NOVOSIBIRSK STATE ARCHITECTURAL
CONSTRUCTION UNIVERSITY (Sibstrin)
Faculty of evening and distance learning
Correlation of the concepts "man", "individual", "personality", "individuality" and "subject"
Sayapov Yaroslav
Scientific adviser:
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor L.I. Scriabin
Novosibirsk 2013
Introduction
Human
Individual- a specific person with all the features given to him by nature (gender, age, height, weight, nervous system, etc.). It manifests itself in properties transformed in the course of individual development. The individual is the smallest unit in the Homo sapiens species system.
Personality
Individuality
Subject
Above were the scientific definitions of the concepts: "man", "individual", "personality", "individuality" and "subject". These concepts can be classified as eternal. Each new generation of people, each person rediscovers them, formulates them for himself, tries to give his own version of the answer. These concepts are close, but do not coincide, they cannot be identified. In my work, I tried to consider each concept separately and in more detail.
.Consider each concept separately;
.Find the relationship between concepts.
. Human
Human- this is a biological creature belonging to the class of mammals of the species Homo sapiens, endowed with consciousness, i.e. the ability to know the essence of both the external world and one's own nature and, in accordance with this, act and act reasonably. Man is the bearer of consciousness, which in itself is a social product. The pinnacle of the development of human consciousness is its self-consciousness.
Let's start from this definition. Indeed, the structure of the body of a baby born into the world has the ability to walk upright, the structure of the brain - a potential developed intellect, the structure of the hands - the prospect of using tools, etc., and with all these possibilities the baby differs from the cub of an animal and its belonging to the human race is affirmed . As mentioned above, a person is a living biological being, and like all living things, has an organism, a body, is in relationship with the outside world, obeys biological and physiological laws.
Man is a multilateral, multidimensional, complexly organized being. He is endowed with consciousness, speech, the ability to work, create value, and so on. These properties are not inherited by a person, but are formed by him during his life, in the process of assimilation by him of the culture created by previous generations. The development of mankind is impossible without the active transmission of human culture to new generations. Without society, without assimilation of the socio-historical experience of mankind, it is impossible to become a person, to acquire special human qualities, even if a human being has a biological full value. There is evidence that if children develop outside of society from an early age, then they remain at the level of animal development, they do not form speech, consciousness, thinking, they do not have an upright gait. No personal experience of a person can lead to the fact that he independently develops a system of concepts. By participating in labor and various forms of social activity, people develop in themselves those specific human abilities that have already been formed in mankind. But, on the other hand, without having the biological full value inherent in man as a biological species, it is impossible even under the influence of society, upbringing, education to achieve the highest human qualities.
A person is a carrier of consciousness, which means that he is aware, since awareness is the result of turning on consciousness to what is happening. In turn, awareness as a way of life is the ability, ability and habit to accompany with consciousness one's actual states, one's actions, one's activities, the course of one's life.
And finally self-knowledge. Self-knowledge is the study by a person of his own mental and physical characteristics, understanding himself. It begins in infancy and continues throughout life. It is formed gradually as the reflection of both the external world and the knowledge of oneself.
From the foregoing, we can conclude that a child born into the world is a person, since it has all the external signs of Homo sapiens. It is small, defenseless, but has a huge development potential. It is inherent in nature the desire for improvement and self-knowledge, which develop as it matures.
. Individual
An individual is a specific person with all the features given to him by nature (gender, age, height, weight, nervous system, etc.). It manifests itself in properties transformed in the course of individual development. The individual is the smallest unit in the Homo sapiens species system.
