Natural Resources of the Russian Plain Presentation by the teacher of geography of the Knevitsky basic school Balalaikina Natalya Alexandrovna The Russian Plain is rich in various natural resources. The flat relief, favorable climatic conditions, fertile steppes and extensive forests have contributed to its settlement and development since ancient times. Now about 60% of the population of Russia lives here, most of the cities and workers' settlements, a dense network of highways are located. Here is the capital of our Motherland - Moscow. Map Minerals In the bowels of the plain there are deposits of Iron (KMA), stone (Pechersk basin) and brown (Podmoskovny basin) coal, apatites of the Kola Peninsula, table salts of Lake Baskunchak. Oil is produced between the Volga and the Ural Mountains, as well as in the north-east of the plain. Most of the deposits are located in well developed areas. This increases their value. Exercise. Locate the listed mineral deposits on the map. Consequences of mining. During the extraction of minerals, the lands are disturbed, their fertile layer is destroyed, new landforms are created. With the mine method of mining, large areas are occupied by waste rock dumps. In areas of open mining, quarries are formed on the surface of the earth. Sometimes these are extensive pits with a depth of 100-200m or more. There are many disturbed lands in the Moscow basin, in the areas of development of building materials and peat. Much attention is now being paid to restoring the value of these disturbed lands (their reclamation). In their place, reservoirs are created. They are returned to agricultural and forestry use. For the densely populated regions of the Russian Plain, this is of particular importance. Water resources The rivers of the Russian Plain are rich in electricity. They created cascades of hydroelectric power plants. The waters of the Volga and the Don are used to irrigate fields in the steppe zone. Many rivers are connected by canals that provide navigation. So, Moscow, located on a relatively small river, has become a port of five seas. Task: find on the map of the European part of the country the channels to them. Moscow, Volga-Donskoy, Volga-Baltic and White Sea-Baltic. Forest resources Timber is being harvested in the forests of the Russian Plain. Due to the fact that forests have been cut down for more than one century, the composition of the forest stand has changed greatly in many central and western regions. Many secondary small-leaved forests appeared. Significantly reduced forest areas in the southern taiga, in the zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests. Soil resources The main areas of the most fertile soils of our country - chernozems - are concentrated on the Russian Plain. They are almost completely open. In the steppe and forest-steppe zones, wheat and corn, sugar beet and sunflower, millet and other crops are grown on these soils. The areas of arable lands are also large in forest zones. Rye and barley, potatoes and wheat, flax and oats are grown here. For the further development of agriculture in these zones, where agro-climatic resources are favorable for agricultural production, and the soils are not fertile enough, it is necessary to carry out a complex of melioration. Problems of the use of natural resources. The problem of the Non-Chernozem region is connected with the use of the natural resources of this region, primarily with the development of agriculture in it. The soils here are not as fertile as chernozems, however, soil and agro-climatic resources make it possible to grow rye and barley, flax and potatoes, vegetables and oats, and fodder grasses. Forest and floodplain meadows are good hayfields and pastures for livestock. However, agricultural production is not enough here now. Ways to solve problems. For the further development of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem region, it is necessary to rationally use and improve (melioration) of land, build roads and improve the living conditions of people. The main type of land reclamation is the drainage of excessively moistened lands. Along with drainage, fertilization and liming of soils, in some places irrigation and soil erosion control, removal of stones and uprooting of tree and shrub vegetation, snow retention and regulation of snowmelt, enlargement of fields and improvement of their shape are required. Problems of the use of natural resources. In a significant part of the territory, the nature of the Russian Plain has been greatly altered by human activity. Particularly large changes have taken place in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, in mixed and broad-leaved forests, and in the southern part of the taiga. Man not only brought down primary forests and plowed up virgin steppes, but also planted forest strips in the steppes, created ponds and reservoirs in the upper reaches of the beams, reservoirs on large rivers, built cities and highways, restored the number of pine martens and resettled the beaver. In order to preserve areas of unaltered or slightly changed nature, typical and rare natural objects (plants, animals, geological objects, NTC), reserves are created.
Topic: "Natural resources of the Russian Plain and
problems of their rational use”.
Targets and goals: Deepen and expand students' knowledge of natural
resources of the Russian Plain (types and their location).
Consider the problems of rational use
natural resources.
Determine the environmental problems of the Russian plain and
ways to solve them.
Equipment: Maps - physical, tectonic, natural zones,
map of the East European Plain, atlases.
During the classes
I organizational moment.
II Repetition. Checking homework.
1. Work with contour maps -3 students.
2. Work with textbook questions.
3. Characteristics of natural complexes.
4. Characteristics of natural monuments
a) Karelia;
b) Valdai;
The Russian Plain has favorable natural conditions. Do you remember what these conditions are?
· Plain relief;
· Moderately cold winter;
· Warm summer;
· Fertile soils;
Due to favorable conditions, the plain has been developed for a long time, most of the cities of Russia are located here, 60% of the population lives, railways have been laid, forming a dense transport network. The industry is highly developed, which uses a huge amount of natural resources.
Lesson topic: Natural resources of the Russian Plain (in a notebook).
