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The impact of emissions into the atmosphere on the ecological situation of the planet and the health of all mankind is extremely unfavorable. Almost constantly, a lot of different compounds get into the air and disperse through it, and some decay for an extremely long time. Automotive emissions are a particularly pressing problem, but there are other sources. It is worth considering them in detail and finding out how to avoid sad consequences.

Atmosphere and its pollution

The atmosphere is what surrounds the planet and forms a kind of dome that retains air and a certain environment that has developed over millennia. It is she who allows humanity and all living things to breathe and exist. The atmosphere consists of several layers, and its structure includes different components. Nitrogen contains the most (slightly less than 78%), oxygen is in second place (about 20%). The amount of argon does not exceed 1%, and the proportion of carbon dioxide CO2 is negligible at all - less than 0.2-0.3%. And this structure must be preserved and remain constant.

If the ratio of elements changes, then the protective shell of the Earth does not fulfill its main functions, and this is most directly reflected on the planet.

Harmful emissions enter the environment daily and almost constantly, which is associated with the rapid pace of development of civilization. Everyone seeks to buy a car, everyone heats their homes.

Various areas of industry are actively developing, minerals extracted from the bowels of the Earth are being processed, which become sources of energy to improve the quality of life and the work of enterprises. And all this inevitably leads to a significant and extremely negative impact on the environment. If the situation remains the same, it can threaten the most serious consequences.

The main types of pollution

There are several classifications of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. So, they are divided into:

• organized
• unorganized

In the latter case, harmful substances enter the air from the so-called unorganized and unregulated sources, which include waste storage facilities and warehouses of potentially hazardous raw materials, places for unloading and loading trucks and freight trains, overpasses.

• Low. This includes emitting gases and harmful compounds together with ventilation air at a low level, often near buildings from which substances are removed.
• High. High stationary sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere include pipes through which exhausts almost immediately penetrate the atmospheric layers.
• Medium or intermediate. Intermediate pollutants are no more than 15-20% above the so-called aerodynamic shadow zone created by structures.

The classification can be based on dispersion, which determines the penetrating ability of the components and dispersion of emissions in the atmosphere. This indicator is used to evaluate pollutants in the form of aerosols or dust. For the latter, dispersion is divided into five groups, and for aerosol liquids, into four categories. And the smaller the components, the more rapidly they disperse through the air pool.

Toxicity

All harmful emissions are also subdivided according to toxicity, which determines the nature and degree of impact on the human body, animals and plants. The indicator is defined as a value that is inversely proportional to the dose that can become lethal. According to toxicity, the following categories are distinguished:

• low toxicity
• moderately toxic
• highly toxic
• deadly, contact with which can cause death

Non-toxic emissions into the atmospheric air are, first of all, various inert gases, which, under normal and stable conditions, have no effect, that is, remain neutral. But when some indicators of the environment change, for example, with an increase in pressure, they can act narcotic on the human brain.

There is also a regulated separate classification of all toxic compounds entering the air basin. It is characterized as the maximum permissible concentration, and, based on this indicator, four classes of toxicity are distinguished. The last fourth is low-toxic emissions of harmful substances. The first class includes extremely dangerous substances, contacts with which pose a serious threat to health and life.

main sources

All sources of pollution can be divided into two broad categories: natural and anthropogenic. It is worth starting with the first, since it is less extensive and in no way depends on the activities of mankind.

There are the following natural sources:

• The largest natural stationary sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are volcanoes, during the eruption of which huge amounts of various combustion products and the smallest solid particles of rocks rush into the air.
• A significant proportion of natural sources are forest, peat and steppe fires that rage in the summer. During the combustion of wood and other natural sources of fuel contained in natural conditions, harmful emissions are also formed and rush into the air.
• Various secretions are formed by animals, both during life as a result of the functioning of various endocrine glands, and after death during decomposition. Plants that have pollen can also be considered sources of emissions to the environment.
• The dust, which consists of the smallest particles, rises into the air, hovering in it and penetrating into the atmospheric layers, also has a negative impact.

Anthropogenic sources

The most numerous and dangerous are anthropogenic sources associated with human activities. These include:

• Industrial emissions arising from the operation of factories and other enterprises engaged in manufacturing, metallurgical or chemical production. And in the course of some processes and reactions, a release of radioactive substances can be formed, which are especially dangerous for people.
• Emissions from vehicles, the share of which can reach 80-90% of the total volume of all emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Today, many people use motor transport, and tons of harmful and dangerous compounds that are part of the exhaust rush into the air every day. And if industrial emissions from enterprises are removed locally, then automobile emissions are present almost everywhere.
• Stationary sources of emissions include thermal and nuclear power plants, boiler plants. They allow you to heat the premises, so they are actively used. But all such boiler houses and stations are the cause of constant emissions into the environment.
• Active use of different types of fuel, especially combustible ones. During their combustion, large quantities of dangerous substances rushing into the air pool are formed.
• Waste. In the process of their decomposition, emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air also occur. And if we take into account that the period of decomposition of some wastes exceeds tens of years, then one can imagine how detrimental their impact on the environment is. And some compounds are much more dangerous than industrial emissions: batteries and batteries can contain and release heavy metals.
• Agriculture also provokes the release of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere resulting from the use of fertilizers, as well as the vital activity of animals in places where they accumulate. They may contain CO2, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide.

Examples of specific compounds

To begin with, it is worth analyzing the composition of emissions from vehicles into the atmosphere, since it is multicomponent. First of all, it contains carbon dioxide CO2, which does not belong to toxic compounds, but, when it enters the body in high concentrations, it can reduce the level of oxygen in tissues and blood. And although CO2 is an integral part of the air and is released during human breathing, carbon dioxide emissions from car use are much more significant.

Also, exhaust gases, soot and soot, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, aldehydes, and benzopyrene are found in the exhaust gases. According to the results of measurements, the amount of emissions from vehicles per liter of gasoline used can reach 14-16 kg of various gases and particles, including carbon monoxide and CO2.

