(401 words)
The average person rarely thinks about the significance of scientific progress. Technical innovations have already ceased to be a rarity for him, a person is used to them and perceives them as particles of the surrounding world, as if smartphones have always grown on trees. However, as soon as he is out of reach from the wonders of civilization, he realizes that his personality is shaped under the influence of artificial lighting, and he lives in an unnatural environment, where the main driving force is not natural instinct or God's will, but a scientific worldview that allows humanity to develop faster than any other species on the planet.
Thanks to science, not only our environment is changing, but also the consciousness of people. From the mythological and imperfect, thanks to the discoveries and achievements of scientists, it turned into a rational and meaningful vision of the world. A person not only became more educated, he gained faith in himself and in the fact that he could go beyond the lot prepared by nature. For example, to get comfortable in space or influence the state of your planet. For the sake of this, he does not change, spending tens of thousands of years. He is subject to conditions. And, in my opinion, the realization that he can do it is more important than the fact itself. This gives rise in us not only the joy of superiority, but also responsibility for what is happening around. Previously, our ancestors did not think that they could seriously change something, so they launched the environmental issue, for example. Now the infantilism of the ignorant consumer is reduced to nothing. States make informed policy decisions when they are based on the results of scientific research. More and more often we see civil initiative backed up by objective knowledge about the essence of the problem. Thus, the dream of the ancient Greeks about a philosopher at the head of the country takes on a real shape in reality. Only instead of a lover of wisdom, rulers listen to a professional. Of course, this is not always and not everywhere, but there is a trend and it is quite positive.
Of course, there are also negative aspects of scientific progress. For example, it is noted that a person has become highly dependent on virtual reality. This addiction is not obvious and dangerous, like household alcoholism. People are sometimes more important than their electronic projection in the network than the real state. It comes to comedy: they die while taking a selfie, or they sit out at the monitor until they become obese. Well, religion also had many negative manifestations, but no one denies its importance in the historical development of civilization.
Quite recently, I saw how, with the help of a neural network, programmers created new music by Stravinsky - a melody in his style, but one that the composer did not have time to write. I think that soon science will significantly enrich art, create fundamentally new realities for creativity. Therefore, it is difficult to describe its influence on all spheres of life: every day it only grows and transforms everything around.
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Today, the information stage of development has begun in the world. Universal computerization has made it possible to use digital technologies in many areas of life. Their application requires new knowledge, skills and abilities, the acquisition of which must be ensured by modern science.
The influence of science on social life. It is impossible to overestimate the role of science in modern society, because today it has a huge impact on many areas of people's lives and activities. There is no doubt that all indicators of the development of society - economic, cultural, educational - depend on the degree of development of science.
The last century has brought technological, economic and social changes to people's lives. And today, assessing the role of science in the modern world, we can conclude that at the next stages of human development, the following main areas will shape its life activity: computer science, genetics, ecology, energy, genetic engineering, cybernetics, etc. enables the study of the human brain, materials science, research.
The development of science and the solution of environmental problems.
Particularly important is the role of science in the modern world as a social force that helps to solve the sore important problems of our time. These include, in particular, the ecological state of the planet. Rapid scientific and technological progress, introducing qualitatively new changes into human life, leads to a significant decrease in the resources of the planet, environmental pollution. Therefore, science becomes one of the causes of irreparable losses and irreversible changes taking place in the environment in which humanity lives. Scientific data play a major role in assessing the magnitude of environmental threats.
The influence of science on modern culture.
The increasing role of science in modern society every year has led to the emergence of its special status in culture and new types of interaction with many layers of social consciousness. Therefore, the problem arose of the correlation of the features of scientific knowledge with other types of activity leading to knowledge - ordinary consciousness, art.
This philosophical problem is of great practical importance. Awareness of the peculiarities of science is an important prerequisite for the use of scientific methods in the management of cultural processes. This comprehension is also necessary for the development of laws that help to manage science itself in the conditions of rapid technological progress, because in order to study the features of scientific knowledge, it is necessary to analyze its social conditioning, as well as its interaction with different spheres of culture, both material and spiritual. In this regard, the role of science in society will constantly increase.
