative child) and the Mixture of the Monkey and the Tiger (for his ardor of temper and tendency to quarrel). In the lyceum where Pushkin studied, exams were held every six months, it was thanks to them that talent was noticed and recognized back in school years. The poet published his first work in the journal Vestnik Evropy, being a lyceum student, in 1814.

The situation in the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo was such that the student could not help but feel his vocation. The entire educational process was aimed at identifying and developing talents, and teachers contributed to this. In his memoirs, in 1830, A.S. Pushkin notes: "... I began to write from the age of 13 and print almost from the same time."

In the corners of Lyceum passages,

The Muse began to appear to me.

My student cell

hitherto alien to fun,

Suddenly lit up - Muse in it

She opened a feast of her inventions;

Sorry, cold science!

Sorry, early years games!

I have changed, I am a poet...

Pushkin's first known public appearance took place at the exam during the transition from the initial course to the senior, final course of study. Eminent people attended the public examinations, including the poet Derzhavin. The poem “Memories of Tsarskoye Selo” read by a fifteen-year-old student made a huge impression on the guests present. Pushkin immediately began to predict a great future. His works were highly valued by the lights of Russian poetry, his contemporaries - Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Karamzin and others.

Alexander Lyceum

After the accession to the throne of Nicholas I, the lyceum was transferred to St. Petersburg. Tsarskoye Selo was a haven for lyceum students from 1811 to 1843. The educational institution moved to Kamenoostrovsky Prospekt, where the premises of the former Alexandrinsky orphanage were allocated for students. In addition, the institution was renamed Imperial in honor of its creator.

Traditions and the spirit of brotherhood settled in the new premises, no matter how Nicholas I tried to fight this phenomenon. The history of the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum continued in a new place and lasted until 1918. Permanence was marked by the observance of unwritten rules, the current charter, as well as the coat of arms and the motto - "For the common good." Paying tribute to its famous graduates, in 1879, on October 19, the first museum of A.S. Pushkin.

But with the justification in the new location, some changes were introduced. According to the new curriculum, students began to be accepted and graduated annually, military disciplines were completely abolished, and the list of humanities expanded. The answer to the time and the changed environment was the new departments - agriculture, civil architecture.

After the 17th year

In 1917, the last graduation of students took place. Until 1918, classes continued with long breaks, the Alexander Lyceum was closed in May of the same year. The famous library was partially sent to Sverdlovsk, most of it was distributed among libraries, lost or found shelter in private hands. It was possible to save about two thousand volumes from the general collection of books, and localize them in the collection of the State Literary Museum in 1938. The collection, which ended up in the Sverdlovsk Library in 1970, was transferred to the fund of the Pushkin Museum.

The building of the Alexander Lyceum was used for various purposes. In 1917, it housed the headquarters of the Red Army and other organizations. Before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War and after it, there was a school in the premises, then the building was given to the SSPTU. The building now houses the College of Management and Economics.

A terrible fate befell many lyceum students and teachers of the Alexander Lyceum. In 1925, a case was fabricated, in which, among others. the last director of the lyceum V. A. Schilder and the prime minister N. D. Golitsyn were accused of creating a counter-revolutionary organization. All those accused of plotting to restore the monarchy, and there were 26 of them, were shot. So sadly ended the history of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Pushkin was his singer and genius, the rest of the lyceum students are history and pride.

Modern pedagogy is increasingly inclined to think that the ideas laid down by Speransky are the best option for education for the younger generation, which would be useful to apply today.

Introduction

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born on May 26, 1799 in Moscow, which belonged to a noble but impoverished noble family. In childhood, Sasha Pushkin received home education and upbringing. His tutors were tutors and teachers. When the boy passed the eleventh year, the family raised the question of his further education. Studying at the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo meant serving the Fatherland in the future in the civil or military field. After graduating from the Lyceum, Pushkin was in the civil service for more than ten years. And although he did not become an official in the usual sense of the word, years of service enriched his life experience. Knowledge of the service allowed Pushkin to put before the government and the Russian public a number of issues related to improving the work of the state apparatus, strengthening the rule of law, combating bribery of judges, and protecting citizens of different classes from the arbitrariness of officials. The poet was concerned about the problems of eradicating shortcomings in the training and education of personnel intended for civil and military service.

Unfortunately, the state service side of the life and work of the great poet did not receive a sufficiently complete reflection in Pushkinianism. The only exception in Pushkinianism is the lyceum period. The memoirs of lyceum students of Pushkin's time are dedicated to him.

