Information in wildlife, society, technology. Coursework: Information is a brilliant invention of wildlife

Kalashnikov Yury Yakovlevich

Information, just like matter and energy, is included in the circle of the three most fundamental, key and mysterious entities of our world. Surprisingly, not only the entire baggage of world knowledge, but also any area of human activity rests on this concept. Not only the phenomena of life, but also all the complex technical, biological and social levels of its organization are directly related to the concept of “Information”. And although the question of what is behind the word “Information” has been discussed for a long time, but even today science cannot give us clear and satisfactory answers: how it arose, according to what laws it exists and develops, and in general, what is it is “Information”? Unfortunately, the essence and meaning of this word is difficult to explain in one wording. Meanwhile, this term has confidently entered our lives and is widely used in science, technology and at the household level. Therefore, "Information" is of great importance for wildlife, man and society as a whole. Now we are getting closer and closer to understanding Norbert Wiener's statement that: “Information is information, not matter and not energy”. In this article, the author brings to your attention his concept of the origin, development and understanding of “Information” as a virtual essence of our world.

1. General information. The article brought to your attention, which you will now familiarize yourself with, is remarkable in that it makes us rethink and rethink the numerous secrets and mysteries of such an amazing phenomenon as “Information” and forces us to look at all its known and little-known sides from a new angle. This article is open to its own answers, questions and reflections, thanks to which it should help not only to think about your attitude to “information”, but also to see, as if from the outside, your obvious or non-obvious delusions. Here, for the most part, the author's version of the vision and understanding of "information" is presented. For this simple reason, I do not believe that the article contains "ultimate truth." Some of the issues raised may turn out to be quite unexpected or even controversial. However, the main thing the author was striving for was, if possible, not only to initiate, but also to intensify the interest of trained specialists or simply thinking science enthusiasts in two great and mysterious phenomena of our nature - Information and Life. “Information”, in the form in which we now understand and perceive it, appeared, obviously, as long ago as life itself. However, the question of what is behind this concept began to be discussed quite recently, from the middle of the 20th century. And this is very strange, since a person has been using information for tens of thousands of years. And hereditary information, in general, exists and is transmitted from generation to generation for more than 3.5 billion years. It is also noteworthy that from time to time the mystery of information makes us think and reflect not only on its essence and nature, but even re-evaluate and change our attitude towards it. Information and life are phenomena that are so extraordinary and so “vitally” related to each other that modern science is constantly in search of the meaning and essence of these two amazing phenomena of our planet.

Meanwhile, it just so happened that over time, the approach to “information” was divided into two different directions of its understanding, namely: the everyday level of its perception and the scientific approach to its problems. Attention should be paid to this fact, since misunderstanding of the essence of information is often the cause of cognitive illusions and unresolvable collisions. At the everyday level, “information” is perceived by us in the broadest sense of the word and is usually associated with the meaning or significance of the message. From this point of view, if the information does not carry anything new, then it no longer has any meaning for us. In addition, we always think in our own language, so the information presented in another language, although it exists, also, as a rule, does not make any sense to us. As they said before, it is a “Chinese letter” for us. In this regard, the meaning and significance of the everyday information we receive are subjective concepts that have their own individual meaning for each of us. In this case, "information" has no clearly defined boundaries and cannot serve as a criterion for the truth or value of certain messages. Obviously, both understanding and perception of it will be assessed only by the level of our competence. From a scientific point of view, information has a general and universal character, therefore it is classified into various categories of existence, types and forms of representation; by purpose and scope; according to its technical or biological characteristics; by types of material and energy substrates that are used to transmit messages; on recording and programming languages, communication channels and transmission methods, etc., etc. The scientific approach to the concept of “information” involves not only the study of its characteristics, the laws of its receipt and transformation, but also the knowledge of those technical or biological methods , which are used for its presentation, accumulation, processing and transmission. Thanks to the scientific approach, information technology has now covered almost all types of human activity - public spheres, production, science, education, medicine, banking, everyday life, etc. For example, the Internet, using computer technology, has now become one of the most striking examples communication community of people of different nationalities and continents. It should be noted that “information” is an extremely capacious concept. It is diverse and many-sided, it can exist in various types, forms and categories, it can repeatedly pass from one of its forms to another, it can be lost, restored and destroyed. No wonder she is included in the circle of the most amazing and mysterious entities of our world. And most importantly, information in wildlife, society and technology, as a rule, is not purely static in nature, because it always serves for notification, control or management processes. On the one hand, information can have a signal form that allows a person to receive information about processes in technical or biological systems, to observe various natural phenomena, or to control and keep abreast of events in various areas of human activity. On the other hand, information, in any complex systems, can also serve to control ongoing processes. As we can see, “Information” as an entity is so many-sided that it still cannot be defined unambiguously. It, like matter and energy, is included in the circle of the three most important and key entities of our world, and therefore is shrouded in all sorts of mysteries and conjectures. Obviously, the study of information should be dealt with very delicately, starting only with those of its forms and types that interest us most. And the concept of “information” of the everyday level must be treated with a sufficient degree of caution, especially when it unreasonably begins to be used, for example, to prove certain “scientific” ideas and concepts. In this case, we always have a reason to be in a quandary.