What role does science play in modern education.
With the help of scientific knowledge, a person comprehends the world. The big role of science in modern society also lies in the fact that it is impossible to manage it without having certain knowledge. Scientific knowledge led to changes in the social structure of society: more people engaged in mental work appeared, and the number of those engaged in unskilled labor decreased. Science affects a person directly through education.
Determining the role of science in society, attention should be paid to the relationship between the scientist and his research with humanity, the level of social responsibility of scientists. The problem is that new inventions should not be directed against humans. It is necessary to abandon the principles of freedom of scientific research, which are not limited by anything. Scientific research should be for the benefit of man, and not to the detriment of him. Modern science must feel its ethical responsibility for the future of the entire planet.
1. Science in the life of modern society.
The science- a system of knowledge about the laws of nature, society and thinking.
According to the object of study, sciences are divided into natural(biology, physics), Humanities and public(literature, history, law), technical(Informatics).
Philosophy studies the most general laws of nature, society and thought.
Maths sometimes characterized as accurate science, mathematical methods are widely used by other sciences.
A number of scientific disciplines are classified as experimental - they are based on an experiment. Only those facts that can be confirmed empirically are recognized as reliable. This includes physics, chemistry, etc.
A common mistake is to apply the criteria of the experimental sciences to everything else. Thus, in a biology textbook one can often find the statement that the theory of creationism (the creation of the world) cannot be tested experimentally and, on this basis, cannot be considered scientific. We do not defend creationism, but this argument is completely inappropriate when discussing philosophical theories and indicates the narrowness of the approach of biologists.
The purpose of science is a description, an explanation of the surrounding world and a prediction (prediction).
An important criterion for the truth of scientific theories is practice, that is, their application in human production activity (also in politics, etc.).
A characteristic feature of modern scientific knowledge is both differentiation - separation, the emergence of new sciences (for example, zoology, botany, etc. arose on the basis of biology), and integration - the emergence of a new discipline at the "junction" of two or more sciences and using their approaches (zoogeography, physical chemistry).
Functions of Science:
Cognitive - satisfaction of the desire to know the truth.
Modern society is characterized by the fact that science plays an ever greater role and becomes a direct productive force. This is especially pronounced at the stage of post-industrial society (this stage comes after the industrial developed Western countries are at this stage). Main characteristics:
It is not industry that prevails, but information and the service sector. The superiority of the service sector over the manufacturing sector.
The social structure is changing: class division is replaced by occupational division.
The level of education is of great importance. The cost of education and retraining of personnel is increasing.
Scientific (especially technological) developments are recognized as an independent value, they are the subject of sale and purchase, and are protected by copyright.
2. In order to purchase a computer, a minor citizen P. decided to sell an expensive old vase that he inherited to an antique shop. When making a deal, the store owner asked to see a will and a passport, after which he gave the teenager money for the item purchased from him. Upon learning of the deal, the teenager's parents sued the store owner. What decision should the court make in this case? Which articles of the code will the court rely on when making a decision?
In deciding this case, the court will rely on Articles Civil Code of the Russian Federation regulating property relations in society.
The court will make its decision after carefully examining the following facts of the case:
The store owner made sure that the minor had a passport, therefore citizen P. is 14 years old and has the right to independently make small everyday transactions, manage his income, copyrights, and make deposits to the bank. Minors under 18 years of age make other transactions with the written consent of their legal representatives - parents, adoptive parents or guardian (Article 26).
Small everyday transactions include transactions aimed at meeting everyday needs, are usually executed at their conclusion and are insignificant in amount. An expensive vase, most likely, will not be recognized as the object of a petty household transaction.
A minor acquires full legal capacity (and has the full right to dispose of his property) in the event of marriage in accordance with the law.