So, let's figure out what the concept of an individual means. The concept of the individual contains an indication of the likeness of a person to all other people, to his commonality with the human race. It follows that each person is an individual. But it is also said that he differs from others in such features as height, skin color, weight, eye color, etc. It is also about how he manifests himself anywhere, taking into account his individual development. Indeed, there are no people with the same external data, just like people with the same characters. There may be some similarities, but a perfect match, simply - simply does not happen. From the foregoing, we can conclude that an individual is a single (concrete) representative of the species "homo sapiens". Individuals differ from each other not only in morphological features (such as height, bodily constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality). Another question is when a person is considered an individual. There is an opinion that a Man is born and then becomes an individual, but is it true? There is evidence that in the second month of the mother's pregnancy, the central and peripheral nervous system begins to form in the fetus, the embryo begins to respond to pain and tries to move away from the light that is directed directly to the mother's stomach. A five-month-old embryo is able to hear loud sounds, respond to caresses and words, get scared or angry. Thus, the behavior of the fetus depends entirely on the mood of the pregnant mother, as a result of which the formation of the emotional and intellectual life of the child begins at this stage. So, the individual develops in the prenatal period. Thus, we can conclude that the concept of an individual is formed at birth.
3. Personality
personal individual psychological
Personality- a conscious individual who occupies a certain position in society and performs a certain social role. The position of the individual is manifested through the system of its social relations. A person is constantly playing a role. A role is a social function of an individual. Each person is formed as a person only in society and manifests itself in communication with other people. There is no individual outside of society. It is characterized by five potentials: cognitive, value, creative, communicative, artistic.
Translating into simple language, we can say that a person is a person who builds and controls his own life, a person as a responsible subject of will. Personality is one who is not equal to his natural inclinations, who may not be their slave, be above them. Normal children, having gone through the crisis of three years, can already subordinate their immediate impulses to social norms: to what is needed.
A person is one who is capable of consciously directing his own behavior. Obedient children have “spontaneous morality”: a person, especially a child, may not be aware of what exactly made him act in a certain way, nevertheless act quite morally. This is how he was brought up, these are his habits. But it was not he who acted, but his habits guided him.
Personality is the one who has his own Self. A large number of people live mechanically, following the inclinations of their body and thoughtlessly, according to patterns, reacting to external requirements. If the body is well disposed, the external requirements are reasonable, and the social habits are adequate, we will have a quite decent socialized person. But not a person. He has no self.
A person is called a person who is not just strong, but internally strong. Not just a person who knows a lot, but a smart person. Not just interesting in communication, but a person with a rich inner world. Not just gifted by nature, but "self made" - a person who has made himself. Not just lucky, but able to be successful.
The formation of a personality is a process of socialization of a person, which consists in the development of a generic, social essence. This development is always carried out in the concrete historical circumstances of a person's life. The formation of personality is connected with the acceptance by the individual of social functions and roles developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.
At all times, people who stood out from the masses due to their inner qualities attracted attention. A person is always a person who stands out, although not everyone who stands out is a person. Despite the fact that each of us has personal characteristics, not everyone is called a "personality". They say about a person with respect: "This is a personality!" when he stands out among other people with his inner features that make him worthy.
Let's summarize. From the above, it is clear that the Personality is the same person, but taken from the side of his social significance and social activity. Personality is the most important thing in a person, his most important social attribute.
In the personality, first of all, its social essence stands out. Outside of society, outside of a social and professional group, a person cannot become a person; Nature creates man, and society forms him. Depending on the manifestation of a person's personal qualities, one can judge his positive and negative moral and spiritual qualities.
And the most important thing is that you are not born a Personality, you become a Personality! Or they don't become...
Individuality.
Individuality- this is a personality in its originality, which distinguishes a person from other people due to the originality and uniqueness of the personality. Individuality is described by individual life history, experience, the totality of personal characteristics, the significance of the products of activity. Individuality - a form of existence of personality. Motivation, temperament, abilities and character? basic parameters of individuality.
Individuality, as well as personality, does not appear in a person, literally, from birth. A newly born child is an individual that does not have a human individuality, since it is not capable of independent individual activity. Only with age is acquired a social personality and the ability to independently choose a life path and develop by individual methods. The essence of individuality lies in the independence of each individual and his ability to be himself in the sphere of the social system. The most important role of the inborn inclinations and features of the development of each individual is the mediation by social factors. In the process of dynamic impact of many qualities, personal characteristics of all spheres of life are formed. In itself, the development of individuality is a necessity for the movement of progress in the history of mankind. The improvement and individualization of the individual are associated with the transformation of society, mutual assistance in society and the conditions for cooperation. Individuality is understood as the originality of each person, originality is manifested in the totality of personality traits that are inherent only to this person.
