history of the Yaroslavl region of darkness, history of the Yaroslavl region of Ukraine
The Yaroslavl Territory was inhabited already at the end of the Late Paleolithic (about 20-13 thousand years BC) after the retreat of the last glacier, when its territory was covered with glacial tundra, on which herds of mammoths grazed. The only known monument of that time on the territory of the region is a parking lot near Uglich near the village of Zolotoruche.

In the Mesolithic (12-5 thousand years BC), the region was covered with forests inhabited by primitive hunters of the Butovo and Ienev culture, who mastered the technology of bows and arrows. further these tribes evolved into the Upper Volga Neolithic culture.

In the Neolithic (5-3 thousand years BC), the local Cro-Magnon people were supplanted by the Lappoid hunting and fishing tribes of the so-called Pit-Comb Ware culture. Yaroslavl region discovered hundreds of sites of this era.

At the beginning of the II millennium BC. e. (Bronze Age) cattle-breeding tribes invaded from the Middle Dnieper region, which subjugated the Neolithic tribes and partially mixed with them, they received the name Fatyanovsky, the largest burial grounds found later in the region - Volosovo-Danilovsky near the village of Volosovo (Dogadtsevo station), where archaeologist D. A. Krainov in 1962-1970 unearthed about 170 burials. Fatyanovites are replaced by the Iranian peoples of the Abashev culture

From the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. until the middle of the first millennium AD. e. The region was inhabited by the so-called Dyakovo tribes, who knew how to process iron, were engaged in cattle breeding and slash-and-burn agriculture, as well as fishing and hunting. In the second half of the first millennium A.D. e. the territory of the region is inhabited by the Finno-Ugric people Merya. Several Meryan settlements (fortified settlement) and settlements (unfortified) were excavated, they were centers of crafts and trade: the Sarskoye settlement on the Sara River, which flows into Lake Nero, the settlement at the Grekhov Stream, which flows into the Volga 7 km from Uglich, Popadinsky (near the house recreation "Red Hill") (20 km from Yaroslavl), Kleshchino on Lake Pleshcheyevo and others. In the 9th-10th centuries, the Upper Volga region began to be peacefully settled by the Slavs, these were representatives of the Ilmen Slovenes and Krivichi, they gradually mixed with the Meryans.

• 1 Old Russian period
  • 1.1 Specific time
  • 1.2 Tatar-Mongol yoke
  • 1.3 Subordination to Moscow
• 2 Imperial period
• 3 Soviet period
  • 3.1 Before the War
  • 3.2 War period
  • 3.3 After the War
• 4 Modernity
• 5 Notes
• 6 Links
• 7 See also

Old Russian period

Rostov-Suzdal Principality (lilac color) - the oldest state association on the territory of the Yaroslavl region in the 11th century

Yaroslavl belongs to the core of Russian lands. The first Russian city on its territory was Rostov, which is mentioned in the annals as early as 862. When in 882 the capital of the Russian lands shifted to Kyiv, Rostov became the administrative center of North-Eastern Russia (Rostov Principality). Among the famous princes of Rostov were Boris (one of the first Russian saints) and Yaroslav the Wise, who built the city of Yaroslavl in 1010. The epic hero Alyosha Popovich came from Rostov. In 991 (only three years after the Baptism of Russia) Rostov became the center of the diocese, which confirmed the high status of the city. However, in the Yaroslavl region, Christianity took root with difficulty. In 1071, an Anti-Christian uprising broke out here, during which Leonty of Rostov was killed.

specific time

Main article: Northeast Russia

From the second half of the 11th century centrifugal tendencies intensified in Russia. Since 1054, according to the will of Yaroslav the Wise, Rostov, along with other cities of North-Eastern Russia, became the possession of his son, Prince of Pereyaslav Vsevolod Yaroslavich, where he sent governors. In the 12th century, Yury Dolgoruky ruled the Rostov land. In 1125, he moved the capital of the principality to Suzdal (Vladimir region) - since then, the political role of Rostov has been constantly decreasing. During the reign of Yuri, Uglich was first mentioned in 1148 (according to the local chronicle since 937), in 1152 he built Pereyaslavl (Zalessky) on Lake Pleshcheyevo near ancient Kleshchin, in the second half of the 13th century the city of Romanov was founded.

In 1155, the son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrei Bogolyubsky, moved his residence to Vladimir, since that time the Vladimir princes ruled the Yaroslavl region. However, at the beginning of the 13th century, the Vladimir principality also broke up into specific principalities. On the territory of the Yaroslavl region there are centers of four principalities.

• The Principality of Pereslavl was established in 1175 by Vsevolod the Big Nest. His successor is his son Yaroslav, the father of Alexander Nevsky, the grandfather of the first specific Moscow prince Dmitry and the great-grandfather of Ivan Kalita, from whom the Moscow tsars count their account.
• The Rostov principality in 1207 was created by his son Konstantin Vsevolodovich, however, after the bloody battle of Lipitsa, he managed to become the prince of Vladimir (he lost Rostov to his son Vasilko).
• Uglich principality in 1216 goes to the son of Constantine Vladimir
• The Yaroslavl principality goes to another son, Konstantin Vsevolod.

Tatar-Mongol yoke

In February 1238, North-Eastern Russia was devastated during the Tatar-Mongol invasion. Pereslavl defended for 5 days, almost all of its inhabitants died, Rostov and Uglich surrendered without a fight, but were also destroyed, although to a lesser extent, nothing is known about the defense of Yaroslavl, but it was also destroyed. On March 4, 1238, a detachment of the temnik Burundai collided with the Russian army on the Sit River; Russian troops were utterly defeated. Thus began the dependence of North-Eastern Russia on the Golden Horde. In the second half of the 13th and at the beginning of the 14th century, the cities of North-Eastern Russia were repeatedly devastated by the Horde. In 1257, the Battle of the Tug Mountain took place. The "calling" of the Mongol-Tatars was accompanied by civil strife of Russian princes. The Yaroslavl army under the command of Prince Vasily participated in the Battle of Kulikovo, which was inspired by the local saint Sergius of Radonezh.

Subordination to Moscow

In 1302, the Principality of Pereslavl joins Moscow. In 1463, the territory of the Yaroslavl region peacefully became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Former principalities, being transformed into districts, were then ruled by Moscow governors or governors, sometimes given out to feed the newcomer princes. In 1538 the city of Lyubim was founded. After the creation of Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl became an important transit point on the way from Moscow to the northern port.