What is a natural resource?
· Resources that are in the bowels of the earth and on the ground and are used by man in the economy.
What types of natural resources do you know?
Minerals (mineral);
Minerals are mineral formations of the earth's crust that a person uses in the economy.
First geography teacher
qualifying
P. g. t. Kamskoye Ustye 2007
The final test task in the geography of Russia in the 8th grade.
Test texts are taken from the collection of tests “Geography. Tests. Authors, . Kazan, Magarif Publishing House, 2003.
I option 2 option
1.p.3 #2 1.p.4 #2
2.p.7 #1 2.p.8 #1
3.p.11 #2;3 3.p.12 #2
4.str.12 No.7 4.str.13 No.3,7
5. p.18 No. 2;4 5. p. 20 No. 2,4
6. p.19 No. 9 6. p. 21 No. 10
7.p.25 No.2;3 7.p.27 No.2,3
8.p.26 #7 8.p.28.#8
9.p.33 #2 9.p.34 #2
10.p.37. №2 10.p.38 №2
11.p.41 #1 11.p.41 #2
12.p. 45 #1 12.p.45. #2
13.p. 49 #3 13.p.50 #4
14.p.53 #2 14.p.54 #2
3 option 4 option
1. p.5 #2 1. p.6 #2
2. p.9 No. 1 2. p. 10 No. 1
3. p.14 No. 2,3 3. p. 16 No. 3
4. p.15 No. 9 4. p. 17 No. 7.9
5. p.21 No. 2 5. p. 23 No. 1,2
6. p.22 No. 3,4 6. p. 24 No. 10
7. p.29 No. 2,3 7. p. 30 No. 2
8. p.30 No. 8 8. p. 31 No. 7,8
9. p.35 No. 5 9. p. 36 No. 3
10. p.39 #2 10.p.40 #4
11. p.42 No. 1 11. p. 43 No. 1
12. p.47 No. 1 12. p. 48 No. 1
13. p.51 No. 1 13. p. 51 No. 2
14. p.55 #2 14.p.56 #2
Geography. Beginner course in geography.
Profile level
Grade 11. 102 hours
Compiled
I approve:
deputy directors
Kamskoye Ustye
Kamskoustinskaya secondary school
Basics of economic theory.
Profile level
Grade 10. 102 hours
Calendar-thematic planning
Compiled
I approve:
deputy directors
Kamskoye Ustye
Kamskoustinskaya secondary school
Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan
Geography exam tickets for the basic school course
9th grade
Compiled
I approve
Director
Kamskoye Ustye 2008
Geography Tickets
1. The role of geographical science in solving important problems of the country's development. The need for a comprehensive geographical study of the country.
2. The national composition of the country's population. The main language families and groups, their placement.
3. Determination on the climatic map and explanation of climate differences in the areas of the cities of Sochi and Vladivostok.
1. Methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographical information.
Geographical differences in the economic activity of the population of Russia (give specific examples) Determination of the factors that influenced the location of ferrous metallurgy enterprises on the map (at the choice of the teacher)
1. Russia on the world map. Geographical position, size of the territory, borders, neighboring states.
2. Cultural and historical features of the peoples of Russia. The main religions prevalent in the country.
3. Characteristics according to maps of the geographical location of one of the regions of Russia (at the choice of the teacher)
1. The concept of geographical location. Features of nature, population and economy of individual territories of Russia. (give examples)
2. Fuel and energy complex: composition, importance in the economy, development problems. Fuel and Energy Complex and Problems of Environmental Protection.
3. Determination of directions and distances from a topographic map.
1. Time zones in Russia. Local and standard time.
2. Fuel industry: composition, location of the main areas of fuel production, development problems. Fuel industry and problems of environmental protection.
3. Determination on the map of the factors that influenced the location of the chemical enterprise (at the choice of the teacher)
Theme: Glaciers.
Purpose: 1. To give an idea about glaciers, about its types.
2. Show the conditions for the formation of glaciers.
3. Talk about the practical significance of glaciers.
4. Teach to identify on the map, using conventional signs,
location of mountain and sheet glaciers.
Equipment: physical map of the hemispheres, atlases, paintings "Mountain glaciers", "Continental ice and the formation of icebergs", "Profile of the ice sheet of Antarctica", video clip "Glaciers".
During the classes
IActualization.
1. What shells of the Earth do we know?
2. Which of them have we already studied?
3. What is the hydrosphere?
4. What parts does the hydrosphere consist of?
5. What applies to the waters of the land?
6. In what states does water occur in nature?
7. Which water is more fresh or salty?
II Learning new material.
We continue to study the hydrosphere. Today we will talk about another type of land water, which occurs in nature in a solid state and is fresh - these are glaciers. ( on the board the topic of the lesson)
Glaciers are not the same ice that forms on rivers and lakes in winter. The ice on them is frozen water. Glaciers are formed as a result of the accumulation of ice. The snow does not have time to melt, accumulates, is pressed and thus, glaciers are formed.
Why don't glaciers always form?
What are the conditions for this?
