1.3.1. Actual material as a historical source and methods of its study. General characteristics of act material Old Russian acts represent an extensive complex of sources. According to V. A. Kuchkin, only eight acts of the 12th century, 15 acts

• 1) chronological - consists in the fact that the phenomena of history are studied strictly in temporal (chronological) order. It is used in compiling chronicles of events, biographies;
• 2) chronological-problematic - provides for the study of the history of Russia by periods, and within them - by problems. It is used in all general studies, including various courses of lectures on history;
• 3) problem-chronological - used in the study of any one aspect of the activities of the state, society, political figure in its consistent development. This approach makes it possible to more fully trace the logic of the development of the problem, as well as to extract practical experience most effectively;
• 4) periodization - based on the fact that both society as a whole and any of its constituent parts go through various stages of development, separated from each other by qualitative boundaries. The main thing in periodization is the establishment of clear criteria, their strict and consistent application in the study and research;
• 5) comparative-historical - based on the recognition of the known recurrence of historical events in world history. Its essence is to compare them to establish both common patterns and differences;
• 6) retrospective - based on the fact that past, present and future societies are closely interconnected. This makes it possible to recreate a picture of the past even in the absence of all sources relating to the time under study;
• 7) statistical - consists in the study of important aspects of the life and activities of the state, a quantitative analysis of many homogeneous facts, each of which individually is not of great importance, while in the aggregate they cause the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones;
• 8) sociological research is used in the study of modernity. It makes it possible to study phenomena in the main political history. Among the techniques of this method are questionnaires, surveys, interviews, etc.

Sources for the study of national history are very significant and complex. The exact boundaries of the range of sources do not seem to exist due to the integrity and indivisibility of the historical process, the interconnectedness of people's activities at various stages of historical and political development. Approximate classification of sources: 1) archaeological sources; 2) annals and chronicles; 3) ethnographic sources; 4) archival documents; 5) documents of state bodies and public organizations of the Russian state; 6) documents of political parties and movements of Russia; 7) works of statesmen and public figures of Russia; 8) periodicals; 9) memoir literature; 10) museum documents; 11) photo, audio and film documents; 12) electronic media.

The cheat sheet in a short and convenient form provides answers to all the main questions provided for by the state educational standard and the curriculum for the discipline "National History".

The book will allow you to quickly gain basic knowledge on the subject, repeat the material covered, as well as prepare well and successfully pass the test and exam.

NATIONAL HISTORY
Crib

1. HISTORY OF THE FATHERLAND AS A SCIENCE. SUBJECT, FUNCTIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF STUDY

Subject of study Patriotic history are patterns of political and socio-economic development of the Russian state and society as part of the global process of human history. The history of Russia examines socio-political processes, the activities of various political forces, the development of political systems and state structures.

The following functions of historical knowledge:

1) cognitive, intellectual development- proceeds from the knowledge of the historical process as a social branch of scientific knowledge, the identification of the main trends in the social development of history and, as a result, the theoretical generalization of historical facts;

3) ideological- in the study of history, to a large extent determines the formation of a scientific worldview. This happens because history, relying on various sources, provides documented accurate data about the events of the past. People turn to the past in order to better understand modern life, the trends inherent in it. Thus, knowledge of history equips people with an understanding of the historical perspective.

4) educational- consists in the fact that knowledge of history actively forms the civic qualities of a person, allows you to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the modern social system.

Principles of the scientific study of history:

1. The principle of objectivity obliges to consider historical reality regardless of the desires, aspirations, attitudes and predilections of the subject. First of all, it is necessary to study the objective patterns that determine the processes of socio-political development. To do this, one should rely on the facts in their true content, as well as consider each phenomenon in its versatility and inconsistency.

2. The principle of historicism states that any historical phenomenon should be studied from the point of view of where, when and why this phenomenon arose, how it was at the beginning, how it then developed, what path it went through, what assessments were given to it at a particular stage of development, what can be said about his prospects. The principle of historicism requires that any student of history should not become a judge in the evaluation of historical and political events.

3. Under principle of social approach understand the manifestation of certain social and class interests, the entire sum of social class relations. It should be emphasized that the principle of a social approach to history is especially necessary and essential in assessing the programs and real activities of political parties and movements, as well as their leaders and functionaries.

4. The principle of comprehensive study of history implies the need not only for the completeness and reliability of information, but also for taking into account all aspects and relationships that affect the political sphere of society.

2. METHODS AND SOURCES FOR STUDYING THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA Methods for studying history:

1) chronological- consists in the fact that the phenomena of history are studied strictly in temporal (chronological) order. It is used in compiling chronicles of events, biographies;

3) problem-chronological- is used in the study of any one aspect of the activities of the state, society, politician in its consistent development. This approach makes it possible to more fully trace the logic of the development of the problem, as well as to extract practical experience most effectively;

4) periodization- is based on the fact that both society as a whole and any of its constituent parts go through various stages of development, separated from each other by qualitative boundaries. The main thing in periodization is the establishment of clear criteria, their strict and consistent application in the study and research;

5) comparative historical- is based on the recognition of a certain recurrence of historical events in world history. Its essence is to compare them to establish both common patterns and differences;

6) retrospective- is based on the fact that past, present and future societies are closely interconnected. This makes it possible to recreate a picture of the past even in the absence of all sources relating to the time under study;

7) statistical- consists in the study of important aspects of the life and activities of the state, a quantitative analysis of many homogeneous facts, each of which individually is not of great importance, while in the aggregate they determine the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones;

8) sociological research used in contemporary studies. It makes it possible to study phenomena in the main political history. Among the techniques of this method are questionnaires, surveys, interviews, etc.