The territory of the Yaroslavl region suffered greatly during the Time of Troubles, the population was devastated, many died or fled; especially heavy damage was inflicted on Rostov and Yaroslavl. Twice in April 1609 and in December 1615 Pan Lisovsky's detachments swept through the region like a tornado. From April to July 1612, the Second Home Guard stood in Yaroslavl, from where it moved south to liberate Moscow from the Poles. Yaroslavl finally decided on the composition of the government - the "Council of All the Earth". In March 1614, the Cossacks of Ataman Balovnya ravaged the Poshekhonsky district. In November of the same year, the army of governor Valuev came out from Yaroslavl to suppress the rebellion. September 1618 Hetman Sahaydachny with his huge Cossack army marched through the Yaroslavl region, acting on the orders of the Polish prince Vladislav.

In 1692, Rostov and Pereslavl passed under the command of the Yaroslavl governor. On the eve of the Petrine reforms, a Slavic-Greek-Latin school was created in Rostov and a postal communication with Moscow and Arkhangelsk was created.

Imperial period

Main article: Yaroslavl province

In 1708-1710, the Russian state was divided into 8 provinces: Yaroslavl, Uglich, Romanov were included in the St. Petersburg province, and Pereslavl, Rostov and Lyubim - in Moscow. In 1719, a division into 45 (later 50) provinces appeared - on the territory of the modern Yaroslavl region were the Yaroslavl and Uglich provinces of the St. Petersburg province and the Pereslavl and Kostroma provinces of the Moscow province. The provinces were divided into 5 districts. In 1727, the districts were renamed counties, at the same time the Yaroslavl and Uglich provinces were transferred to the Moscow province. In 1777, as a result of the provincial reform, on the basis of most of the Yaroslavl, Uglich, and smaller parts of the Kostroma province, the Yaroslavl governorship (Yaroslavl province) was formed, which was divided into 12 counties. The centers of the five districts were the old cities: Yaroslavl, Rostov, Uglich, Romanov, Lyubim. Since the center of the county had to be a city, the corresponding status was assigned to the following settlements: the settlement of Mologa - the city of Mologa, Rybnaya Sloboda - the city of Rybnoy (later Rybinsk), Borisoglebskaya Sloboda - the city of Borisoglebsk, the village of Pertoma - the city of Poshekhonye, ​​the village of Myshkino - the city Myshkin, the village of Danilovskoye - the city of Danilov, the village of Petrovskoye - the city of Petrovsk. All cities received new coats of arms and the first regular building plans. In 1786, the department of the Rostov diocese (since then it has been the Yaroslavl and Rostov diocese) was transferred from Rostov to Yaroslavl. In 1796, governorships were abolished, provinces became the main administrative-territorial unit; in the Yaroslavl province, the number of counties was changed to 10.

Map of the Yaroslavl governorship. 1792.

Westernization led to the emergence of theaters (Russian Academic Drama Theater named after F. Volkov), museums (Museum at the Yaroslavl Natural History Society) and educational institutions, both secular (Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky, Demidov Law Lyceum), and and spiritual orientation (Uglich spiritual school). Based on the synthesis of Western and local traditions, folk crafts (finift) are created. At the same time, government measures led to resistance, which took on religious forms (Beguns).

In the 19th-20th centuries, primary industrialization took place in the Yaroslavl region. 1850 Yaroslavl Tobacco Factory was founded. In 1879, with the participation of Mendeleev, the Yaroslavl oil refinery was created. In 1870 the railway connected Yaroslavl with Moscow, and in 1872 with Vologda. A local periodical press appeared (the Northern Territory newspaper and the Dubinushka magazine). In 1916, the Russian industrialist V. A. Lebedev, within the framework of the government program for the creation of an automobile industry in Russia, creates the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Industry is also developing in Rybinsk (Russian Renault, the Rybinsk Plant of Printing Machines). Public transport appeared (Rostov horse-drawn carriage).

During the Civil Wars, there were no active hostilities on the territory of the region, with the exception of the Yaroslavl and Rybinsk uprisings, which caused heavy damage to these cities. During the Civil War and in subsequent years, new authorities were formed, the administrative-territorial division of the region was repeatedly changed. So, in 1921-1923, the Rybinsk province existed, in 1929 the Yaroslavl province was abolished, in 1929-1930, the Yaroslavl and Rybinsk districts of the Ivanovo industrial region existed in its place, in 1930 their territories were transferred under the direct control of the administration of the industrial region.

On March 11, 1936, the Ivanovo industrial region was divided and the Yaroslavl region was formed from 36 districts and 15 cities, including 3 cities of regional subordination - Yaroslavl, Rybinsk and Kostroma. The composition of the region included the territory of the former Yaroslavl province (without the eastern part of the Rostov district), a significant part of the Kostroma province and Pereslavl district of the Vladimir province. The territory was 62 thousand km², and the population - 2.1 million people. In 1944, the Kostroma region was separated from the Yaroslavl region. The Yaroslavl region has a territory of 36.4 thousand km², which has remained virtually unchanged since then.

In the first years of Soviet power in the Yaroslavl region, industrialization was intensively carried out. Old factories are being modernized and new ones are being created. The chemical industry is developing (Yaroslavl rubber-asbestos plant, SK-1). In order to meet the growing demand for electricity, in 1935 the construction of the Rybinsk hydroelectric power station began, which led to the appearance of the vast Rybinsk reservoir on the Volga and the flooding of the city of Mologa. The construction was carried out by the forces of the prisoners of the Volgolag. In the 1930s, the collectivization of agriculture and the “dispossession of kulaks” were carried out. By the spring of 1941, about 3,500 collective farms had been formed. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the Yaroslavl region was one of the most industrialized in Central Russia. At the end of 1936, there were 587 large industrial enterprises employing more than 200,000 people. Most of the industry was concentrated in the three largest cities: Yaroslavl - 53%, Rybinsk - 17%, Kostroma - 11% of the production volume. In 1940-1941, the Yaroslavl-Rybinsk and Yaroslavl-Kostroma roads, the most important for the region, were built. Industrial production growth rates were significantly higher than in neighboring regions and exceeded the national average growth rates.

Along with industrialization, a cultural revolution also took place, the number of schools and the publication of newspapers increased. In order to improve the ideological indoctrination of the masses, cultural institutions are being created: the Yaroslavl Puppet Theater and the Yaroslavl Regional Philharmonic. At the same time, Orthodox churches are being closed, their premises have been used for household needs, and restoration work has been curtailed.

Since 1924, the Pedagogical Institute has been the only university in the region. In 1931, an evening metal school and a branch of the Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineers were opened in Yaroslavl. In the 1930s, the Higher Communist Agricultural School worked. In 1932, the Rybinsk Aviation Institute was opened. S. Ordzhonikidze, evacuated to Ufa during the war. In 1943, a medical institute was opened in the regional center, in 1944 - a technological institute of the rubber industry and an agricultural institute, an evening institute of Marxism-Leninism. From 1918 to 1975, 18,155 people were convicted for political reasons in the region, of which 2,219 people were shot. These figures do not include unreasonably dispossessed, administratively deported and members of their families. In 1937-1938, 544 regional leaders were repressed in the region, including more than 40 heads of city and district party committees, 166 directors of industrial enterprises, about 40 heads and teachers of educational institutions; during these years, 1,660 people were shot, including 423 workers, 246 peasants and 256 employees.