Glaciers exist. (diagram on the board)
DIV_ADBLOCK128">
Mountain glaciers form high in the mountains, where the air temperature is low and the snow does not have time to melt. The line above which the fallen snow does not have time to melt is called snow line. It changes as you move from the equator to the poles.
For example, on vl. Kilimanjaro in Africa, the snow line is at an altitude of 5000 m. ( find this volcano in atlases). In the Caucasus Mountains above 3000m ( found in atlases).
Demonstration of pictures of mountain glaciers.
Mountain glaciers can be compared to a river; they have a feeding area. They are flexible and move. When moving, a large amount of destroyed rocks, which are called moraine, are transferred.
Types of moraines:
terminal moraine;
· Lateral moraine.
Types of mountain glaciers:
Like caps on tops
In depressions, on slopes
In mountain valleys
An example of the Fedchenko glacier in the Pamirs ( we find this glacier on atlases) and look at the drawing in the textbook. This is a mountain-valley glacier, 71 km long, 1700 to 3100 m wide, there is a meteorological station on this glacier.
Another large glacier in Alaska is the Sard Malaspina, up to 100 km long and 25 km wide. All mountain glaciers make up only 1.5% of all glaciers, but they are of great importance. Which we will find out later.
Sheet glaciers
Covering means covering something. Let's remember if there are territories on Earth that are completely covered with ice. Of course, this is the mainland of Antarctica and the largest island on Earth, Greenland. ( work with maps and atlases).
In Antarctica, the volume of ice reaches 24 million km2, and only the coast is free of ice (0.2-0.3%). The glacier on the mainland is dome-shaped. Its average thickness reaches 1720 m, the largest is 4300 m.
Demonstration of the painting "Ice cover of Antarctica".
The temperature on the mainland is average, the lowest is -89.20. There are no permanent residents, only research stations.
In Greenland, the volume of ice reaches 2.6 million km2, the average ice thickness is 2300 m, and the maximum is 3400 m. There is a permanent population. The climate is milder and the flora is richer and more diverse.
When ice sheets flow from the center to the periphery, they break off. Huge ice mountains up to 45 km wide and 100 km long fall into the water with a roar, icebergs are formed. 90% of the mass of icebergs is under water.
Demonstration of the painting "Continental ice and the formation of icebergs."
Excerpt: “The golden rays of the sun broke through the clouds and sparkled with blue, green and yellow sparkles on the furrowed walls of the icebergs. Waves poured over their underwater spurs, taking off with multi-colored foamy splashes. In the bizarre outlines of the icy mountains, we distinguish fairy-tale castles, then high jagged towers, formidable and impregnable. It seemed we were transported into a world of fantasy and rare beauty.
Indeed, icebergs are very beautiful, but at the same time they pose a great danger to ships.
So in 1912, the passenger steamer Titanic collided with an iceberg. A huge hole formed and the steamer, breaking in half, immediately went to the bottom, only a small part of the passengers managed to escape. (you can give a message to the student). Now icebergs are easily detected even in fog using instruments on the ship.
All sheet glaciers on Earth make up 98.5% of all glaciers. They contain up to 90% of fresh water. Although they have such a large percentage of all glaciers, their importance is small.
But mountain glaciers, as we have already said, are of great practical importance. They feed rivers that start in the mountains and carry their waters to those areas where there is very little moisture. For example, the Syrdarya and Amurdarya rivers (we find them in atlases) begin in the mountains, their waters are completely taken for irrigation.
Glaciers are now being transported, such as Saudi Arabia. One large iceberg contains as much water as the annual flow of one river.
Demonstration of a fragment of the video film "Glaciers".
IIIAnchoring
1. What are glaciers, how do they form?
2. What are they, give examples.
3. What is the practical significance of glaciers?
Lesson Conclusions
· Glaciers are components of land waters, an integral part of the hydrosphere.
· Mountain glaciers feed the rivers of arid regions, carrying moisture to the fields.
IVHomework read the paragraph "Glaciers", write out new terms in a notebook and explain them.
Economy of Russia" href="/text/category/yekonomika_rossii/" rel="bookmark">Economy of Russia .
2. To study the composition of the complex, finding out its significance in the country's economy.
3. Consider the main types of enterprises of the metallurgical complex, their characteristics and features.
4. To acquaint students with the features of the location of enterprises of the metallurgical complex.
5. To form in students an idea of the most important problems of the complex: economic, environmental, social.
Equipment: maps of Russia: economic maps, mineral maps, atlases, textbooks, collections of minerals and metals, various construction materials: brick, glass, wood, chipboard, metal-plastic.
During the classes
IOrganizing time.
IIActualization.
1. What is an intersectoral complex?
2. What intersectoral complexes have we already studied?
3. What complex is called fuel and energy?
4. What is included in the fuel and energy complex?
5. What types of energy resources does the fuel and energy complex use?
Without electricity, coking coal, the complex that we will begin to study today cannot exist.
III Learning new material.
Lesson topic. (slide number 1)
Complexes producing structural materials and chemicals.
Structural materials are materials intended for the manufacture of finished products or structures.