Sources for studying national history very significant and complex. The exact boundaries of the range of sources do not seem to exist due to the integrity and indivisibility of the historical process, the interconnectedness of people's activities at various stages of historical and political development. Approximate source classification: 1) archaeological sources; 2) annals and chronicles; 3) ethnographic sources; 4) archival documents; 5) documents of state bodies and public organizations of the Russian state; 6) documents of political parties and movements of Russia; 7) works of statesmen and public figures of Russia; 8) periodicals; 9) memoir literature; 10) museum documents; 11) photo, phono and film documents; 12) electronic media.

3. THE PROBLEM OF THE EASTERN SLAVES ETHNOGENESIS

Ethnogenesis- the whole process of existence and development of the ethnic system from the moment of its emergence to its disappearance.

A significant number of archaeological sites of the Stone Age have been discovered on the territory of Russia. According to scientists, the Slavs could belong to the Indo-European peoples, the formation of a linguistic community of which took place on the Iranian plateau and in Western Asia in the 6th-5th millennium BC. e. In addition, it is believed that the Slavs as a species formed on the territory of Eastern Europe in the 4th-2nd millennium BC. e. They inhabited the forest areas between the Oder and the middle Dnieper, from the Baltic Sea to the Dniester. The main branches of their economy were agriculture and cattle breeding. The most famous monument of the Slavic proto-civilization is the Trypillian archaeological culture, covering the space from South-Eastern Transylvania to the Dnieper.

In the middle of the first millennium BC. e. iron began to spread among the Slavs. The gradual decomposition of the tribal system belongs to the same period. It was then that the everyday, religious and cultural features of the Slavic tribes clearly stood out in comparison with other Indo-European peoples, which allows us to conclude that the formation in the 1st millennium BC. e. Slavic pracivilization. Around this time, a single Slavic community was divided into three branches: eastern (future Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian peoples), western (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, etc.) and southern (Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, etc.).

In the II century. n. e. the Germanic tribes of the Goths came to the northern Black Sea region from the lower reaches of the Vistula. Under their leadership, a military-tribal union was formed here, which also included part of the Slavic tribes. From the end of the 4th century the tribes of Eastern Europe were involved in major migration processes - the so-called Great Migration of Peoples. The Turkic nomads, the Huns, who invaded from Asia, defeated the Goths, and the latter went to Central and Western Europe. During the V-VIII centuries. Slavs settled vast areas in Eastern, Central and South-Eastern Europe. By this period, the territory of settlement of the Eastern Slavs was determined by the following boundaries: in the north - the Volkhov River, in the south - the Dniester River, in the west - the Western Bug River, in the east - the Volga River. It was at this time that an original East Slavic civilization developed, characterized by a common economic structure, a socio-political structure in the form of military democracy, common features of behavior, rituals, etc.

Subject of study Patriotic history are patterns of political and socio-economic development of the Russian state and society as part of the global process of human history. The history of Russia examines socio-political processes, the activities of various political forces, the development of political systems and state structures.

Methods for studying history:

1) chronological- consists in the fact that the phenomena of history are studied strictly in temporal (chronological) order. It is used in compiling chronicles of events, biographies;

2) chronologically problematic- provides for the study of the history of Russia by periods, and within them - by problems. It is used in all general studies, including various courses of lectures on history;

3) problem-chronological- is used in the study of any one aspect of the activities of the state, society, politician in its consistent development. This approach makes it possible to more fully trace the logic of the development of the problem, as well as to extract practical experience most effectively;

4) periodization- is based on the fact that both society as a whole and any of its constituent parts go through various stages of development, separated from each other by qualitative boundaries. The main thing in periodization is the establishment of clear criteria, their strict and consistent application in the study and research;

5) comparative historical- is based on the recognition of a certain recurrence of historical events in world history. Its essence is to compare them to establish both common patterns and differences;

6) retrospective- is based on the fact that past, present and future societies are closely interconnected. This makes it possible to recreate a picture of the past even in the absence of all sources relating to the time under study;

7) statistical- consists in the study of important aspects of the life and activities of the state, a quantitative analysis of many homogeneous facts, each of which individually is not of great importance, while in the aggregate they determine the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones;

8) sociological research used in contemporary studies. It makes it possible to study phenomena in the main political history. Among the techniques of this method are questionnaires, surveys, interviews, etc.

Sources for studying national history very significant and complex. The exact boundaries of the range of sources do not seem to exist due to the integrity and indivisibility of the historical process, the interconnectedness of people's activities at various stages of historical and political development. Approximate source classification: 1) archaeological sources; 2) annals and chronicles; 3) ethnographic sources; 4) archival documents; 5) documents of state bodies and public organizations of the Russian state; 6) documents of political parties and movements of Russia; 7) works of statesmen and public figures of Russia; 8) periodicals; 9) memoir literature; 10) museum documents; 11) photo, phono and film documents; 12) electronic media.

full-time and part-time (evening)

forms of education

Voronezh 2004

Compiled by: Dr. ist. sciences, prof. , Dr. ist. sciences, prof. , cand. ist. Sciences, art. teacher -tin, cand. ist. Sciences, Assoc. L. A. Britskaya, Ph.D. ist. Sciences, Assoc. , cand. ist. Sciences, Assoc. , Art. teacher .

Tests on national history for students of all specialties full-time and part-time (evening) forms of education / Voronezh. state tech. un-t; Comp. , -ditch, . Voronezh, 20s.

These tests are intended for students studying the course "National History". They meet the state requirements for the mandatory minimum content and the level of training of specialists with higher education. They contain questions covering all topics of the training course, as well as answer options, including extended correct answers. Designed for control and self-control of students' knowledge, verification of residual knowledge for 1st year students.