During the War

Main article: Yaroslavl region in the Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War, more than half a million residents of the Yaroslavl region went to the front, more than 200 thousand people died (approximately every tenth inhabitant of the region). In the autumn of 1941 - in the winter of 1942 there was a real threat of an enemy invasion of the territory of the region; two lines of defense with a total length of 780 km were built in it, part of the strategic enterprises were evacuated, and preparations were made for resistance. In 1941-1943, the region was bombed, the most devastating of which occurred on the nights of June 10 and 21, 1943. The Yaroslavl region received about 0.4 million wounded and about 0.3 million evacuees. The national economy was quickly reorganized on a war footing and became an important part of the country's defense production. In 1942, the Dyadkovo military airfield was opened in Yaroslavl. During 1940-1944, the annual volume of industrial production increased by 12.2%, the region supplied about 760 types of defense products to the front. The Yaroslavl region, which previously imported more than half of the food consumed, in 1943-1945 provided itself with all food products.

After the war

During the IV Five-Year Plan (1946-1950), 15 industrial facilities were reconstructed and built in the region, military production was converted at enterprises, the construction of the Rybinsk hydroelectric power station and the filling of the Rybinsk reservoir were completed, the Uglich watch factory, the Rybinsk cable plant, the Rybinsk hydromechanization plant, and the mechanical plant were built. Volgostroy, Rybinsk Electrotechnical Plant, Semibratov Plant of Gas Cleaning Equipment. By the end of the five-year plan completed ahead of schedule, the industry of the region exceeded the level of 1940 by 46%. In 1950, the consolidation of collective farms took place in the countryside - out of 3890, 962 were created. Electrification of the village began by building low-power primitive power plants.

In 1957, television and the football club "Shinnik" appeared. In the 1960s, Poshekhonsky cheese began to be produced in the region. Jazz played on the banks of the Volga. In 1990, Yarsotsbank was established.

Modernity

Anatoly Lisitsyn became the first governor of the Yaroslavl region. The 1990s saw the emergence of the regional brand Yarpivo. The Muslim diaspora has grown. Rock festivals (Dobrofest) began to be held, the Goths appeared. However, there were also negative developments. Residents of the Yaroslavl region were shocked by the ritual murder in Yaroslavl, committed by Satanists. The population of the area slowly began to die out. To replace the local residents, migrants from Armenia and Kyrgyzstan began to arrive.

In 2006, the Yaroslavl region was the leader in terms of the number of internetized schools. Also, a project was launched in the region to assign a fairy-tale character to the region. Baba Yaga lives in Kukoboe, Alyosha Popovich and Emelya with a pike live in Rostov, Tsar Berendey lives in Pereslavl, Mouse-norushka lives in Myshkin, Hen Ryaba lives in the Rybinsk region, and Vodyanoy lives in Poshekhonye. Well, here, in the Pereslavl forests, is the most fabulous place - Far Far Away.

Notes

1. Uglich
2. 1 2 3 Meyerovich M.G. This is how Yaroslavl began. Yaroslavl: Upper Volga book publishing house, 1984. - 63 p.
3. Krainov D. A. The most ancient history of the Volga-Oka interfluve. M.: 1972.
4. Among us there are already hafiz (interview with the head of the Yaroslavl community of Muslims Kuri Khalimov)
5. Yaroslavl Goths said they have no worldview
6. Yaroslavl Satanists who ate 4 teenagers stabbed victims 666 times
7. Yaroslavl people continue to die out
8. Yaroslavl region leads in the number of internetized schools
9. Yaroslavl region was chosen as the birthplace of the fairy-tale bear

Links

see also

• List of renamed settlements of the Yaroslavl region

Yaroslavl region
	Administrative center: Yaroslavl Cities: Gavrilov-Yam | Danilov | We love | Myshkin | Pereslavl-Zalessky | Poshekhonye | Rostov | Rybinsk | | Uglich Municipal-territorial division: urban districts: Pereslavl-Zalessky | Rybinsk | Yaroslavl Districts: Bolsheselsky | Borisoglebsky | Breitovsky | Gavrilov-Yamsky | Danilovsky | Lyubimsky | Myshkinsky | Nekouzsky | Nekrasovsky | May Day | Pereslavsky | Poshekhonsky | Rostov | Rybinsky | Tutaevsky | Uglich | Yaroslavsky
The edges	Altai Trans-Baikal Kamchatka Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Khabarovsk
Areas	Амурская Архангельская Астраханская Белгородская Брянская Владимирская Волгоградская Вологодская Воронежская Ивановская Иркутская Калининградская Калужская Кемеровская Кировская Костромская Курганская Курская Ленинградская Липецкая Магаданская Московская Мурманская Нижегородская Новгородская Новосибирская Омская Оренбургская Орловская Пензенская Псковская Ростовская Рязанская Самарская Саратовская Сахалинская Свердловская Смоленская Тамбовская Тверская Томская Тульская Тюменская Ульяновская Челябинская Yaroslavskaya
Cities of federal significance	Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol
Autonomous region	Jewish
Autonomous regions	Nenets1 Khanty-Mansiysk - Yugra2 Chukotka Yamalo-Nenets2
1 Located on the territory of the Arkhangelsk region 2 Located on the territory of the Tyumen region

history of the yaroslavl region in, history of the yaroslavl region of kazakhstan, history of the yaroslavl region of darkness, history of the yaroslavl region of ukraine

History of the Yaroslavl region

The materials of the regional archive contain the following information about the emergence of the Kapustin Yar settlement

Versions of occurrence

Two brothers, landowners Zubovs, moved from the Odessa region to the trans-Volga steppes. They settled at a distance of 50 miles from each other. The landowners chose the best lands for animal husbandry, agriculture and hunting. These families lived here after the abolition of serfdom until the revolution itself. The landowner Zubov, fearing a peasant uprising, asked the tsarist government to send a cordon of Cossacks. The arrived Cossacks settled down near the central estate of the landowner on the steep ravine of the Akhtuba River. For communication, the Cossacks appointed one of the exiled foremen named Kapustin. The ataman of the Cossacks ordered the exiles to settle near them on a steep ravine. The settlement was named Kapustin Yar.

There is another version of the foundation of the settlement. Sloboda Kapustin Yar, Tsarevsky district, Kapustinoyarsk volost, located near the Podstepnaya river, founded in 1805. It got its name from the name of the peasant Kapustin, the first settler of this settlement, a former fisherman, whose establishment was under a yar.

