Numbers play an important role in everyday life, with their help people determine the number of objects, count time, determine mass, cost and order in counting. Words that can be marked on a letter by writing letters and numbers are called numerals. Another definition sounds like this: numerals are words denoting the serial number of an object or quantity.
Grammatical signs of the numeral
All lexemes denoting whole and fractional numbers, as well as the number of people, animals or objects, are a special group of words, the composition of which is fully formed and does not change.
Such units are one of the important, or, as they say, significant parts of speech and can have several designations:
The concept of a number as such: five, ten, fifteen, and so on;
Number of certain items: two cars, six houses;
The combined value of several items that have been counted.
Accordingly, the questions to them sound like this: what is the number? which the? How many? Depending on the meaning and the question to which the numeral answers, they are divided into several types (we will talk about this a little later).
For example: Thirty (subject) is divisible by ten. Six six - thirty six(nominal part of the predicate). Speaking about the place of numerals in a sentence, it should be noted that they can be both main and secondary members. Another feature is that the numeral as a part of speech is a non-replenished group of words. All forms used in oral and written speech are formed exclusively from the name of the numbers. In the syntactic construction, the numeral as a part of speech can be both in the main and part of the minor member of the sentence.
Note! The numeral denoting quantity and the noun associated with it always act as one inseparable member of the sentence. For example: We walked until six in the morning. Swimming lessons start at 5:00. The girls collected twenty-five daisies.
Types of numerals
Next, you should highlight the initial form of the word being parsed, to which category it belongs (ordinal or cardinal number), structure (simple or compound) and the features of its declension in cases.
The next step is the definition of non-permanent features. These are case, gender and number, if any can be recognized.
In conclusion, the analysis describes the syntactic function of the word in the sentence, with which part of speech it is associated and whether it agrees with it. And although such an analysis of the name of the numeral is unlikely to be useful to anyone in life (except for future philologists), but for the correct use of words in speech and writing, it is simply necessary to be able to produce it.
Numeral
1. What are the permanent signs of the numeral name?
The numeral one retains in the modern language the old declension along the lines of full adjectives (one, one, one, etc.); It has genus(one variant, one line, one hole) and a formal indicator of multiple numbers(one sleigh, one skates);
The numerals two, three, four have the same declension, while retaining generic differences (two toys, two bananas, two windows). In indirect cases, two, three, four agree with nouns (two, three, four portfolios);
The numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten have retained their declension according to the type of nouns of the 3rd declension (bone, night, daughter, steppe);
Numerals from eleven to nineteen, twenty and thirty change according to the 3rd type of declension of nouns;
The numerals forty, ninety and one hundred have only one form in all cases: forty, ninety and one hundred;
Ordinal numbers are declined like adjectives;
Fractional numbers are combinations, the first part of which is a quantitative number, and the second is an ordinal, taking the form of either the nominative singular feminine, or the genitive plural: one seventh, two second four hundredths;
Collective numerals are declined as pronouns or full adjectives: two - two, five - five.
2. What non-permanent signs of a numeral depend on its category?
The presence and definition of gender, number, case depends on the category of numerals. There are such categories: quantitative, ordinal, fractional, collective.
3. What numerals are declined as adjectives?Ordinal numbers are declined like adjectives: tenth, tenth, tenth, etc.
4. What is the difference between simple and complex numbers?
Simple, or non-derivative (the names of the units of the first ten, as well as forty, one hundred, one thousand). They have one root. Compounds have two roots: thirteen, thirty, fifty, five hundred.
5. What is called compound numbers?
Compound numbers are combinations of two or more numbers (thirty-five, forty-four, two thousand one hundred and forty-seven, forty-two, fifty-three, one hundred and eighty-four.
6. What is the peculiarity of the declension of complex cardinal numbers?
Their declination is diverse:
Numerals from eleven to nineteen, as well as twenty and thirty, change according to the 3rd type of declension of nouns;
In numbers from fifty to eighty, as well as from five hundred to eight hundred, both parts change;
The numeral ninety has only one form in all cases: ninety.
7. For which compound numerals does each word change during declension, and for which only the last?
For quantitative compound numbers, all words change, and for ordinal compound numbers, only the last word changes: forty-five - forty-five, forty-fifth - forty-fifth.