Also, this teenager, if he is 16 years old, could be declared fully capable if he works under an employment contract, including under a contract, or, with the consent of his parents, adoptive parents or guardian, is engaged in entrepreneurial activities. The declaration of a minor as fully capable (emancipation) is carried out by decision of the guardianship and guardianship body - with the consent of both parents, or in the absence of such consent - by a court decision.
If citizen P. is married or was previously declared fully capable, the court will leave the transaction unchanged.
If the court decides to recognize the transaction as invalid, each of the parties to the transaction is obliged to return to the other everything received in kind, and if it is impossible to return everything received in kind, to reimburse its value in money.
The store owner (capable party) will also be obliged to compensate the other party for the real damage it has suffered, since he knew or should have known about the incapacity of the other party (Art. 175, 171).
Detailed solution Paragraph § 11 on social science for students of grade 8, authors Bogolyubov L. N., Gorodetskaya N. I., Ivanova L. F. 2016
Question 1. What is the difference between the spiritual sphere and other spheres of society? What are the features of teaching as a type of activity? What do the concepts of duty and honor mean?
The spiritual sphere is the area of ideal, non-material formations, which include ideas, values of religion, art, morality, etc.
The structure of the spiritual sphere of society in the most general terms is as follows:
religion - a form of worldview based on belief in supernatural forces;
morality - a system of moral norms, ideals, assessments, actions;
art - artistic development of the world;
science - a system of knowledge about the patterns of existence and development of the world;
law - a set of norms supported by the state;
education is a purposeful process of education and training.
The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relations that arise during the production, transfer and development of spiritual values (knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).
If the material life of a person is connected with the satisfaction of specific daily needs (for food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of human life is aimed at meeting the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.
Spiritual needs, unlike material ones, are not set biologically, but are formed and developed in the process of socialization of the individual.
Spiritual production is the process of formation and development of consciousness, worldview, spiritual qualities. The product of this production are ideas, theories, artistic images, values, the spiritual world of the individual and spiritual relations between individuals. The main mechanisms of spiritual production are science, art and religion.
Spiritual consumption is the satisfaction of spiritual needs, the consumption of products of science, religion, art, for example, visiting a theater or a museum, obtaining new knowledge. The spiritual sphere of the life of society ensures the production, storage and dissemination of moral, aesthetic, scientific, legal and other values. It covers various forms and levels of social consciousness - moral, scientific, aesthetic, religious, legal.
Teaching is a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by a person.
Debt is an internally accepted (voluntary) obligation. A duty can be called an obligation of a subject or a group of subjects to another subject or subjects (for example, people or God). Most often, a moral obligation (moral duty, moral duty) is considered as a duty - a voluntary moral obligation of an individual to other people.
Honor is a social and moral dignity, something that evokes and maintains general respect, a sense of pride.
Question 2. Why is the role of science in society constantly growing?
In modern society, science is a complex, with many links, deeply internally dissected spiritual education. With its inquiring, comprehending, testing, investigating side, it is turned to everything that exists. It was once said about art that it is "not squeamish", it cares about everything. This can be attributed to science to an even greater extent. There is no side, facet, aspect of the universe that could not become the object of scientific research. Its possibilities and limits are determined by the possibilities and limits of scientific social practice (understood in the broadest sense of the word). Ultimately, science, being a universal product of activity, characterizes the real level and possibilities of practice itself.
Question 3. Describe science as a special system of knowledge.
Science is a special system of knowledge. Unlike personal experience and common sense, science deals with scientific facts. Such facts are carefully collected, described, cross-checked and summarized. So, back in ancient times, Aristotle tried to identify the basic principles (conditions) for the existence of everything in the world: form, matter, cause, purpose. He also used logic as a method of judgment applicable to any science.
Scientific knowledge, by its very nature, is systematic. It is customary to single out several elements of modern scientific knowledge: natural science (the doctrine of nature, the natural sciences); technoscience (the doctrine of technology, technical sciences); social science (the doctrine of society, social sciences); human science (the doctrine of man, the humanities). The development of science leads, on the one hand, to the division of sciences into relatively independent ones within the same field of knowledge.