The third version refers to the times of Stepan Razin, who walked along the Volga with his freemen. Rising up the river, he left guard posts on its banks to monitor and control the transportation of goods on merchant ships from Russia to the Caucasus, to the Middle Akhtuba and to Turkey. For one guard post, a steep bank was chosen - a ravine. And the senior at the post was a Cossack nicknamed Kapustin.

The main occupation of the population was agriculture and the carriage of salt. When the Cossacks left, the settlers began to look for a better place to live. They found such a place near the Podstepka River not far from Akhtuba. The exiles from the Bogucharovsky district of the Voronezh province were the first to move here, followed by the Korochans from Ukraine. They founded a center on Kamyshina Gora, built a church in honor of the Holy Trinity and a school. Further to the east, "Muscovites" from the Moscow province settled, even further - serfs from the Shatsk district. Communities did not mix, they lived apart. Only by the beginning of the 20th century did the population mix.

There was a lot of land around, but its cultivation required a lot of work. Sowed mainly rye, wheat, millet, mustard, flax, hemp. Ground squirrels, hamsters, hares ate a lot of crops. Often there was not enough bread, we had to go to Nikolaevka for it. The culture was at a low level, there were no hospitals and doctors. Healers treated, education went mainly through the church. In the parochial school, only boys studied at first, later they began to teach girls.

Kapustin Yar was located in a very convenient place for trade. During the flood of the Volga, the waters of the Volga approached the pier of Kapustin Yar, merchant ships could moor here for a month. On the other hand, nomadic peoples brought goods to the settlement from the east. Already in the middle of the 19th century, merchant brick and wooden houses appeared in the center of the village. They were two-story, with a store usually located on the ground floor. There were large merchants in Kapustin Yar near Merchants' houses

local surnames

The top ten eminent merchants included Shishkin, Orlov, Ryzhkov, Linev, Tkachev, Zaglyadkin, Popov and others. Merchants not only traded, but also had farms in the steppe with good pasture. They bought weak cattle from the peasants, drove them for fattening, and then sent them to the city, receiving big profits.

Official sources testify that already in the first half of the 19th century, Karustin Yar was a settlement of 1834 households with a population of 13,300 people. It operated: 3 churches, 4 schools, 20 shops, 1 pharmacy, 5 drinking establishments, 2 fish gangs, 1 steam oil mill, 3 fairgrounds, 120 windmills and groats.

In the 19th century, handicrafts began to develop in the village. There were carpenters, stove-makers, roofers, blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors. The population increased from year to year.

At the beginning of the 20th century

At the turn of the century, the population was about 22,000 thousand people, there were churches, shops, taverns, there were 2 legal political parties - the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Monarchists.

The implementation of the Stolypin agrarian reform caused heated debate among the peasants. The Social Revolutionaries organized a society of grain growers on shares, the share was determined at 25 rubles. They bought agricultural machines and sold them at a premium. There was no organization of Bolsheviks before the revolution, only revolutionary-minded loners.

After the October Revolution

The news of the overthrow of the king quickly spread throughout the village. Despite the cold day, a lot of people gathered on the square. The rally was opened by the Social Revolutionary L.S. Tkachev. The meeting elected the Council of Deputies, which supported the Provisional Government. Tkachev was elected chairman of the council, Ivanov, Golikov, Nazarov, Rogozhin and others were elected members of the council.

New power

After the October Revolution, a representative of the Bolsheviks, a native of Kapustin Yar Kulichenko F.I., was sent to the Tsarevsky district. He managed to pick up an asset (T.Ya.Volkov, F.P.Tikhonenko, D.A.Kotov and others). In January 1918, Soviet power was established in the settlement. The Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies was elected. F.I. Kulichenko, secretary - T.Ya.Volkov. The security of the village was established, the Red Guard and partisan detachments served for 4 years. The party cell consisted of about 50 people

The civil war began. Numerous gangs ran amok in the area. The Red Guard detachment from Kapustin Yar took part in the destruction of the gang in the Zhitkur region. In July 1919, Kapustin Yar was captured by the Whites. The massacre of activists began. The struggle with the whites was fierce. In August 1919, fierce battles unfolded on the outskirts of Kapustin Yar. In September, our area was cleared of whites.

local surnames

Until 1920, there was no Komsomol cell in the village. Its creation was initiated by G.Borisov, I.Kamenev, A.Ryzhkov, the Babenko brothers and others. G.Borisov was elected Secretary

The restoration of the economy destroyed by the war began. Collectivization was accompanied by dispossession. By 1930, about 120 households had been dispossessed. By the beginning of 1932, collectivization was basically over in Kapustin Yar. 7 collective farms were created.

The Great Patriotic War

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, mobilization took place in the village. In total, during the war years, more than 5,000 Kapustinoyarsk residents went to the front, of whom every second died.

The men who had gone to the front were replaced by women. The first difficulties were harvesting a good harvest in 1941. Then - the construction of the railway Vladimirovka - Ferry. The mound from Solyanka to Kolobovka was made by hand. We started on September 20, and on November 20, the first “Bow Cross” arrived in Kapustin Yar from Akhtuba on the mass grave of soldiers of the Soviet Army of the Stalingrad and Don fronts who died of wounds in army hospitals in the village of Kapustin Yar train.

Contribution to the Great Victory

With the outbreak of war, evacuees from Western Ukraine and Belarus began to arrive in the village (about 5,000 people). They were placed at home. During the Battle of Stalingrad, a number of hospitals were relocated to Kapustin Yar: Nos. 4944, 3220, 3245, 3247, 3945, 3937, 4318 and a hospital for the slightly wounded No. 2634. They were placed in the village and on farms

On the banks of the Akhtuba, near the pontoon bridge, there was a transshipment hospital. Here they provided first aid to the slightly wounded and sent them further to Zhitkur. Only one wagon with a driver stood out, everyone did not fit on it, and the soldiers had to go to Zhitkur on foot.

The further history of the village of Kapustin Yar is inextricably linked with the landfill "".

I have long been asked to write about the Kapustin Yar test site. And show, of course. Because the information on the wiki ... is understandable. Today I will try to be brief and just the facts. In general, place all requests and suggestions in the top post - then I will certainly not miss it. Because the mail could not stand it anymore and collapsed.
Kapustin Yar is mentioned in the short story "Cradle in Orbit" by Arthur C. Clarke. One of the key missions of the computer game UFO: Aftermath is the task of finding documents in an underground base located at the Kapustin Yar training ground.
From the messages of former CIA employees:“Atmospheric tests in the north-east of Siberia. In February 1956, radioactive isotopes were discovered, confirming a series of tests at this time.”
Today Kapustin Yar is the 4th State Central Interspecific Range of Russia. Designed for launching combat ballistic missiles, geophysical and meteorological missiles, as well as space objects of small mass. Under Gorbachev, it fell into disrepair. However, like everything in the country. Now it is slowly coming to life. Truth and fiction about nuclear tests under the photo.