Individuality is an indispensable and most important sign of personality. Individuality characterizes the personality more concretely, in more detail, more fully. It is a constant object of research in the study of personality psychology and other areas of psychology. Usually, the word "individuality" defines some dominant feature of a person that makes him different from others. Each person is individual, but the individuality of some is manifested very clearly, others - barely noticeable.
So, it turns out that individuality is a set of characteristic features and properties that distinguish one individual from another. And it certainly does not grow on the basis of biological prerequisites or from scratch.
4. Subject
Subject- an active and cognizing individual. It is characterized by a set of activities and their productivity. Subject activity? the ability of a person to produce socially significant transformations in the world based on the appropriation of material and spiritual culture, manifested in creativity, volitional acts, and communication.
A person is always a subject (participant, executor) of the historical and social process as a whole, a subject of specific activity, in particular, a source of knowledge and transformation of objective reality. At the same time, the activity itself acts as a form of human activity, which allows him to improve the world around him and himself.
The subject can show initiative and independence, make and implement a decision, evaluate the consequences of his behavior, change himself and improve himself, determine the perspective of his multidimensional life activity. The subject is able to give an account to himself of his actions, is capable of self-knowledge, self-awareness and self-responsibility. He can correlate his past, present and future. The subject changes in the process of life in the direction inherent in it. There are significant individual differences between subjects.
Conclusion
The concepts of "man", "individual", "personality", "individuality" and "subject" are inextricably linked. All of them relate, one way or another, to a person. The only thing that distinguishes them from each other is that each concept separately characterizes a person on a certain life path or some life situations. So, for example, the concept of man. A child is born, and he is already a man, as he has all his external signs. He is also an individual. In the future, when growing up, a person becomes a person. Individuality is, one might say, a description of the personal qualities of a person or personality. The subject is an actively acting and cognizing individual.
Literature
1. Psychology and Pedagogy / Ed. A.A. Radugin. ? M.: Publishing House CENTER, 1997. ? 256 p.
2.Psychology and Pedagogy: textbook / Ed. E.V. Ostrovsky. - M.: Vuzovsky textbook, 2006. - 384 p.
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Man, as a biosocial being, is multifaceted: he can interact with other people and perform different roles. In social science, there are several concepts related to a person. Let's learn briefly about a person, an individual, a person.
Man, on the one hand, is a biological species that has the characteristics of an animal. On the other hand, he is a social being and develops only in society.
Mowgli, the hero of the work of R. Kipling, lived among wolves. Such cases also happened in life, but children who lived among animals had difficulty returning to human society, had a developmental delay, did not know how to talk, it was no longer possible to teach them what their peers could do.
Let's understand the concepts and identify the correlation of concepts - a person, an individual, a personality, an individuality.
- Individual - a single individual. This concept denotes a person as a living being of a given species, without highlighting his social qualities;
- Personality - a person who has the qualities acquired by him in the process of life, who knows how to interact with other people;
- Individuality - a person with special qualities of character, unique, distinguishing him from other people.
Personality
The first and most important quality inherent in a person is consciousness, that is, an understanding of one's activities, the ability to set goals, dream, and reflect one's attitude to the world around.
Personality traits:
TOP 4 articleswho read along with this
- awareness of oneself in society, one's "I";
- the ability to engage in various activities (depending on age - play, learning, work);
- the ability to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary for successful activity.
All people are individuals, but there are those who do not meet the requirements of society: a criminal personality, an undeveloped personality, and so on.
Respect for the individual. Society approves or condemns the individual.
Your attitude depends on:
- from human labor;
- from the attitude to the surrounding world;
- from their evaluation of themselves.
Individuality
Each person is an individual. It is unique in nature and different from other people :
- appearance: physique, eye and hair color, facial features;
- character traits: someone is active, talks a lot, needs communication and friends, and someone loves loneliness;
- abilities for a particular activity: singing or music, drawing, sports.
Strong personality
Often in society there are people who are called strong personalities. They are characterized by the ability to give up personal interests in favor of other people, their homeland, to overcome serious difficulties.