Life before Lyceum

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born on May 26, 1799 in Moscow, which belonged to a noble but impoverished noble family. In childhood, Sasha Pushkin received home education and upbringing. His tutors were tutors and teachers. But his grandmother Marya Alekseevna had a great influence on Sasha's development. But besides his grandmother, he was brought up by his nanny Arina Rodionovna, who told him folk tales, introduced him to proverbs, sayings, customs of the common people. He wrote about her with warmth and gratitude in his poems:

Friend of my harsh days,

My decrepit dove!

Alone in the wilderness of pine forests

For a long, long time you've been waiting for me.

You are under the window of your room

Grieving like clockwork

And the spokes are slowing down every minute

In your wrinkled hands.

Looking through the forgotten gates

On a black distant path;

Longing, forebodings, worries

They squeeze your chest all the time ...

Already in early childhood, Sasha showed interest in literary creativity. He quickly grasped and repeated by heart the poems and fables he heard. Teachers complained about him that he did not do his homework, but composed poetry. His first poems, written by him at the age of 13 and 14, naturally were not completely independent. The learned Frenchman Gillet said of him: “Wonderful child! How early he began to understand everything! God grant that this child lives and lives. You will see what will come of it.”

Admission to the Lyceum

When Sasha was 11 years old, the family raised the question of his further education. In the summer of 1811, the opening of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum took place, which was located in St. Petersburg, where his uncle Vasily Lvovich Pushkin took him. To enter the Lyceum, he had to pass exams, which were held on August 8, 12 and September 11. Pushkin passed all the exams well and was enrolled in the Lyceum. Together with him were enrolled in the Lyceum: Ivan Pushchin, Pavel Myasoedov, Nikolai Rzhevsky and others. They belonged to noble, but impoverished noble families. Among those admitted to the Lyceum, Pushkin stood out for his higher general development. He read a lot that others had not heard of, and he remembered everything he read.

The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where Pushkin and his comrades entered, was an unusual educational institution. It was created by the decision of Emperor Alexander I according to the project of the outstanding reformer M.M. Speransky. It was a time that Pushkin called "the days of Alexander, a wonderful beginning." Its main purpose was in the training of civil servants.

Favorable conditions were created in the wing of the palace for the placement and employment of lyceum students. It consisted of four floors. The lower floor housed the economic department and the apartments of the inspector, tutors and other officials of the administration. On the second floor there was a conference room, an office, a hospital and a pharmacy. The third floor included classrooms: two classes for classes, a class for preparing for classes, a physical office, a room for newspapers and magazines, a lounge, a library. The upper floor was a corridor with arches leading to the rooms of the lyceum students. Each room contained an iron bed polished with copper decorations, a chest of drawers, a desk with an inkwell, a candlestick and tongs, a mirror, a chair, a washing table and other elements for everyday life. The Lyceum had a linen room. Underwear was changed twice, table and bed linen - once a week. On Saturdays, the pupils visited the bathhouse. The nutrition of the lyceum students corresponded to the norms established in the Lyceum. In the morning - tea with a bun. Lunch consisted of three courses, dinner - two courses.

A special uniform was established for the pupils. On weekdays they wore blue frock coats with red collars and trousers of the same blue color, on holidays - a uniform, white trousers, a white waistcoat, a white tie, over the knee boots, a three-cornered hat. Such clothes were used when visiting the church and during walks. Subsequently, the form was simplified: over the knee boots were canceled; white pantaloons were replaced by blue trousers with waistcoats of the same color; the cap replaced the hat. The hat, as an element of military clothing, began to be worn by pupils only in drill classes, which were held in the guards exemplary battalion. There was no such form of clothing as that of the lyceum students in any military unit or educational institution.

Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky, one of the most educated people of his time, was appointed director of the lyceum. He graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow University, was fluent in many foreign languages, and had a broad cultural outlook. He wrote poetry, and not only in his native language, but also in European languages. Highly qualified teachers were invited to teach subjects. Among them are professors A.P. Kunitsyn, N.F. Koshansky, Ya.I. Kartsev and others.

On October 19, the solemn opening of the Lyceum took place, which was attended by Alexander I with his family, members of the State Council, ministers, courtiers and other "leading ranks". The director of the lyceum VF Malinovsky addressed the audience. Director of the Department of Public Education I.I.Martynov read the manifesto on the establishment of the lyceum. Professor N.F. Koshansky announced the lists of employees and pupils of the Lyceum. Professor A.P. Kunitsyn, addressing the pupils, said “Love for glory and the fatherland should be your leaders! ... Fulfill the flattering hope placed on you, and the time of your education will not be lost ... You will have a direct impact on the benefit of everything society."

Portal for the student. Self-training