It is necessary to start the story about the history of the landfill from the distant 1945 , when the victory over Germany made available to Soviet specialists the remnants of the outstanding missile technologies of the team of Wernher von Braun, who himself, together with the most significant part of the team of developers and scientists, totaling about 400 people, ended up in the hands of the US military and continued his work already in the USA .

All the most valuable things from factories, testing and research centers, including several dozen assembled V-2 rockets, almost all special test equipment and documentation, had already been taken to the United States when the first Soviet intelligence officers and specialists appeared on the ruins of the rocket cradle. Collecting the remnants of the German team and documentation, shaking the wastebaskets of research centers, the specialists nevertheless managed to collect enough material in order to reproduce the design of the V-1 and V-2 rockets.

In the USSR, a number of research institutes and design bureaus were urgently formed, which came to grips with solving this problem. There is a need to create a specialized testing ground for research and testing.

In May 1946, a month after the Americans made the first launch of the A-4 exported from Germany at their White Sands test site in New Mexico, it was decided to create such a test site in the USSR and Major General Vasily Ivanovich Voznyuk, who was tasked with leading the search for a site suitable for the construction of the landfill, set to work. The place was chosen from seven options. As a result, the areas near Volgograd, near the village of Kapustin Yar in the Astrakhan region (which later gave the name to the new landfill) and the village of Naurskaya in the Grozny region, were recognized as the most suitable.

Kapustin Yar

On October 14, 1969, the Interkosmos-1 satellite, created by specialists from the socialist countries, was launched from the Kapustin Yar test site. The Indian satellites Ariabhata and Bhaskara, the French satellite Sneg-3, also went into flight from the now international cosmodrome. Kapustin Yar played an important role in the training of qualified cadres of rocket and space technology testers and leading cadres for new cosmodromes. The Kapustin Yar cosmodrome assumed the role of a cosmodrome for "small" rockets and "small" research satellites of the Earth. This specialization continued until 1988, when the need for launches of such satellites was sharply reduced and space launches from the Kapustin Yar cosmodrome were discontinued. In addition, the agreement signed in 1987 on the reduction of SRS missiles led to an almost complete cessation of test work at the test site. Starting and technical positions were mothballed for about 10 years, but were constantly maintained in working condition. The last known test launch was made on June 22, 1988. This was the sixth and last flight of the BOR-5 project.

In 1998, the long-awaited revival of the test site and the cosmodrome began. After many years of inactivity, a commercial launch of the Cosmos 11K65M carrier rocket was carried out from the cosmodrome, carrying a French satellite as an additional load, and on April 28, 1999, the ABRIXAS and Megsat-0 satellites were launched.

Test work has also resumed. Ideas for an interspecies testing ground have finally come to fruition. In 1999, test sites from Emba and Sary-Shagan were relocated to the site.

Monument to our first R-1.
Whatever the surname is a separate glorious story.


Entertainment nearby is appropriate. It's called Orbit. Znamensk.


Exhibition of tested equipment



And the surroundings are beautiful.
The photo is bad, but the fish is good!

The village in which the pioneers began to live has not changed much. Unless plates appeared on the houses, and cars in the yards.

The steppes are lavishly strewn with missile nose fairings, burnt-out sustainer engines, ejection seats...

Video - briefly about KapYar from the first days to the present day.

In 1954, another “site” “4N” appeared at the test missile range No. 4 (Kapustin Yar). The regime of special secrecy adopted by the military and extended to “4N” surpassed even what existed at the “objects” of S.P. Queen. Not only the “platform”, but also the very fact of its existence was kept secret. The buildings, surrounded by a high fence and rows of barbed wire, were guarded by a state security unit that was not subordinate to the command of the training ground. Only two of the huge army of industrialists, developers, officers of technical and other services had special passes to the territory of a specially protected facility - the chief designer of OKB-1 S.P. Korolev and the head of training ground No. 4, General V.I. Voznyuk.

That year, Korolev began the third series of tests of his new R-5 rocket. The CHIEF at the “4N” site was Alexander Petrovich Pavlov, an engineer of a secret atomic design bureau. A small group of specialists worked with him, which was engaged in the preparation of nuclear charge automation for testing. It was important to establish how very sensitive automatic devices would behave during the launch and flight of a rocket, how vibrations, overloads, and aerodynamic heating could affect them.

The complexity of the design was exacerbated by the complexity of the processes that took place when it was triggered. The problem was that reliable guarantees were required that a nuclear charge would be detonated in the air above a certain “point” of the nuclear test site, that the rocket would not deviate from the set course, that nothing out of the ordinary would happen at the start. Otherwise, the tests could turn into a terrible tragedy.

In the head part of the rocket, where the nuclear charge should be located, a massive blank was fastened - a steel plate with detonators mounted on it. The place of the fall was found, a special team was urgently sent there, the slab was removed from the ground, wrapped in a tarpaulin and taken away to the “4N”. There, it was carefully cleaned from the ground, washed with alcohol and lubricated with gun oil so that it would not rust. Following this, the decoding of “traces” from detonator explosions began. By the type of scratches, depressions, notches, the clarity of the automation was determined. In the summer of 1955, as already mentioned, Korolev began testing a modernized version of the R-5 rocket. She had the index "M" (R-5M) and a more advanced, and therefore, accurate, control system. Until January 1956, twenty-eight launches were made. Of all the missiles, one exploded on the active leg of the flight, there were several undershoots, and a deviation from the calculated trajectory was recorded twice. By established standards, such a result could well be considered a credit, but Korolev and Pavlov were cautious. A test launch was scheduled for January 11. He passed without comment. The mood of Pavlov and his colleagues was upbeat. Korolev looked different.

Not only nuclear physicists solve complex problems, - he began philosophically. - There are also problem books for testers. In these descriptions, various critical situations, “beans” are analyzed in detail ... Dear Alexander Petrovich, we need not emotions, but concrete results. We strive for them...

Well, this is probably so, - Pavlov agreed. - But will we report to Moscow? - Korolev chuckled: - If you have no doubts, we will report.

The hour of nuclear missile testing, full-scale and unconditional, was approaching.

In early February, the State Commission arrived in Kapustin Yar. It was headed by General P. M. Zernov, the first head of the atomic KB-11 (Arzamas-16). Other “fathers” of the atomic bomb flew with him. The eldest from the civilians was D.F. Ustinov, from the military - Marshal M.I. Nedelin. The commission also included six chief designers of the “five”: S.P. Korolev, V.P. Glushko, N.A. Pilyugin, V.I. Kuznetsov, M.S. Ryazansky and V.P. Barmin. And, as expected, - the head of the training ground V.I. Voznyuk

A few days before the start, Marshal G.K. flew to Kapyar. Zhukov, took an interest in the course of affairs and departed for Moscow. After his departure, a group of chief designers turned to Zernov with a request to show them a nuclear device. According to the regulation on the state commission, each of its members signing the test report must know the "device and characteristics of the product."

