Since recreational resources are extremely unevenly distributed on the planet, an increasing number of people go on a journey with recreational goals and motives. These recreational trips (medical, health-improving, educational, sports) have become the basis for the development of recreational tourism. Recreational aspects are always present in business tourism (business tourism, congress tourism, shopping tourism).

The implementation of the tourism business in market conditions can be carried out in the presence of four main components: capital, technology, personnel, recreational resources. This means that, having insufficient capital, to acquire personnel, technology and engage in tourism. To do this, you need to choose a place where there are recreational resources, and if there is no such place, then create it. This is one of the specific features of the tourism business in the market. Since the fourth component - recreational resources - is the cheapest, in general, this determines the high profitability of the tourism business. If tourism is associated with the creation of a tourist resource, then the cost of a tourist product increases dramatically.

Knights Costume Festival, USA

Recreational resources are understood as a set of natural and artificially created objects suitable for creating a tourist product. As a rule, recreational resources determine the formation of the tourism business in a particular region. These resources have the following main properties: attractiveness (attractiveness), climatic conditions, accessibility, degree of study, excursion significance, socio-demographic characteristics, potential reserve, method of use, etc., these resources are used for health, tourism, sports and educational purposes.

Recreational resources can be conditionally divided into natural and socio-economic (socio-cultural).

Natural tourism resources are classified:

§ by belonging to certain components of the natural environment (climatic, water, forest, etc.).

§ by functional purpose (improving, cognitive).

§ by exhaustibility (exhaustible: objects of hunting, fishing and inexhaustible: sun, sea water).

§ by renewability (renewable: plants, animals and non-renewable: therapeutic mud, cultural monuments).

Socio-economic resources include:

§ cultural and historical objects (monuments and memorable places, museums, architectural ensembles).

§ cultural and historical phenomena (ethnographic, religious).

§ economic (financial, infrastructural, labor).

Despite its social and humane role, tourism modifies the environment. Reducing the damage to the tourism industry to the environment is regulated at the state and international levels through environmental education, tax regulation, limiting the tourist and recreational load on natural resources, etc.

Thus, recreational resources are considered as one of the factors in the development of tourism and the basis for planning the production of a tourism product.

The structure of recreation.

An analysis of the scientific and specialized literature of the 1970s and 1980s shows that most publications on recreational geography deal only with issues related to tourism, and not with recreation in general. Thus, in the domestic literature, there is a well-established idea that the concepts of recreation and tourism are close, in most publications they are identical, but to be precise, recreation includes tourism, excursions and recreation without moving from the usual environment of existence. Thus, tourism is the most important component of recreation. All terms that include the word "recreational" are focused primarily on issues related to tourism or recreation in general. One of the most well-developed concepts that even entered the school curriculum in the 80s is "recreational resources".

A different understanding of the word "recreation" abroad, which began to be actively introduced into the Russian language. In English tourism literature, recreation is understood as a set of phenomena and processes associated with the restoration of strength in the process of rest and treatment. Therefore, the English-language "Recreation and Tourism" should be taken more as "Recreation and Tourism". However, in modern tourism literature, the expression "Recreation and tourism" is constantly encountered, which is nonsense for the Russian language, since tourism is an integral part of recreation. Moreover, they began to single out "recreational tourism", which in the traditional sense of these terms is a tautology.

The replacement of the term "recreational resources" has begun, which is very well developed and its meaning is clear. Instead of "recreational resources" they use the term "tourist resources", the essence and theory of which have not yet been developed, and the definition itself is very vague. Often these concepts are considered as synonyms, then it is not clear why a new term should be introduced instead of an established and theoretically justified one. There is a statement that recreational resources are part of tourist resources, which again is a terminological confusion, since tourism is part of recreation, and not vice versa.

Thus, the borrowing of foreign terminology without taking into account the existing conceptual apparatus within the framework of domestic science and practice leads, firstly, to philological paradoxes, and secondly, confuses the presentation of the material due to semantic contradictions. Ignoring the existence of recreational geography brings only harm to tourism.

A number of borrowings from the English language are simply superfluous. One of the now fashionable words "destination" is translated simply as "direction" and does not carry any other semantic load. Attempts to interpret the destination as a destination that attracts tourists with recreational resources and provides conditions for accommodation, transportation, food and entertainment of tourists are not convincing. This is any tourist destination: France with 70 million tourists a year and the microstates of Oceania, Paris and a village in Siberia, the Adriatic and the North Pole. Reflecting the tourist specifics of the concept, one could translate the word "destination" as "tourist (recreational) direction", which is noted in a number of publications. The author does not propose to abandon the term, which has rapidly entered the Russian tourist terminology, but aims to draw the attention of the tourist community to the excessive clogging of the language with foreign terminology.