Bibliography: 18 titles.

Reviewer Sciences, Assoc.

Responsible for the release Department of Dr. ist. sciences, prof.

© Voronezh State

technical university, 2004

National History Tests

for students of all specialties

day and evening forms of education

Compiled by:

LR No. 000 dated 25.08.99. Signed for publication on 29.09.03.

Format 60x84/16. Paper for duplicators.

Conv. oven l. 3.5 Uch.-ed. l. 3.2 Circulation 150 copies.

"C" 13 Order no.

Voronezh State Technical University

394026 Voronezh, Moskovsky pr., 14

Organization of testing

Testing is believed to be the most effective form of testing and self-testing knowledge of Russian history. By answering the test questions, students can evaluate their own knowledge, as well as replenish it. Testing can be carried out in the process of checking the so-called residual knowledge of students, breaking the tests into several options.

The tests are designed in such a way that they cover all the topics of the national history course. Then a computer program was developed.

In total, students are asked to answer 14 tests. Each test includes several multiple choice questions. It is enough for the student to choose one of the proposed answers. If he is wrong, he can find out the correct answer, and in expanded form.

If the student answered all the questions of the tests, then he receives a mark of "5". If he answered %), then he gets a rating of "4", if by 50%, then a rating of "3".

Test questions can be used to organize testing in training. For example, after studying several topics, students are offered appropriate tests. In this case, the teacher himself determines for how many questions, what grade he will give. Such testing is less effective, but in certain cases it can still be organized, for example, for poorly performing students.

Approximate test topics:

1. What is the name of the most complete of the sources covering the history of Ancient Russia?

a) Novgorod First Chronicle;

* b) "The Tale of Bygone Years";

c) Ostromir Gospel.

*The most complete source for studying the history of Ancient Russia is The Tale of Bygone Years. It is a chronicle compiled in Kyiv at the beginning of the 12th century. monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor and later supplemented by hegumen Sylvester. This document was, in essence, the first historical work in Russia in which the history of the Old Russian state is shown against a broad background of events in world history.

2. Which of the following principles is applied in the study of Patriotic history?

a) the principle of large numbers;

*b) the principle of alternativeness;

c) the principle of balance.

*One of the main principles of the study of Russian history is the principle of alternativeness. It's not just opposing one option to another, which often happens in discussions. Nor can a speculative proposal based on facts be an alternative. An alternative is to determine the degree of probability based on an analysis of the available objective, real possibilities. The use of this principle makes it possible to see the polyvariance of the historical process, to trace possible, but not taken place, ways of development.

3. What is the science that helps to better understand history?

a) architectonics;

*Archaeography is an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the issues of publishing written historical sources. The principles and methods of publication, the organization of publishing work, the history of the publication of documents are the main problems developed by archaeography. The task of archaeographers also includes work on the publication of sources.

TEST #2

a) Turkic;

*b) Indo-European;

c) Ural.

*Slavs belong to the ancient Indo-European linguistic community, including such peoples as Germanic, Greek, Iranian, Indian and others. The geographical center of the original Indo-European massif 5-4 thousand years BC. e. was the northeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. At the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC. e. pastoral cattle breeding develops among the Indo-Europeans and they are widely settled in Europe. By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. agriculture comes first in their economy. In connection with this, related Indo-European tribes that have passed to a settled way of life are gradually disintegrating into large ethnic arrays. One of these ethnic arrays were the Proto-Slavs, who settled in the territory from the Middle Dnieper in the east to the Oder in the west, from the northern slope of the Carpathians in the south to the river. Pripyat in the north.

2. Is there a relationship (and what) between the method of agriculture and the social development of the Eastern Slavs of the 10th-10th centuries?

a) there is no relationship;

b) slashing method - more progressive;

*c) more progressive arable farming.

* Arable farming made it universally accessible to conduct an independent economy by a separate small family, therefore, it contributed to the replacement of a patriarchal family community by a territorial community; slash-and-burn agriculture required a large amount of work, collective organization of labor and communal property - therefore, preserved primitive relations.

TEST #3

1. What are the objective prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state?

a) calling by the Ilmenian Slavs of the Varangians to Russia;

*b) the emergence of private property among the Eastern Slavs and the beginning of the stratification of social society.

* The formation of the Old Russian state is an objective process generated by the emergence of private property and the stratification of society into classes. The Eastern Slavs were engaged not only in gathering, fishing and hunting, but also pasture cattle breeding. However, the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs is agriculture and crafts. The transition from an appropriating to a producing economy led to the emergence of an excess product, which gradually began to accumulate with representatives of power (princes). Moreover, the princes and combatants were enriched, mainly as a result of the robbery of neighboring tribes. Property differentiation gradually loosened the tribal system with its leveling institutions and led to the emergence of the main institutions of class society.

* a) Norman;

b) German;

c) East Slavic;

d) Baltic.

* German scientists of the 18th century and working in Russia created the so-called "Norman theory". This theory was based on a literal reading of the oldest Russian chronicle - The Tale of Bygone Years, edited by the monk Nestor. The "Tale" reported on the calling of the Varangians by the Ilmenian Slavs to Russia to control the Novgorod land. The Varangians in the Middle Ages in Russia were called the Norman or northern peoples living in Scandinavia. Based on the "Norman theory", German scientists made a far-reaching conclusion about the inferiority of the Russian people,

unable to form their own state. It is quite obvious that this conclusion has a political orientation.

This theory was first criticized by a great scientist. His evidence that the Slavs had all the data to form their own state looks quite convincing. Domestic historians, both pre-revolutionary and Soviet, were unanimous in their criticism of the "Norman theory". Modern Russian scientists believe that the formation of the Old Russian state is an objective process generated by the decomposition of communal relations and the emergence of the main institutions of class society among the Eastern Slavs.