2. The “central dogma” of information. There are numerous definitions of the concept of “Information”, which sometimes do not reflect either the meaning or the essence of this phenomenon. Even despite the presence of a special science of “Computer Science”, all the proposed decoding of the word “information” is still debatable. Meanwhile, the existing contradictions, according to the author of the article, can be overcome in a fairly simple way. To do this, you just need to adhere to certain principles and rules. I will try to briefly state my version of understanding the information. First of all, on this occasion, it is necessary to recall the generalization of Norbert Wiener, who at one time unambiguously said that: “Information is information, not matter and not energy. That materialism which does not recognize this cannot be viable at the present time.” Note that despite the obvious simplicity of this phrase, a special depth of thought and understanding of information as a natural phenomenon is hidden here. Unfortunately, the subtext of this formulation has not yet been fully deciphered, and much that follows from it has practically remained undisclosed or unnoticed. In this regard, I believe that there are many good reasons and convincing arguments to give this wonderful formulation its own name. I propose to call it the “central dogma” of information. As we will see below, there are many arguments and facts confirming the need for such a step. First of all, let's pay attention to the fact that the phrase under consideration by Norbert Wiener reflects a key moment in understanding information as a general planetary phenomenon, which can lead to private and fairly clear and precise generalizations. It is only necessary to observe this wording and constantly follow its instructions and settings. In addition, we note that the arguments of the “central dogma” give a lot of reasons for theoretical conclusions and reflections and, in particular, for the unambiguous designation of the concept of “information”. Let's take a brief look at these arguments. 1. Firstly, the fact that intrigues and astonishes us most of all follows from the “central dogma”: “information” is not a physical quantity, despite the fact that it underlies life itself and plays the role of one of the key substances of our world . Although it uses various material and energy means for its embodiment, it always acts as a separate satellite and an independent natural phenomenon. 2. Secondly, despite the fact that information is an intangible category, however, it can exist and be reproduced only on the basis of a systemic organization and on the basis of certain material and energy carriers. Information always presupposes the presence of a particular system where it can be encoded, generated and transmitted. Therefore, in accordance with the “central dogma”, information in the system always acts as a separate and independent phenomenon, which has a virtual character. 3. It follows that the encoded information, by its nature, is not a material entity, but a virtual one. That is, it is neither matter nor energy, but something else, given to living (matter) nature and to us as an idea. Moreover, it is important to note that, despite its virtuality, it has the ability for selective selection, evolutionary diversity and is subject not to physical laws, but only to its specific principles and rules (patterns of computer science). Moreover, information, as a rule, always acts as the main dominant in all the functional processes of a particular system. 4. Information is a “many-faced Janus”: it can be encoded in different languages; be written in various letters, numbers, signs or chemical biological elements. Information is able to have a variety of forms, types and categories and be transmitted in various ways. 5. Message coding turned out to be such an effective way of recording and transmitting information that these principles were originally “designed” and developed in molecular systems of living nature and subsequently applied to complex biological systems. Encoded information in chains of chemical letters and symbols of biological molecules is that speculative entity, the existence of which we can mentally imagine, that is, for us it is a virtual reality. However, for the biomolecules themselves, this is a structural and programmatic reality given to biomolecules for building and functioning. Therefore, virtual reality is now defined as an actual, event-based reality that is really significant at the present moment in time. 6. It is amazing that the general laws and principles of information coding became not only the fundamental foundations of life, but, subsequently, were “rediscovered” by man and found wide distribution in many areas of human activity: in technology, in science, in management, in economics , in the social and public sphere, etc. Coding began to be called the process of converting certain information and data into a set of letters (symbols, numbers or signs) determined by the code. And any code has become a key for transferring information from one of its forms to another. 7. The ability of the same information to be and exist in its various types and forms remains mysterious. Moreover, this is one of the key and fundamental properties of information. 8. The exceptional, in my opinion, properties of information (for example, genetic) include its ability to be passed on from generation to generation countless times, by simply changing its material carriers! It is amazing, but information is really able to exist for an extremely long time due to the endless change of its carriers. We live thanks to the received hereditary information from our distant and close ancestors. In our body, the processes of metabolism and energy go on in an endless stream, with age we are constantly changing, and in our body there is not a single biomolecule with which we were born at birth - only our “I” and that genetic information remain unchanged. thanks to which we exist and develop! 9. Due to these circumstances, the unique ability of genetic information to move the flows of energy and matter, but at the same time remain unchanged or almost unchanged itself, comes to the fore in a living system. Hereditary information is the fundamental basis of any living system! 10. It is obvious that information always exists in conjunction only with those material and energy means by which it is recorded, transmitted, stored or transformed. Therefore, when the message carrier is destroyed, the information that was recorded on this carrier immediately disappears. 11. A very important property of information is also that it can be an active force only in the system that perceives it as a true semantic reality, that is, where it becomes a really significant entity. Therefore, the work of living and complex technical systems can be provided with the flows and circulation of only that information that is really significant and capable in these systems. 12. In this regard, any complex system is able to use only the information that is inherent and inherent in its nature! Therefore, in each system, for example, in a living organism, only “its own information” circulates. And the information of biomolecules of another organism is alien to this organism, and therefore, it is always rejected and rejected. Recall the protective reaction of the immune system. This, in my opinion, is also a very important quality, which is included in the range of basic properties and principles of information. 13. As a rule, information transmission and other information processes require a relatively small amount of energy, however, weak information influences in the system are able to control the operation of any, even the most complex power mechanical or energy installations. Here we have touched, in all likelihood, only the main part of the amazing properties of “Information”. However, using this concept, first of all, it is necessary to see a huge difference between the material and energy objects themselves and the physical processes of our world, which are sometimes extremely grandiose in scale, and the information that is transmitted about them. Natural material and physical processes obey only their fundamental laws, which are studied by the relevant sciences. Information, proceeding from the “central dogma”, does not depend on either the physical or energy properties of its carrier, it obeys only its own principles and rules. All these key generalizations allow us to treat information as a separately existing substance and identify it not only as a natural phenomenon, but also as a virtual essence of our world.