Along with the appearance of terms that contradict the established conceptual apparatus, publications appear that distort the theory of recreational geography. For example, I.V. Zorin and V.A. Quarterly recreational potential is called "the ratio between the actual and the maximum possible number of tourists, determined based on the availability of recreational resources." Potential cannot be a "relationship", although its study allows us to estimate the maximum possible number of tourists. The recreational potential of the territory is "a set of natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic prerequisites for the organization of recreational activities" (Mironenko, Tverdokhlebov, 1981), the main component of the recreational potential are recreational resources.

From the definition of recreational resources according to I.V. Zorin and V.A. Firstly, it is not clear to Kvartalnov why they are part of tourist resources, what they do not include, and secondly, where in this definition their most important part is cultural and historical recreational resources. Apparently, the authors understand only the natural component as recreational resources. In the same work, explaining the concept of "capacity of recreational resources" (essentially natural!), The "anthropogenic load" is considered. Anthropogenic load does not have norms defined "in order to prevent violation of the ecological state of the natural environment", since this is a real load that may be lower, equal to or greater than the maximum allowable one and is called recreational load in tourism (anthropogenic load is a violation of nature in any human activity, not only recreational). Maximum allowable recreational loads are not "determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation", since they are different for each landscape, and the existing standards relate to isolated cases, for example, beaches, nature protection zones.

There are many definitions of the term recreational resources, some more successful, others less. V.I. Prelovsky, a completely acceptable definition of natural recreational resources is used, "which should be understood as natural phenomena, processes or individual elements of the landscape (more capaciously and better -" elements and phenomena of the geographical environment "), ... which can be used to organize recreational activities." However, in recent scientific and educational publications, an unsuccessful, in our opinion, definition is given, and the explanations distort the essence of the term with incidental accusations of everyone and everything in misunderstanding it. According to V.I. Prelovsky, natural recreational resources are "natural bodies, phenomena, processes or individual relief elements ... that can be used for recreation and tourism", these are "components of the natural environment". Natural recreational resources, like any resources, are not a component of the natural environment, but a combination of elements of the entire geographic environment, i.e. the recreational resources of a beach are a certain combination of the characteristics of the relief, climate and sea, as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is unfortunate, in our opinion, to use the words "natural bodies" to define recreational resources, which carry a physical and philosophical load. Rather, we should talk about natural objects or elements of the geographical environment. Plants, animals, beaches, waterfalls, etc. require a different definition. It looks strange to add concrete among abstract concepts - "separate elements of relief".

Most importantly, a recreational resource, like any other, requires study, but it will be a resource regardless of whether it has been explored or not. If a waterfall is known and attracts tourists, it is a resource, regardless of whether its height is measured and how many people can visit it, if the beach attracts people to relax and swim, then this is a resource, regardless of whether we know its area, the duration of the beach-swimming season and recreational capacity. Since ancient times, man has been using the energy resources of wind and falling water, having no idea about kilowatts. Patricians in ancient Rome bathed in baths at mineral springs, not knowing anything about their debit, chemical composition, temperature scales Celsius and Fahrenheit, but they used the healing resource. Thus, the statement that the natural condition becomes a resource only when it is studied, that "climatic conditions become a resource only if the duration of the period with comfortable conditions is known" (according to V.I. Prelovsky), is incorrect. Natural conditions and natural resources are one of the basic concepts of geography, closely related to the natural-philosophical category "geographical environment". Natural conditions are those elements of the geographical environment that a person does not directly use in production activities, but without which his existence is impossible, this is the air that we breathe, this is the climate in which we live (regardless of the warm climate or cold, causing huge costs for warm construction and for fuel). Natural resources are those elements of the geographical environment that a person directly uses in his production activities (mineral, energy, water, etc.). The climate becomes not a condition, but a resource when it begins to be used in economic activity. In relation to agriculture, it is an agro-climatic resource, since the amount of heat and precipitation of a given climate is important for agriculture. For urban cognitive, for festival, even for hunting tourism - the climate is a natural condition, but for bathing, beach or ski tourism - it is a resource. As the productive forces develop, new elements of the geographic environment become a resource. The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age is associated with the development of a new mineral resource - iron ore, with the advent of mills, wind and mountain rivers turn from natural conditions into valuable energy resources. Thus, the boundary between a condition and a resource is very shaky and is determined by the use in economic activity, and not by the degree of knowledge

38) the main types of recreation.

ACTIVITIES

beach holiday

Beach holidays are the most common type of holiday. The warm rays of the sun, the lapping of sea waves, the whisper of a light breeze, as well as interesting entertainment programs and discos arranged by guides. Sunbathe on the beach, wander on the warm sand, dive under water, take pictures of seascapes.

The combination of a beach holiday with interesting excursions and all kinds of entertainment diversifies your vacation.

Someone prefers to have an active rest - attend all kinds of excursions, go diving, surfing or go on safaris to remote corners of a particular country. Others choose a relaxing holiday on golden beaches, with the opportunity to leisurely contemplate the beauty of local landscapes and enjoy life away from the bustle of big cities.