A natural, in general, situation, - said a member of the commission from KB-II, the future general and academician E.A. Negin.- But I had to call Moscow. Everything that appeared to the eyes of the rocket men crossed out their idea of ​​​​the atomic bomb. In a brightly lit screened room, on a special stand, lay something shiny and spherical, not to say very large, but still ...

All the pre-launch days, Korolev did not leave the assembly and test building, where the rocket was being prepared. I do not leave him with an oppressive feeling of tension, anxiety, fear of missing something.

The “Five” was taken to the start, installed, refueling took place - everything was on schedule. Suddenly, Zernov canceled the launch: "We'll postpone it for a day or two."

The Queen's first thought is something with a nuclear charge. He was completely exhausted, lost sleep, walked gloomy, mine. Fortunately, everything turned out to be easier. In the area of ​​the nuclear test site, the weather deteriorated sharply.

The main day was February 20th. Korolev, Pavlov and Pilyugin descended into the bunker. The starting team was led by L.A. Voskresensky - Deputy Queen for testing. He took a seat at the periscope and gave commands.

The engines went into mode, and the roar intensified. In the dungeon, he gave off a vibration. Then the sound began to subside.

“Gone,” Voskresensky confirmed, not looking up from the eyepieces.

The hum ended as suddenly as it began. There was silence. Pulling, tense. Korolev fixed his eyes on the telephones on the operator's desk. They were silent.

The ballisticians were very afraid that the rocket would deviate from the given trajectory, - said the State Prize winner Professor R.F. Appazov. - This happened ... In order to blow up a rocket in a timely manner, they created a special system with a ground point PAPR (point for emergency detonation of a rocket). It was located a few kilometers from the start, strictly along the alignment, i.e. in the plane of the rocket. A cinema theodolite was installed there. It was necessary to track the flight and, in case of dangerous deviations to the right or left, press the button ... The measuring tool is imperfect, you look, but you keep the control numbers in your mind and count. There was a telephone on the PAPR that was connected to the bunker. In which case it was necessary to transmit the coded word "Ivanhoe". Voskresensky was supposed to press the button on this signal. And we - in the duty "gazik" and run away. On that day everything was fine...

The bunker was still quiet. Only telemetry data sounded muffled over the intercom. Korolev sat motionless: "Ivanhoe" is silent, which means ... "

He covered his eyes with his hands and counted to himself just to distract himself. The buzzer of the telephone made him flinch. Korolyov grabbed the receiver and pressed it to his ear.

Watched "Baikal", - a distant voice croaked. - I repeat: we observed “Baikal”. It was also a conditional cipher. It meant that the rocket reached the test site and the explosion occurred over a given point. Korolev stood up, shrugged his shoulders, throwing off the heavy burden of waiting.

It's hot in here, open the doors... Everything seems to work out.

The sky was cold and transparent. The snow sparkled and blinded the eyes, crunched loudly underfoot, as if angry with people. Despite the frost that burns the face, at this early hour, a revival reigned at the distant Volga training ground. This is always the case after a successful launch. Something more happened at that time. In fact, few knew about it.

IN NOVEMBER 1957, at a military parade in honor of the next anniversary of the October Revolution, several elongated missiles with pointed nose fairings proceeded across Red Square. It was carried by the secret R-5M, adopted for service. The military attachés present at the parade that evening handed over ciphers: “The Russians have new nuclear missiles.”
It happens at the range and such. Fire! The radio is on fire! Kapustin Yar. 2008:

“... How long am I in anguish hungry
Fasting involuntary to observe
And with cold veal
Truffles of Yar to remember? ... "
A.S. Pushkin.

Who has not heard of the legendary restaurant "Yar"!