3. So what is this - "Information"? Message passing always assumes the presence of two objects - the source of data and information and their consumer. Therefore, if in a long chain of transmission of information and data we find that part of the message that corresponds to the “central dogma” of N. Wiener, then this, quite legally, will be that wanted mysterious entity called “Information”. As we will see below, from this point of view and understanding, such a formulation of the question greatly facilitates the difficult task of finding the meaning and essence of this natural phenomenon. And now, summarizing the above arguments and facts, I bring to your attention a new wording that, in my opinion, takes into account all the requirements of the “central dogma”: “Information” is a set of coded information or data about any fact, phenomenon or object that is produced, transmitted and accepted by one system or another. Here, information is designated as meaningful data and information of certain messages, which are presented only in an encoded form. As we can see, any information always implies the presence of its own system, where it is able to circulate - to be perceived, processed, generated and transmitted. Information processes are always directly related to the selection of the necessary information and data, so information is always “drawn” from those sources that are vital for this system. At present, from a scientific point of view, information is interpreted as “meaningful information (data) contained in a particular message, previously unknown to the person or machine receiving the message. The message may have a form unsuitable for transmission, storage and other information processes in automated systems. In this regard, various methods of message transformation are used, such as sampling, coding, modulation in order to obtain the optimal signal. A signal is a means of transmission (carrier) of a message. In general, a signal is an unambiguous representation of a message that always exists in some physical embodiment. The signal can carry information about the event, that is, it can be unambiguously in accordance with it. Under certain conditions, the signal can be converted without loss of information. As you know, a message can be physically represented both in analog (continuous) and discrete (letter, digital) form. However, if these forms of representation are analyzed from the standpoint of Wiener's “central dogma”, then very interesting facts come to light. For example, an analog message always corresponds to some continuous physical quantity (for example, electrical voltage), and the change in this quantity over time reflects the course of the process under consideration. It is easy to see that this form of communication is based only on physical laws and completely, in a certain proportional relationship, repeats certain physical processes. For example, to measure large values of electric current or voltage in electrical installations, special instrument transformers are used, the principle of operation of which is based on the laws of electrical engineering. Here, the main participants in both measured and displayed processes are material and energy, but not informational processes, which obviously, by its nature, does not correspond to the conditions of the “central dogma”. This method is a purely technical invention of man and, from the standpoint of the “central dogma”, is not informational, since there are no coding elements (that is, virtual components that characterize information processes) here. Obviously, the analog form of information transfer is not informational. However, it is another matter if a discrete form of transmission is used, when messages are represented by some fixed set of certain elements, from which certain sequences are formed at certain moments of time. What is important here is not the physical nature of the elements, but the fact that the combinational set of elements is finite, and therefore any discrete message conveys a certain number of values of a certain quantity. The elements that make up a discrete message are called letters or symbols. These letters form the alphabet. Here, letters, in contrast to the usual representation, are any elements (ordinary letters, symbols, numbers, mathematical or syntactic signs, etc.) used to represent discrete messages. If any of the elements is assigned a corresponding numerical (digital) value, then the information presented becomes purely digital. If amino acids (chemical letters) are used as elements in living cells, which are encoded by the genetic code, then the information presented acquires a molecular biological character, etc. In a discrete form of message presentation, as a rule, the condition of their virtuality and independence from physical or chemical properties of its carrier. Here, the condition of the “central dogma” is clearly observed, so the encoded part of the message always has the status of information. Meanwhile, at the everyday level of understanding information, when we have semantic “shifts” (mixing) of various information patterns and concepts, with the laws and concepts of the material world, this sometimes leads to various worldview illusions. For example, some researchers declare "the initial programmatic development of the material world." At the same time, they obviously forget that the program sequence of actions is established only in information systems, and it is always subordinated to virtual components - commands and data, that is, programs. All processes of development of inert nature, in my opinion, cannot serve as an example of such programmatic actions, since they obey the laws of the material world and are not subject to any information commands from above. The only exception can be the biotic cycle of matter, which is carried out on Earth by living systems. Indeed, with the concept of “Information” we have such confusion on the Internet and in the literature that some researchers even began to calculate how much information is contained in one or another inert material object. It is obvious that any material object or process of inert nature has its own individual physical or chemical characteristics, which obey all known physical or chemical laws. However, it is clear that no tests and devices can detect the presence of encoded information and data in these objects. The existence and reality of the material world is one thing, and it is quite another to receive information about its characteristics, the whole process of which is connected not only with the selection of the necessary information and data, but also with their processing, with the processes of coding, transformation and transmission of messages. Therefore, in my opinion, it is unlawful, at the everyday level of understanding information, to say that some kind of information is contained in any inert object or process. Any inert object has only its own physical characteristics, and information about it is already an entity of a different nature. Information is encoded data and information about an object, which, by itself, any object of an inert nature does not produce and therefore cannot have. Some researchers believe that in inanimate nature there are the simplest types of information interactions that are in their infancy, for example, during catalytic interactions, when simple chemical reactions are accelerated by chemical catalysts. It is easy to understand that this purely chemical effect has nothing to do with information encoded processes. Or even more surprising, when, for no apparent reason and scientific grounds, they postulate the existence of information everywhere, initially and everywhere, in the form of an infinite world absolute, and the entire development of inert and living nature is supposedly subordinate to this information. So, where, then, is this information and why does it not lend itself to any testing and identification, even by modern scientific and technical methods and means? Of course, it should be considered that objects of inanimate nature do not send any information codes about their physical and chemical characteristics. It is possible to obtain information about an object only with the help of appropriate sensors, technical (or biological) information converters and transmission and reception systems. Obviously, for the transmission and receipt of any, both signal and control information, there must be their own technical or biological systems. These systems, firstly, always consist of a material hardware designed for encoding, transmitting, converting and implementing control signals into control actions on the control object or serving to receive alert signals. Secondly, these systems also always consist of a virtual (coded) part - control commands, alert signals, etc. Moreover, in order for the logical mechanism of the hardware of such a system to work and be able to act strictly in accordance with the program, its structure virtual components, i.e. commands and data, must be loaded. Recall that even a computer without software is referred to by users as “hardware”. Consequently, “information” in complex systems of control (alarm) and control of objects and processes is such a virtual link, with the help of which, on the one hand, the control of the processes is carried out, and on the other hand, it is possible to control them remotely. In this regard, in contrast to the many existing formulations, virtual information that corresponds to the “central dogma” of N. Wiener can be called classical.

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4. Information is the encoded data and information of a particular message. Attention should be paid to the fact that all physical, light, sound and other processes are subject to physical laws, as a result of which they themselves do not have the status of information. Information about them is transmitted only in the form of code signals, which will be received as a result of special technical or biological means of processing, receiving and transmitting them. Therefore, it is impossible to receive and transmit information not only without the means of reception (sensors) of the processes under study, but also without the material and energy means of its coding, recording, storage, transformation and transmission. Information messages become visible, audible or tangible only through the material carrier that carries the encoded messages. Images of objects of the world around us fall on the retina of our eyes, where they are converted into pulse-code signals of a weak electric current and transmitted through the optic nerve to the corresponding part of the brain. There, the information is processed and converted into visual sensations. The visual paths of the right and left eyes can serve as a good example of parallel two-channel transmission of information, and this allows us to see objects in volume, in three dimensions. Auditory transmission channels of information from both ears is also an example of a two-channel transmission of sound information. Sight, hearing, taste, smell (tactile sensations) and touch are the five main senses with which we perceive the external world. Each of these senses has its own sensory systems that serve to transmit various kinds of information messages to our brain, where they are recorded, transformed and retransmitted for appropriate processing and use in behavioral reactions. As we can see, any living organism has all the necessary systems for receiving various kinds of light, sound and other physical influences, which, by their definition, cannot yet be information, since they are purely physical categories. They become informational only after they are converted into code signal sequences that are perceived by our brain. This fact gives us the opportunity to perceive the world around us, develop appropriate decisions and adequately respond to current information. In the sensor systems of living organisms and in technical information systems, as a rule, methods of channel separation of various kinds of information and various principles of its coding, transformation and transmission are used. Therefore, we always receive all information in an encoded form. There is simply no other kind of natural information for us. We sometimes think, and sometimes we are even sure, that information in an encoded form exists only in complex technical systems, but in fact, all our lives we are engaged in translating information written in one code into information of another code. For example, we translate (recode) verbal (also encoded) information into the language of letter designations and write it down using the letters of the Russian (or other) alphabet; we translate messages received in a foreign language into our native language; even over the phone, we constantly encode and transmit business or household information. We are constantly engaged in coding and recoding one type of information into another form, one form into another, but we do all this with such speed and automaticity that practically none of us simply notices these processes! It is important to realize that information messages can never go “on their own”, their transmission from source to consumer is always carried out with the help of various transceiver devices, using various kinds of material and energy means of coding, transformation and transmission. Moreover, in accordance with the “central dogma” of Norbert Wiener, during transmission, reception and other information processes, “information” does not depend on either the physical or chemical properties and characteristics of its carrier, but becomes, as it were, an independent virtual satellite of its carrier. Obviously, “information”, in its classical natural form, always exists, circulates and is transmitted only in an encoded form! Coding, transmission, storage, processing and other information processes underlie the operation of all complex systems, including control and management devices used not only in technical, molecular biological, but also in other information systems. Therefore, in order not to confuse the concepts used, one should always see the conceptual difference between objects (processes) that can serve (or are) a source of information, the information itself and its carriers.