All this happiness awaits you at the resorts Turkey, Egypt, Cyprus, Thailand, Tunisia, UAE etc.

Excursion rest

Excursion tourism will give you the opportunity to get acquainted with the history of the country, its customs and traditions.

Such tours usually include visits to several cities with accommodation in different hotels and a rich excursion program, and may include air travel or bus travel.

Excursion tours are divided according to the degree of saturation and exoticism. The most affordable - bus in Europe, expensive - sea cruises. Many people think that a bus tour is boring. It all depends on how this tour is organized. The most annoying thing is a night move, so always check if there will be such moves. The second thing to pay attention to is cities. It is more interesting when a big city has at least a day and a half.

Most sightseeing tours focus on Western Europe, primarily because of the simplicity of the Schengen Visa, when you can move freely within the borders of the Schengen zone.

Excursion tourism is the most informative and fascinating routes, acquaintance with culture and history France, Czech Republic,Germany, Italy etc.

Exotic tours

Exotic holidays are holidays in countries that are not mass destinations, due to the lack of direct regular flights, and yet, in terms of the level of service, it competes with many destinations.

Gorgeous white sandy beaches, tropical vegetation, impenetrable jungle, roaring waterfalls, blue skies, crystal clear seas in all shades of blue-green. At any time of the year, eternal summer and a riot of rich colors are striking.

Holidays in exotic countries attract tourists not only with the hot sun and clean beaches, but also with the opportunity to get extraordinary experiences that you will be pleased to share for many years after visiting the resort.

The rich history and culture of these countries and natural diversity create a wide range of opportunities for travel and recreation.

Exotic vacation - Dominican Republic, Seychelles, island Bali, Cuba, China, India, Malaysia, Maldives.

Cruises

A cruise is an ideal way to take a break from everyday life, it is a great opportunity to enjoy absolute freedom, to discover new countries.

None of the trips can compete with a cruise for the comfort of moving from one corner of the world to another.

During the day you go ashore, see the sights of those cities where your liner calls, and in the evening you will find a variety of shows with the participation of singers, dancers, magicians, magicians, gala evenings and masquerades, games and karaoke - this is just a small part of the evening entertainment program. Waltz, tango, salsa, mambo, rock, rap orchestra will perform a variety of melodies for you. And dance lovers can go to a disco or a nightclub.

And another significant plus in the treasury of cruises is the cost. After all, if you break any of the cruise routes into components and calculate how much time and money you would need to spend visiting each country separately, then you would see for yourself the legitimacy of the statement that a cruise is also profitable!

Ski holidays

Today, winter ski holidays in European resorts are a great alternative to a beach holiday.

Recreational opportunities are varied. They depend on the country in which you decide to relax. Winter in the mountains is not only about skiing. Fans of unusual sports can choose from snowshoeing or paragliding. And on the frozen lakes, ice skating and windsurfing are very popular.

Resorts Andorra, Austria, France, Italy you will find excellent ski slopes, working lifts, carefree rest, various exciting excursions and many pleasant impressions that will stay with you for a long time.

Therapeutic

How to use 2-3 weeks of vacation not only to pamper yourself, but also to improve your health? The latest resort technologies allow you to conduct an examination and an effective treatment course in a short time.

Recovery traditionally includes SPA services, thalassotherapy, massages, anti-aging, anti-stress, cosmetic, relaxation, weight loss and other programs.

A bath with essential oils, massage, meditation - this is how the morning begins in hotels where there are SPA centers. It is here that you can relieve stress, fatigue and pamper your body with pleasant procedures. Many clinics specialize in the treatment of specific types of diseases.

A measured rest with the opportunity to improve your health is what many would like to get during their holidays. You can’t buy health, but you can try to correct it at the best medical resorts in the world: Austria, Germany,Switzerland, France, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech, Israel.

Recreational resources of the world. Recreational refers to natural conditions, resources and public facilities.

Which can be used for recreation, tourism and healthcare.

Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational and cultural-historical. Natural and recreational include sea and lake coasts, mountainous areas, territories with a comfortable temperature regime, they are used for such types of tourism: beach (Cote d'Azur of France, Italian Riviera, Golden Sands of Bulgaria, islands of the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, Oceania), winter ( Alps, Scandinavian mountains, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Cordillera), ecological (visiting national parks and undeveloped territories).

Resources of the World Ocean. Since the second half of the XX century. Considerable attention is paid to the development of the resources of the World Ocean. The ocean is rich in biological, mineral and energy resources. More than 70 chemical elements are dissolved in sea water, for which it is called "liquid ore". Using the latest technology, some of them are already being removed from the water, in particular bromine, iodine, magnesium, table salt, etc.

The biological resources of the oceans are marine organisms that humans use. There are 180,000 animal species and 20,000 plant species in the Ocean. Fish, marine invertebrates (oysters, crabs), marine mammals (whales, walruses, seals) and seaweeds are of economic importance. So far, they provide the food needs of mankind by only 2%. The shelf zone is the most productive.