The history of Yar begins in 1826, when at the corner of Kuznetsky Most and Neglinka in the house of the Senate clerk Ludwig Shavan "a restaurant was opened with a lunch and dinner table, all sorts of grape wines and liqueurs, desserts, coffee and tea at very reasonable prices." The owner of this "restaurant" with the hotel was the Frenchman Tranquil Yard. The name of the restaurant reflects his last name, not the Russian word "yar". The business of the enterprising Frenchman developed and already in 1848 the restaurant moved to Petrovka, closer to the Hermitage Garden, and after that to its current location on Petersburg Highway (now Leningradsky Prospekt) to the country house of General Bashilov.
Arriving in Moscow, A. S. Pushkin repeatedly visited the Yard restaurant. On January 27, 1831, Pushkin, Baratynsky, Vyazemsky and Yazykov commemorated their mutual friend poet Anton Delvig, who died on January 14, here.
Pushkin also had a favorite dish in the restaurant - sweet soup with rhubarb:
1 liter of apple juice, half a kilo of raspberries, 150 g of sugar, honey to taste. Adding cinnamon, star anise, cloves and allspice peas to them, cook over low heat for 30 minutes. Then add 100 grams of rhubarb and 150 grams of cream to the boiling mass. Beat everything hot with a mixer, strain through a fine sieve, let cool. Served chilled. You can decorate with fresh mint leaves, whipped cream, vanilla sauce. (Served with chocolate muffins).
The police lists kept a list of people who stayed at the Yara Hotel and were under police surveillance. Pavel Alekseevich Golitsyn lived in 1832, a former participant in the foreign campaigns of 1813-1814, a member of the Union of Welfare. On January 6, 1842, N.P. stopped here while passing through St. Petersburg. Ogarev, and in February 1846, after a trip abroad, he was here again with N. M. Satin. "We haven't seen each other for several years..." said A. I. Herzen. With a beating heart, Granovsky and I rushed to Yar, where they stopped. In Past and Thoughts, Herzen described his first dinner at the famous restaurateur Yara: “I had a gold one and Ogarev had about the same. We were still complete beginners then, and therefore, after a long deliberation, we ordered ouha au champagne (champagne ear), a bottle of rhine wine and some tiny game, due to which we got up because of dinner, terribly expensive, completely hungry ...) ”
Several years - from 1848 to 1851. - “Yar” worked in the Hermitage garden, but not in the Hermitage garden, on Petrovka, which we all know well, but in the old one on Bozhedomka. And in 1851, Yar opened as a country restaurant in Petrovsky Park, on Petersburg Highway (now Leningradsky Prospekt) owned by General Bashilov. At this place, although repeatedly rebuilt, it still exists today. Petersburg Highway both in winter and in summer at night was brightly lit, and frantic troikas were galloping along it - in "Yar". As they used to say then: “They don’t go to Yar - they get to Yar.” When the broad Russian soul demanded revelry - that's when - in "Yar". If, of course, moshna allowed. There is scope, there is the famous gypsy choir of Anna Zakharovna. In 1871, Fyodor Ivanovich Aksyonov became the owner of Yar. The restaurant flourished. In 1895, after the death of Aksyonov, Yar was acquired by Aleksey Akimovich Sudakov, a Yaroslavl peasant who achieved everything with his mind and talent. In 1910 he rebuilds "Yar" (architect A. Erichson): the restaurant turned from a wooden house into a solid palace with columns. It remains in this building to this day. Houses for employees were built next to the restaurant.
“Coachman, drive to Yar” is a song dedicated to Sudakov, she was sung during the grand opening of the new restaurant building. Visitors were regaled in huge majestic halls and cozy rooms located on the balconies. In the courtyard of the restaurant, a beautiful summer garden for 250 seats was laid out with mysterious stone grottoes, arbors covered with ivy, a fountain and lawns. In pre-revolutionary times, "Yar" became famous for revelry, so colorfully described by Gilyarovsky in the book "Moscow and Muscovites": "Restaurant Yar. The Petersburg nobility, led by the Grand Dukes, specially came from Petersburg to eat the Test pig, crayfish soup with pies and the famous Guryev porridge, which, by the way, had nothing to do with the Gurinsky tavern, but was invented by some mythical Guryev. In addition to a number of offices, the tavern had two huge halls, where eminent merchants had their tables for lunch or breakfast, which could not be occupied by anyone until a certain hour. So, in the left hall, the last table by the window had been standing behind the millionaire Yves since four o'clock. You. A chizhevy, clean-shaven, fat old man of enormous stature. He sat neatly at the table at the right time, always almost alone, ate for two hours and dozed between courses. His menu was as follows: a portion of cold beluga or sturgeon with horseradish, caviar, two plates of crayfish soup, fish or kidney villagers with two pies, and then roasted pig, veal or fish, depending on the season. In summer, botvinya with sturgeon, white salmon and dry grated salmon is a must. Then for the third dish, invariably, a frying pan of Guryev porridge. Sometimes he allowed himself a digression, replacing the pies with Baidakov's pie - a huge kulebyaka stuffed in twelve tiers, where there was everything from a layer of burbot liver to a layer of bone marrow in black oil. At the same time, he drank red and white wine, and after taking a nap for half an hour, he went home to sleep in order to be at the Merchant Club from eight in the evening, eat the whole evening by special order already with a large company and drink champagne. He always ordered at the club himself, and none of the companions contradicted him.
“I’m not supposed to have these different follies-jolies and fricasse-curase ... We eat in Russian - but the belly doesn’t hurt, we don’t rush about doctors, we don’t wander around abroad. And this gourmet lived to an advanced age in good health ... "
One of the Yar's regulars was Savva Morozov. “Somehow in the winter he drives up to his favorite restaurant (this was before its restructuring), but they don’t let him in. Some merchant walks - the restaurant rented "at the mercy" (banquet service, that is). Morozov then scored some kind of squalor, led to a restaurant and ordered to break the wall - "I'm crying for everything." They break the wall, Savva Timofeevich is sitting in the top three, waiting, which means that he can call on the black ones. Not subject to persuasion. I don't want to call the police either - a regular customer, he left so much money in the restaurant. Somehow he was persuaded by a gypsy from the choir not to destroy the restaurant.
And then the merchants liked to play in the "aquarium". They ordered the huge white piano to be filled with water to the brim and the fish were launched into it.
There was also a price list in "Yar" for those who like to have a good time. The pleasure of smearing a waiter's face with mustard, for example, cost 120 rubles, and throwing a bottle into a Venetian mirror cost 100 rubles. However, all the property of the restaurant was insured for solid money.
The restaurant also had an imperial box, although Nicholas II did not visit the restaurant, but Grigory Rasputin visited it more than once. However, like his future killer, Prince Felix Yusupov.
At various times, Yar was visited by Chekhov and Kuprin, Gorky and Leonid Andreev, Balmont and Bryusov, Chaliapin, the artists brothers Vasnetsov, Levitan, Repin, Vrubel, Serov ... After the revolution, the restaurant was closed. Sudakov was arrested. For a short time, in the New Economic Policy, he also worked as a restaurant, and then a cinema, a gym for Red Army soldiers, a hospital, a film technical school, and VGIK were registered here in turn. In the 1930s it was rebuilt as the Pilots' Club. In the early 1950s the building was rebuilt once again, now beyond recognition, and the Sovietskaya hotel with the restaurant of the same name was opened in it. A little later, the gypsy theater "Romen" drove into the side of the hotel - the spirit of the old "Yar" and the gypsy choir of Anna Zakharovna turned out to be attractive. Vasily Stalin, and the King of Spain Juan Carlos, and Indira Gandhi, and Vysotsky with Marina Vlady, and the Iron Lady with Konrad Adenauer have been here. In 1998, the reconstruction of the restaurant began, reviving the former glory of Yar.
To date, the pre-revolutionary interior has been restored: the frescoes of the beginning of the century on the ceiling and walls have been restored, the chandelier of 1912 (as well as the lamps of 1952) has been put into operation, the fountain in the courtyard, made according to the design of the fountain of the Bolshoi Theater, has been recreated.

Boiled pork in a Russian oven
Marinade:
Sour (not much, within reason) white kvass + half a glass of honey + cumin + black pepper + bay leaf.
We cook everything for several minutes, pour the ham with a cut bone and keep it for a day. Then stuff with garlic and pieces of bacon, rub with salt, tie with twine. And bake until done. Everything is simple.
White kvass recipe on Maxim Syrnikov's website http://www.syrnikov.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=1

I took the photos at a corporate party at the Yar restaurant.

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Image caption 79-year-old Vasily Mikhailovsky holds an album with his childhood photographs in his hands. He survived at Babi Yar

On September 29, 1941, 4-year-old Caesar Katz walked hand in hand with his nanny through the streets of Kyiv to Babi Yar. He balanced on the tram rails and asked the nanny to buy him a festive balloon.

The kid was in a great mood. The multitude of people around him reminded him of the holiday demonstrations he had recently attended with his dad.

Soon tens of thousands of Jews will die in Babi Yar. Among them will be his relatives and father.

Little Caesar Katz survived that day. Now his name is Vasily Mikhailovsky, he is 79 years old. He told the Air Force his story.

"Take the Zhydenka to Babi Yar in the morning"

I had four mothers, three surnames, two fathers and one destiny.

I was born in 1937 to a Jewish Katz family. Mom died after giving birth. My brother, who was 6 years older than me, and I were orphaned.

Dad took us a nanny, a very good woman, Nadezhda Fomina. He worked in a small coffee shop on Khreshchatyk, and during the war he was involved in the evacuation of the district headquarters.

Image copyright unian Image caption Vasily Mikhailovsky shows a photo of the nanny who saved his life

Our whole family - grandmother, children and a nanny - dad put on a train to evacuate. The train got stuck near Kyiv, passing trains with equipment from factories. Stayed for a week. We've run out of food. Grandmother sent a nanny to our Kyiv house for food. When the nurse returned, the train was gone. So my nanny and I stayed in Kyiv ourselves and returned home.