5. Conclusions similar to a sensation. Those people who believe that the first information on Earth was carved by primitive man on rocks, made by notches on animal bones or written on ancient papyri are deeply mistaken. “To this day, only a few ancient records have survived, although they were etched on copper plates or carved on stone. For example, the Dead Sea manuscripts and the Rosetta Stone, which provided the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, are only a few millennia old.” However, the whole point is that there is convincing scientific evidence and reason to believe that the first information “came into being” three to four billion years before the above events! Moreover, what is most amazing is that it began to be encoded not on a durable, from our point of view, information carrier, but on a surprisingly unreliable and extremely microscopic molecular carrier! And this, at first glance, might seem to us to be a completely hopeless and unreasonable technology. It is now known for certain that genetic and molecular information is recorded, stored and used in the form of DNA and in the form of other biological macromolecules - bioorganic compounds so fragile that they easily break down into many different fragments only by simply mixing the solution with these components. Therefore, our imagination today is struck by the fact that, despite their apparent unreliability, DNA biomolecules have changed an unimaginable number of their generations, however, at the same time, nevertheless, they have conveyed to the present time the distant information that the most ancient biological macromolecules contained! It is clear that this phenomenon is based on the properties of information. I am not exaggerating at all if I say that biological life itself owes its appearance, origin and evolutionary development, first of all, to the remarkable abilities of information - to be encoded using chemical letters and symbols and transmitted using various molecular means and carriers. It is with coding that many remarkable properties of living cells are associated: 1) the ability to store, transmit and process genetic control information; 2) the possibility of structural and functional programming of biological molecules and cellular structures; 3) combination of software and hardware in the structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other functional biomolecules; 4) the possibility of processing the signal information of substrate molecules, etc. Therefore, biological macromolecules everywhere carry the information that determines their class and configuration, and programs their functional behavior in living systems. Isn't, for example, the well-known biological fact that intrigues us that genetic information, as an independent virtual entity, is capable of being transmitted from generation to generation by simply changing its material carriers?! At the same time, information is not only preserved, but even multiplied, despite the bodily fragility and fragility of its carrier. Naturally, for its preservation and multiplication, it uses various biological systems and mechanisms, for example, a living cell. As we see, one can always make sure that all the properties and abilities of information discussed above, although they seem mysterious, can all be easily explained from the standpoint of the “new formulation proposed in this article” and from the conditions and settings of the “central dogma ". At the same time, it should be noted that although “information” serves a person everywhere, however, first of all, it acts as a virtual, speculative reality. This, apparently, lies its main mystery. Note that both living nature and man have been coding information since ancient times, which indicates the correctness of the proposed formulation, that information is only encoded data and information. Unfortunately, we have not yet fully realized that “information” is a separate independent substance and does not obey the laws of the material world, but only its own specific principles and rules! Ignoring this fact inevitably leads to cognitive collisions and often leads to serious theoretical omissions and errors. For example, we forget (or do not know) that the functional behavior of biological macromolecules in a living system is subject not only to all known laws of physics and chemistry. First of all, it is subject to the laws of molecular biochemical logic and informatics, in other words, information encoded (loaded) in the structures of biological macromolecules. Consequently, not only biophysics, biochemistry, molecular biology, but also molecular informatics should be engaged in the study of living matter. Unfortunately, this fact is not yet recognized and perceived by biologists, which, in my opinion, is the reason for the ideological stagnation and lag in the study of the biological form of the motion of matter. The author of this article has long been of the opinion that the primary biological information found in the DNA structures of a living cell is encoded genetic messages and messages. Therefore, by transcription (rewriting) and translation (recoding) of these messages into an amino acid code, those text instructions are written (loaded) into the polypeptide chains, which contain not only a description of the structural transformation algorithms, but also the program of the functional behavior of protein molecules. And by means of enzymes and other protein molecules, all other macromolecules and structures of a living cell are encoded and programmed. Here, as we see, the very appearance and development of living matter is due to such a fundamental property as the ability of the same information to exist in its various types and forms. Moreover, the transfer of information from one of its coding systems to another is usually carried out by various devices - decoders, translators, converters, etc. It can be said without exaggeration that only the totality of all the universal properties of information provided the possibility of building (coding and programming) from molecular monomers (chemical letters and symbols) of an unlimited set of biological macromolecules that are different in their design, purpose and functional properties. And most importantly, it provided not only the potential probability of the birth of living matter, but also the processes of information management of the exchange of energy and substances, and the fundamental possibility of implementing the processes of self-regulation and self-reproduction of living matter. It seems that biologists were a little hasty when they attributed these fundamental properties to living matter. It is easy to see that all the universal properties attributed today to living matter actually refer to the information contained in its structures, but not to the physicochemical properties of its bioorganic carriers! This fact, although it looks like a sensation, however, it naturally opens upon careful reading of the “new formulation” and “central dogma” of information. It is clearly visible when considering and studying the properties of both the biological information itself and the properties of its molecular carrier. Obviously, all relationships between these two categories should be considered virtually, that is, in the form that has always existed between information and its carrier. It is clear that the main functional dominant in the structure of living matter is information! The main merit of living matter, apparently, lies in the fact that with its “light hand”, the information that originated in its depths escaped like a genie from a fabulous bottle! It has become that irrepressible and unbridled substance that has an extremely high ability (based on energy and matter and systemic organization) to create copies of themselves (replicate), develop, improve and therefore exist forever in time and space. At least as long as there are sources of energy and substances, suitable conditions for existence and their development program allows. It is amazing that all of us: people, animals, plants and even bacteria are only outer shells, biological objects adapted for the survival and further reproduction of these informational substances! So it turns out that we all now live under the dictates of information that not only surrounds us, but is also embedded and concentrated in each of us at the genetic and molecular-biological level! We are all people, in essence, and we represent the highest form of informational substance, because we literally consist of one information and are subordinate to it at all levels of our essence: at the level of genes, biological molecules, at the level of each cell. However, the extreme information saturation of the living, unfortunately, has not yet been comprehended and studied by biologists. All of us: people, animals, plants and even bacteria are nothing but informational substances in molecular biological performance. And there's nothing you can do about it - it's just that informational substances exist on Earth in such types and forms that they form on the basis of their primary (genetic and cellular) information and matter available on Earth. Information… It still seems unreal and indefinable to us. Its vast world is diverse and has not yet been studied. But information not only exists, but even lives a full-blooded life, moreover, in each of us, since we are its soul and body, and the means of its material content, and the instrument of its interaction with the outside world. Due to these circumstances, it can be argued that Life is a special systemic form of movement, reproduction and generation of information, which is carried out on the basis of the use of energy and matter. Therefore, the first, fundamental level of development of information substances and their technologies on our planet was implemented on a molecular biological basis. Since then, the information substance has become the most important entity on Earth, and information, as one of the main components of our world, has indeed become the basis of our universe. From this point of view, it turns out that Life is such a material form of movement, circulation and generation of information, which is purposefully associated with the transformation and exchange of chemical energy and organic matter with the aim of their functional and evolutionary transition into new types and forms of molecular and functional biological information. ! From an informational point of view, we can say that the biological form of matter received all its unique properties due to the combination of material (hardware), informational (software) and energy components into one structural and functional whole. However, from another point of view, if we take into account that the main property of matter is various forms of motion - physical, chemical, mechanical and others (which play a fundamental role in its development), then it can be assumed that living matter, as well as Life itself is a systemic, informational form of movement and circulation of matter (organic matter). The informational level of development and existence of matter is undoubtedly a new, higher level of its movement and organization. Here information and matter act as equal partners: information uses matter as a carrier, and matter uses information for a higher level of its organization. So how now to be, which of the formulations is more true? In my opinion, both of these formulations have the right to exist, because they not only complement each other in meaning, but each in its own way, from different angles, explains the unique essence of living matter. Obviously, all the mysteries of the biological form of matter lie not only in the systemic organization, but also in such a unique phenomenon as the merging into one structural and functional whole of its three most important components - organic matter, chemical energy and molecular information. And the information that was introduced into the structure of bioorganic matter became the organizing and systemic force that guaranteed their functional unity and movement through various stages of development. Unfortunately, the phenomenon of triunity creates for the researcher the illusion that there is nothing in living matter except matter. Therefore, in the study of the biological form of matter, only one physico-chemical direction still dominates. Meanwhile, the protracted ignoring by biologists of the information component of biomolecules to the extreme slows down the study and study of living matter. Hence, as a result, there is an ideological lag and marking time. In all likelihood, this is a consequence of the dominant influence of the cult of the physicochemical trend, traditionally dominant in molecular biology. Surprisingly, there are still biologists who stubbornly deny the existence of molecular information and especially the fact of its participation in various chemical and biological processes. But in fact, as it turned out, information substances and their technologies have so flooded our planet that, one might say, information fully armed carries out planetary dictate and rules our world for many hundreds of millions of years. It is simply impossible not to notice this! Nevertheless, we have to state that the most important and basic body of information - the vast "iceberg" of genetic and informational molecular biological technologies, which underlies the life and development of the biosphere, has not yet been identified by science, therefore, it has not yet been studied either practically or theoretically. and not mastered? . Meanwhile, there is no doubt that information is that virtual intermediary that, from the very beginning of the birth of life, connects the material part of our world with its intangible part! In this regard, we have a reasonable opportunity to talk about the parallel coexistence of two worlds. Because, whether we want it or not, the world around us has long been divided, as it were, into two parallel worlds that exist and interact with each other. One of them is the boundless and most diverse in form material world of our Universe. The other is the mysterious and stunningly diverse world of virtual information. The coexistence and interaction of the material and virtual worlds, from the very beginning of the birth of living matter, has become not only the main reality and semantic content of life, but also the reason for its rapid development and wide distribution. We are the children of these two worlds because we are made up of material and virtual components. And information has become a determining measure of many things and phenomena, it has acted as a universal criterion for the direction of many natural processes and, first of all, the processes of biological evolution. We only have to state that at present, all biological, technical, scientific, social and other processes constitute the main content of these two worlds. The virtual world exists within us, and not only due to the virtuality of molecular biological information, but also due to its highest creative manifestations, which are especially pronounced in people. Such as the ability of a person to conscious and rational behavior, to emotional manifestations, the ability to cognitive and creative processes, memorization, intellectual thinking, work, creativity, spirituality, etc. It is immensely amazing and inspiring that on the virtual wings of information, starts from our planet Life is a great miracle of the Universe. The Biosphere of the Earth blossomed in a riotous color of various colors, and behind it, on the same amazing wings of information, the Technosphere, Noosphere, Infonoosphere rises. And it's hard to imagine now what else will happen next?