The mineral resources of the World Ocean are very diverse. Now oil, natural gas, coal, iron ores, diamonds, gold, amber, etc. are being mined on the ocean shelf. The development of the ocean floor has begun. Large reserves of iron-manganese raw materials have been found here, significantly exceeding its reserves on land. In addition to the main components, ocean deposits contain more than 20 useful elements: nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium, molybdenum, etc. Technologies for the extraction of iron-manganese ores from the ocean floor have already been developed in the USA, Japan, Germany and other countries.

The energy resources of the oceans are inexhaustible and diverse. Tidal energy is already being used in France, CILLA, Russia, Japan. A significant reserve is the energy of waves, sea currents, water temperature differences.

In our time, there is a problem of economical use of the wealth of the oceans, the protection of its resources. The world community is especially concerned about the oil pollution of the ocean. After all, only 1 g of oil is enough to destroy life in 1 m3 of water. To preserve the nature of the World Ocean, international agreements are being concluded on the protection of waters from pollution, rules for the use of biological resources, and a ban on testing weapons of mass destruction in the Ocean. Great hopes are placed on the use of truly inexhaustible resources in the future: the energy of the Sun, wind, the internal heat of the Earth, space.

Recreational resources(from Lag. recreation- restoration) is a set of natural phenomena, as well as natural and man-made objects used by them for recreation, treatment, and tourism. Recreational resources include natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, water bodies, vegetation, wildlife); cultural and historical sights; the economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

This type of resource was singled out as an independent relatively recently, but it is already firmly rooted in the minds of people. The emergence of various types of recreation is due to the goals of their creation. For the purposes of rehabilitation, territories with unique healing properties, such as a favorable climate, a special combination of terrain with vegetation, mineral springs, geothermal waters, sea and mountain air, etc., can be used.

For the purposes of recreation and tourism, including sports, such recreational resources are used as coasts and water areas of lakes, rivers, seas and oceans, mountainous areas, nature reserves and national parks, forest areas, historical sites, etc.

More familiar, in contrast to recreational resources, is the concept of "resort" (from it. whale - treatment and Oit- place, locality) - a developed and used specially protected natural area recognized by the current legislation, which has natural medicinal resources and the necessary conditions for their use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes (treatment, medical rehabilitation, disease prevention, health improvement), as well as necessary for their exploitation buildings and structures, including infrastructure facilities.

The first resorts were given to man by nature. The well-known Roman baths were originally a creation of nature, and not a miracle of the architecture of Ancient Rome. The Italian thermal resorts of Monsummano, Montegrotto and Montecatini are interesting in that thermal clinics have been created here by nature - the hot water of the springs fills the numerous grottoes with steam. Today it is difficult to say where man-made terms first appeared. In ancient Greece, public bathing devices were an integral part of sports facilities. Baths in Bulgaria were built by the emperors Trajan, Septimius Severus, Maximilian, Justinian. In the Renaissance, the culture of treatment on the waters began to revive. So, on the map of Europe in the XV century. appeared one of the most famous resorts of our time - Karlovy Vary. Resorts on the Baltic Sea, the German resorts of Baden-Baden and Aachen, the Belgian Spa and other now popular resorts soon became high society meeting centers.

In Russia, the first resort appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, when, by decree of Peter I, the Marcial Waters resort was built (1719). In the same years, the German scientist X. Paulsen, at the behest of Peter I, founded the "Bader baths" on the Lipetsk salt waters, which soon gained popularity in Russia and became the basis of its second resort. The first official information about the mineral springs of the Caucasus is contained in the reports of Dr. G. Shober (1717), who was sent by the royal decree of Peter the Great to the region of the North Caucasus “to look for spring waters” (the Arab traveler Ibn Battuta in the middle of the 14th century wrote about a hot mineral spring on North Caucasus - in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmodern Pyatigorsk).

The study of recreation and recreational activities is one of the youngest areas of modern science. In 1963-1975. A team of specialists from the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (V. S. Preobrazhensky, Yu. A. Vedenin, I. V. Zorin, B. N. Likhanov, L. I. Mukhina, L. S. Filippovich, and others) prepared a monograph "Theoretical foundations of recreational geography". The ideas contained in it served as the basis for further research by the same team (“Geography of recreational systems of the USSR” (1980); “Territorial organization of recreation for the population of Moscow and the Moscow region” (1986); “Recreational resources of the USSR” (1990)) and received a response in domestic and foreign research. They are also reflected in the curricula of universities. In 1992, the Russian International Academy of Tourism published a new monograph “The Theory of Recrealogy and Recreational Geography” (V. S. Preobrazhensky, Yu. A. Vedenin, I. V. Zorin, V. A. Kvartalnov, V. M. Krivosheev, L. S. Filippovich). It summarized the results of many years of research and formulated the beginnings of recreationology as an interdisciplinary science: a set of emerging ideas and concepts about the recreational system was outlined; recreational needs as a generating factor;

recreational activities as a backbone factor; about models of the recreational system.