Compound numerals must be distinguished from complex adjectives formed on the basis of a noun and a numeral. Such adjectives are written together. Wed: twenty-five years - twenty-five years, thirty-three days - thirty-three days.
8. In what cases is a soft sign written in numerals?
For quantitative numbers five - nineteen, twenty and thirty, a soft sign is written at the end, and for numbers fifty-eighty, five hundred - nine hundred - in the middle of the word. In practice, it can be defined as follows: if there is a soft sign at the end of the numeral, then it is not in the middle.
9. What names of numbers are written separately, and which ones are written together?
1. Quantitative numbers are written together, the last part of which is -ten, -hundred, -hundred, and the ordinal numbers formed from them: seventy - seventieth, six hundred - six hundredth.
2. Ordinal numbers for -hundredth, -thousandth, -millionth, -billionth are written together: eight-millionth, twenty-thousandth (or 8-millionth, 20-thousandth).
3. Compound cardinal numbers and formed ordinal numbers are written separately: forty-five - forty-fifth.
4. Compound adjectives, the first part of which is a numeral, are written together: forty degrees, nine floors.
5. Fractional numbers are written separately: four ninths, one second.
Equipment:
Forms of cooperation: group, collective
During the classes
First step. I check my homework
1. Read the text. How do you think, what does it teach given text?
2. Write out the numerals in two columns. By what principle you distributed the given names numerals in two columns?
The famous inventor Thomas Edison lived and worked in America. In one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven, the first electric light bulb of his design was lit. Do you know how much paper he used up writing experiments until he came up with his discovery? Forty thousand pages!
Edison said that in order to discover or invent something, one must put in one percent of innate genius and ninety-nine percent of hard, hard work.
Second step. I will find mistakes
... one percent of innate genius and ninety-nine percent of hard, hard work must be put in
One (percent)
1. (How many?) one. N.f. one. The name is numeral, denoting quantity.
2. Morph. signs.
1. Post:
a) simple;
b) quantitative;
c) whole.
2. Non-constant: I.p.
3. Synth. role - subject.
Third step. Formulation of the topic of the lesson
1. Think about why I invited you to complete this task? / Record the topic of the lesson in a notebook.
2. Using the key words, formulate the purpose of the lesson
identify ……………………………………………………………………………………
skill formation………………… and… will determine…………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Fourth step. I will determine the morphological features of ordinal numbers by completing the following tasks:
1) Fill in table " Morphological features of cardinal numbers, adjectives and ordinal numbers »
| signs | Quantitative nouns | Ordinal numerals from exercise 403. | ordinal names numerals | Adjective |
|
Permanent |
simple-complex-composite; integer-fractional-collective |
Twenty fifth one thousand nine hundred thirtieth in the twelfth the first |
simple-complex-compound |
category: qualitative-relative-possessive |
|
Fickle |
one-one-one two-two |
|||
a) fill in table columns 1, 4 / in case of difficulty, you can refer to the textbook p.108, 162-163;
b) exercise 403. Read text. find ordinals. write out in a table column 2 ;
in) look pay close attention to ordinal numbers and think, do the constant signs of ordinal numbers coincide with the constant signs of cardinal numbers? Fill in the table column 3: indicate these signs
G) highlight for ordinal numbers the ending, what non-permanent signs indicate the endings of ordinal numbers?
With inconstant signs of what parts of speech do they match? Fill in the column 3 .
Fifth step. I will conclude: what are the permanent and non-permanent morphological features of ordinal numbers?
Reading the rule. 173 . Compare the result obtained with the content of the scientific and educational text.
Sixth step. Have you learned I received knowledge
Task: complete exercise 404. / one student completes the task on the film for control /
Seventh step. I will analyze the record
|
eight hundred |
ninety |
|||
|
eight hundred |
ninety |
third |
||
|
eight hundred |
ninety |
(two numbers taken from home exercise)
a) single out graduate
e for ordinal numbers
b) define What is the ordinal number composition: simple, complex, compound
?
in) define case
G) think what we need to remember when declension
(change in cases) data on the composition of ordinal numbers?
G) I read
rule p.174.
e) what new
information i received)?
Eighth step. Have I mastered the knowledge gained ?
Exercise: do it an exercise 405. Sleep suggestions. Numbers write down words. explain spelling unstressed vowel at the end of ordinal numbers.