3. Why did Kyiv become the main political center of the Old Russian state?

a) Kyiv was in the geographical center of the Old Russian state;

b) Kyiv was the religious center of the Slavic tribes;

*c) Kyiv was the most ancient political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs, it occupied an extremely advantageous military-strategic position.

* Kyiv became the capital of the Old Russian state because it was the oldest political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs, it occupied a very advantageous military-strategic position. Kyiv was the political center of the most economically and culturally developed tribal union of the Eastern Slavs - the glades. It opened a convenient waterway from the Slavic lands to the most developed part of Europe - Byzantium.

4. Why did Christianity become the state religion of Ancient Russia under Vladimir 1 Svyatoslavich?

a) Vladimir Svyatoslavich was fascinated by the beauty of the service in Christian churches;

*b) accepting Christianity, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was primarily guided by the state interests of Russia;

c) Vladimir Svyatoslavich miraculously came to believe in Christian religious truths.

* When baptizing Russia, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was guided not by some religious and mystical considerations, but by quite real state interests: the main foreign policy partners of Russia in Europe by that time had already adopted Christianity, which opened them access to the cultural achievements of the advanced countries. At that time, a single religion and a single church organization greatly facilitated economic and political relations within the Christian world. Christian sovereigns abandoned dynastic marriages with pagans. Russian merchants in Christian countries were discriminated against on religious grounds. The geographical position and long-standing historical ties predetermined the adoption of Christianity for Russia, as well as for other European countries.

5. What impact did the Mongol yoke have on the historical development of Russia?

a) the Mongol yoke contributed to a more rapid overcoming of feudal fragmentation and the formation of a centralized state;

*b) the Mongol yoke slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Russia, was one of the main factors determining its relative historical backwardness from Western Europe;

* The Mongol yoke left a heavy imprint on the history of Russia from 1237 to 1480, it slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Russia, was one of the main factors that determined its relative historical lag behind the countries of Western Europe. And even after 1480, when the Mongol yoke was ended, the fight against the devastating raids of the Mongol-Tatars continued to distract the forces of the nation and the state from solving other problems. Only three hundred years later, the conquest of the Crimean Khanate under Catherine II ensured the safety of the population of the forest-steppe and steppe regions of Russia.

TEST #4

1. What were the reasons for the rise of Moscow and its transformation into the center of the Russian state?

a) Moscow was the most ancient and developed center of Russia;

b) the weakness of other principalities;

* The first socio-political trend was government. Its representatives criticized any plans for reforms, demanded their limitation, insisted on unconditional control by the government over the socio-political life of the country and on the restoration of the shaken privileges of the nobility. The second socio-political movement was liberalism. The main carriers of liberal ideas were the bourgeois layers of the nobility and intelligentsia, and their activities took place within the framework of zemstvo institutions. At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. the social base of liberalism is enlarged due to the broad involvement of representatives of the intelligentsia, doctors, teachers, and agronomists in the struggle. Liberalism opposed absolutism, condemned arbitrariness and violence, sought to introduce democratic freedoms in the country and expand the functions of local self-government. The third trend was revolutionary-democratic. His ideology was populism, the foundations of which were formulated by Herzen, Ogarev and Chernyshevsky. Until the end of the 1970s, the most influential trend within this movement was the anarchist trend. Russian Social Democracy has come a long way before it became an independent ideological political movement. Its emergence is closely connected with the proletariat's access to the lease of independent political struggle, which was the most important feature of the world history of the 20th century.

4. Was an attempt made by the tsarist government to resolve the acute political, economic and social problems that faced Russia in the early twentieth century? through reforms without revolutionary upheavals?

* Such an attempt was made by the Minister of Finance, who led the supporters of reforms and industrial modernization of the country. He advocated the creation of a national industry, for the liberation of the peasants from the guardianship of local authorities and the community, for the improvement of factory legislation, partly in favor of the workers, etc. The Minister of the Interior, who sought to preserve the autocracy unchanged, was opposed to the reforms. And in this matter he found the support of the king. Ultimately, abandoning the reforms, the tsarist government hoped to resolve internal problems at the expense of the war with Japan. However, the calculations did not materialize. The Russo-Japanese War brought defeat to tsarism and aggravated the crisis of autocracy to the limit. Various parties, political movements that were in opposition to the authorities began to offer their response to acute internal problems.

5. What are the goals in the revolution of the years. were the basis for the unification of the parties of the "left bloc"?

a) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy;

b) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and its development into a socialist revolution;

* c) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy. The highest ideal of struggle is the replacement of capitalism by socialism.

* The implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy. The highest ideal of struggle is the replacement of capitalism by socialism. The leading parties of the "left bloc" were the Social Democrats, divided into factions of the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), as well as the national parties of the Social Democratic, Social Revolutionary, and anarchist directions. The latter took the documents of the Social Revolutionaries as the basis for the development of their programs. In order to ensure the successful course of the revolution, the parties of the revolutionary-democratic camp had to create a general democratic front against tsarism, win over all the revolutionary-democratic forces, and achieve a lasting alliance between the working class and the peasantry. One of the means of solving this complex problem was the tactic of concluding temporary partial agreements between the revolutionary parties fighting for a democratic republic and recognizing the need for an armed uprising. The revolutionary-democratic camp, quite clearly defined at the beginning of the 20th century, was a major revolutionary force in Russia, objectively capable of successfully resisting autocracy. However, in 1 the coordinated action of various revolutionary forces, which would ensure their victory over the autocracy, did not happen, and it could hardly happen, since already at the first stage of the development of the Russian revolution, its main political forces took irreconcilable positions in relation to each other.