Ludwig van Beethoven, a world-famous composer, lost his hearing early, and then his eyesight, but despite this, he continued to compose music and share it with others. Now his works do not lose popularity, but few people know that their author wrote, literally feeling the music.
What have we learned?
The concepts of man, individual, personality, individuality are united by the fact that they all characterize people as biological and social beings with natural properties and qualities acquired in the process of life and interaction with other members of society. Such a system of concepts helps to streamline the properties of a person and consider him from different angles. An individual is a biological being, one of all people. Personality - possessing a number of social qualities. Individuality is a set of properties and features that is unique in nature. Each person is an individual, personality and individuality.
Question #24 . Correlation of concepts: person, person, individual, individuality, subject.
Personality- the basic concept in psychology, is studied by all social sciences, and there is no general definition.
B.G. Ananiev singled out 4 levels of human organization: individual, subject of activity, personality, individuality (Leningrad school).
Individual- a representative of a biological species, has certain innate features (body structure - the ability to walk upright, brain structure - the development of intelligence, the structure of the hand - the ability to use tools, etc.), that is, an individual is the belonging of a particular person to the human race.
Subject of activity- the carrier of consciousness, which is formed and develops in the process of activity. Appearing as an individual, a person is included in the system of social relationships and processes.
Personality- being included in the system of social relationships and processes, a person acquires a special social quality - becomes a personality.
Individuality- the uniqueness and originality of a particular person, expressed in the features of the development of the lower levels (individual, subject, personality).
Thus, personality- this is the most significant level of human organization, that is, a feature of its development as a social being.
There are differences in views on the organization of man in the Leningrad and Moscow schools. The general fact is that the concept of personality includes the quality of a person, manifested at the social level in the course of the formation of social relations and human ties.
The Moscow school (Vygotsky, Leontiev) lacks the level of “subject”, and “individuality” is a narrow concept that includes a small group of qualities and is included in the concept of “personality”.
The system-activity approach - in this scheme, the properties of a person as an individual are considered as "impersonal prerequisites for the development of a personality."
The sociocultural environment affects a person with the help of "signs" (norms, values, roles, tools, ceremonies) and certain behavior (everyday life determines consciousness). The driving force behind the development of the individual is joint activities and communication (introduction of the individual to culture).
The relationship between the individual as a product of anthropogenesis, the personality as a product of socio-historical experience, the individual as a transforming world, is expressed in the formula: “They are born as individuals. They become a person. Individuality is upheld." An individual experiences a socially conditioned need to be a person and discovers the possibility of this in a socially significant activity: this determines the development of a person as a person.
In a child, this happens with the help of an adult.
Personal development is controlled by a system of motives, and the activity-mediated type of relationship with the most reference group is the determining factor in development.
Personality- is the subject of knowledge and active transformation of the material world, society and oneself (Leontiev).
Personality and individual. The concept of an individual embodies the generic affiliation of a person (the structure of the body and brain, which creates the possibilities and inclinations of a person, what is given to a person by nature), that is, to call a person an individual is to say that he is potentially a person with all inherent innate features.
Personality is the quality of the individual (the unity of the individual and the individual), but they are not identical. Personality is a special quality acquired by an individual in society, in the totality of social relations, that is, it is a social quality of an individual. Can an individual not be a person - yes it can - this is a child. Interpersonal ties that form a personality in a team act in the form of subject-subject ties (communication) and subject-object ties (social activity). The individual is gradually included in social relations, also appropriating the experience of humanity, first from the position of an adult (upbringing is the process of familiarization with the world of human culture), and then independently (self-education).
Personality and individuality. The personality of each individual is endowed only with its inherent combination of features and characteristics that form its individuality. Individuality is a combination of the psychological characteristics of a person that make up his originality, his difference from other people. Individuality is manifested in the traits of temperament, character, habits, prevailing interests, as cognitive processes, abilities, individual style of activity (determine). Personality and individuality also form a unity, but not identity, since individual characteristics may not be represented in the forms of activity and communication that are essential for the group in which the individual is included. If personality traits are not presented in interpersonal relationships (for example, habits), then they are not essential for assessing the personality and do not receive conditions for development. So, for example, dexterity and determination, being personality traits of a teenager, do not act until that time as a characteristic of his personality, until he was included in a sports team. That is, individual characteristics do not declare themselves (do not acquire personal meaning) and do not develop until they become necessary in the system of interpersonal relations of a person.