6. Origin of information. It's not a secret for anyone that we live in an infinite in time and space, and a materially existing world that is diverse in form. We know that our planet Earth, which, together with the Sun and our Galaxy, rushes through the Universe, existed not only before the appearance of man, but also long before the appearance of life itself. What will we see if we mentally return to those distant times that are for us an immense temporal abyss - the mystery of non-existence, the gloomy lifeless expanses of our planet or the rudimentary forms of life? It is clear that there could be no talk of any information at that time. All physical development processes in those distant times proceeded only according to the laws of the material world. And only now we are beginning to understand that with the help of the inert nature of the Earth and space, and the energy of the Sun, for billions of years, the conditions for the emergence of two amazing phenomena of our world - Information and Life - were prepared for a long time and gradually. “According to Oparin's theory, under the influence of electrical energy from lightning discharges or heat released as a result of volcanic activity, methane, water vapor and other components of the primary atmosphere were activated, so that they reacted with each other, leading to the formation of simple organic compounds. It is believed that these compounds could condense and dissolve in the primary ocean, which gradually, over the course of centuries, was enriched with simple organic compounds of various types. In this warm solution, some organic molecules more actively interacted with each other, thus forming larger complexes and structures. By the way, such chemical evolution can be reproduced in the laboratory. It is also known that some simple organic compounds are also found in cosmic meteorites that have fallen to Earth. Therefore, an auxiliary variant is not ruled out - the “insemination” of the Earth with simple organic compounds. An important milestone and the result of all these long-term chemical processes was the appearance on Earth of a certain set of simple organic molecules (monomers), which, as you know, subsequently became the building element base of living matter and, at the same time, the alpha-symbolic alphabet with which it began to be encoded everywhere. molecular biological information. Now this database is a molecular biological alphabet, consisting of more than 30 molecular monomers (chemical letters and symbols). The composition of this alphabet includes: 1) eight nucleotides, - "four of them play the role of DNA coding letters, and the other four are used to record information in the RNA structure"; 2) twenty different standard amino acids (chemical letters of polypeptides), which are encoded in DNA and serve for the matrix construction of protein macromolecules; 3) several fatty acids (chemical symbols), - a relatively small number of simple standard organic molecules that serve to build lipids; 4) the ancestors of most polysaccharides are several simple sugars (chemical symbols), etc. However, in those vastly distant times, these monomers (biological elements) were first used only in purely chemical reactions due to external harsh natural conditions. It is clear that at that time information was not yet encoded using chemical letters and symbols. Information processes, of course, could only start if these monomers had a higher level of organization. Obviously, for the formation of certain code sequences from such elements (chemical letters and symbols), nature did not need any special hidden forces or the influence of a “higher mind”. This was facilitated by the existing natural forces and conditions, and those elemental forces of self-development that are contained in the molecular alphabet itself. Many secrets of living matter turned out to be directly related to the multifunctional properties of typical biological elements, which are especially pronounced in the composition of biological molecules. Only the totality of these forces and conditions could provide the possibility of the emergence of various variants of molecular compounds and promote the selective selection of macromolecules. Obviously, in order to start the coding mechanisms in the biotic environment, each chemical letter or symbol of one system of elements (for example, amino acids) had to receive its code designation through the system of elements of another alphabet. From the height of today, we can say that each letter or symbol (biological element) and each chemical sign of a biological element (by analogy with the coding of letters, symbols and signs in a computer) has its own code designation in a living cell! For example, the genetic code (three nucleotides in mRNA, and hence in DNA) encodes each of the 20 typical amino acids of protein molecules. It was this scheme that should have started the processes of linear and then stereochemical coding (programming) of biological molecules. And the molecular code has become the key for translating one type of information into another type, or one form into another. We can say that the possibility of a consistent covalent connection is a property of the elements themselves. Countless chemical variations in the sequences of molecular monomers (chemical letters) with their selective selection gradually led to the formation of three-dimensional macromolecules capable of weak matrix (information) interactions with each other, that is, to a certain “rudimentary” ordering of actions. In fact, by this act, as it were, “informational fertilization” of organic matter took place. Various biomolecules began to differ from each other in the composition and way of organizing the elements in their structure. Information interactions, although in their infancy, have moved off the dead center and, as they say, "the process has begun, and the coding mechanism has started working." Therefore, today, despite the huge temporal gap, it can be said with confidence that information, in its embryonic state, was the cause of the emergence and development of the first biological molecules. If the first information on Earth began to be encoded by chemical letters and symbols (monomers), then the first informational macromolecules that appeared, the harbingers of life, began a long way to form biological structures. It can be said without exaggeration that the chemical way of presenting information has become precisely that brilliant invention of nature, with the help of which a line was drawn under the chemical evolution of matter, and the immense distances and unpredictable paths of the great evolution - biological were discovered. At the same time, wildlife turned out to be such a skillful cryptographer and applied such coding and programming systems at the molecular level that guaranteed the preservation of the secrets of the living form of matter literally to this day. The discovery of the genetic code in the middle of the 20th century and the decoding of fragments of replication, transcription and translation of genetic information is still considered a great achievement of science. Separately, it should be noted that an incredible recording density of information was achieved in the molecular system, since its coding in the structures of macromolecules was carried out at the submolecular level using the side atomic groups of molecular biological elements - nucleotides, amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids and other monomers. Recall: a message in a DNA or RNA chain is encoded as a sequence of nucleotides, and the carriers of genetic information are nitrogenous bases - “side” atomic groups of nucleotides. Accordingly, in the polypeptide chain of a protein, this message is written as a sequence of amino acids, where the information carriers are their side R-groups. Obviously, molecular biological information, just like any other encoded information, has the properties of virtuality. However, here information is encoded using the elementary form of organic matter - nucleotides, amino acids and other monomers. It is recorded in the linear and three-dimensional structures of biological molecules and therefore really exists only in the molecular biological embodiment. The virtual reality of information here is the reality and significance of a separate discrete molecular object, which is due to the effect of the addition (fusion) of the three active components of the living: matter, energy and information. And living matter (biomolecules) is already an objective reality given to us in sensations. It follows that the reality of molecular information can be well argued. The story of how a living cell arose is, of course, another, very complex and extremely long unknown story. Only one thing is clear, that the living cell, in turn, has become the "embryo" from which the triumphal procession across our planet, both of life itself and of information, began. Therefore, a living cell should be considered not only the basis of life, but also the progenitor of that amazing and mysterious essence of our world, which is now called “Information”. The three-dimensional structures of chromosomes, macromolecules, and other cellular components have proven to be such an ideal repository of information that its density is now estimated by astronomical numbers. Therefore, the information saturation of cellular components is such that it is difficult for us not only to determine, but even to imagine.