6. Have there been any positive changes in Russia since the revolution of 1905-1907?

a) the revolution was defeated and therefore did not lead to any changes in society;

b) a certain improvement in the economic situation of the workers and peasants was achieved;

*c) despite the defeat of the revolution, its outcome was a partial modernization of the state system and its further evolution towards transformation into a bourgeois monarchy.

*Despite the defeat of the revolution, its outcome was a partial modernization of the state system and its further evolution towards becoming a bourgeois monarchy. The revolution caused certain changes in the main spheres of society: political, economic and spiritual. The main event of political life was the creation of the legislative State Duma. For all the limited rights of the Duma, the estate nature of its representation, this was the first experience of Russian parliamentarism in history. A situation of actual multi-party system arose in the country. The working people received the right to create mass independent organizations (trade unions, cultural and educational societies, cooperative societies, etc.), they received some, albeit very limited, democratic freedoms. In the economic sphere, the revolution put agrarian reform on the agenda. However, the government recognized the need for labor legislation. The expenses of entrepreneurs to improve the social conditions of the workers' life have increased. Redemption payments were canceled for peasants, land rent was reduced. Enormous changes have taken place in the spiritual life of society. People began to think about the usual, seemingly unshakable concepts: the state structure, the position of various classes, etc.

7. Do you agree with the point of view that the Stolypin agrarian reform failed?

* Stolypin's agrarian reform failed. It was not carried through to the end, although it was intended to ensure the progress of agriculture. The reform replaced obsolete economic structures with more rational ones, opening up opportunities for the growth of productive forces in agriculture. To some extent, positive changes have been achieved. By 1913, the sown areas had increased, due to which an additional 500 million poods of grain were obtained. In prosperous farms due to agrotechnical methods, the yield increased by 1.5 - 2 times. The revival of agriculture inevitably led to the revival of industry. In terms of its average annual growth rate (8.8%), Russia came out on top in the world. In the city, there was an unprecedented take-off of the cooperative movement. Yet the reform failed even before the outbreak of World War I. She was unable to solve the main issue that was raised by another 1 Russian revolution - the peasant one, because she retained landownership. It was not possible to destroy the rural community either. Moreover, the reform even exacerbated the social contradictions in the country.

8. Determine the attitude of the main parties in Russia to the First World War?

a) all parties refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years;

b) the parties of the revolutionary-democratic camp refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years;

c) only the RSDLP refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years;

*d) only the Bolsheviks refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years.

* Only the Bolsheviks refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism in the war. From the very beginning, the Union of the Russian People and other right-wing parties spoke from the standpoint of unconditional support for the tsarist government. The same was done by the parties of the liberal bourgeoisie, including the main party, the Cadets. The ideas of social chauvinism were very popular among the Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists. In general, the parties of the revolutionary-democratic camp during the First World War were in a state of fragmentation and acute intra-party struggle. The Bolsheviks took a special position in this situation. It was reflected in the Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP "War and Russian Social Democracy", prepared. The Manifesto gave an assessment of the war as unjust, predatory. In contrast to their opponents, the Bolsheviks for the most part determined their attitude towards the war, expressed in their tactical slogans. The main ones were: 1. The transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war, into a revolution against the ruling classes. 2. Defeat your government in a war. 3. A complete break with the collapsed P International and the formation of a new International. The slogans of the Bolsheviks were subordinated to the solution of the main, from their point of view, task - the taking of political power. The Bolsheviks sought to unite all left-wing forces on the basis of a consistent anti-war position in order to crush the tsarist autocracy.

1. Were there any peculiarities in the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917?

a) there were no features. The February bourgeois-democratic revolution took place like the bourgeois revolutions in the West, and the bourgeoisie came to power;

*b) The February revolution in Russia had its own characteristics and was strikingly different from the bourgeois revolutions in the West.

*February Revolution of 1917 in Russia had its own characteristics. An important feature was the desire of the Russian bourgeoisie, due to the conditions of its development, to an agreement and division of power with tsarism. But, not wanting the revolution, the bourgeois opposition objectively contributed to it. The main role in the overthrow of the autocracy was played by the revolutionary-democratic camp, in the center of which stood the proletariat. The rapid victory of the revolution was ensured by the political isolation of tsarism and the strength of the general democratic movement. The very idea of ​​autocracy failed even in the eyes of former supporters. The February Revolution gave the broad masses the first experience of real democracy. It ended a long period of Russia's historical development (the existence of a 300-year-old monarchy), the struggle of all democratic forces against one of the most savage and reactionary regimes of that time. At the same time, the February Revolution became the initial stage of the October Revolution. The final stage of the February Revolution was also distinctive. It ended with the establishment of dual power in the country. On the one hand, the Provisional Bourgeois Government, on the other, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.

a) a revolution

*b) revolution.

*From the point of view of a qualitative change in the state of society, October 1917 was a revolution, it changed the course of Russian history, brought to life a new content and new forms of socio-political activity. Naturally, the October Revolution cannot be reduced to a single act of conquest of political power. This act is the most important, but only the most important stage of the October Revolution. To reduce the October Revolution only to a political upheaval means to significantly narrow the scope of the October Revolution. The revolution captures not one, but all spheres of society's life without exception, including the economy, social, and spiritual areas. The October Revolution was a mighty breakthrough of millions of people, which united the fundamental interests of the working class, the age-old aspirations of the peasantry, the thirst for peace among soldiers and sailors, the indestructible craving of the peoples of multinational Russia for freedom and light. The October Revolution remains an event that forced the world to take a different look at Russia and its people.