Ninth step. I write down my homework: pp.173-174 (rule); exercise 408.
Tenth step. Summing up.
Name key theme words.
/permanent morphological features:
simple, complex, composite;
inconsistent morphological features:
case, number, gender/
§one. General characteristics of the numeral
The numeral is an independent significant part of speech. Numerals are different in meaning, grammatical features, structure.
1. Grammatical meaning- "number, quantity, order in counting."
Numerals are words that answer the questions: How much? Which one?
2. Morphological features:
- constants - quantitative / ordinal, simple / compound
- changeable - case for all numerals, gender and number for ordinal ones, and, in addition, individual numerals have signs that do not fit into the general scheme:
some quantitative ones: gender, for example, one-one-one, two-two,
number, for example, one-one, thousand-thousands, million-millions.
Numerals decline, changing in cases, and some - in cases, numbers and genders in the singular. On this basis, they refer to names.
3. Syntactic role in the sentence:
- cardinal numbers, together with the noun that depends on them, make up a single member of the sentence, for example:
Three magazines lay on the table.
I bought three magazines.
The story was published in three magazines.
Cardinal numbers are part of those members of the sentence, which can be nouns.
- ordinal numbers are in a sentence a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Our place is in the tenth row.
The boy was third.
§2. Rank by value
By value, numerals are divided into two categories: quantitative and ordinal.
quantitative means "number" or "quantity". Number is an abstract mathematical concept. Quantity is the number of items. Quantitative numerals, in turn, are divided into subcategories:
- whole denote integers and quantities in integers, for example: five, twenty-five, one hundred and twenty-five
- fractional denote fractional numbers and quantities, for example: one second, two thirds
- collective express the value of the aggregate: both, three, seven
All subcategories of cardinal numbers have their own characteristics. Integers with fractions can form mixed numbers, for example: five point and three tenths (or: five point three tenths).
Ordinal numerals indicate the order in counting: first, one hundred and first, two thousand and eleven.
§3. Number structure
By structure, numerals are divided into simple and compound.
- Simple numerals are those that are written in one word: three, thirteen, three hundred, third, three hundredth
- Composite- these are numerals made up of several words written separately: thirty-three, three hundred thirty-three, three hundred thirty-third .
What happens?
- Whole quantitative
- Fractional quantitative- composite.
- Collective quantitative- simple.
- Ordinal Numerals can be both simple and compound.
§four. Cardinal numbers. Morphological features
Whole numbers
Whole numbers change in cases. If these are composite integer numerals, then when declining, all parts change. For example:
I.p. eight hundred five ten six (books)
R.p. eight hundred and fifty six (books)
D.p. eight hundred fifty-six (books), etc.
It can be seen from the examples that for derivatives of numerals formed by adding bases, both parts change with declination.
Of great interest are numerals, which have not only case forms, but also gender or gender and number.
These are numerals: one, two, one and a half, a thousand, a million, a billion and others like that.
One
Word one varies by birth and number: one boy - m.r., one girl - f.r., one state - cf. r., one - pl. This numeral does not have one set of forms, like most integer cardinal numbers, but four: for each gender in the singular and for the plural.
The numeral two changes not only by cases, like all numerals, but also by gender: two boys, two girls, two windows (the forms cf. and m.r. coincide).
Thousand, million, billion
These numbers are similar to nouns. They have a constant gender and change in numbers and cases.
I.p. thousand, thousands
R.p. thousands, thousands
D.p. thousand, thousands, etc.
Fractional Cardinal Numbers
In addition to numerals one and a half, one and a half, all fractional components: the first part is an integer cardinal number, and the second is ordinal: two thirds, five eighths. Declension changes both parts, for example:
I.p. five eighths
R.p. five eighths
D.p. five-eighth
one and a half
numeral one and a half varies not only by cases, but also by gender: one and a half - one and a half, for example:
a day and a half, a week and a half.
(The form cf. is the same as the form m.r.)
One two in the composition of fractional genders they do not change, but are used in the form of a f.r., for example:
one eighth, two thirds.