Unfortunately, molecular biology has not yet taken the path of studying the information technologies of living matter. However, despite this, there are already convincing reasons to believe that the general laws and principles of encoding information have become not only the fundamental foundations of Life, but, subsequently, were “rediscovered” by man and, as we see, are widely used not only in technology. but also in all areas of human activity. Therefore, it is not surprising that the processes of coding, transmission, storage and transformation of messages in living biological systems have much in common with similar processes in technical information systems. It is clear that information in living systems has a molecular basis of representation and is transmitted in the same way as in any language system using an alphabetic set of letters and symbols, ordered using a code! Here, the recording and recoding of information is carried out using chemical letters or symbols (monomers) of the general molecular alphabet. Molecular coding in a living cell can be called the process of representing data by a sequence of chemical letters or symbols. Moreover, the information in the cell is transmitted not only by one genetic code. Other molecular codes and code sequences, which are based on a certain combinational set of chemical letters or symbols, also participate in the transmission of biological information. And the information contained in molecular chains ensures the functioning of biological molecules. In this case, the encoded sequence of letters or symbols of any message is transmitted not once, but with multiple repetitions, which leads to an increase in the noise immunity of the information system. Therefore, the systemic organization and integration of organic matter, chemical energy and molecular information in its structure has become the main function of living matter. Their combination, apparently, ensured the movement and development of the biological form of matter, which took a long path of evolutionary development of various types and forms of life and, accordingly, various forms, types and categories of virtual information.

Bibliography

V. A. Ilyin. Telecontrol and telemetry. - M: Energoizdat, 1982.

A. Lehninger. Fundamentals of biochemistry. Per. from English. In 3 volumes - M: Mir, 1985.

Yu. Ya. Kalashnikov. Life is based on the vast and unexplored world of molecular biological informatics. Publication date: February 14, 2007,

The emergence of synergetics in modern natural science was initiated by the preparation of a global evolutionary synthesis of all natural science disciplines. This trend was restrained by the striking asymmetry of the processes of degradation and development in animate and inanimate nature. to the initial equilibrium, which in the energetic sense meant disorder, i.e. chaos. This view was formed under the influence of equilibrium thermodynamics. This science deals with the processes of mutual transformation of various types of energy. It has been established that the mutual transformations of heat and work are not equivalent. Work can be completely converted into heat by friction or in other ways, but heat can be completely turned into work in principle impossible. The famous second law of thermodynamics in the formulation of the German physicist Clausius: heat does not spontaneously transfer from a cold body to a hotter one.

The law of conservation and transformation of energy (the first law of thermodynamics) does not prohibit such a transition, as long as the amount of energy is kept in the same volume. But in reality, this never happens. To reflect this process, a new concept was introduced - entropy (a measure of the disorder of the system). During spontaneous processes in systems with constant energy, entropy always increases. on average will be evenly distributed among all elements of the system, which will mean total chaos,or thermodynamic equilibrium (maximum entropy).

There is a clear discrepancy between the laws of animate and inanimate nature. After all, the process of development of the plant and animal world, assumed by Darwin's theory, was characterized by its continuous complication, wildlife strove away from thermodynamic equilibrium. This increased many times after the replacement of the model of the stationary Universe with the model of the developing one.

To maintain the consistency of the overall picture of the world, it is necessary to postulate the presence of not only a destructive, but also a creative tendency in matter. Matter is able to work against thermodynamic equilibrium, self-organize and become more complex. synergy- the theory of self-organization. Currently, it is developing in several directions: synergetics (Hacken), non-equilibrium thermodynamics (Prigozhin), etc.

The worldview shift produced by synergetics:

The processes of destruction and creation, degradation and evolution in the Universe are equal;

The processes of creation (increasing complexity and orderliness) have a single algorithm, regardless of the nature of the systems in which they are carried out.

Synergetics claims to discover a universal mechanism of self-organization both in living and inanimate nature.

Self-organization is a spontaneous transition of an open non-equilibrium system from less to more complex and ordered forms of organization.

The object of synergetics can only be those that satisfy at least two conditions:

They must be open, i.e. exchange matter or energy with the environment;

They must be essentially nonequilibrium, i.e. is in a state far from thermodynamic equilibrium.

Modern physics believes that vacuum is such a medium for the real Universe.

Synergetics claims that the development of open and highly non-equilibrium systems proceeds through increasing complexity and order. There are 2 phases in the development cycle of such a system:

1) a period of smooth evolutionary development with well-predictable linear changes, eventually leading the system to some unstable critical state.

2) exit from the critical state at once, abruptly and transition to a new stable state with a greater degree of complexity and order.

The transition of the system to a new stable state is ambiguous.

The formation of a living organism, population dynamics, a market economy, and finally, in which the chaotic actions of free individuals lead to the formation of stable and complex macrostructures are examples of self-organization of systems of various nature.

>>Informatics: Introduction. Information and information processes

Introduction. Information and information processes.

Information in inanimate nature.