Recreation(from lat. recreation- recovery and logos- teaching, science) is a science that develops at the intersection of recreational geography, population geography and medical geography. The object of her research is the recreational system, which consists of interconnected natural and cultural complexes, engineering structures, service personnel and vacationers themselves (recreants).

In many countries, recreational services are a major sector of the economy.

The result of scientific and technological revolution and urbanization is that recently there has been a “recreational boom” all over the world, which manifests itself in the massive visitation of people to various parts of nature, resort areas, tourism and recreation areas. The need for people to restore their spiritual and physical strength, as well as to satisfy their needs in visiting territories with historical and architectural monuments, is a sign of the rapid development of modern civilization, which is characterized by intense human activity that requires periodic unloading.

Almost every country in the world has some kind of recreational resources. Countries in which successfully rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights, to the greatest extent attract people who want to restore the forces they spent in the process of creation. Recently, such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Greece, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt, Turkey, Thailand, etc. have been especially popular for recreation, tourism and treatment. The development of international tourism brings considerable income to many countries, and for some it makes up the bulk of the country's budget.

Recreational resources have acquired great importance in the world today. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment, tourism. These resources combine both natural objects and objects of anthropogenic origin, which include historical and architectural monuments (Peter Palace, the French Versailles, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, the Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China). But still, the basis of recreational resources is made up of natural elements: sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, healing springs and mud.

In recent years, a “recreational explosion” has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, the isolation of man from nature.

Each country in the world has some kind of recreational resources, but the most tourists are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt. In these countries, rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions. The development of international tourism brings considerable income to many countries.

The process of dismembering the territory, in which areas are identified by the presence of special recreational features in them and tourist areas are distinguished. The WTO identifies 6 major tourist macro-regions of the world: Europe, America, Asia-Pacific, Africa, the Near and Middle East, South Asia.

Europe occupies the western part of the Eurasian continent. Most of Europe is flat and hilly. The largest plains are East European, Central European, Middle and Lower Danube, Parisian basin. Mountains occupy 17% of the territory. The main mountain systems are the Alps, the Carpathians, the Apennines, the Pyrenees, part of the Caucasus.

The climate is temperate in most of the territory. In the west it is oceanic, in the east it is continental. In the northern islands, the climate is subarctic and arctic, in southern Europe - Mediterranean. Much of Northern Europe is covered by modern glaciers.

Occupying a small part of the Earth (4% of the land), Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world (786 million people).

Income from tourism in European countries in 2001 amounted to more than 230 billion. US dollars (48% of global tourism receipts). The most visited countries in Europe by tourists are France, Spain, Italy. In total, among the 10 most attractive countries in the world, 6 are located in Europe.

In Europe, in terms of tourist arrivals, the leading position is occupied by the Mediterranean countries (Italy, Spain, Greece), which account for about 20% of the world market.

America is located in the Western Hemisphere. It consists of 2 major tourist regions - North America and Central South American. The North American region includes the USA, Canada, Mexico, the Danish island of Greenland. Area 23.5 million sq. km. in the north it is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean, in the west by the Pacific, in the east by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south it borders on Central America and the Caribbean. It covers zones from the Arctic zone (in the north) to the tropical zone (Mexico, southern USA). The relief for the most part consists of plains and low mountains, although the mountain ranges of the high Cordillera stretch for several thousand km from north to south (the highest point is Mt. McKinley - 6193m). vegetation includes coniferous and deciduous forests. Palm trees and ficuses grow in the states of Florida and California, in Mexico.

Rare coniferous vegetation is also found in Alaska, northern Canada, and southern Greenland.

America is rich in inland waters - a river system, lakes, artificial reservoirs. The Mississippi River and a tributary of the Missouri is one of the longest rivers on Earth (6420 km).

The Great Lakes form a huge water system, three of which (Upper, Huron, Michigan) are among the largest in the world. The St. Lawrence River connects them to the Atlantic Ocean. The Niagara River "sawed through" the hilly upland and connected Lakes Erie and Ontario. Breaking off the ledge, it forms the system of the world-famous Niagara Falls.

The population of North America in 2000 was 413 million. very variegated racial and national composition.

Heterogeneous among the three states (Canada, USA, Mexico) standard of living. Canada in this indicator ranks 3rd in the world, the USA - 6th, Mexico - 51st.

The region of Central and South America with an area of ​​19.14 million sq. km. located south of the border of Mexico to the extreme point of the mainland - Cape Horn. In the east, the region is washed by the waters of the Atlantic, in the west by the Pacific Ocean. On the territory of the region there are 48 states of different political structures and different levels of socio-economic development.