Collective numbers
Collective numerals change in cases. Only the word is special both, which has genus forms:
both brothers, both sisters, both states
(Forms m. and cf. are the same)
§5. Ordinals. Morphological features
Ordinal numbers are closest to relative adjectives. They change by number, in the singular by gender and by case, and have endings like those of adjectives. In compound ordinal numbers, only the final word changes, for example:
I.p. one thousand nine hundred eighty-four
R.p. one thousand nine hundred eighty-four
D.p. one thousand nine hundred and eighty-fourth, etc.
§6. Syntactic compatibility of numerals with nouns
At cardinal numbers there are features in syntactic compatibility with the nouns to which they refer.
In I.p. and V.p. they require after themselves nouns in the form R.p., for example:
eight books, fifteen roses, twenty people.
At the same time, the numbers one and a half, two, three, four require a noun in singular. hours, and the rest - in many. h.
Two windows - five windows, three roses - thirty roses, four boys - forty boys.
This kind of syntactic compatibility is called control, because the case of the noun is controlled by the numeral.
In all other forms, the type of connection is different, namely: agreement, i.e. numerals agree with nouns in the case.
R.p. five windows, three roses
D.p. five windows, three roses
etc. five windows, three roses
P.p. (o) five windows, three roses
The exception is the numeral one. It agrees with the noun in all cases.
Fractional numbers have simple one and a half, one and a half combine with nouns as wholes.
The rest of the fractions govern R.p. It is possible to use nouns both in the singular and in the plural, for example: two-thirds apples (part of the subject) and two-thirds apples (part of the total number of items).
Collective numbers combine with nouns in the same way as whole cardinal numbers. In I.p. and V.p. they run R.p. noun, and in all other cases they agree with the noun in the case. With all collective numbers except both, the noun is used in the plural form, for example, seven kids. And only with both nouns are used in the singular: both brother both sisters.
Ordinals agree with nouns, i.e. act like adjectives. For example:
the first day, seventh a week, eighths day.
Remember:
in compound numerals, only the final word changes:
one hundred and twenty third paragraph (T.p., singular, m.r.),
second hand (T.p., sing., f.r.),
fourth window (T.p., singular, cf.).
test of strength
Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.
Final test
What is the grammatical meaning of the numerals?
- Number, quantity, order in counting
- Item attribute
- indication
What numerals indicate the order in counting and answer the question Which the?
- quantitative
- Ordinal
Is it possible in Russian to combine whole numbers with fractional ones?
Can collective numbers be compound?
Does the numeral change by gender? both?
Can a numeral be a definition?
What kind of syntactic connection does the collective numeral have in the example: Seven kids were waiting for their mother. ?
- Coordination
- Control
In what forms do ordinal numbers agree with a noun in case?
- In all
- In all, except I.p. and V.p.
- In I.p. and V.p.
How do collective numbers change?
- By cases
- By cases and numbers
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
Which numerals have subranks by value?
- Quantitative
- Ordinal
Numeral- a part of speech that indicates the number of objects, the number, as well as the order of objects when counting.
According to their meaning and grammatical features, numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal.
quantitative numerals denote quantity or number and answer the question how much?
Ordinal numerals indicate the order of objects in the count and answer the questions what? which? which? which?
Note.
Quantity can also refer to other parts of speech. Numerals can be written in words and numbers, while other parts of speech can only be written in words: three horses - three horses.
The nouns change according to cases.
The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.
In a sentence, numerals are subject, predicate, definition, adverb of time.
The numeral denoting the quantity, in combination with nouns, is one member of the sentence.
Simple and compound numbers
According to the number of words, numerals are simple and compound.
Simple numerals consist of one word, and composite of two or more words.
Cardinal numbers.
Cardinal numbers are divided into three categories: integers, fractional numbers and collective numbers.
Ordinals.
Ordinal numbers are formed, as a rule, from numerals denoting integers, usually without suffixes: five - fifth, six - sixth.
Note.
The ordinal numbers first and second are non-derivative (original words).
Ordinal numbers, like adjectives, change by case, number, and gender.
In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined.
Morphological analysis of the name of the numeral
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
Initial form (nominative case).
2.
Permanent signs:
a) simple or compound,
b) quantitative or ordinal,
c) category (for quantitative).
3.
Irregular symptoms:
a) fall
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.