In physics, which studies inanimate nature, information is a measure of the system's orderliness on the "chaos order" scale. One of the basic laws of classical physics states that closed systems, in which there is no exchange of matter and energy with the environment, tend to move over time from a less probable ordered state to the most probable chaotic state. In accordance with this point of view, physicists at the end of the 19th century predicted that our Universe would face “thermal death”, that is, molecules and atoms would be evenly distributed in space and any changes and development would cease. However, modern science has established that some laws of classical physics that are valid for macrobodies cannot be applied to the micro- and mega-world. According to modern scientific concepts, our Universe is a dynamically developing system in which processes of structure complication are constantly taking place. Thus, on the one hand, in inanimate nature, in closed systems, processes proceed in the direction from order to chaos (it decreases in them). On the other hand, in the process of evolution of the Universe in the micro- and mega-world, objects with an increasingly complex structure arise and, consequently, information, which is a measure of the orderliness of the elements of the system, increases.

Information in wildlife.

Living systems in the process of development are able to increase the complexity of their structure, i.e., increase information, understood as a measure of the orderliness of the elements of the system. Thus, plants in the process of photosynthesis consume the energy of solar radiation and build complex organic molecules from "simple" inorganic molecules. Animals are picking up the baton of increasing complexity in living systems, eating plants and using plant organic molecules as building blocks to create even more complex molecules. Biologists figuratively say that "the living thing feeds on information", creating, accumulating and actively using information. The purposeful behavior of living organisms and the survival of animal populations are largely based on the receipt of information signals. Information signals can have a different physical or chemical nature: sound, light, smell, and others.

Genetic information is a set of genes, each of which is "responsible" for certain features of the structure and functioning of the body. At the same time, "children" are not exact copies of their parents, since each organism has a unique set of genes that determine differences in structure and functionality.

Man and information.

A person exists in a "sea" of information, he constantly receives information from the surrounding world with the help of his senses, stores it in his memory, analyzes it with the help of thinking and exchanges information with other people. Man cannot live outside of society. In the process of communicating with other people, he transmits and receives information in the form of messages. At the dawn of human history for transmission of information sign language was used first, and then oral speech appeared. Currently, messages are exchanged between people using hundreds of natural languages (Russian, English, etc.). In order for a person to be able to correctly navigate in the world around him, the information must be complete and accurate. The task of obtaining complete and accurate information about nature, society and technique stands before science. The process of systematic scientific knowledge of the surrounding world, in which information is considered as knowledge, began in the middle of the 15th century after the invention of printing.

Information processes in technology.

The functioning of control systems for technical devices is associated with the processes of receiving, storage, processing and transmission of information. Control systems are built into almost all modern household appliances, machine tools with numerical control, vehicles, etc. Control systems can ensure the functioning of a technical system according to a given program. For example, program control systems provide a choice of washing modes in a washing machine, recording in a VCR, processing a part on a machine tool with program control. In some cases, the main role in the control process is played by a person, in others, control is carried out by a microprocessor built into the technical device or a connected a computer. In the modern information society, the main resource is information, the use of which is based on information and communication technologies. Information and communication technologies are a set of methods, devices and production processes used by society to collect, store, process and disseminate information.

The amount of information as a measure of reducing the uncertainty of knowledge.

The process of cognition of the surrounding world leads to the accumulation of information in the form of knowledge (facts, scientific theories, etc.). The acquisition of new information leads to an expansion of knowledge, or, as is sometimes said, to a decrease in the uncertainty of knowledge. If a certain message leads to a decrease in the uncertainty of our knowledge, then we can say that such a message contains information. The more uncertain the initial situation (the greater the number of information messages is possible), the more new information we will receive when receiving the information message (the uncertainty of knowledge will decrease more times). The approach discussed above to information as a measure of reducing the uncertainty of knowledge makes it possible to measure information quantitatively.

There is a formula that relates the number of possible information messages N and the amount of information I that the received message carries:

To quantify any quantity, you must first determine the unit of measurement. The smallest unit of information quantity is a bit, and the next largest unit is a byte, with 1 byte = 8 bits = 23 bits. In computer science, the system for the formation of multiple units of measurement of the amount of information uses the coefficient 2n. Byte multiples of the unit for measuring the amount of information are entered as follows: 1 KB = 210 bytes = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 210 KB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 210 MB = 1024 MB.

Alphabetical approach to determining the amount of information.

With an alphabetical approach to determining the amount of information, we abstract from the content of information and consider the information message as a sequence of signs of a certain sign system. The formula links the number of possible information messages N and the amount of information I that the received message carries.

Then in the situation under consideration, N is the number of characters in the alphabet of the sign system, and I is the amount of information that each character carries:

Using this formula, you can, for example, determine the amount of information that a sign carries in a binary sign system: Thus, in a binary sign system, a sign carries 1 bit of information. Interestingly, the very unit of measurement of the amount of information bit (bit) got its name from the English phrase Binary digit, that is, a binary digit. The more characters the alphabet of the sign system contains, the more information one character carries.

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Obtaining and transforming information is a necessary condition for the life of any organism. Even the simplest unicellular organisms constantly perceive and use information, for example, about the temperature and chemical composition of the environment to select the most favorable conditions for existence. Living beings are able not only to perceive information from the environment with the help of the senses, but also to exchange it among themselves. A person also perceives information through the senses, and languages are used to exchange information between people. During the development of human society, there were a lot of such languages. First of all, these are native languages (Russian, Tatar, English, etc.), which are spoken by numerous peoples of the world. The role of language for humanity is exceptionally great. Without it, without the exchange of information between people, the emergence and development of society would be impossible. Information processes are characteristic not only for wildlife, man, society. Mankind has created technical devices - automata, the work of which is also associated with the processes of receiving, transmitting and storing information. For example, an automatic device called a thermostat receives information about the room temperature and, depending on the temperature regime set by a person, turns on or off heating devices.

Actions performed with information are called information processes.

There are three types of information processes:

* storage,

* transmission

* and information processing.

With the help of the senses, people perceive information, comprehend it, and based on their experience, knowledge, intuition, make certain decisions. These decisions translate into real actions that transform the world around us.

Information in society. Man is a social being, in order to communicate with other people, he must exchange information with them. In everyday life, the concept of "information" is used as a synonym for the words: information, message, awareness of the state of affairs.

Information processes take place not only in human society. Why do leaves fall in autumn, and all vegetation falls asleep during the cold season, and with the advent of spring, leaves and grass reappear? This is all the result of information processes. The cell of any plant perceives changes in the external environment and reacts to them.

Genetic information largely determines the structure and development of living organisms and is inherited. Genetic information is stored in the structure of DNA molecules. DNA molecules are made up of four different constituents (nucleotides) that form the genetic alphabet. information process cybernetics

In cybernetics (the science of control), the concept of "information" is used to describe control processes in complex dynamic systems (living organisms or technical devices).

The vital activity of any organism or the normal functioning of a technical device is associated with control processes, thanks to which the values of its parameters are maintained within the necessary limits. Management processes include receiving, storing, transforming and transmitting information. In any management process, there is always an interaction of two objects - the manager and the managed, which are connected by direct and feedback channels.