· https://pandia.ru/text/78/638/images/image006_10.gif" width="18" height="98 src=">Different alloys
· Plastics
fiberglass
Metal plastic
The value of the complex:
1. The products of the complex are used in all sectors of the economy.
2. As a result of the production of new types of structural materials, products become cheaper, lighter, stronger.
The composition of the complex (structure) (slide number 2)
Complexes producing structural materials
Metallurgical complex Chemical-timber complex
What complex is called metallurgical? Paragraph 25, p. 32, we find and read the definition.
The totality of industries producing a variety of metals is called the metallurgical complex.
(slide number 3)
Metallurgical complex
Ferrous metallurgy Non-ferrous metallurgy
They are characterized by common features: (slide number 4)
High monopolization of production
High level of combination
A) in ferrous metallurgy, the basis of combination is a consistent
Processing of raw materials: iron ore steel rolled
1. Geotechnology
2. Biotechnology
90% of the metal produced is ferrous metal - steel
Raw material base of metallurgy: (slide number 6)
A) iron ore products (magnetic iron ore, brown iron ore, red iron ore) demonstration of rocks. (slide number 7)
Iron ore deposits:
1. KMA - 50%
2. European North and Karelia - 25% (Olenegorsk, Kovdar, Kostomuksha)
3. Ural - about 20% (Kachkanarskoye, Novo-Bakalskoye, Magnitnaya)
4. The rest falls on Siberian - (Korshunovskoye, Angara, Mountain Shoria)
Russia is one of the largest producers of iron ore, the country's reserves amount to 100 billion tons. tons.
B) non-metallic materials (refractories)
B) coking coal
D) scrap and waste of ferrous metals.
The following types of enterprises are distinguished in the ferrous metallurgy: (slide No. 8)
1. Metallurgical plants of a full cycle or combines
The technological chain of ferrous metallurgy production is as follows:
Iron ore mining (quarries)
Ore beneficiation (mining and processing plants)
Cast iron smelting (in blast furnaces)
Steel melting (in open-hearth and oxygen-converter furnaces)
Production of rolled products (in the rolling shop, rolling mills)
Rental types:
Crimping (blooms and slabs - blanks)
Sectional (rails, beams, channels, wire)
Sheet (metal sheet of different thicknesses)
· Pipe
Special (rolled wheel, rolled ring, rolled ball)
2. Convertible metallurgy - steelmaking and steel-rolling plants.
3. Production of ferroalloys - iron alloys (in Latin iron - ferrum) with
alloying metals - manganese, chromium, tungsten, titanium, silicon.
4.Small metallurgy - the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants.
5. Domain-free metallurgy - the production of iron by direct reduction from enriched ore in electric arc furnaces with continuous casting of metal. Analysis of Fig.45 on page 134.
The only electrometallurgical plant in Russia, Oskolsky, is located in the city of Oskol, Belgorod Region.
Factors of placement of enterprises of the metallurgical complex.
Geography is influenced by:
1. Raw material quality
2. Kind of energy
3. Geography of sources of raw materials and energy
Profitable to build:
1. In ore mining areas (Ural, KMA)
2. In the areas of extraction of coking coal (Kuzbass), cheap energy (Eastern Siberia)
3. At the intersection of ore and coal flows (Cherepovets)
Take into account:
· Provision of water
・ Transport routes
Under the influence of these factors, metallurgical enterprises are not distributed evenly, they form clusters, which are called metallurgical bases.
Textbook definition on page 137.
Three metallurgical bases are distinguished on the territory of Russia: (slide No. 9)
Ural
· Central
Siberian
Placement of metallurgical bases of Russia. (working with a map and atlas, from Fig. 46 on page 137)
IVHomework paragraph 24-26, fill in the table.
Characteristics of the metallurgical bases of Russia (slide No. 10)
Base name | Steel and rolled products | Iron ore reserves |
birth of ore | Where does it come from additional ore | Where does the fuel come from | Metallur logical |
Ural |
42% rental | 15 billion t 22% | Kachkanarskoye Alapaevskoe Magnetic | Sokolovo- Sarbaevo Kola |
Kazakhstan | Lower Tagil Chelyabinsk Novotroitsk |
Central |
44% rental |
Kola Peninsula Kostomuksha Kovdar | Scrap metal | Pechorsky | Cherepovets Art. Oskol |
|
Siberian |
13% rental | Angara region Korshunskoe Mountain Shoria | Novokuznetsk |
VAnchoring
1. What intersectoral complex have we begun to study?
2. What does this complex include, its composition?
3. What is a metallurgical complex?
4. What factors influence the placement of enterprises in the metallurgical industry?
5. What does ferrous metallurgy produce?
6. What metallurgical bases were formed in Russia, show on the map.
VI Lesson Conclusions
In the Russian economy, the metallurgical complex plays an important role, since the modern economy cannot do without metal. Its products are used by many sectors of the national economy: in engineering (heavy engineering, automotive, shipbuilding), construction.
Topic: Land resources. Soil formation and composition.
Goals and objectives: 1. To form knowledge about the soil. Show contribution
creation of soil science.
2. Expand knowledge about soil-forming factors.
III Learning new material.
The topic of the lesson on the board and in the students' notebooks:
Land resources. Soil formation and composition.