A variety of substances can come from stationary sources of emissions, such as anhydride, ammonia, sulfurous and nitric acids, oxides of sulfur and carbon, mercury vapor, arsenic, fluorine and phosphorus compounds, lead. All of them not only get into the air, but can also react with it or with each other, forming new components. And industrial emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are especially dangerous: measurements show their high concentrations.

How to avoid serious consequences

Industrial emissions and others are extremely harmful, as they cause acid precipitation, deterioration in human health, and development. And to prevent dangerous consequences, you need to act comprehensively and take such measures as:

1. Installation of treatment facilities at enterprises, the introduction of pollution control points.
2. Switching to alternative, less toxic and non-flammable energy sources, such as water, wind, sunlight.
3. Rational use of vehicles: timely elimination of breakdowns, the use of special agents that reduce the concentration of harmful compounds, the adjustment of the exhaust system. And it is better to at least partially switch to trolleybuses and trams.
4. Legislative regulation at the state level.
5. Rational attitude to natural resources, greening the planet.

Substances released into the atmosphere are dangerous, but some of them can be eliminated or prevented.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

FOOD PRODUCTION»

O.V. GUTINA, YU.N. MALOFEEV

EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL MANUAL for solving problems on the course

"ECOLOGY"

for students of all specialties

Moscow 2006

1. Quality control of atmospheric air in the zone of industrial enterprises.
Task 1. Calculation of flue gas dispersion from the boiler pipe
2. Technical means and methods for protecting the atmosphere.
Task 2.
3. Pollution control. Normative-legal bases of nature protection. Payment for environmental damage.
Task 3. "Calculation of technological emissions and payment for pollution of environmental protection systems using the example of a bakery"
Literature

Atmospheric dispersion of industrial emissions

Emissions are the release of pollutants into the atmosphere. The quality of atmospheric air is determined by the concentration of pollutants contained in it, which should not exceed the sanitary and hygienic standard - the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for each pollutant. MPC is the maximum concentration of a pollutant in the atmospheric air, referred to a certain averaging time, which, under periodic exposure or throughout a person's life, does not have a harmful effect on him, including long-term consequences.

With existing technologies for obtaining target products and existing methods for cleaning emissions, a decrease in the concentration of hazardous pollutants in the environment is provided by an increase in the area of ​​dispersion, by bringing emissions to a greater height. At the same time, it is assumed that only such a level of aerotechnogenic pollution of the environment is achieved, at which natural self-purification of air is still possible.

The highest concentration of each harmful substance C m (mg / m 3) in the surface layer of the atmosphere must not exceed the maximum permissible concentration:

If the composition of the release includes several harmful substances with a unidirectional effect, i.e. mutually reinforce each other, then the following inequality must hold:

(2)

C 1 - C n - the actual concentration of a harmful substance in the atmosphere

air, mg / m 3,

MPC - maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants (MP).

Scientifically substantiated MPC standards in the surface layer of the atmosphere should be ensured by the control of standards for all sources of emissions. This environmental standard is emission limit

MPE - the maximum release of a pollutant, which, dispersing in the atmosphere, creates a surface concentration of this substance that does not exceed the MPC, taking into account the background concentration.

Pollution of the environment when dispersing emissions from enterprises through high pipes depends on many factors: the height of the pipe, the speed of the ejected gas flow, the distance from the emission source, the presence of several closely spaced emission sources, meteorological conditions, etc.

Ejection height and gas flow velocity. With an increase in the height of the pipe and the speed of the ejected gas flow, the efficiency of pollution dispersion increases, i.e. emissions are dispersed in a larger volume of atmospheric air, over a larger area of ​​the earth's surface.

Wind speed. Wind is the turbulent movement of air over the earth's surface. The direction and speed of the wind do not remain constant, the wind speed increases with an increase in atmospheric pressure difference. The greatest air pollution is possible with light winds of 0-5 m/s when emissions are dispersed at low altitudes in the surface layer of the atmosphere. For emissions from high sources least The dispersion of pollution takes place at wind speeds of 1-7 m/s (depending on the speed of the gas jet exiting from the mouth of the pipe).

Temperature stratification. The ability of the earth's surface to absorb or radiate heat affects the vertical distribution of temperature in the atmosphere. Under normal conditions as you go up 1 km, the temperature decreases by 6,5 0 : temperature gradient is 6,5 0 /km. In real conditions, deviations from a uniform decrease in temperature with height can be observed - temperature inversion. Distinguish surface and elevated inversions. Surface ones are characterized by the appearance of a warmer layer of air directly at the surface of the earth, elevated ones - by the appearance of a warmer layer of air (inversion layer) at a certain height. Under inversion conditions, the dispersion of pollutants worsens, they are concentrated in the surface layer of the atmosphere. When a polluted gas flow is released from a high source, the greatest air pollution is possible with an elevated inversion, the lower limit of which is above the source of the emission and the most dangerous wind speed of 1–7 m/s. For low emission sources, the combination of surface inversion with light wind is the most unfavorable.

Terrain relief. Even in the presence of relatively small elevations, the microclimate in certain areas and the nature of the dispersion of pollution change significantly. Thus, in low places, stagnant, poorly ventilated zones with a high concentration of pollution are formed. If there are buildings on the path of the polluted flow, then the air flow speed increases above the building, immediately behind the building it decreases, gradually increasing as it moves away, and at some distance from the building the air flow speed takes on its original value. aerodynamic shadow – poorly ventilated area formed when air flows around a building. Depending on the type of buildings and the nature of development, various zones with closed air circulation are formed, which can have a significant impact on the distribution of pollution.

Methodology for calculating the dispersion of harmful substances in the atmosphere contained in emissions , is based on the determination of the concentrations of these substances (mg / m 3) in the surface air layer. Degree of danger pollution of the surface layer of atmospheric air with emissions of harmful substances is determined by the highest calculated value of the concentration of harmful substances, which can be established at a certain distance from the emission source under the most adverse weather conditions (wind speed reaches a dangerous value, intense turbulent vertical exchange is observed, etc.).

Emission dispersion calculation is carried out according toOND-86.

The maximum surface concentration is determined by the formula:

(3)

A is a coefficient depending on the temperature stratification of the atmosphere (the value of the coefficient A is assumed to be 140 for the Central region of the Russian Federation).