My dad was surrounded near Kyiv, and then ended up in a concentration camp in the city. Well, as they said, communists and Jews are a step forward. His comrade delayed, so he escaped death. But then he was transferred with some column to another camp, and along the way, those who were walking badly were shot at. Dad was not hit, but he fell. The column went on, and he got up and ran home.

Image copyright unian Image caption Monument to the children who died at Babi Yar

We lived near Maidan, on Kostelnaya Street. Dad ran home and saw us. He just had time to eat and change clothes, and then there was a knock on the door - two policemen were on the threshold. The janitor saw dad enter the yard and called the policemen. He wanted to run through the back door, but we never saw him again. The janitor returned and said to the nanny: "Take the Zhydenka to Babi Yar in the morning."

"You will die with him"

Our nanny was illiterate. She did not know what that Babi Yar was, why I should be taken there. In the morning I packed my things, something to eat, and we went with her.

There were many people on Khreshchatyk. I asked to buy me flags and a ball. When there were holidays, my dad and I went to a demonstration, he bought toys for us. Of course, there was no time for balls. I was in a good mood, I was balancing on the rails. And so they went.

Image copyright unian

And the mood of the people gradually worsened. Women and children were crying. We reached the Lukyanovsky market, where policemen and Gestapo men with dogs were already standing along the road. So we reached the first circle of encirclement in front of Babi Yar. There were anti-tank barriers made of rails, "hedgehogs". The street was closed. There was a small passage between these barriers. The Germans did not calculate that there would be so many people.

People gathered in whole yards, loaded things. And why? Because the Germans started such a rumor that the Jews would be sent to another safe place. An announcement was posted in the city that all Jews should gather at the intersection of Degtyarevskaya and Melnikov, and whoever does not come will be shot. It was impossible to stay at home, all the roads around Kyiv were blocked, so everyone went. We met our dairymaid and she warned the nanny: "Wherever you go with a Jewish child, you will die with him. Get your passport."

On the first line of encirclement between these anti-tank barriers there was a small passage, behind the dogs they rushed at people, the dog also rushed at us and took our bag with food. I burst into tears. People around were beaten with rifle butts, urged on. Nanny and I fell right into this fence. Crashed into blood, I still have a scar for life. People walked through us, stepped on us.

Image copyright babynyar.gov.ua Image caption Tombstones from the former Jewish cemetery at Babi Yar

Probably, at that moment, someone from this environment skipped a beat - they lifted me from the ground by the collar, the nanny had a passport in her hand, they saw that she was Ukrainian and pushed us out of the environment. We went out and hid in the alley. I've already stopped talking. The language has been taken away. And it was for a long time.

Bucket of blood and dump

For two weeks, my nanny and I walked around the city. We spent the night in the ruins, visited friends, asked for food. Someone gave a little bread, someone potatoes. Once my nanny was told: "Why are you walking with a Jewish child, they will kill him and they will kill you."

She decided to send me to a shelter for homeless children, which was in Pechersk, on Predslavinskaya Street. She wrote "Vasya Fomin" in a note, put it in my pocket and left me in front of the house.

Image copyright unian

The janitor saw me and took me inside. So I met with the doctor Nina Nikitichnaya Gudkova, who had already taken care of 70 orphans. She immediately realized that I was a Jewish child, I had such curls. I got shorn. I didn't speak for several months. During the war, I was left an orphan. An orphan is a person with a torn piece of heart, soul. No one took care of me, no one protected me.

There were no supplies in the orphanage, children 1-1.5 years old were dying of hunger. We, the older ones, somehow survived.

People from the surrounding houses brought some food, but this was not enough. Near this shelter there was a slaughterhouse where meat was harvested. Here, workers from the slaughterhouse brought us a bucket of blood and some offal at the bottom of the bucket. Older children went to the dump to the theater restaurant, collected leftover food. That's how we survived.

There were several other Jewish children in the orphanage. When some kind of raid was approaching, Nina Nikitichna hid us under the stairs, we sat there like mice. They understood the danger.

New family

After the liberation of Kyiv, I ended up in another orphanage. Children have already been found there, taken away. I was left alone in the room. I cried, worried, asked the nanny why no one came for me. A nanny from the orphanage says to me: "Distance, tomorrow someone will come for you."

Image copyright unian Image caption Every September, Babi Yar commemorates the dead

The next day, I peeped into Nina Nikitichna's office and saw a woman and a man with a big beard. I rushed to them, grabbed the man's beard and started shouting: "Mommy, daddy, it's me, your son, take me away."

They wanted to take the girl, but they were touched, so I rushed to them. So I became Vasily Mikhailovsky.

At first I was Caesar Katz, with that name I was born. Then I became Vasya Fomin, and now I am Vasily Mikhailovsky.

They were wonderful people, my new parents Vasily and Berta Mikhailovsky. I was lucky, they took care of me. But they didn't have such a simple story either. He was a doctor from a priest's family, his wife was also Jewish. Throughout the war, he hid her and his mother-in-law from the Nazis - wrapped them up and put them in the morgue, in the typhoid department of the hospital, in the villages. That's how they survived.

In 1937, three of his brothers were shot. They also wanted to repress him, as the son of a priest. He worked in small hospitals in the villages, constantly transferred, so that they would not have time to "dig up" a lot for him.

"Bitterness and Pain"

I didn’t think about Babi Yar for a very long time. That moment when we fell in front of Babi Yar, maybe there was even a concussion. I could not speak, for a long time I did not remember anything about it.

The whole story of my salvation and wanderings in Kyiv was later told to me by my nanny and my relatives. They found me, they came to Kyiv to visit. I first saw my older brother at the age of 22. He told the story of my family.

Image copyright UNIAN Image caption Monument in Babi Yar

And, probably, from Babi Yar, I still had a great fear of prisoners. As soon as I saw how they were taken out into the street under escort, I trembled all over and threw myself into my father's arms.

I think not enough people know about those horrors.

In Soviet times, Babi Yar was generally filled with pulp. Earth was brought to our yard, and skulls often came across in it.

What is there to say? People could not even gather there to commemorate. They were driven on black funnels. It was then that a monument was erected there. Now more remember those atrocities. We, who miraculously survived there, and there are only a few of us left in Kyiv, sometimes perform at schools, share our memories.

There were so many tragedies during the war, it is difficult to remember any one place. The Lvov and Minsk ghettos have been destroyed, and there are thousands of Babi Yars.

I remember those people who died there, in Babi Yar, my father, my relatives. It is very difficult, it is bitterness and pain.

It's great that the area has been cleaned up. On the benches you can see mothers with children - this is about the fact that life goes on.