Our country is unusually rich in land, territory, or, as they say, land resources.
Land resources are a territory with a certain quality of soils, climate, topography, vegetation, the basis for the placement economic objects, resettlement of the population.
Working with the textbook p. 116, fig. 80
Buildings - 1%
Landfills - 1%
Surface water - 4%
Swamps - 6%
Other lands - 11%
Agricultural land - 13%
Reindeer pastures - 19%
Forests - 45%
The part of land resources used in agriculture and forestry is called agricultural land or soil resources.
From the structure of the land fund, we can see that there are few soil (agricultural land) resources - only 13% of the country's territory.
Even less from 6-8% is plowed up, this is the soil that has fertility.
“The soil is not a rock and not an arable layer, but a special natural-historical body, the result of the interaction of the organic and inorganic worlds” - these are the words of the great Russian scientist, the founder of a new science - soil science. We will prove the authenticity of his words by working
in groups. Each group has its own tasks, they are in the instruction card.
Soil, soil-forming factors
Instruction card No. 1
1. Define soil?
2. Basic properties of the soil.
3. What determines soil fertility?
4. Who is this, what do you know about him?
5. How are soils formed?
6. Draw a diagram in your notebooks and complete it.
7. What are soil-forming factors? List them.
8. How long does it take for soil to form?
microorganisms
https://pandia.ru/text/78/638/images/image014_5.gif" width="66" height="66"> flora animal world
https://pandia.ru/text/78/638/images/image016_3.gif" width="75" height="12"> climate soil human activity
https://pandia.ru/text/78/638/images/image018_4.gif" width="672" height="96">
What is soil?
The soil is a loose surface layer of land with fertility, it is a special natural body, the result of the interaction of natural components. Fertility- This is one of the most important and distinctive properties of the soil.
Organic matter - humus - humus.
Work with the textbook p.117. first paragraph:
“According to the definition of the outstanding Russian scientist V. V. Dokuchaev……”
Demonstration of a portrait.
Student's report about Dokuchaev.
Let's see how soil is formed.
Factors influencing the process of soil formation are called soil-forming factors.
Soil formation is very slow, in 100 years a soil layer is formed from only 0.5 cm (in the tundra) to 2 cm (in the steppes)
Thus, we see that the soil consists of: solid, liquid, gaseous parts and living organisms.
The mechanical composition of the soil
Instruction card number 2
1. What is the mechanical composition of the soil?
2. What are the soil textures?
3. Characteristics of soils by mechanical composition:
sand to clay ratio
their features
relation to moisture
4. How practically, in your garden, you can determine the mechanical
soil composition
5. What is the mechanical composition of soils containing 37% sand, 9%
The solid part is mineral and humic substances. The mineral part of the soil consists of: sand
Clays 90% of soil volume
Collection demonstration.
Depending on the rutting rock on which soil formation took place, soils are divided according to their mechanical composition into:
1..gif" width="14 height=38" height="38">loamy soils are poorly washed
3. heavy clay soils are easily waterlogged
more clay
How to determine what is the mechanical composition of the soil in your garden?
Roll up a tourniquet from moistened soil and make a ring out of it.
The ring fell apart - sandy
Deep cracks in the ring - sandy loam
There are shallow cracks in the ring - loamy
No cracks - clayey
We learned about the mechanical composition of soils, and now we will give the floor to group 3. They will tell us about the structure of soils.
Soil structure
Instruction card number 3
1. What is soil structure?
2. What structure can soils have?
3. What is the best soil structure?
4. What soils are called structureless?
5. What properties are characteristic of structural and structureless soil
DIV_ADBLOCK139">
Basic forms of structures: (demonstration of the table)
1. grainy
2. tiled
3. scaly
4. dusty
5. nutty
6. lumpy
7. prismatic
The structure determines the features of the water and air regimes of soils, therefore it is one of the main properties of the soil.
If the soil contains little humus and clay particles, such soils are called structureless.
DIV_ADBLOCK140">
https://pandia.ru/text/78/638/images/image025_3.gif" height="290"> There are three main horizons. Soil horizons are indicated by alphabetic characters: A B C.
A0 - dead parts of plants and animals are collected
A1 - humus or humus accumulation horizon
Leading: What do you think these positive changes are connected with?
Sociologist:
Leading: Our conference is coming to an end. And the last question to all participants of the conference. What do you think should be done in our district and village to solve this problem?
Development of small and medium-sized businesses, which will lead to the emergence of new jobs
There will be jobs, young people will stay in the village, which means that young families will appear
· Our region is very beautiful, there are opportunities to create tourist routes, campsites, beaches. These are additional jobs.
In order to attract young people, it is necessary to create conditions for their spiritual development and leisure
Build affordable housing
1. AiF correspondent: According to statistics, in 1993 the Russian Federation was inferior in terms of the number of inhabitants to China, India, the USA, Indonesia, Brazil (the population of Russia was 148.7 million people) and ranked 6th in the world. At present, Russia is already in 7th place in terms of numbers, having lost its 6th place to Pakistan. The population in our country is 144 million people.