In the meridian direction, one of the longest mountain ranges in the world, the Cordillera, stretches across South America (the highest point is the city of Acongagua - 6960m). The rest of the area is plateaus and plains, among which the largest Amazonian lowland stands out.

The climate on the continent is from tropical to severe subarctic (southern islands of Antarctica). South America is the wettest continent on Earth. Here is the largest river basin of the Amazon.

The population of the region is 420 million people (2002).

In general, the Latin American region accounts for about 5% of the global market for international tourist arrivals.

The macroregion of Southeast Asia and Oceania is the largest macroregion in the world in terms of spatial coverage.

South-East Asia is a region located in the extreme southeast of Eurasia and adjacent island groups with a total area of ​​4.5 million sq. km. More than half of the region's territory is occupied by the Indochina peninsula (the third largest in the world in terms of area) and the mountainous regions to the northeast of it. The main part of Southeast Asia is the Malay Archipelago. The shores of Southeast Asia are washed by the waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans. The region includes 11 countries - Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and the Philippines.

Oceania is more than 7 thousand. islands in the Pacific. It is divided into three parts: Melanesia - the southwestern part of the ocean, where four sovereign states are located (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji), Micronesia - the northwestern part of the ocean, where three sovereign states are located (Federated States of Micronesia , Marshall Islands, Palau), Polynesia, where 6 states are concentrated (New Zealand, Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga, Tuvalu).

The mainland and insular parts of Southeast Asia have much in common in history and modern surface structure: a strong dissection of the relief, in which mountain ranges of different ages are combined with lowlands located in the deltas of the largest rivers. In Southeast Asia, especially its insular part, there are many volcanoes, including active ones.

Most of the islands in Oceania are volcanic and coral, some of them are the tops of underwater ridges. There are also mainland islands. The Great Barrier Reef stretches along the east coast of Australia.

Southeast Asia is located in 2 climatic zones: equatorial (most of the Malay Archipelago) and subequatorial, or equatorial monsoons, which have small seasonal fluctuations in the island part of the region and stronger ones in some areas on the mainland. The influence of monsoon winds is enormous, the alternation of which causes the change of dry and rainy seasons. The western part of the region is generally wetter. The strong dissection of the relief contributes to a wide variety of climate.

Most of Oceania is located in the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical zones. Only New Zealand and its adjacent islands are subtropical and temperate. The climate of Oceania is warm, mild, and especially favorable for recreation.

In Southeast Asian countries, more than half of the territory is occupied by forests.

Many palms, bananas, bamboos, orchids, ferns, mosses. Of the animals of interest are elephants, rhinos, wild bulls, tigers, panthers, monkeys. The population of Southeast Asia and Oceania is 530 million and 12 million, respectively.

Income from tourism is growing at a rate exceeding the world average by more than 2 times. The share of tourism is about 11% of the total GDP. The countries most visited by tourists are Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia.

The African macro-region is the states of continental Africa located south of the Sahara desert, as well as a number of island states and territories in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean (more than 69 countries). Area 24.3 million sq. km. There are 4 regions - Western, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa.

The relief is predominantly flat. East Africa is characterized by deep cracks and breaks in the earth's crust.

Among other continents, Africa occupies a special position. Its extreme points in the north and south are about the same distance from the equator. Most of the continent is located between two tropics in the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical zones. Its southern outskirts enters the subtropics. The coastline of Africa is slightly indented. Due to its location, Africa is the hottest continent on Earth. The Sahara desert stands out in particular.

In Africa, the longest river in the world flows - the Nile River (6671 km). The second longest and most full-flowing river is the Congo. One of the largest waterfalls in the world, Victoria, is located on the Zambezi River.

Among the natural areas, the equatorial forests make the greatest impression on tourists. There are more than 1000 species of trees here alone. The rarest species of animals include: bush pigs, pygmy hippos, okapi - relatives of the giraffe, leopard.

At the equator, eternal summer, eternal equinox.

Savannas occupy about 40% of the mainland. There is no such abundance of large animals as in the African savanna anywhere in the world. Here are antelopes, and striped zebras, and long-legged giraffes, and the largest mammals on earth - elephants and buffaloes, and formidable rhinos.

Numerous orders of predators coexist next to herbivores - lions, leopards, cheetahs, genes. The world of birds is unusually rich - from the world's smallest sunbird to the largest - the African ostrich.

On the African continent, unlike other regions, there are no sharp jumps and drops in the development of tourism. Some countries, such as Kenya, Zambia, Mauritius, Morocco, Algeria, have only noticeably improved their performance. After 2003, interest in visiting South Africa revived.

The Near and Middle East is a vast macro-region of the world, stretching from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea to Pakistan in the East, from the southern edge of the Sahara Desert to the Mediterranean coast on the island of Cyprus in the north. The total area is 14.8 million sq. km. the macro-region includes 16 states. The Suez Canal and the Strait of Gibraltar are of great importance for the development of tourism.