The direct communication channel transmits control signals, and the feedback channel transmits information about the state of the controlled object. Consider, as an example, controlling the temperature in a room using an air conditioner. The control object is a person, and the controlled object is an air conditioner. A thermometer can be placed in the room, which informs a person about the temperature in the room (feedback channel). When the temperature in the room rises or falls beyond certain limits, a person turns on the air conditioner (the direct communication channel works). Thus, the temperature in the room is maintained within a certain temperature range. Similarly, you can analyze the work of a person (control object) at a computer (managed object). A person with the help of the senses (sight and hearing) receives information about the state of the computer via a feedback channel using information output devices (monitor, speakers). This information is analyzed by a person who makes decisions about certain control actions that are transmitted to the computer via a direct communication channel using input devices (keyboard or mouse).

The definitions of information processes (IP) are not much less than the definitions of information. The very abundance of such definitions is a convincing evidence of their shortcomings, showing their private nature, the orientation of each of them to a narrow range of tasks.

The process, in the most general case, is the course, the flow of a phenomenon, the successive change of its states. Artificially recreated processes have a utilitarian purpose, therefore they are understood as a set of consistent targeted actions (in accordance, for example, with DSTU 2938-94. Information processing systems. Basic concepts. Terms and definitions). The artificial implementation of the process involves the construction of technology, where the sequence of process operations is matched by a sequence of interrelated means of implementing these operations (an operation is understood here as a separate elementary (inseparable) action, a separate completed part of the process).

For a number of reasons, this article discusses not information technology, but IP. First, when developing a new information technology, you first need to determine exactly what kind of IP this technology will implement. Secondly, since only artificial implementations of processes are considered technologies, not all processes are implemented as technologies. And, most importantly, thirdly, different technologies can implement the same process using different means. And since the set of means for implementing each operation of the process is always open (without restrictions in principle), it is impossible to build a complete classification of technologies that implement even one process. Moreover, such classifications are always unproductive, unable to give anything essentially new, since they contain combinations of only known means of implementing operations.

At the same time, the set of processes consisting of a countable set of operations is also countable, i.e. provided that the set of all possible operations is determined, the construction of a complete classification of processes is a completely solvable problem.

To obtain a complete and productive classification that contains not only well-known, but also all possible (imaginable) IP, it is necessary to rely on the invariant properties (attributes) of any IP. The initial prerequisites for finding such attributes. IPs serve, firstly, the inseparability of information from subject-object relations, and, secondly, the fact that the most complete set of IPs is implemented in the subject itself (all artificially created IPs only reproduce, duplicate some IPs performed by the subject, it is the subject that sets programs for the functioning and management of artificial systems). Therefore, to find the attributes that define IP, it is necessary to investigate the subject and, in particular, its information activity.

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By studying this topic, students will learn

how to understand the information process

what are information processes in society, wildlife, technology.

what is information technology

what is the role of the personal computer in information technology

The concept of the process

In everyday life, a person is constantly faced with various processes: the change of seasons, cooking, tailoring a suit, baking bread, writing an essay, etc. Some processes take place in wildlife, others - in human society. Some processes proceed independently of human influence; in other processes, a person takes an active role.

The production process uses technological processes that can differ significantly. For baking bread and manufacturing high-precision equipment, a different set of components and equipment is required.

Information plays a special role in the course of the process. demonstration

With the help of the senses, people perceive information, comprehend it, and based on their experience, knowledge, and intuition make decisions.

The processes associated with the collection, storage, search, processing, coding and transmission of information are called information processes. Information processes take place not only in human society, but also in the animal and plant world.

Information processes in society

We have been dealing with information processes since childhood. Assembling a house from cubes or playing mother-daughters, children are involuntarily drawn into the information process. The main object of the game is information. In order to paluchat and transfer knowledge, to learn about the danger, to express their attitude to what is happening, people need to come into contact with each other. This phenomenon is called communication and is the basis of information processes in human society. Communication is often referred to not only as a process, but also as a way and means of transferring an object from one place to another. People communicate using speech, gestures, books, TV shows, movies, newspapers, computers, etc. People are the most important objects in the communication system. Communication is a two-way process. A person not only receives information, but also transmits it, making contact with other people who have access to the global information space. Without the exchange of information, the development of human society is impossible. The external environment leaves an imprint on information processes, and consequently on communication. The communication environment is a set of conditions for the exchange of information. Over the years, the way information is transmitted has undergone tremendous changes. Question to students. What do you think of these changes?

With the advent of computers, the development of information processes acquires an unprecedented scope. Now information systems have appeared that give a person the opportunity to receive and transmit information almost instantly. However, the use of these systems requires certain knowledge from a person.

The transmission of information is necessary for its dissemination. The transfer of information can occur during a direct conversation between people, through correspondence, as well as with the help of technical means of communication. The main devices for the rapid transmission of information over long distances are currently the telegraph, radio - telephone, television transmitter, telecommunication networks based on computer systems. Such means of communication are usually called information transmission channels. It should be noted that in the process of transmitting information, it may be distorted or lost. This happens when the information channels are of poor quality or there is noise (interference) on the communication line.

The transfer of information is always a two-way process. In which there is a source, and there is a receiver of information. The source transmits information and the receiver receives it. demonstration Obtaining information is based on the reflection of various properties of processes, objects, and environmental phenomena. This process is expressed in perception through the senses. To improve the perception of information, a person came up with various individual devices and devices - glasses, binoculars, a microscope, a stethoscope, various sensors, etc.

Information processes in nature

In wildlife, as well as in the human world, information plays a huge role. The sun is shining, it is raining, frost - the plant world, having received this information, reacts to it: leaves bloom, flowers bloom, leaves fall, etc. Such information serves as a signal for the occurrence of various physicochemical processes in cells, and therefore controls these processes. Animals use other methods of communication that play an important role in their lives. These are sounds, smells, touch. The survival of an animal population is largely based on the exchange of information signals between members of the same population. The purposeful behavior of living organisms is based on the receipt of information signals. demonstration

Information processes in technology

We are constantly confronted with information processes in technology, a child, when playing with a controlled car or ship, gets the first acquaintance with information processes in technology. At the end of the century, science created robots - automatic mechanisms controlled by a computer. They are used where the presence of a person is a difficult or impossible action. The robots are equipped with video cameras and devices for studying the climate. Switching TV programs, changing the volume level, setting the microwave mode, etc. All these are information processes occurring in technology. In physics, which studies inanimate nature, information is a measure of the ordering of a system on a scale "chaos - order. One of the basic laws of classical physics states that closed systems, in which there is no exchange of matter and energy with the environment, tend to move over time from a less probable ordered state to the most probable chaotic state.

Final questions for the lesson

1. What does the word "information" mean? 2. What is information technology? 3. In what forms does information exist? 4. Why do you think people need information? 5. What is the communication environment? 6. What devices does a person use for communication.

Homework. Give examples of the transfer of information in wildlife, technology. Give examples of technological processes.

Used Books

textbook: Makarova N.V. Grade 8-9, Ugrenovich N. Grade 8, Internet resources.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Information in wildlife, society, technology. Coursework: Information is a brilliant invention of wildlife

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Portal for the student. Self-training

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

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