Human - a creature that embodies the highest stage of life development, the subject of socio-historical activity. A person as a subject and a product of labor activity in society is a system in which the physical and mental, genetically determined and formed in vivo, natural and social form an indissoluble unity.
“... The essence of man,” wrote K. Marx, “is not an abstract inherent in a separate individual. In its reality, it is the totality of all social relations. A person is the subject of study of a number of sciences: anthropology, sociology, ethnography, pedagogy, anatomy, physiology, etc. Psychology studies in a person his psyche and its development, his individual psychological characteristics, the roles that he performs in social life, activities and communication. Practically all psychology is turned to the problem of a person as an individual included in social ties, his development in the processes of education and upbringing, his formation in activity and communication, primarily in labor activity.
Individual(from lat. individu-um - indivisible):
1) Man as a single natural being, a representative of the species Homo sapiens, a product of phylogenetic and ontogenetic development, a unity of congenital and acquired (see Genotype; Phenotype), a carrier of individually unique traits (inclinations, drives, etc.).
2) An individual representative of the human community; a social being that goes beyond its natural (biological) limitations, uses tools, signs and through them masters its own behavior and mental processes.
Both meanings of the term "individual" are interconnected and describe a person in terms of his separateness and isolation. The most general characteristics of the individual: the integrity of the psycho-physiological organization; stability in interaction with the outside world; activity. The sign of integrity indicates the systemic nature of the connections between the diverse functions and mechanisms that implement the vital relationships of the individual. Stability determines the preservation of the basic relationship of the individual to reality, at the same time assuming the existence of moments of plasticity, flexibility, variability. The activity of the individual, providing his ability to self-change, dialectically combines dependence on the situation with overcoming its direct influences.
Individuality- a person characterized by his socially significant differences from other people; the originality of the psyche and personality of the individual, its uniqueness. Individuality is manifested in the traits of temperament, character, in the specifics of interests, qualities of perceptual processes and intellect, needs and abilities of the individual. The prerequisite for the formation of human individuality is the anatomical and physiological inclinations, which are transformed in the process of education, which has a socially conditioned character, giving rise to a wide variability in the manifestations of I.
Considering the problem of personality, Leontiev comes to the conclusion about the socio-historical essence of the personality, that the personality is formed due to the life of a person in society. Therefore, only a person can be a person, and then only one who has reached a certain age. "Personality is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man" According to Leontiev, personality is generated by activity. In the course of activity, a person enters into relationships with other people (social relations), and these relationships become "formative" of his personality. Thus, according to Leontiev, one is not born a person, one becomes a person. From the side of the person himself, the formation and life of him as a person act primarily as the development, transformation, subordination and resubordination of his motives.
That is, at the basis of personality, according to Leontiev, there are relations of subordination of human activities, generated by the course of their development. But since activity in Leontiev's theory "is a process prompted and directed by a motive," then behind the subordination of activities lies the subordination of motives. It is thanks to the hierarchy of motives, according to Leontiev, that the personality is formed.
L.I. Bozovic identifies two main criteria for a formed personality.
1. A person can be considered a person if there is a hierarchy in his motives in one certain sense, namely, if he is able to overcome his own immediate impulses for the sake of something else. In such cases, the subject is said to be capable of mediated behavior. At the same time, it is assumed that the motives by which immediate motives are overcome are socially significant. They are social in origin and meaning; given in society, brought up in man.
2. The ability to consciously manage one's own behavior. This leadership is carried out on the basis of conscious motives-goals and principles. The second criterion differs from the first one in that it presupposes precisely the conscious subordination of motives. Simply mediated behavior (the first criterion) can be based on a spontaneously formed hierarchy of motives, and even “spontaneous morality”: a person may not be aware of what exactly made him act in a certain way, nevertheless act quite morally. So, although the second sign also means mediated behavior, it is conscious mediation that is emphasized. It assumes the existence of self-consciousness as a special instance of personality.