The population in 2002 was 438 million people. The service sector plays an important role in the region's economy. Tourism will stand out in particular.

Middle East region at the beginning of the 21st century. has become a leader in terms of the increase in tourist flow. Tourists and pilgrims from all over the world rushed to the historical and biblical places associated with the earthly life of Jesus Christ. However, the renewed Palestinian-Israeli conflict actually stopped the flow of tourists to Israel. Nevertheless, the overall figures for the growth of tourist flows are impressive (24.1 million against 14 million in 1996). These successes can be attributed to Egypt, the Arab Emirates, and Iran.

South Asia - total area 4.6 million sq. km. In the north and northwest it is bounded by the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountain systems, the Iranian highlands, in the east by the Assam-Burman mountains. From the south, the shores of South Asia are washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

There are 7 countries in the region, and only Nepal and Bhutan have no access to the ocean. The largest country is India, the smallest is the Republic of Maldives.

The nature of the countries of South Asia is picturesque and diverse. The highest mountain system in the world is the Himalayas (the highest elevation of the city of Chomolungma is 8848m).

The population of South Asia in 2002 was 1397 million people.

Legal support of SCTS

1. Innovations in the Federal Law "On the basics of tourism activities."

1. Amendments to the Law "On Tourism": Small business travel agencies are preparing to provide financial guarantees 12/12/2006. licensing of travel agency and tour operator activities, a government bill “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Basics of Tourist Activities in the Russian Federation” was sent. It was submitted to the plenary session of the State Duma on Friday. This was announced on Monday by the chairman of the Duma Committee on Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship and Tourism Yevgeny Fedorov. According to the text, the introduction of the concept of “financial guarantee” into 132-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation”, defined as a guarantee of compensation for losses arising from non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations of the tour operator to consumers of tourist services, is envisaged. The size of the financial guarantee is differentiated depending on the type of tour operator activity (international tourist activity and domestic tourism). The bill clarifies the basic concepts of “tourist product”, “tour operator activity”, “tourist voucher” used in the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation”, and also introduces new ones into the law - “international tourism”, “guide (guide, guide -translator)”, “excursion service” and “tourist”. Other changes and additions to the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation" are proposed based on the practice of its application and in order to implement the provisions of this bill. To ensure the validity of the norms of the draft federal law "On Amendments to the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation", it will be necessary to adopt a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation "On Approval of the Procedure for the Provision of Services by Travel Agents".

abstract

"Recreational resources and their classification"

Introduction

In the development of tourism and recreation, the role of recreational resources is great. Therefore, in order to determine the possibilities of using any territory for recreational purposes, it is necessary to study and evaluate the recreational and tourist resources that the territory possesses.

Under recreational resources understands the components of the natural environment and phenomena of a sociocultural nature, which, due to certain properties (uniqueness, originality, aesthetic appeal, therapeutic significance), can be used to organize various types and forms of recreational activities. Recreational resources are characterized by contrast with the habitual human environment and a combination of various natural and cultural environments. Almost any place that meets two criteria is recognized as recreational resources:

1) the place is different from the habitat familiar to man;

2) represented by a combination of two or more naturally different environments;

Classification of recreational resources

Recreational resources can be classified as follows:

1) by origin;

2) by types of recreational use;

3) by the rate of exhaustion;

4) if possible, economic replenishment;

5) if possible, replacing some resources with others;

6) if possible self-healing and cultivation;

The involvement of recreational resources in the process of recreational activities can be different in nature:

1) perceived visually - landscapes, sightseeing objects;

2) use without direct expenditure;

3) directly spent in the process of recreation;

By origin, natural recreational resources are divided into physical, biological, energy-informational.

Physical recreational resources are all components of inanimate nature classified as physical and geographical resources: geological, geomorphological, climatic, hydrological, thermal.

Energy-informational recreational resources are fields of noospheric nature that serve as factors of the attractiveness of the area or landscape and positively affect the psychophysical (emotional and spiritual) state of a person. This type of resource is the basis for the development of cultural and religious tourism.

Biological recreational resources are understood as all components of wildlife, including soil, faunistic, and floristic.

All natural recreational resources - physical, biological, energy-informational are united and inextricably linked by the flows of matter and energy, form complex recreational resources of natural-territorial recreational complexes;

On this basis, the types of natural recreational resources are identified: geological, morphological, climatic, etc. Each type of natural recreational resources has its own characteristics, inherent only to them, on the basis of which the types are distinguished:

1) possible use (direct and indirect).

2) according to the degree of attractiveness;

3) according to medical and health-improving properties;

4) by historical and evolutionary uniqueness;

5) according to environmental criteria.

Recreational resources are largely derived from the recreational needs of the population, which, in turn, are determined by the tasks of the socio-cultural development of the territory. Thus, the main reason and factor for the transformation of the totality of certain properties of the territory into recreational resources is the need for socio-cultural development of the territory.