M is the emission power, the mass of the pollutant emitted per unit of time, g/s.

F is a dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the rate of settling of harmful substances in the atmosphere (for gaseous substances it is 1, for solids it is 1).

 is a dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the influence of the terrain (for flat terrain - 1, for rugged - 2).

H is the height of the emission source above ground level, m.

 is the difference between the temperature emitted by the gas-air mixture and the ambient air temperature.

V 1 - the flow rate of the gas-air mixture leaving the source of emission, m 3 / s.

m, n - coefficients that take into account the conditions of the release.

Enterprises that emit harmful substances into the environment must be separated from residential buildings by sanitary protection zones. The distance from the enterprise to residential buildings (the size of the sanitary protection zone) is set depending on the amount and type of pollutants emitted into the environment, the capacity of the enterprise, and the features of the technological process. Since 1981 calculation of the sanitary protection zone is regulated by state standards. SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03 "Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects". According to it, all enterprises are divided into 5 classes according to their degree of danger. And depending on the class, the standard value of the SPZ is established.

Enterprise (class) Dimensions of the sanitary protection zone

I class 1000 m

II class 500 m

III class 300 m

IV class 100 m

V class 50

One of the functions of the sanitary protection zone is the biological purification of atmospheric air by means of landscaping. Tree and shrub plantations for gas absorption purposes (phytofilters) able to absorb gaseous pollutants. For example, it has been found that meadow and woody vegetation can bind 16-90% of sulfur dioxide.

Task #1: The boiler room of an industrial enterprise is equipped with a boiler unit operating on liquid fuel. Combustion products: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide), sulfur dioxide, fuel oil ash, vanadium pentoxide, benzapyrene, and sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide have a unidirectional effect on the human body and form a summation group.

The task requires:

1) find the maximum surface concentration of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide;

2) the distance from the pipe to the place where C M appears;

Initial data:

Boiler room performance - Q about \u003d 3000 MJ / h;

Fuel - sulfurous fuel oil;

Efficiency of the boiler plant -  k.u. =0.8;

Chimney height H=40 m;

Chimney diameter D=0.4m;

Emission temperature T g = 200С;

Outdoor air temperature T in = 20С;

The number of exhaust gases from 1 kg of fuel oil burned V g = 22.4 m 3 /kg;

Maximum permissible concentration of SO 2 in atmospheric air -

With pdk a.v. =0.05 mg/m 3 ;

Maximum permissible concentration of NO 2 in atmospheric air -

With pdk a.v. =0.04 mg/m3;

Background concentration of SO 2 – C f =0.004 mg/m 3 ;

The heat of combustion of fuel Q n =40.2 MJ/kg;

Location of the boiler room - Moscow region;

The terrain is calm (with a height difference of 50m per 1km).

The calculation of the maximum surface concentration is carried out in accordance with the normative document OND-86 "Methodology for calculating the concentrations in the atmospheric air of pollutants contained in the emissions of enterprises."

C M =
,

 \u003d T G - T B \u003d 200 - 20 \u003d 180 o C.

To determine the flow rate of the gas-air mixture, we find the hourly fuel consumption:

H =

V 1 =

m is a dimensionless coefficient that depends on the release conditions: the rate of exit of the gas-air mixture, the height and diameter of the release source, and the temperature difference.

f=

the rate of exit of the gas-air mixture from the mouth of the pipe is determined by the formula:

 o =

f=1000

.

n is a dimensionless coefficient depending on the release conditions: the volume of the gas-air mixture, the height of the release source and the temperature difference.

Determined by the characteristic value

V M = 0.65

n \u003d 0.532V m 2 - 2.13V m + 3.13 \u003d 1.656

M \u003d V 1  a, g / s,

M SO 2 \u003d 0.579  3 \u003d 1.737 g / s,

M NO 2 \u003d 0.8  0.579 \u003d 0.46 g / s.

Maximum ground concentration:

sulfurous anhydride -

C M =

nitrogen dioxide -

Cm = .

We find the distance from the pipe to the place where C M appears according to the formula:

X M =

where d is a dimensionless coefficient depending on the conditions of the release: the rate of exit of the gas-air mixture, the height and diameter of the source of the release, the temperature difference and the volume of the gas-air mixture.

d = 4.95V m (1 + 0.28f), at 0.5 V M  2,

d \u003d 7 V M (1 + 0.28f), with V M  2.

We have V M \u003d 0.89  d \u003d 4.95 0.89 (1 + 0.280.029) \u003d 4.7

X M =

Because Since the surface concentration of sulfur dioxide exceeds the MPC of sulfur dioxide in the atmospheric air, then the value of the MPC of sulfur dioxide for the source under consideration is determined, taking into account the need to fulfill the summation equation

Substituting our values, we get:

which is greater than 1. To fulfill the conditions of the summation equation, it is necessary to reduce the mass of the sulfur dioxide emission, while maintaining the emission of nitrogen dioxide at the same level. Let us calculate the surface concentration of sulfur dioxide at which the boiler house will not pollute the environment.

=1- = 0,55

С SO2 \u003d 0.55  0.05 \u003d 0.0275 mg / m 3

The efficiency of the cleaning method, providing a reduction in the mass of sulfur dioxide emissions from the initial value M = 1.737 g/s to 0.71 g/s, is determined by the formula:

%,

where СВХ is the concentration of the pollutant at the inlet to the gas cleaning

installation, mg / m 3,

C OUT - the concentration of the pollutant at the outlet of the gas

treatment plant, mg / m 3.

Because
, a
, then

then the formula will take the form:

Therefore, when choosing a cleaning method, it is necessary that its efficiency is not lower than 59%.

Technical means and methods for protecting the atmosphere.

Emissions from industrial enterprises are characterized by a wide variety of disperse composition and other physical and chemical properties. In this regard, various methods for their purification and types of gas and dust collectors have been developed - devices designed to purify emissions from pollutants.

M
Methods for cleaning industrial emissions from dust can be divided into two groups: dust collection methods "dry" way and dust collection methods "wet" way. Gas dedusting devices include: dust settling chambers, cyclones, porous filters, electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, etc.

The most common dry dust collectors are cyclones various types.