According to statistics, a depopulation process is underway in the country, that is, the population is declining. There are many reasons for this.
Demographer: I think there are several reasons. Firstly, this is the collapse of the USSR, secondly, the economic recession in the 90s, which led to the deterioration of the environmental situation, and thirdly, the associated decline in living standards and average life expectancy of the population.
Demographer: A tragic and catastrophic situation is taking shape in the social sphere. Since the beginning of the 1950s, the UN began to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI), which is composed of indicators of GDP, longevity and educational level.
Russia in terms of education level - 62nd place
longevity - 91st place
in health care - 127th place
There is something to think about.
Correspondent of the newspaper "Vechernyaya Kazan": I am convinced that the population can change due to migrations.
Migration Specialist: There was an outflow of the population from the Far North region, from the CIS countries. An intensive outflow of especially young people from the village to the city continues. At the same time, the flow of external migration outside of Russia does not stop, primarily to the USA, Canada, Israel, Germany and a number of other European countries.
"Correspondent of the regional newspaper" Volzhskiye Zori "
Question to the head of the municipality p.g.t. Kamskoye Mouth. Please tell us about the demographic situation in our village.
"Correspondent of the regional newspaper" Volzhskiye Zori ": An interesting situation is developing in the labor market. Many industrial enterprises, institutions and organizations were closed in the village. This led to an increase in the number of unemployed. Question to the head of the municipality: How is the problem of employment in our village solved?
At the beginning of 2000, the population of the village was Today this figure is 4443 people, of which 2525 are men and 2318 are women. There are 2712 able-bodied people, 784 pensioners and 874 children under 16 years of age.
Over the past decade, the village has experienced a decline in population as a result of negative natural growth. The number of people younger than working age has especially sharply decreased.
Head of the municipality: The Employment Service provides information about vacancies at enterprises and organizations and employs the unemployed. At present, the number of registered unemployed is only 54 people.
Head teacher: Yes, this can be seen in our school. 10 years ago, the contingent of the Kamskoy Ustyinsky secondary school was about 800 people, and today only 541 students study at the school.
Sociologist: The demographic situation in Russia is catastrophic. According to forecasts, the population in Russia in the near future, by 2015, will decrease to
134.4 million people. The number of people of retirement age will exceed the number of children and adolescents, and in terms of life expectancy, Russia will lag behind many countries of the world.
Sociologist: The increase in the birth rate in recent years is primarily due to the improvement of the socio-economic situation in the country. People today begin to believe in their future. The course of the president and government is aimed at improving the quality of life and economic stability in the country.
Pediatrician: Life is a struggle, survival of the fittest. Health depends on:
50% off lifestyle
20% off social factors and the environment
20% off genetics
And only 10% of medicine
Recently, there has been a decline in the living standards of the population. The lack of caloric nutrition in many families is reflected in the younger generation. Only 16% of healthy children study in schools.
Pediatrician: (an excerpt from an article from the regional newspaper No. 92 of November 16, 2007)
Kamskoustinskaya secondary school
First geography teacher
Kamskoye Ustye 2007
Kamskoustinskaya secondary school
Kamsko-Ustyinsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan
Geography. Nature of Russia Grade 8
First geography teacher
Kamskoye Ustye 2007
Kamskoustinskaya secondary school
Kamsko-Ustyinsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan
Geography. Population and economy of Russia
First geography teacher
The natural resources of the Russian Plain are extremely diverse. Their main value lies in the fact that they are located in the most densely populated territory of the Russian Federation, which means that they are available for widespread use by people.
Water resources
The hydrogeographic network of the Russian Plain is represented by numerous lakes and rivers, including the largest river in Russia - the Volga. This river is of great economic importance, as it connects different economic regions of the Russian Federation with its waters. The Volga basin irrigates over 2.5 million hectares of land. The depth of the river and the volume of the basin allows navigation to function here.
Another major river of the Russian Plain, the Don, is currently experiencing an ecological crisis: the delta of the reservoir has significantly decreased, sea salt water flows into the river in large quantities, which annually reduces fish stocks. On the coasts of the Don and Volga, agriculture is very well developed, since there is no lack of moisture here.
The Russian Plain is also washed by the seas: Baltic, Barents, Caspian, White and Black.
The Baltic Sea is unusually rich in seafood, the production of which is actively seen in the Kaliningrad region. In addition, quite large oil reserves are located in the sea, but their production is currently problematic due to the threat to the environmental safety of the reservoir.
On the Russian coast of the Baltic Sea there are resorts - Pionersky, Svetlogorsk, Sestroretsk, and Zelenogorsk. The Black Sea is of great transport importance for the Russian Federation. On the Black Sea coast there are the main sea transport hubs, as well as fishing centers.
The source of natural gas and oil is the Caspian Sea. These resources are being actively mined here, which adversely affects the ecology of the sea. The smallest sea of the Russian Plain is the White Sea. Its total area, taking into account small islands, is approximately 90 thousand square meters. km. At the bottom of this sea, geologists recently discovered ferromanganese reserves, today they see the development of a project for their extraction.