End of work -
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Phonetics and phonetic analysis of the word
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It is necessary to distinguish between the sounds and letters of our speech
A sound is the smallest sound unit of a syllable (that's what we hear and pronounce). Letters are signs that represent sounds in writing. (this is what we see and write.) When written
Phonetic parsing
Phonetic analysis of the word is carried out according to the following plan: 1. Transcribe the word, putting the stress. 2. Determine the number of syllables, indicate stress. 3. Show which
Vocabulary and phraseology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics that studies the word as a unit of the vocabulary of the language (lexicon) and the entire lexical system (lexicon) of the language. Vocabulary (from Greek - verbal, dictionary
Morphemics and word formation
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Word-formation analysis
Word-formation analysis plan
Grammar. Morphology
Grammar is a branch of the science of language, which studies the properties of words, word changes, their connection and phrases, sentences, text. Grammar consists of two sections - morphology and
The meaning and grammatical features of the adjective
An adjective is a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what? which? which? whose? Note. Under the sign in grammar, it is accepted
Superlatives
A superlative degree shows that one or another object is superior to other objects in some way. Relative adjectives Relative
Meaning and grammatical features of the pronoun
A pronoun is a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them. The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular. In p
Past tense
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Future time
Verbs in the future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech. The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. Form of future compound verbs n
Participle
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gerund
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Adverb
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Non-derivative and derived prepositions
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Particle
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Independent parts of speech
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Grammar and Syntax
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Common and non-common suggestions
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Complicated simple sentence
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Based on grammatical meaning
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By the nature of the connection
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Spelling
Spelling, orthography (other Greek ὀρθογραφία, from ὀρθός - “right
Letters a - i, u - u
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Vowels and consonants in prefixes
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The difference in writing prefixes non- and ni- in pronouns and adverbs
The choice of letters e and and in prefixes depends on the stress. Examples of writing prefixes not- and ni- Without stress Under stress
Spelling of case and generic endings
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Spelling of personal endings of verbs and suffixes of present participles
The spelling of personal endings of verbs in the forms of the present and future simple tense depends on the verb conjugation: - verbs of the I conjugation have endings:
Spelling of negative pronouns
· In negative pronouns, the prefix is written under the stress -, and without the stress - the prefix -: there is no one to ask - no one to get up
Spelling of vocabulary words. List of dictionary words (such words, the spelling of which does not obey the rules of spelling)
Choose your own way of remembering their spelling. bell pinky blanket apparatus chrysanthemum charlatan neat fencing mandolin fireworks pomi
Sample spelling of a word
Skosh .. (n, nn) th tr..va lies in even rivers..dams. Beveled - spelling of participle suffixes. 1) two letters "n" are written in the suffixes of the passive participles of the past tense, if the words
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Only one punctuation mark, a dash, can be placed between the subject and the predicate. It is put first of all in the following cases: The subject is a noun, and the predicate is SIS with
Dash between subject and verb
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Punctuation marks for comparative turns
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Separate members of the sentence
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Separation of definitions and applications
Separated by commas Examples 1. Any definitions and applications (regardless of their prevalence and location), if they apply
Apps with union like
It is isolated It is not isolated if it has a connotation of causality: if the union as has the meaning "as" or the application with the union as x
Separation of circumstances
It is isolated It is not isolated 1. Participle turns and single participles: We walked, drowning in the sand. Out of breath, I stopped. 2. With pr
Punctuation marks with qualifying members of a sentence
Examples stand apart 1. Clarifying circumstances of place and time The guys returned from the excursion late at night, at twelve o'clock.
Introductory and insertive sentences
1. Small introductory sentences are usually separated by commas, for example: You, I think, are used to these magnificent paintings (Lermontov); He
Appeal
1. Appeals, together with all the words related to them, are highlighted (in the middle of a sentence) or separated (at the beginning or at the end of a sentence) by commas, for example:
Interjection
1. Interjections are separated or separated by commas if they are pronounced without an exclamatory intonation, for example: Oh, send for the doctor! (Turgenev);
Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words
1. The words yes and no, expressing affirmation and negation, are separated in the sentence by a comma, for example: Yes, pr
Text integrity
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Means of communication of sentences in the text
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General characteristics of styles
In the modern Russian literary language, five styles are usually distinguished: scientific, official-business (business), newspaper-journalistic (journalistic), artistic, colloquial