They are used to trap flour and tobacco dust, ash formed during the combustion of fuel in boilers. The gas flow enters the cyclone through the nozzle 2 tangentially to the inner surface of the body 1 and performs a rotational-translational motion along the body. Under the action of centrifugal force, dust particles are thrown to the wall of the cyclone and, under the action of gravity, fall into the dust collection bin 4, and the purified gas exits through the outlet pipe 3. For normal operation of the cyclone, its tightness is necessary, if the cyclone is not tight, then due to suction outside air, dust is carried out with the flow through the outlet pipe.

The tasks of cleaning gases from dust can be successfully solved by cylindrical (TsN-11, TsN-15, TsN-24, TsP-2) and conical (SK-TsN-34, SK-TsN-34M, SKD-TsN-33) cyclones, developed by the Research Institute for Industrial and Sanitary Gas Purification (NIIOGAZ). For normal operation, the excess pressure of gases entering the cyclones should not exceed 2500 Pa. At the same time, in order to avoid condensation of liquid vapors, t of the gas is selected 30 - 50 ° C above the dew point t, and according to the conditions of structural strength - not higher than 400 ° C. The performance of the cyclone depends on its diameter, increasing with the growth of the latter. The cleaning efficiency of cyclones of the TsN series decreases with an increase in the angle of entry into the cyclone. As the particle size increases and the cyclone diameter decreases, the purification efficiency increases. Cylindrical cyclones are designed to capture dry dust from aspiration systems and are recommended for use for pre-treatment of gases at the inlet of filters and electrostatic precipitators. Cyclones TsN-15 are made of carbon or low-alloy steel. The canonical cyclones of the SK series, designed for cleaning gases from soot, have increased efficiency compared to cyclones of the TsN type due to greater hydraulic resistance.

To clean large masses of gases, battery cyclones are used, consisting of a larger number of cyclone elements installed in parallel. Structurally, they are combined into one building and have a common gas supply and discharge. Operating experience of battery cyclones has shown that the cleaning efficiency of such cyclones is somewhat lower than the efficiency of individual elements due to the flow of gases between the cyclone elements. The domestic industry produces battery cyclones of the type BC-2, BCR-150u, etc.

Rotary dust collectors are centrifugal devices, which, simultaneously with the movement of air, purify it from a dust fraction larger than 5 microns. They are very compact, because. fan and dust collector are usually combined in one unit. As a result, during the installation and operation of such machines, no additional space is required to accommodate special dust-collecting devices when moving a dusty stream with an ordinary fan.

The structural diagram of the simplest rotary type dust collector is shown in the figure. During the operation of the fan wheel 1, dust particles are thrown to the wall of the spiral casing 2 due to centrifugal forces and move along it in the direction of the exhaust hole 3. The dust-enriched gas is discharged through a special dust inlet 3 into the dust bin, and the purified gas enters the exhaust pipe 4 .

To improve the efficiency of dust collectors of this design, it is necessary to increase the portable speed of the cleaned flow in the spiral casing, but this leads to a sharp increase in the hydraulic resistance of the apparatus, or to reduce the radius of curvature of the casing spiral, but this reduces its performance. Such machines provide a sufficiently high efficiency of air purification while capturing relatively large dust particles - more than 20 - 40 microns.

More promising rotary type dust separators designed to purify air from particles with a size of  5 μm are counterflow rotary dust separators (PRP). The dust separator consists of a hollow rotor 2 with a perforated surface built into the casing 1 and a fan wheel 3. The rotor and the fan wheel are mounted on a common shaft. During the operation of the dust separator, dusty air enters the casing, where it spins around the rotor. As a result of the rotation of the dust flow, centrifugal forces arise, under the influence of which the suspended dust particles tend to stand out from it in the radial direction. However, aerodynamic drag forces act on these particles in the opposite direction. Particles, the centrifugal force of which is greater than the force of aerodynamic resistance, are thrown to the walls of the casing and enter the hopper 4. The purified air is thrown out through the perforation of the rotor with the help of a fan.

The efficiency of PRP cleaning depends on the selected ratio of centrifugal and aerodynamic forces and theoretically can reach 1.

Comparison of PRP with cyclones shows the advantages of rotary dust collectors. So, the overall dimensions of the cyclone are 3-4 times, and the specific energy consumption for cleaning 1000 m 3 of gas is 20-40% more than that of the PRP, all other things being equal. However, rotary dust collectors have not received wide distribution due to the relative complexity of the design and operation process compared to other devices for dry gas cleaning from mechanical impurities.

To separate the gas stream into purified gas and dust-enriched gas, louvered dust separator. On the louvered grille 1, the gas flow with a flow rate Q is divided into two channels with a flow rate of Q 1 and Q 2 . Usually Q 1 \u003d (0.8-0.9) Q, and Q 2 \u003d (0.1-0.2) Q. Separation of dust particles from the main gas flow on the louvre occurs under the action of inertial forces arising from the rotation of the gas flow at the inlet to the louvre, as well as due to the effect of reflection of particles from the surface of the grate upon impact. The dust-enriched gas flow after the louvre is sent to the cyclone, where it is cleaned of particles, and is reintroduced into the pipeline behind the louvre. Louvred dust separators are simple in design and well assembled in gas ducts, providing a cleaning efficiency of 0.8 or more for particles larger than 20 microns. They are used to clean flue gases from coarse dust at t up to 450 - 600 o C.

Electrofilter. Electric purification is one of the most advanced types of gas purification from dust and fog particles suspended in them. This process is based on the impact ionization of gas in the zone of the corona discharge, the transfer of the ion charge to impurity particles and the deposition of the latter on the collecting and corona electrodes. Collecting electrodes 2 are connected to the positive pole of the rectifier 4 and grounded, and the corona electrodes are connected to the negative pole. Particles entering the electrostatic precipitator are connected to the positive pole of the rectifier 4 and grounded, and the corona electrodes are charged with impurity ions ana. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 usually already have a small charge obtained due to friction against the walls of pipelines and equipment. Thus, negatively charged particles move towards the collecting electrode, and positively charged particles settle on the negative corona electrode.