That is, the main way to educate a person is to educate his motives. A person becomes a person to the extent that the system of his motives is formed by the requirements of society. “Personality is the more significant,” writes Rubinstein, “the more the universal is represented in the individual refraction.”
The activity of the child with age more and more appears as realizing his connections with a person through things, and connections with things through a person. Things are revealed to the child in their functional meaning. “Objective activity acquires a tool structure, and communication becomes a speech, mediated language.” At first, the relationship to the world of things and to the world of people are merged for the child. Gradually, their bifurcation occurs, which is expressed in the alternation of 2 phases: the phase of the predominant development of objective activity and the phase of the development of relationships with people, within each phase there are motives that also alternate with the change of phases, which leads to their hierarchy.
The movement of individual consciousness consists in the correlation of motives with each other. "The formation of this movement expresses the formation of a coherent system of personal meanings - the formation of a personality."
8. Correlation of the concepts "man", "personality", "individual", individuality. The category of personality in modern psychology.
Today, psychology interprets personality as a socio-psychological entity, which is formed due to a person's life in society. A person as a social being acquires new (personal) qualities when he enters into relationships with other people and these relationships become "formative" of his personality. At the time of birth, an individual does not yet have these acquired (personal) qualities.
Because the personality is most often defined as a person in the totality of his social, acquired qualities, this means that personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are naturally conditioned and do not depend on his life in society. Personal qualities do not include the psychological qualities of a person that characterize his cognitive processes or individual style of activity, with the exception of those that are manifested in relations with people in society. The concept of "personality" usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his features that are significant for people and. deeds.
By definition, R.S. Nemov, personality is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relations by nature, are stable and determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him.
Along with the concept of "personality" the terms "man", "individual", "individuality" are used. Essentially, these concepts are intertwined. That is why the analysis of each of these concepts, their relationship with the concept of "personality" will allow us to more fully reveal the latter (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. The ratio of the volumes of the concepts "person", "individual" and "individuality"
with the concept of "personality"
Human - this is a generic concept that indicates the relation of a being to the highest stage of development of living nature - to the human race. The concept of "man" affirms the genetic predetermination of the development of actually human features and qualities.
Specific human abilities and properties (speech, consciousness, labor activity, etc.) are not transmitted to people in the order of biological heredity, but are formed during their lifetime, in the process of assimilation of the culture created by previous generations. No personal experience of a person can lead to the fact that he independently formed logical thinking and systems of concepts. By participating in labor and various forms of social activity, people develop in themselves those specific human abilities that have already been formed in humanity. As a living being, a person obeys the basic biological and physiological laws, as a social being - the laws of the development of society.
Individual - this is a single representative of the species "homo sapiens". As individuals, people differ from each other not only in morphological features (such as height, bodily constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality).
Individuality - it is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person. This is the originality of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental characteristics, intellect, worldview, life experience).
With all the versatility of the concept of "individuality", it primarily denotes the spiritual qualities of a person. The essential definition of individuality is connected not so much with the concepts of "feature", "uniqueness", but with the concepts of "integrity", "unity", "originality", "authorship", "one's own way of life". The essence of individuality is connected with the originality of the individual, his ability to be himself, to be independent and independent.
The ratio of individuality and personality is determined by the fact that these are two ways of being a person, two of his different definitions. The discrepancy between these concepts is manifested, in particular, in the fact that there are two different processes of the formation of personality and individuality.
The formation of personality is the process of socialization of a person, which consists in the development of his generic, social essence. This development is always carried out in the concrete historical circumstances of a person's life. The formation of personality is connected with the acceptance by the individual of social functions and roles developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.
The formation of individuality is the process of individualization of an object. Individualization is the process of self-determination and isolation of the individual, its isolation from the community, the design of its separateness, uniqueness and uniqueness. A person who has become an individual is an original, actively and creatively manifesting himself in life.