3. Was there an alternative to the October Revolution in 1917?

*Yes, the following variants of the development of Russian society were possible. Bourgeois-democratic development, the beginning of which was laid by the overthrow of the autocracy. However, there were no appropriate conditions for the implementation of such a path. Russian society could not be in a state of deep socio-economic and political crisis for a long time. A change in policy was required. Since July-August 1917, the threat of establishing a military-terrorist dictatorship (“Kornilovism”) has been created in the country. The reason for its threat was the weakness of democratic institutions, the social fatigue of the masses in the context of the growing crisis. An anarchist rebellion, the threat of which had developed by the autumn of 1917, when the Provisional Government did not actually have power, and the Bolsheviks were not yet ready to seize it. Anarchism in Russia had rather deep roots. However, the October Revolution took place. The coming to power of the Bolsheviks was associated with the anarchy established after the failure of the "Kornilovism". The interim government could not control the situation in the country, did not have enough armed formations. However, it was the latest circumstances that predetermined the development of the October events.

4. The main provisions of the program of which party included the "Land Decree"?

a) the Bolshevik Party;

*b) the Socialist-Revolutionary Party;

c) the cadet party.

* In general, the "Decree on Land" included the main provisions of the Socialist-Revolutionary program on the agrarian issue. The "Decree on Land" was based on the peasant order on land, drawn up on the basis of 242 local peasant orders. The essence of the Decree was to abolish private ownership of land, liquidate landownership, nationalize land, transfer it to peasant organizations and equalize land use. The adoption by the Second Congress of Soviets of the "Decree on Land" laid the foundation for the deepest agrarian revolution in the history of Russia.

5. What were the reasons for the rapid establishment of Soviet power throughout the country?

a) the establishment of Soviet power throughout the country was not necessary. It was enough to convene the Constituent Assembly and confirm the establishment of Soviet power;

*b) in order to win to the end, the October Socialist Revolution must go beyond the capital.

*In order to win to the end, the October Socialist Revolution had to go beyond the capital. Undoubtedly, the main reason was the mass support of the first Soviet decrees, which were of a general democratic nature and met the vital interests of the majority of the country's population, this can be clearly seen from the following table:

The period of establishment of Soviet power lasted less than six months (from October 25, 1917 to March 1918). At the same time, already during the first 2.5 months, Soviet power was established in most of the territory of Russia, and by March 1918, 9/10 Soviets were sovereign bodies of state power. Characteristic was the rapid change in the balance of class forces during this period in favor of the socialist revolution. Therefore, the general rule for asserting the omnipotence of the Soviets in the localities was a peaceful form of transition. The armed struggle imposed by the counter-revolution ended in victory for the revolutionary forces.

6. What is a civil war?

a) mass demonstrations of hooligans on the streets of cities;

*b) an armed form of struggle for state power between classes and social groups within the country;

c) mass strikes with political demands.

*Civil war is an armed form of struggle for state power between classes and social groups within a country. Shortly after the October Revolution, there was a sharp division of political forces, and in the following months the usual political means of fighting for power were completely exhausted. The dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries in January 1918 actually put not only bourgeois, but also right-wing socialist parties (Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, etc.) outside the political system of Soviet power, since the main part of their social base did not have the right to elect their representatives to the Soviets.

7. Why did the Bolsheviks need power in the country?

a) physically destroy all representatives of the bourgeoisie;

b) to enrich the members of his party by robbing the whole people;

* c) liquidate capitalist ownership of land, factories, factories and other basic means of production in order to build socialism.

* The Bolsheviks fought for political power in order to realize their concept of the socialist model of social development and the withdrawal of Russia from the deepest socio-political crisis: the destruction of all exploitation of man by man, the complete elimination of the division of society into classes, the establishment of a socialist organization of society. The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 legally secured the victory of the socialist revolution and the foundations of the new social system: the dictatorship of the proletariat: the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies as the state form of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

1. One of the most important steps in the transition to civilian life after the civil war in Russia was the decision to:

*a) replacement of the surplus with a tax in kind;

b) the return of land to the landowners;

c) permission for the activities of the parties of the Cadets and Octobrists;

*January 25, 1943 Voronezh was liberated from Nazi invaders. Voronezh was of great strategic importance, so it was assigned a role in Germany's aggressive plans. In the Voronezh direction, the Nazis undertook three offensives. The toughest battles for Voronezh unfolded from July 1942, which lasted 212 days and nights. The troops of seven fronts fought on Voronezh land, the main of which was the Voronezh Front. About 600 thousand people died in the battles for the liberation of our city. 320 people received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

1. What factors contributed to the successful recovery of the Soviet economy in the recent period?

*a) the enthusiasm of the Soviet people and internal economic factors;

b) US assistance in accordance with the Marshall Plan;

c) help from other allies in the anti-Hitler coalition.

* The enthusiasm of the Soviet people and internal economic factors contributed to the successful restoration of the national economy. By not accepting the terms of the Marshall Plan, the Soviet Union could only rely on internal resources to restore the country's economy. The Soviet people showed heroic efforts, a high sense of patriotism, mutual assistance in restoring the economy destroyed by the war. The internal economic factors include the following: during the war years, a large industrial base was created in the east of the country. By 1946, 3,500 large industrial enterprises were put into operation, which after the war were reequipped for the production of civilian products. As the Soviet land was liberated from the Nazis, restoration work was immediately carried out. By the end of the war, 1/3 of the destroyed production facilities were put into operation. After the end of the war, measures were taken to demilitarize the country. Budget expenditures for military needs were reduced in 1948 from 48% to 17.9%. Investments were mainly aimed at the restoration of heavy industries. Only an insignificant part of the losses was made up by payments from the defeated countries. As a result, in 1948 the country reached the pre-war level in heavy industry, and in 1950 in industry as a whole. However, the lag in light industry and agriculture during the years of the Fourth Five-Year Plan was not overcome.