Filters widely used for fine purification of gas emissions from impurities. The filtration process consists in retaining particles of impurities on porous partitions as they move through them. The filter is a housing 1, divided by a porous partition (filter-

Industrial and economic development is accompanied, as a rule, by an increase in environmental pollution. Most large cities are characterized by a significant concentration of industrial facilities in relatively small areas, which poses a risk to human health.

One of the environmental factors that have the most pronounced impact on human health is air quality. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere present a particular danger. This is due to the fact that toxicants enter the human body mainly through the respiratory tract.

Air Emissions: Sources

Distinguish between natural and anthropogenic sources of pollutants in the air. The main impurities that contain atmospheric emissions from natural sources are dust of cosmic, volcanic and vegetable origin, gases and smoke resulting from forest and steppe fires, products of destruction and weathering of rocks and soils, etc.

The levels of air pollution by natural sources are of a background nature. They change little over time. The main sources of pollutants entering the air basin at the present stage are anthropogenic, namely, industry (various industries), agriculture and motor transport.

Emissions from enterprises into the atmosphere

The largest "suppliers" of various pollutants to the air basin are metallurgical and energy enterprises, chemical production, the construction industry, and mechanical engineering.

In the process of burning fuels of various types by energy complexes, large amounts of sulfur dioxide, carbon and nitrogen oxides, and soot are released into the atmosphere. A number of other substances are also present in emissions (in smaller quantities), in particular hydrocarbons.

The main sources of dust and gas emissions in metallurgical production are melting furnaces, pouring plants, pickling departments, sintering machines, crushing and grinding equipment, unloading and loading of materials, etc. The largest share among the total amount of substances entering the atmosphere is carbon monoxide, dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide. Manganese, arsenic, lead, phosphorus, mercury vapours, etc. are emitted in somewhat smaller quantities. Also, in the process of steelmaking, emissions into the atmosphere contain vapor-gas mixtures. They include phenol, benzene, formaldehyde, ammonia and a number of other hazardous substances.

Harmful emissions into the atmosphere from enterprises of the chemical industry, despite their small volumes, pose a particular danger to the environment and humans, since they are characterized by high toxicity, concentration and considerable diversity. The mixtures entering the air, depending on the type of products produced, may contain volatile organic compounds, fluorine compounds, nitrous gases, solids, chloride compounds, hydrogen sulfide, etc.

In the production of building materials and cement, emissions into the atmosphere contain significant amounts of various dusts. The main technological processes leading to their formation are grinding, processing of batches, semi-finished products and products in hot gas flows, etc. Contamination zones with a radius of up to 2000 m can form around plants that produce various building materials. They are characterized by a high concentration of dust in the air containing particles of gypsum, cement, quartz, and a number of other pollutants.

Vehicle emissions

In large cities, a huge amount of pollutants into the atmosphere comes from motor vehicles. According to various estimates, they account for 80 to 95%. consist of a large number of toxic compounds, in particular nitrogen and carbon oxides, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, etc. (about 200 compounds in total).

Emissions are highest at traffic lights and intersections, where vehicles are moving at low speeds and idling. The calculation of emissions into the atmosphere shows that the main components of the emissions in this case are also hydrocarbons.

At the same time, it should be noted that, unlike stationary sources of emissions, the operation of vehicles leads to air pollution on city streets at the height of human growth. As a result, pedestrians, residents of houses located along the roads, as well as vegetation growing in adjacent areas are exposed to the harmful effects of pollutants.

Agriculture

Impact on a person

According to various sources, there is a direct link between air pollution and a number of diseases. So, for example, the duration of the course of respiratory diseases in children who live in relatively polluted areas is 2-2.5 times longer than in those who live in other areas.

In addition, in cities characterized by unfavorable environmental conditions, children showed functional deviations in the system of immunity and blood formation, violations of compensatory-adaptive mechanisms to environmental conditions. Many studies have also found a link between air pollution and human mortality.

The main components of air emissions from various sources are suspended solids, oxides of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur. It was revealed that the zones with exceeding the MPC for NO 2 and CO cover up to 90% of the urban area. These macro-components of emissions can cause serious diseases. The accumulation of these contaminants leads to damage to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, the development of pulmonary diseases. In addition, elevated concentrations of SO 2 can cause dystrophic changes in the kidneys, liver and heart, and NO 2 - toxicosis, congenital anomalies, heart failure, nervous disorders, etc. Some studies have found a relationship between the incidence of lung cancer and the concentrations of SO 2 and NO 2 in the air.

conclusions

Pollution of the environment and, in particular, the atmosphere, has adverse effects on the health of not only the present, but also future generations. Therefore, we can safely say that the development of measures aimed at reducing emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is one of the most urgent problems of mankind today.

The problem of environmental friendliness of cars arose in the middle of the twentieth century, when cars became a mass product. European countries, being in a relatively small area, earlier than others began to apply various environmental standards. They existed in individual countries and included various requirements for the content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases of cars.

In 1988, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe introduced a single regulation (the so-called Euro-0) with requirements to reduce the level of emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and other substances in cars. Once every few years, the requirements became tougher, other states also began to introduce similar standards.

Environmental regulations in Europe

Since 2015, Euro-6 standards have been in force in Europe. According to these requirements, the following permissible emissions of harmful substances (g / km) are established for gasoline engines:

• Carbon monoxide (CO) - 1
• Hydrocarbon (CH) - 0.1
• Nitric oxide (NOx) - 0.06

For vehicles with diesel engines, the Euro 6 standard establishes other standards (g / km):

• Carbon monoxide (CO) - 0.5
• Nitric oxide (NOx) - 0.08
• Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx) - 0.17
• Suspended particles (PM) - 0.005

Environmental standard in Russia

Russia follows the EU standards for exhaust emissions, although their implementation is 6-10 years behind. The first standard that was officially approved in the Russian Federation was Euro-2 in 2006.

Since 2014, the Euro-5 standard has been in force in Russia for imported cars. Since 2016, it has been applied to all manufactured cars.

The Euro 5 and Euro 6 standards have the same maximum emission limits for vehicles with a gasoline engine. But for cars whose engines run on diesel fuel, the Euro-5 standard has less stringent requirements: nitrogen oxide (NOx) should not exceed 0.18 g / km, and hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx) - 0.23 g/km.