Question 4. What features distinguish science as a system of state and public organizations that produce, store and disseminate scientific knowledge?
The system of scientific knowledge includes not only scientific facts proven and confirmed by observations, experiments, as well as laws and theories, but also the methods of obtaining scientific knowledge themselves - methods of observation, experimentation, calculations, evidence. Modern science has accumulated a lot of information about the world around us and about the world inside us. This information is processed and accumulated with the help of modern information technologies and sophisticated technology.
The peculiarity of science is also manifested in the fact that it seeks to explain the world using a special language - formulas, symbols, signs, concepts, etc. Mathematics operates with numbers, chemistry - with conventional signs denoting chemical elements. Informatics has its own languages, etc. The use of an artificial language allows one to abstract from the non-essential features of the objects being studied and focus on the most important and general. You pronounce the word "adjective", and everyone who is familiar with grammar understands that one of the parts of speech is meant, denoting the signs of the subject. Just as in history, the word "source" does not mean a body of water, but the basis for obtaining historical information.
Science, unlike mythology or ordinary knowledge, involves evidence, verification of the results obtained in various ways - from logical explanation to complex experiments using sophisticated instruments and expensive equipment.
If the meaning of the word “science” we have considered reflects the results of the activities of scientists, then the other meaning of the word “science” implies a special field of activity in which millions of people take part. Scientists are usually called people professionally engaged in scientific activities, the "production" of scientific knowledge. Of course, not only scientists themselves are involved in the field of science. They are helped, they are served by laboratory assistants, administrators, engineers, etc. People of many professions are directly connected with this special type of production.
Question 5. What role does science play in modern society?
Modern science cannot be imagined without scientific journals, almanacs, reference books, etc., which are edited, published, drawn up with drawings, diagrams, drawings. An important role in the development of modern science is played by the media, which popularize its achievements, highlight scientific problems, etc. Nevertheless, the field of science cannot exist and develop without scientists.
Modern science goes beyond the boundaries of individual states, and associations of scientists often include specialists in a certain field of knowledge from different countries. They communicate using modern means of communication, meet at international conferences, congresses, symposiums. Scientists who achieve outstanding results receive international awards. The most famous of them is the Nobel Prize.
Question 6. What is the moral responsibility of scientists?
Real scientists are not just educated and talented people who have achieved success in scientific research. Most of them are people with high moral principles.
At all times, the community of scientists rejected plagiarism - the appropriation of other people's ideas. Scrupulous adherence to the truth, honesty to themselves and others distinguish real scientists. Regarding the honor of the name, for the most part, scientists are very demanding, they are not indifferent to how the truth is obtained. History and modernity provide many examples of the devotion of scientists to their science, their readiness to sacrifice comfort, free time, and often health and life itself for the sake of truth. An honest name in science is valued no less than the result of research.
One of the most important ethical problems that men of science face is the problem of the consequences of their work. On numerous occasions, well-known scientists have made public statements in connection with their concern about the possible use of scientific achievements for inhumane purposes.
Question 7. What is the growing influence of science on modern society?
From the end of the 20th century science acts as a social force. Science has a lot to do with human beings. It gives a person a picture of the world, constantly supplementing and refining its details. This picture has changed over the centuries.
In addition, science has armed modern man with a special way of knowing. This method is called rational, which emphasizes the role of the mind in the process of comprehending the truth. These sciences are actively used today not only for the organization of production, but also in the development of forecasts for the development of society.
Science plays an increasingly important role in society also due to the fact that people of science - scientists - are an essential part of the socially active population. Suffice it to recall Academician A. D. Sakharov, whose name is identified not only with bold scientific discoveries, but also with equally bold speeches against arbitrariness and injustice. The civic position of people who are authoritative for the scientific community significantly influences public opinion.
Question 8. A.P. Chekhov called science the most important, most beautiful and necessary in human life. Do you agree with the writer? What arguments can you give to prove your point of view?