2. What was the result of the new balance of power in the world after the end of World War II?

a) Germany continued to pose a danger to the world;

*b) there was a shift of the political, military and economic center from Europe to the USA;

c) Europe maintained its leading position in the world.

*After the war, the economic, military and political center of the world moved from Europe to the USA.

Germany, Italy and Japan, defeated in the war, lost their pre-war positions. England and France, which previously had political prestige and economic prosperity, weakened. Only the United States came out of the war stronger economically, militarily and politically. They accounted for 2/3 of the global production industry. They had a monopoly on atomic weapons. Although the moral and political authority of the USSR increased after the defeat of fascism, the economic ruin in the country put it at a disadvantage in relation to the United States. By virtue of its power, the United States began to manifest the policy of the dictator in relation to other countries, including the USSR, which provoked a protest from the Soviet Union as the victorious country. More and more conflicts and problems began to appear between the USSR and the USA: (German, Balkan, Korean, Iranian, etc.), which ultimately led to the beginning of the Cold War between the former allies. Its apogee came in

3. How can one assess the political situation in Soviet society after the war?

a) society was in a state of apathy;

*b) the provision was contradictory;

c) the country was immediately returned to political repression.

*The political position of Soviet society after the end of the war was contradictory. The victory in the Great Patriotic War awakened in the Soviet people a sense of pride in their homeland, great enthusiasm, a desire to restore the country as quickly as possible, to achieve the desired well-being. But democratic tendencies in the internal life of the country were very weak. And after some searches for ways to further develop society, discussions in the country's leadership, the forces that returned it to the former command and administrative methods of the 30s won. Ideological control again intensified in the country, a wave of political repression swept through.

At the same time, despite the rejection of negative methods and processes by a part of society, there was no hint of a change in the political system. Faith in socialism was very great.

1. How can performance be evaluated?

a) only positively;

b) only negative;

*c) his activities were controversial. As a result of his leadership, certain successes were achieved in our country, but miscalculations were also made.

*During the years of his leadership, our country won the 1st stage of the scientific and technological revolution. Great importance was attached to the restoration of law and order. Under Khrushchev, Stalin's personality cult began to be exposed. The productive forces of the country have reached a new level of development, the standard of living of the people has risen. There were also some successes in foreign policy. Much attention was paid to support for states that had liberated themselves from colonial dependence. The Cuban people received especially great help after the revolution. At the same time, Khrushchev never embarked on the path of deep democratic reforms. The top political leadership of the country, his activities remained outside the scope of criticism.

Acting as the initiator of numerous undertakings in the field of economics and state administration, Khrushchev showed haste, ill-conceivedness, and therefore could not achieve positive results.

Under Khrushchev, the confrontation with the capitalist world continued, which prompted measures to build up the country's defense potential. All this required huge economic and political efforts.

2. What does Khrushchev's "thaw" mean after Stalin's death?

a) a number of important state measures aimed at the partial democratization of the life of society;

b) a series of measures on a national scale aimed at the complete liberalization of the country;

* c) the revival of the cultural life of the country.

* The revival of cultural life under Khrushchev was called by his contemporaries a "thaw". Highly artistic literary works appeared, in which acute questions of social life were raised. Among them are the novel “Not by Bread Alone”, the poem “Terkin in the Other World”, the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, etc. On the other hand, pressure on the creative intelligentsia continued, which was especially evident during the 1958 campaign against criticism by Khrushchev abstractionists and formalists during an inspection of an exhibition of Moscow artists in 1962.

3. What was typical for our country in the period from 1964 to the early 70s?

*a) the scale and intensity of work to find ways to renew society, establish a scientific approach and the economy;

b) reform of political structures;

c) major transformations in the social and spiritual development of society.

*These years are characterized by the scale and intensity of the activities of the party and the state in search of ways to renew society, to establish a scientific approach to the economy. Brezhnev and his team, after the removal of Khrushchev, realized that the time required a scientific approach to solving many problems in the country. The March and September plenums of the Central Committee (1965) discussed new approaches to managing the economy and laid the foundation for the deployment of significant reforms. It was the largest attempt in the entire post-war period to restructure the economy with the demands of time. The decisions of the plenums affected industry, construction and agriculture. A five-year plan was approved as the main form of state planning, the sphere of operation of the economy at enterprises and industries was envisaged, and measures were outlined to improve the incentive system. The reform gave a certain impetus to the economic development of the country. It unleashed for some time the initiative of enterprises, stimulated the emergence of production associations, where issues of technical re-equipment were better resolved. The transformations of the mid-1960s in agriculture were aimed at intensifying production and raising the living standards of the working people. The country developed in an ascending line.

*a) the reform did not bring the expected results;

b) the reform gave a certain impetus to the economic development of the country and unleashed the initiative of industrial enterprises;

c) the reform caused changes in the management system of industry and construction;

d) the reform ended with great success in the development of the country.

* The transformations of the 60s in the country's economy were half-hearted. They were not accompanied by transformations in political structures, in the social and spiritual development of society. From the very beginning, the reform was doomed to failure. The created system of economic management began to falter (adjustments to plans became more frequent, the rights of enterprises were limited, the dictate of the center intensified). As you can see, the administrative-directive principle remained predominant. The new forms of agricultural management, conceived by the March (1965) plenum of the Central Committee, were not implemented, the activities of collective farms and state farms were still regulated to the smallest detail, the system of procurement of agricultural products by the state remained essentially the same “surplus appraisal”, which was “knocked out” by all methods and means. Firm plans for the purchase of products were violated.