US emission standards

The U.S. Federal Air Emission Standard for passenger cars is divided into three categories: Low Emission Vehicles (LEV), Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV - Hybrids), and Super Low Emission Vehicles (SULEV - Electric Vehicles). Each class has separate requirements.

In general, all manufacturers and dealers selling cars in the United States adhere to the requirements for emissions into the atmosphere of the EPA agency (LEV II):

	Mileage (miles)	Non-methane organic gases (NMOG), g/mi	Nitric oxide (NO x), g/mi	Carbon monoxide (CO), g/mi	Formaldehyde (HCHO), g/mi	Particulate matter (PM)

Emission standards in China

In China, vehicle emission control programs began to emerge in the 1980s, and a national standard did not emerge until the late 1990s. China has begun to gradually implement strict exhaust emission standards for passenger cars in line with European regulations. China-1 became the equivalent of Euro-1, China-2 became Euro-2, etc.

China's current national automotive emission standard is China-5. It sets different standards for two types of vehicles:

• Type 1 vehicles: vehicles with a maximum of 6 passengers, including the driver. Weight ≤ 2.5 tons.
• Type 2 vehicles: other light vehicles (including light trucks).

According to the China-5 standard, emission limits for gasoline engines are as follows:

Vehicle type	Weight, kg	Carbon monoxide (CO),	Hydrocarbons (HC), g/km	Nitric oxide (NOx), g/km	Particulate matter (PM)

Diesel vehicles have different emission limits:

Vehicle type	Weight, kg	Carbon monoxide (CO),	Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx), g/km	Nitric oxide (NOx), g/km	Particulate matter (PM)

Emission standards in Brazil

Brazil's motor vehicle emission control program is called PROCONVE. The first standard was introduced in 1988. In general, these standards correspond to European ones, but the current PROCONVE L6, although it is an analogue of Euro-5, does not include the mandatory presence of filters for filtering particulate matter or the amount of emissions into the atmosphere.

For vehicles weighing less than 1700 kg, the PROCONVE L6 emission standards are as follows (g/km):

• Carbon monoxide (CO) - 2
• Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - 0.3
• Volatile organic substances (NMHC) - 0.05
• Nitric oxide (NOx) - 0.08
• Suspended particles (PM) - 0.03

If the mass of the car is more than 1700 kg, then the norms change (g / km):

• Carbon monoxide (CO) - 2
• Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - 0.5
• Volatile organic substances (NMHC) - 0.06
• Nitric oxide (NOx) - 0.25
• Suspended particles (PM) - 0.03.

Where are the stricter rules?

In general, developed countries are guided by similar standards for the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases. In this regard, the European Union is a kind of authority: it most often updates these indicators and introduces strict legal regulation. Other countries are following this trend and are also updating their emission standards. For example, the Chinese program is fully equivalent to the Euro: the current China-5 corresponds to Euro-5. Russia is also trying to keep up with the European Union, but at the moment the standard that was in force in European countries until 2015 is being implemented.

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Ministry of Education for Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Transbaikal State University"

Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports

Extramural

Direction 034400 physical culture for persons with health deviations (Adaptive physical culture)

Topic: Emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere

Completed:

Levintsev A.P.

Student gr.AFKz-14-1

Checked:

Assistant of the Department of TTIBZH

Zoltuev A.V.

2014, Chita

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

atmosphere pollution emission transport

The rapid growth of the human population and its scientific and technical equipment have radically changed the situation on Earth. If in the recent past all human activity manifested itself negatively only in limited, albeit numerous, territories, and the impact force was incomparably less than the powerful circulation of substances in nature, now the scales of natural and anthropogenic processes have become comparable, and the ratio between them continues to change with acceleration towards an increase in the power of anthropogenic influence on the biosphere.

The danger of unpredictable changes in the stable state of the biosphere, to which natural communities and species, including man himself, are historically adapted, is so great while maintaining the usual ways of managing that the current generations of people inhabiting the Earth have faced the task of urgently improving all aspects of their lives in accordance with the need preservation of the existing circulation of substances and energy in the biosphere. In addition, the widespread pollution of our environment with a variety of substances, sometimes completely alien to the normal existence of the human body, poses a serious danger to our health and the well-being of future generations.

Sources of air pollution

Natural sources of pollution include: volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest fires, space dust, sea salt particles, products of plant, animal and microbiological origin. The level of such pollution is considered as background, which changes little with time.

The main natural process of pollution of the surface atmosphere is the volcanic and fluid activity of the Earth. Large volcanic eruptions lead to global and long-term pollution of the atmosphere. This is due to the fact that huge amounts of gases are instantly emitted into the high layers of the atmosphere, which are picked up by high-speed air currents at high altitude and quickly spread throughout the globe. The duration of the polluted state of the atmosphere after large volcanic eruptions reaches several years.

Anthropogenic sources of pollution are caused by human activities. These should include:

1. Burning fossil fuels, which is accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide

2. The operation of thermal power plants, when acid rain is formed during the combustion of high-sulfur coals as a result of the release of sulfur dioxide and fuel oil.

3. Exhausts of modern turbojet aircraft with nitrogen oxides and gaseous fluorocarbons from aerosols, which can damage the ozone layer of the atmosphere (ozonosphere).

4. Production activity.

5. Pollution with suspended particles (when crushing, packing and loading, from boiler houses, power plants, mine shafts, quarries when burning garbage).

6. Emissions by enterprises of various gases.

7. Combustion of fuel in flare furnaces.

8. Fuel combustion in boilers and vehicle engines, accompanied by the formation of nitrogen oxides, which cause smog.

During fuel combustion processes, the most intense pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere occurs in megacities and large cities, industrial centers due to the wide distribution of vehicles, thermal power plants, boiler houses and other power plants operating on coal, fuel oil, diesel fuel, natural gas and gasoline. The contribution of vehicles to the total air pollution here reaches 40-50%. A powerful and extremely dangerous factor in atmospheric pollution are catastrophes at nuclear power plants (Chernobyl accident) and nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere. This is due both to the rapid spread of radionuclides over long distances and to the long-term nature of the contamination of the territory.