Tourism resources are understood as combinations of components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values, which act as conditions for satisfying the tourist needs of a person. Tourism resources can be divided into the following groups:

1) natural - climate, water resources, relief, caves, flora and fauna, national parks, picturesque landscapes;

2) cultural-historical - cultural, historical, archaeological, ethnographic objects;

3) socio-economic conditions and resources - the economic and geographical position of the territory, its transport accessibility, the level of economic development, labor resources, etc.

It should be noted that recreational resources are a broader concept than tourist resources, since they include components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values ​​as a condition for satisfying all recreational human needs, including medical ones.

To identify the recreational opportunities of the territory, it is important to conduct a recreational assessment of natural resources; assessment is a reflection of the relationship between a person (subject) and elements of the environment or the environment as a whole. There are three main assessments of natural resources in science: medical-biological, psychological-aesthetic, technological.

Climate plays a leading role in biomedical assessments. In the analysis, it is necessary to identify the comfort of the conditions, which is determined by climatic and biomedical characteristics, but the concept of "comfort" is relative, because for some types of recreation (for example, ski trips), conditions typical for the winter period of the middle zone and for the transitional seasons of the northern territories can be considered comfortable.

The psychological assessment takes into account, first of all, the aesthetic qualities of the territory - exoticism and uniqueness. The exoticism of the territory is defined as the degree of contrast between the place of rest in relation to the permanent place of residence, and the uniqueness - as the degree of occurrence or uniqueness of objects and phenomena. Scientists have proposed a number of provisions for measuring the aesthetic properties of the territory. So, the most attractive landscapes are the border ones: water-land, forest-glade, hill-plain.

Technological assessment reflects the interaction of man and the natural environment through the "technology" of recreational activities and technology. Firstly, the possibilities for a certain type of recreation are evaluated, and, secondly, the possibilities of engineering and construction development of the territory.

An economic assessment of natural recreational resources is necessary for the economic justification of investments in the reproduction, protection and improvement of the use of recreational resources. This assessment is closely related to the type of resource, its quality, location relative to areas of demand, technology of use, environmental qualities. Communication can be expressed by a system of qualitative and quantitative indicators. Quantitative ones include the availability of places of recreation and tourism, their carrying capacity, the consumption of medical resources per person per day, the concentration of people in recreational areas, etc. Qualitative indicators take into account the attractiveness of the tourist site, landscape, comfort level, etc.

A particular difficulty in evaluating recreational resources lies in the fact that they must be considered both from the position of recreation organizers and from the position of vacationers. The effectiveness of recreation is determined by the possibility of combining different types of activities, which implies the need for an integrated approach to assessing resources. When evaluating resource combinations, it is important to identify the weight and significance of individual components that make up the overall value of the natural complex.

There are various methods for assessing natural recreational resources, but the most common and most appropriate for a comprehensive recreational analysis of the territory is the assessment of the degree of favorableness of certain parameters for recreational research. When considering natural resources, it is advisable to apply a factor-integral assessment of the resource, depending on the type of recreational activity in which this resource is used.

Also, for the development of the tourism industry, it is of great importance to take into account the norms of anthropogenic pressure on natural complexes, since the illiterate exploitation of natural resources adversely affects the ecological state of natural complexes. Thus, a prerequisite for the suitability of natural recreational resources is the ecological well-being of the natural environment.

Varieties of natural recreational resources

Among the recreational and tourism resources, the role and importance of natural recreational resources is especially great. They are divided into:

1) climatic;

2) geomorphological;

3) hydrological;

4) hydromineral;

5) soil and vegetable;

6) faunistic.

A special place among them is occupied by landscape and natural resources, which are complex recreational resources.

Let's consider separate types of natural recreational resources.

Climatic recreational resources.

Climatic recreational resources are meteorological elements or their combinations that have medical and biological properties and are used in the recreation process.

This type of recreational resources is fundamental. Certain types of climate contribute to an effective increase in the physical and spiritual strength of a person, both on their own and in combination with other natural resources that can be classified as recreational in the region. In this sense, climatic recreational resources can have a regional aspect.

The impact of climate on the human body is called bioclimate. In accordance with this, bioclimatic parameters differ from ordinary meteorological characteristics, since they represent a complex effect of the meteorological characteristics of air masses on the human body: temperature, wind speed, humidity, pressure.

To assess the bioclimate, all bioclimatic parameters are considered according to the degree of their favorable effect on the human body. At the same time, unfavorable factors that have an increased load on the adaptive systems of the human body are called annoying. Meteorological conditions, leading to less pronounced tension of adaptive mechanisms in the human body, are called training. In general, they are relatively favorable, and for most people who do not suffer from serious illnesses, they are useful conditions that have a training effect. Sparing climatic conditions are favorable for all people without exception, including for weakened patients who are on medical rest in a sanatorium or resort.