Minerals
Mineral resources are represented mainly by iron ores, the springs of which are located on the lands of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. The balance reserves of iron ore in the Russian Plain become more than 50% of the entire country. The Belgorod region is rich in bauxite reserves with a high content of alumina.
On the territory of the Russian Plain there are chemical raw materials - phosphorites (Moscow and Bryansk regions), potash and rock salts (Verkhnekamsk basin). In the Tula, Moscow, Bryansk and Belgorod regions, stocks of building raw materials are widespread: marls, chalk, fine-grained and quartz sands, kaolin clays.
Fuel raw materials - oil, gas and peat, are extracted in the Kostroma, Ivanovo regions, and in the Middle Volga region.
Flora and fauna
The Russian Plain is rich in vegetation, which is feed for cattle. Steppes and semi-deserts are a pasture for sheep, the breeding of which is very common in the southern regions. Moss tundras are a food base for reindeer herding.
Of the industrial species of animals of the forest-tundra and tundra, ermine, scribe and upland game are of great value, of fish - whitefish, pike, salmon, and char. To preserve endangered species of plants and animals in 1931, the Central Forest Reserve was organized on the territory of the Russian Plain, which functions to this day.
19.08.2014 10592 0Tasks:evaluate natural resources; show the magnitude of the anthropogenic load on the landscapes of the East European Plain; to reveal the essence of environmental problems, to help students in a creative search for proposals for their solution.
I. Testing knowledge and skills on the topic "Natural complexes of the Russian Plain".
Possible verification options:
1.Individual oral survey.
-What zonal natural complexes are distinguished on the Russian Plain?
-Which of them occupy the largest area, the smallest?
-Describe the tundra and forest-tundra of the Russian Plain.
-Compare the natural conditions of the taiga and steppes.
-Explain how a change in at least one of the components of nature, for example, the moisture coefficient, changes the appearance of the entire natural complex.
-Which of the natural complexes are the most modified by man?
2.Verification of practical work.
3.Verification practical work on a contour map (pp. 48-50 in a workbook on a printed basis) according to options or one option at the choice of the teacher.
II. Introductory conversation and preparation for the perception of new knowledge.
An introductory conversation is necessary to update the concept of "natural resources" and remember what groups they are divided into, what underlies the classification, as well as ways of rational use. In the course of the conversation, students prepare a table "Natural resources of the East European Plain".
III. Getting new knowledge.
1. Since the topic "Natural Resources" was studied by students relatively recently, repetition should not cause difficulties. Therefore, filling out the table is best done in the form of independent practical work. Students work with the text of the textbook (pp. 164 - 166) and with atlas maps. This is allotted15-20 minutes. The finished table should look like this:
|
Natural resources of the East European Plain
|
|
2) hard coal |
Vorkuta |
Fuel |
|
3) brown coal |
Moscow region basin |
Fuel |
|
4) oil |
Ural-Vyatka, Timan-Pechora, Caspian basins |
Fuel, raw materials for the chemical industry |
|
5) oil shale |
Leningrad region, outskirts of Samara |
Fuel |
|
6) building materials (sands, clays, limestone and DR-) |
Everywhere |
Construction, raw materials for the building materials industry |
|
7) apatite-nepheline ores |
Kola Peninsula and Karelia |
Obtaining aluminum, raw materials for the glass industry, the production of chemical fertilizers |
|
8) granites |
Kola Peninsula, Karelia |
Construction, decoration of buildings, pavements, etc. |
|
9) table and potassium salts |
Lakes Elton, Baskunchak, Kama Cis-Urals |
|
|
10) diamonds |
Arhangelsk region |
gemstone |
|
11) phosphorites |
Volga region, Moscow region |
Raw materials for the chemical industry |
|
Water resources |
Wealthiest in northwestern and central regions |
Fresh water reserves, hydropower, cheap transport routes, fisheries, recreational areas |
|
Agro-climatic resources |
North of the forest zone (cool, humid summer). The middle lane (fertile soils). South |
Fiber flax, rye, oats. Cereals and fodder crops. Grain and industrial crops, horticulture and melon growing |
|
forest resources |
Taiga and mixed forests2 |
|
|
recreational resources |
ubiquitous but not well mastered |
Tourism, recreation, treatment and rehabilitation of the population |
2. The problems of rational use of natural resources were also considered by students earlier, so the teacher should focus on the environmental problems of the East European Plain, for example, you can talk about the problems of the Non-Black Earth Region.
Teacher.At present, the territory of the East European Plain is densely populated, its natural resources are intensively used. There is a shortage of water, the atmosphere is heavily polluted, especially in areas with a developed chemical industry. Fertile soils are subject to erosion, forests are mercilessly cut down.
The territory of the Non-Black Earth region has been sufficiently developed by man for a long time. Arable lands alternated with forests and meadows. Many villages and villages are located along rivers and near lakes. Here they grew stable crops of rye, flax, products from which were famous all over the world. A large number of livestock provided the population with food. However, in the future, the existing system of rational management of the economy was destroyed. The reasons for this were first collectivization, then thoughtless strengthening of villages, declaring many villages unpromising. Most of the population went to the cities. Thousands of villages that used to feed both themselves and the city dwellers have disappeared.