Classification of pollutants

Pollution is one of the types of ecosystem degradation. Environmental pollution is the anthropogenic introduction of agents of various nature into the ecosystem, the impact of which on living organisms exceeds the natural level. Among these agents can be both inherent in the ecosystem and alien to it. In accordance with this definition, pollution is classified according to the type of impact, the method of entry of active agents into the environment and the nature of the impact on it. The following types of environmental pollution are distinguished:

1) mechanical - pollution of the environment by agents that have a mechanical effect (for example, littering with various types of garbage);

2) chemical - pollution by chemicals that have a toxic effect on living organisms or cause deterioration of the chemical properties of environmental objects;

3) physical - anthropogenic impact, causing negative changes in the physical properties of the environment (thermal, light, noise, electromagnetic, etc.);

4) radiation - anthropogenic impact of ionizing radiation of radioactive substances, exceeding the natural level of radioactivity;

5) biological pollution is very diverse and includes:

a) introduction of alien living organisms (animals, plants, microorganisms) into the ecosystem,

b) intake of nutrients;

c) the introduction of organisms causing an imbalance in populations;

d) anthropogenic violation of the initial state of living organisms inherent in the ecosystem (for example, mass reproduction of microorganisms or a negative change in their properties).

Air pollution from transport emissions

Car emissions account for a large share of air pollution. The total number of vehicles, including cars, trucks of various classes (excluding heavy off-road vehicles) and buses, was 1.015 billion units in 2010. At the same time, in 2009 the total number of registered cars was much lower - 980 million. For comparison: in 1986 this number was "only" 500 million. Currently, road transport accounts for more than half of all harmful emissions into the environment, which are the main source of air pollution, especially in large cities. On average, with a run of 15 thousand km per year, each car burns 2 tons of fuel and about 26 - 30 tons of air, including 4.5 tons of oxygen, which is 50 times more than human needs. At the same time, the car emits into the atmosphere (kg / year): carbon monoxide - 700, nitrogen dioxide - 40, unburned hydrocarbons - 230 and solids - 2 - 5. In addition, many lead compounds are emitted due to the use of mostly leaded gasoline .

Observations have shown that in houses located near the main road (up to 10 m), residents get cancer 3-4 times more often than in houses located at a distance of 50 m from the road. Transport also poisons water bodies, soil and plants.

Toxic emissions from internal combustion engines (ICE) are exhaust and crankcase gases, fuel vapors from the carburetor and fuel tank. The main share of toxic impurities enters the atmosphere with the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. With crankcase gases and fuel vapors, approximately 45% of hydrocarbons from their total emission enter the atmosphere.

The amount of harmful substances entering the atmosphere as part of the exhaust gases depends on the general technical condition of the vehicles and, especially, on the engine - the source of the greatest pollution. So, if the carburetor adjustment is violated, carbon monoxide emissions increase by 4-5 times. The use of leaded gasoline, which has lead compounds in its composition, causes air pollution with very toxic lead compounds. About 70% of the lead added to gasoline with ethyl liquid enters the atmosphere with exhaust gases in the form of compounds, of which 30% settles on the ground immediately behind the cut of the car's exhaust pipe, 40% remains in the atmosphere. One medium-duty truck emits 2.5-3 kg of lead per year. The concentration of lead in the air depends on the lead content in gasoline.

It is possible to exclude the entry of highly toxic lead compounds into the atmosphere by replacing leaded gasoline with unleaded.

Atmospheric air pollution by industrial emissions

Enterprises of the metallurgical, chemical, cement and other industries emit dust, sulfur dioxide and other harmful gases into the atmosphere, which are released during various technological production processes. The ferrous metallurgy of smelting pig iron and processing it into steel is accompanied by the emission of various gases into the atmosphere. Air pollution by dust during coal coking is associated with the preparation of the charge and its loading into coke ovens, with the unloading of coke into quenching cars and with wet quenching of coke. Wet quenching is also accompanied by the release into the atmosphere of substances that are part of the water used. Non-ferrous metallurgy. During the production of metallic aluminum by electrolysis, a significant amount of gaseous and dust-like fluorine compounds is released into the atmospheric air with exhaust gases from electrolysis baths. Air emissions from the oil and petrochemical industries contain large amounts of hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide and foul-smelling gases. The emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere at oil refineries occurs mainly due to insufficient sealing of equipment. For example, atmospheric air pollution with hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide is observed from metal tanks of raw stock parks for unstable oil, intermediate and trade parks for light oil products.

The production of cement and building materials can be a source of air pollution with various dusts. The main technological processes of these industries are the processes of grinding and heat treatment of batches, semi-finished products and products in hot gas flows, which is associated with dust emissions into the atmospheric air. The chemical industry includes a large group of enterprises. The composition of their industrial emissions is very diverse. The main emissions from chemical industry enterprises are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, dust from inorganic industries, organic substances, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, chloride compounds, fluorine compounds, etc. Sources of atmospheric air pollution in rural areas are livestock and poultry farms , industrial complexes from the production of meat, enterprises of the regional association "Selkhoztekhnika", energy and thermal power enterprises, pesticides used in agriculture. Ammonia, carbon disulfide and other foul-smelling gases can enter the atmospheric air in the area where the premises for keeping livestock and poultry are located and spread over a considerable distance. The sources of air pollution with pesticides include warehouses, seed treatment and the fields themselves, on which pesticides and mineral fertilizers are applied in one form or another, as well as cotton ginning plants.

The impact of air pollution on humans, flora and fauna

The mass of the atmosphere of our planet is negligible - only one millionth of the mass of the Earth. However, its role in the natural processes of the biosphere is enormous. The presence of the atmosphere around the globe determines the general thermal regime of the surface of our planet, protects it from harmful cosmic and ultraviolet radiation. Atmospheric circulation has an impact on local climatic conditions, and through them - on the regime of rivers, soil and vegetation cover and the processes of relief formation.

All air pollutants, to a greater or lesser extent, have a negative impact on human health. These substances enter the human body mainly through the respiratory system. The respiratory organs suffer from pollution directly, since about 50% of impurity particles with a radius of 0.01-0.1 μm that penetrate the lungs are deposited in them.