In the concepts of "personality" and "individuality" various aspects, different dimensions of the spiritual essence of a person are fixed. The essence of this difference is well expressed in the language. With the word "personality" they usually use such epithets as "strong", "energetic", "independent", thereby emphasizing its active representation in the eyes of others. We often say about individuality: "bright", "unique", "creative", referring to the qualities of an independent entity.
The concept of personality has three different meanings.: widest, average and narrow understanding. personality in the wide understanding - this is what internally distinguishes one person from another, a list of all its psychological properties, this is individuality. Personality in intermediate, average understanding is a social subject, a social individual, a set of social and personal roles. personality in the narrow sense is a cultural subject, a self. This is a person who builds and controls his own life, a person as a responsible subject of will. Basic psychological theories of personality Personality - First of all, a contemporary of a certain era, and this determines many of its socio-psychological properties. In one epoch or another, the individual occupies a certain position in the class structure of society. The belonging of a person to a certain class constitutes another basic definition of it, with which the position of the person in society is directly connected.
For the socio-psychological analysis of personality, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "man", "individual", "personality", "individuality".
The most general is the concept of "man" - this is a biosocial creature with articulate speech, consciousness, higher mental functions (abstract-logical thinking, logical memory, etc.), capable of creating tools, using them in the process of social labor. These specifically human abilities and properties are not hereditary, but are formed in a person during his lifetime, in the process of assimilating the culture created by previous generations. There are reliable facts that indicate that if children develop outside of society from an early age, then they remain at the level of the animal, they do not form speech, consciousness, thinking, they do not have an upright gait. A person living in isolation from other people and society will not independently develop logical thinking, will not develop a system of concepts. People of each subsequent generation begin their lives in the world of objects and phenomena created by previous generations. By participating in labor and various forms of social activity, they develop in themselves those specific human abilities that have already been formed in humanity.
The concept of "individual" can refer to both a person and an animal. "Individual" (from Latin "individuum" - indivisible) - a person as a representative of the species Homo sapiens, the unity of the innate and acquired, the bearer of individually peculiar features. The main characteristics of an individual are activity, integrity, stability and specificity of interaction with the outside world. Characterizing a person as an individual, we consider first of all his biological nature. Therefore, when organizing educational, labor activities, the leader (teacher) must take into account compliance with safety measures, sanitary and hygienic working conditions.
In psychology, the concept of "personality" is one of the fundamental. “Personality,” wrote S. L. Rubinshtein, “forms the basis that determines the interpretation of the human psyche as a whole from the inside. All mental processes constitute the mental content of a person's life. Each kind of mental process makes its own specific contribution to the richness of her inner life. In order to become a person, a person must learn spiritual values, moral norms, ways of activity.
A personality is a person defined in a system of socially conditioned characteristics that are manifested in social connections and relations by nature, are stable, and determine the moral actions of a person.
The formation of a person as a personality is characterized by the development of the higher spheres of his psyche: mental, emotional, volitional. L. Feuerbach wrote: “A perfect person has the power of thinking, the power of will and the power of feelings. The power of thinking is the light of knowledge, the power of will is the energy of character, the power of feeling is love. Reason, love and willpower are perfection.” For a leader (teacher) it is important to create such a set of conditions in the team, in which not only biological, but also social, spiritual needs are revealed.
The concept of "individuality" emphasizes the unique originality of a person, in what he is different from others. His individuality is expressed in the presence of special experiences, knowledge, opinions, beliefs, and character peculiar only to him. Motivation, temperament, abilities, character are the main parameters of individuality. The prerequisite for its formation is the anatomical and physiological inclinations that are transformed in the process of life. Individuality is manifested in the properties of temperament, character traits, in the specific interests and abilities of the individual. It is both the originality of feelings, and the peculiarity of character, and the uniqueness of thinking. “The higher the social being is organized, the more individuality is expressed in it,” wrote I. I. Mechnikov. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of schoolchildren, it is possible to determine the conditions for their learning and development, rationally build a work schedule, and help find ways for self-improvement.
Thus, comparing these concepts, we can note: “individual” means something whole, indivisible, indicates what unites a given person with the human species; "individuality" gives an answer to the question of how this person differs from all other people; the concept of “personality” characterizes integrity, but one that is born in society.