In recent years, large funds have been allocated for land reclamation of the Non-Chernozem region. What is the result? The result is sad, because instead of complex, only water reclamation is carried out, that is, either drainage or watering. This leads not to improvement, but to the deterioration of the land. “In the Non-Chernozem zone, this is their massive drying up or swamping. ... many lands have completely lost their fertility. Rivers, streams, springs, raised bogs have been exterminated. ... river beds were straightened, raised bogs were drained, namely they are the guardians of our waters. It all turned out that the spent billions of rubles did not increase the productivity of agriculture" (Lemeshev M.I.Until it's not too late. - M .: Young Guard, 1991). The non-Black Earth region is our reserve. With the right organization of the economy, it can be revived for a full-blooded life.
Reserves have been created on the territory of the Russian Plain, where areas of unique natural landscapes, rare species of animals and birds are preserved. For example, the reserves Kandalakshsky, Laplandinsky, Prioksko-Terrasny, Losiny Ostrov, Galichya Gora and many others.
You can discuss with students the problems of Polissya, give the opportunity to speak about the positive and negative aspects of the process of draining swamps. You can listen to and discuss students' reports about the protected areas of the East European Plain (homework for lesson No. 37).
To consolidate the acquired knowledge and systematize it, the teacher suggests answering the following questions:
What is an integrated approach to the problem of protecting and transforming the nature of the Non-Chernozem and Polissya regions, as well as other areas of the East European Plain? Give examples.
On the example of these territories, show what is the ratio of measures to transform nature and measures to protect it.
Is it possible at the present stage to abandon measures to transform nature and limit ourselves only to measures to protect it?
Summarizing knowledge, students formulate a conclusion about the need for a scientifically based approach to solving the problems of transforming nature, taking into account all the relationships within the natural complex.
IV. Summing up the lesson.
Homework: § 29, complete assignment 4 on p. 48 workbook on a printed basis (apply mineral deposits), or task 3 on p. 49, or task 2 on p. 50 (optional or teacher's choice).
Physical geography of Russia and the USSR
European part: Arctic, Russian Plain, Caucasus, Urals
REGIONAL NATURE REVIEWS IN RUSSIA
Chapters of the section "REGIONAL REVIEWS OF THE NATURE OF RUSSIA"
- Natural areas of Russia
- East European (Russian) Plain
- Natural resources
EAST EUROPEAN (RUSSIAN) PLAIN
See photos of the nature of the East European Plain: Curonian Spit, Moscow Region, Kerzhensky Reserve and the Middle Volga in the Nature of the World section of our website.
Natural resources
The value of the natural resources of the Russian Plain is determined not only by their diversity and richness, but also by the fact that they are located in the most populated and developed part of Russia.
Mineral resources are presented iron ores Kursk magnetic anomaly associated with basement deposits within the Voronezh anteclise. The main ore here is magnetite, which occurs in Proterozoic quartzites, but ore deposits are now mainly exploited in the weathering crusts of the Precambrian basement enriched in iron oxides.
Among the minerals associated with the sedimentary cover, the main place is occupied by fossil fuels and chemical raw materials. Reserves of stone and brown coal are concentrated in the Pechora, Donetsk and Moscow region basins. Oil and gas produced at a number of fields within the Volga-Ural (Samara region, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Bashkortostan) and Timan-Pechora oil and gas regions. The gas condensate fields of the Astrakhan region are confined to carbon deposits of the Caspian syneclise. Place of Birth oil shale known in the Pskov and Leningrad regions, in the Middle Volga region (near Samara) and in the northern part of the Caspian syneclise (Obshchesyrtskoe deposit).
Large deposits potassium, magnesium salts, halite, borate confined to the powerful Permian salt-bearing strata of the Caspian lowland. The largest self-sustaining lakes Elton and Baskunchak are also associated with rock salt domes. industrial clusters phosphorites in the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits are found in the central and eastern regions of the Russian Plain: in the Moscow region (Egorievskoye), the Middle Volga region (Kineshmskoye, Volskoye, etc.), on the Common Syrt and in other places.
Some ore deposits are also associated with the sedimentary cover: sedimentary iron ores(brown iron ore, siderites, oolitic concretions), aluminum ores represented by deposits bauxite(Tikhvin, Timan), titanium placers(Timan). The discovery of deposits was unexpected diamonds in the northern regions of the Russian Plain (Arkhangelsk region).
The high-water rivers have significant hydropower resources and are transport routes used for navigation and timber rafting.
Agro-climatic resources make it possible to grow many valuable agricultural crops - grain, industrial, vegetable and fodder. Agro-climatic resources are successfully combined with fertile soils and: chernozems, dark chestnut, gray forest and sod-podzolic. The main areas of the most fertile soils in Russia - chernozems - are located on the Russian Plain.
The forage resources of the plain are great. Water meadows of river valleys, upland meadows of forest zones are valuable hayfields and pastures for cattle, steppes, semi-deserts and deserts are pastures for sheep, tundra and forest tundra are excellent pastures for deer. Spruce and pine taiga forests have large reserves of industrial timber.