Particles that enter the body cause a toxic effect because they:

a) toxic (poisonous) in their chemical or physical nature;

b) interfere with one or more of the mechanisms by which the respiratory (respiratory) tract is normally cleared;

c) serve as a carrier of a poisonous substance absorbed by the body.

In some cases, exposure to one of the pollutants in combination with others leads to more serious health problems than exposure to either of them alone. Statistical analysis made it possible to fairly reliably establish the relationship between the level of air pollution and diseases such as upper respiratory tract damage, heart failure, bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, and eye diseases. A sharp increase in the concentration of impurities, which persists for several days, increases the mortality of the elderly from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In December 1930, in the valley of the river Meuse (Belgium), severe air pollution was noted for 3 days; as a result, hundreds of people fell ill and 60 people died - more than 10 times the average death rate. In January 1931, in the area of ​​Manchester (Great Britain), for 9 days, there was a strong smoke in the air, which caused the death of 592 people.

Cases of severe pollution of the atmosphere of London, accompanied by numerous deaths, were widely known. In 1873, there were 268 unforeseen deaths in London. Heavy smoke combined with fog between 5 and 8 December 1852 resulted in the deaths of over 4,000 residents of Greater London. In January 1956, about 1,000 Londoners died as a result of prolonged smoke. Most of those who died unexpectedly suffered from bronchitis, emphysema, or cardiovascular disease.

In cities, due to ever-increasing air pollution, the number of patients suffering from diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, various allergic diseases and lung cancer is steadily increasing. In the UK, 10% of deaths are due to chronic bronchitis, with 21% of the population aged 40-59 suffering from this condition. In Japan, in a number of cities, up to 60% of the inhabitants suffer from chronic bronchitis, the symptoms of which are dry cough with frequent expectoration, subsequent progressive difficulty in breathing and heart failure. In this regard, it should be noted that the so-called Japanese economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s was accompanied by severe pollution of the natural environment of one of the most beautiful regions of the globe and serious damage to the health of the population of this country. In recent decades, the number of bronchial and lung cancers, which are promoted by carcinogenic hydrocarbons, has been growing at a rate of great concern.

Animals in the atmosphere and falling harmful substances affect through the respiratory organs and enter the body along with edible dusty plants. When ingesting large amounts of harmful pollutants, animals can get acute poisoning. Chronic poisoning of animals with fluoride compounds has received the name "industrial fluorosis" among veterinarians, which occurs when animals absorb food or drinking water containing fluorine. Characteristic features are the aging of the teeth and bones of the skeleton.

Beekeepers in some regions of Germany, France and Sweden note that due to poisoning with fluorine deposited on honey flowers, there is an increased mortality of bees, a decrease in the amount of honey and a sharp decrease in the number of bee colonies.

The effect of molybdenum on ruminants was observed in England, in the state of California (USA) and in Sweden. Molybdenum, penetrating into the soil, prevents the absorption of copper by plants, and the absence of copper in food in animals causes loss of appetite and weight. With arsenic poisoning, ulcers appear on the body of cattle.

In Germany, severe lead and cadmium poisoning of gray partridges and pheasants was observed, and in Austria, lead accumulated in the organisms of hares that fed on grass along the motorways. Three such hares, eaten in one week, are enough for a person to become ill as a result of lead poisoning.

Conclusion

Today, there are many environmental problems in the world: from the extinction of certain species of plants and animals to the threat of the degeneration of the human race. The ecological effect of polluting agents can manifest itself in different ways: it can affect either individual organisms (manifested at the organism level), or populations, biocenoses, ecosystems, and even the biosphere as a whole.

At the organismic level, there may be a violation of individual physiological functions of organisms, a change in their behavior, a decrease in the rate of growth and development, and a decrease in resistance to the effects of other adverse environmental factors.

At the level of populations, pollution can cause changes in their numbers and biomass, fertility, mortality, structural changes, annual migration cycles, and a number of other functional properties.

At the biocenotic level, pollution affects the structure and functions of communities. The same pollutants affect different components of communities in different ways. Accordingly, the quantitative ratios in the biocenosis change, up to the complete disappearance of some forms and the appearance of others. Ultimately, there is degradation of ecosystems, their deterioration as elements of the human environment, a decrease in the positive role in the formation of the biosphere, and economic depreciation.

At the moment, there are many theories in the world, in which much attention is paid to finding the most rational ways to solve environmental problems. But, unfortunately, on paper everything turns out to be much simpler than in life.

The human impact on the environment has taken on alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent harm caused to nature by man.

In my opinion, in order to prevent further environmental pollution, it is first of all necessary to:

Increase attention to the issues of nature protection and ensuring the rational use of natural resources;

Establish systematic control over the use by enterprises and organizations of lands, waters, forests, subsoil and other natural resources;

Increase attention to the issues of preventing pollution and salinization of soils, surface and groundwater;

Pay great attention to the preservation of the water protection and protective functions of forests, the conservation and reproduction of flora and fauna, and the prevention of air pollution;

The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. Again and again we hear about the danger threatening the environment, but still many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we will still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have come to light. The environmental problem is one of the most important tasks of mankind. And already now people should understand this and take an active part in the struggle for the preservation of the natural environment. And everywhere: in the city of Chita, and in the Chelyabinsk region, and in Russia, and all over the world. Without the slightest exaggeration, the future of the entire planet depends on the solution of this global problem.

List of used literature

1. Kriksunov, E.A., Pasechnik, V.V., Sidorin, A.P. Ecology. Uch. allowance / Ed. E. A. Kriksunova and others - M., 1995.

2. Protasov, V.F. and others. Ecology, health and environmental management in Russia / Ed. V. F. Protasova. - M., 1995.

3. Hoefling, G. Anxiety in 2000 / G. Hoefling. - M., 1990.

4. Chernyak, V.Z. Seven Wonders and others / V.Z. Chernyak. - M., 1983.

5. Materials of the site http:www.zr.ru were used

6. Materials of the website http:www.ecosystema.ru were used

7. Materials from the site http:www.activestudy.info.ru

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