The process of democratization of society that began after the 20th Congress did not go deep, and from the second half of the 60s. paused. In practice, voluntarism and subjectivism were observed. After the September (1965) plenum of the Central Committee, the centralized principle was strengthened. If the 23rd Congress spoke of the need to uphold economic independence, then the 21st Congress (1971) gave guidelines for "increasing the role and expanding the independence of ministries and departments." The administrative apparatus, which dictated the will of the economy and politics, grew incredibly.

Commodity-money relations developed in ugly forms, forming a shadow economy. They became a factor of decay, a source of abuse, economic crime, and the destruction of traditional moral norms. As a result, even this half-hearted reform, which concerned mainly the economic basis and was not related to the restructuring of social structures, did not receive support from the leadership and met with strong resistance from the bureaucratic apparatus, quickly came to naught.

5. What characterizes the stagnant period in the development of Soviet society (gg.)?

*a) a sharp weakening of innovative aspirations, the conservation of the principles and forms of social organization;

b) the struggle for radical change in all spheres of society

c) Soviet society did not have a stagnant period at all.

*These years are characterized by a noticeable weakening of innovative aspirations, the conservation of the principles and forms of social organization. It was at this time that the mechanism of inhibition was formed, stagnation appeared and developed in all spheres of the life of Soviet society. In the highest echelon of power, the forces that recognized the forms of economic and political organization that had developed back in the 1930s took over. Scientists who sought solutions to economic problems by expanding the scope of the law of value and market relations were subjected to persecution. The administrative nature of the economic mechanisms that developed in the 1930s and 1940s continued to operate. In the USSR, economic incentives were still ignored, the costly system of managing the economy dominated. The crisis situation in the country also affected social relations and the political life of the country.

6. When was the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe signed?

*a) in 1975;

b) in 1979;

* "Detente" of tension, which turned out to be the deepest in the years. was secured by an important international agreement: on April 1, 1975, the leaders of European countries, joined by the United States and Canada, signed in Helsinki the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. This was a great success for Soviet diplomacy. The USSR finally achieved the goal it had long pursued: the solemn recognition of the territorial and political order it had established in Eastern Europe. In exchange for this recognition, the Western participants insisted on the inclusion in the Act, despite the resistance of the Soviet side, of articles on the protection of human rights, freedom of information and movement.

1. What were the causes of our country's lagging behind the leading countries of the world in the context of the growing influence of scientific and technological revolution?

*a) the lack of an effective management mechanism;

b) deficiencies in the STP management system;

c) insufficient number and competence of scientific personnel;

d) the low level of activity and responsibility of the working masses.

* The lack of an effective management mechanism that creates economic incentives for the introduction of scientific and technological achievements into production. There are general trends in the development of science, technology, and productive forces in the world. And those countries that have not found the strength and ability to follow them, find themselves on the sidelines of history for a long time. In our country, it was not possible to create an effective economic system. Separate, even amazing achievements, did not express the general trends in the development of science and technology. Therefore, the collapse of the former system of economic management was inevitable. In the course of the search for efficient methods of management, it became necessary to form a new type of economic relations that would create incentives for accelerating the introduction of scientific and technological achievements. At the same time, the modern economic mechanism of the advanced countries of the world, which organically combines the strengths of the planned and market principles, serves as a guideline. Exactly on

In this way, the United States and Japan managed to achieve impressive economic results, overcome the barrier of underdevelopment and take a worthy place in the world civilization of South Korea, and successfully implement economic reforms in China.

2. What is the purpose of the reforms that began in 1992?

*b) to carry out the transition to a market economy and, in accordance with this, to transform social relations.

*Make the transition to a market economy. Socialist reformism did not take place in our country. Having failed to create powerful stimuli for economic, scientific, technological and social progress on a socialist basis, a turn has been made in society towards fundamental changes in the entire system of economic and social relations. However, the reform steps taken have shown that in order to overcome the crisis, to join the world processes of accelerated development of the achievements of modern scientific and technological revolution and, on an equal basis with the leading countries, to create a new technical basis for the economy, Russia must have a concept of natural-historical development. It is not possible to implement ready-made economic standards, political models. In this regard, the future of the country lies in the emergence of a fundamentally new society that organically absorbs all the dramatic experience of our Fatherland and all the progressive achievements of mankind. Moreover, it will acquire real outlines only if national traditions, the socio-economic and cultural level, the state of public consciousness, natural conditions, etc. are taken into account.

3. How has the foreign policy of our country changed since the mid-1980s?

a) led to an aggravation of the international situation;

*b) contributed to the easing of international tension;

*Contributed to the easing of international tension. The foreign policy of any state is largely a continuation of its domestic policy. The changes that began in the spring of 1985 in the domestic political life of the country could not but affect the spheres of foreign policy activity. It was necessary to revise many dogmas of political thinking, perceiving the world through the prism of a confrontational approach, dividing it into two socio-political systems, doomed in their relations to eternal antagonism. Thus, a new foreign policy course of our state began to be created. It was based on a philosophical and political concept, called the new political thinking. This concept proceeded from the thesis of a diverse, but interdependent and integral world. Hence the impossibility of solving international problems by force was proclaimed. Instead of a balance of military forces, a balance of interests, found on the basis of the priority of universal human values ​​over class ones, is declared to be a universal way to resolve international issues. On the basis of a new foreign policy course, a number of bold initiatives, our country broke the ice of international confrontation and took the lead in the process of global changes in international relations, as well as the end of the Cold War.

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