I agree with the writer. Scientists do a lot for us. They make life easier for us. Without science, we would not be able to live, just as we do now. Science moves us forward.
Question 9. Prepare a report on the scientific and social activities of one of the Russians - Nobel Prize winners in science.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14, 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and the formation of reflex arcs; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 "for his work on the physiology of digestion". The whole set of reflexes was divided into two groups: conditional and unconditioned.
Question 10. In the late 80s. 20th century Japanese scientists made a forecast of scientific and technological development for the next 20-30 years. They predicted the following discoveries:
1990s - victory over AIDS; creation of robotic nurses capable of serving the elderly and bedridden patients;
2001-2010s - the predominance of electronic newspapers among information publications; the use of typewriters that perceive the human voice; the ability to stop the growth of cancer cells and turn them into normal ones; the beginning of tourist expeditions into space;
2010-2020s - creation of a hydrogen-powered car, understanding of the mechanisms of memory and aging, creation of an artificial eye.
What predictions came true? Which sciences have developed the fastest?
2001 - 2010s - the beginning of tourist expeditions into space;
2010 - 2020s Creation of a car on hydrogen fuel; understanding of the mechanisms of memory and aging is already close; creation of an artificial eye - only the retina.
The rest - did not come true.
Question 11. Based on the materials of the Internet, prepare a message about the project to create an innovation center "Skolkovo" - an analogue of Silicon Valley in the United States.
The Skolkovo Innovation Center (in 2010-2011 it was often described as the "Russian Silicon Valley")) is a modern scientific and technological innovation complex under construction in Moscow for the development and commercialization of new technologies, the first in the post-Soviet era in Russia to be built "from scratch" a science city, as well as a territory (separate site), which is a prominence beyond the Moscow Ring Road, and an urban microdistrict of Moscow, part of the so-called New Moscow.
The complex will provide special economic conditions for companies operating in the priority sectors of the modernization of the Russian economy: telecommunications and space, biomedical technologies, energy efficiency, information technology, and nuclear technology.
The project of creating the Innovation Center is being implemented by the Development Fund of the Center for the Development and Commercialization of New Technologies (the Skolkovo Foundation).
The result of the activities of the Skolkovo Foundation should be a self-governing and self-developing Ecosystem, favorable for the development of entrepreneurship and research, contributing to the creation of companies that are successful in the global market.
The project provides that by 2020, more than 25,000 people will live and work on an area of 2.5 million m². The first building "Hypercube" is already ready. The objects of the first stage of the "innograd" are put into operation.
Today, in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, one more concept is more and more clearly revealed in science, it acts as a social force. This is most clearly manifested in those numerous situations today, when the data and methods of science are used to develop large-scale plans and programs for social economic development. When compiling each such program, which, as a rule, determines the goals of the activities of many enterprises, institutions and organizations, it is fundamentally necessary for the direct participation of scientists as carriers of special knowledge and methods from different fields. It is also significant that in view of the complex nature of such plans and programs, their development and implementation presuppose the interaction of the social, natural and technical sciences. The 20th century was the century of the victorious scientific revolution. STP has accelerated in all developed countries.
Gradually, there was an increasing increase in the knowledge intensity of products. Technology has changed the way we produce. By the middle of the 20th century, the factory mode of production had become dominant. In the second half of the 20th century, widespread
received automation. By the end of the 20th century, high technologies developed, the transition to the information economy continued. All this happened thanks to the development of science and technology. This had several implications.
First, the requirements for workers have increased. Greater knowledge and understanding of new technological processes began to be required from them.
Secondly, the proportion of mental workers, scientific workers, that is, people whose work requires deep scientific knowledge, has increased.
Thirdly, the growth of prosperity caused by scientific and technical progress and the solution of many pressing problems of society gave rise to the belief of the broad masses in the ability of science to solve the problems of mankind and improve the quality of life. This new faith found its reflection in many areas of culture and social thought. Achievements such as space exploration, the creation of nuclear energy, the first successes in the field of robotics gave rise to faith in the inevitability of scientific, technological and social progress, aroused the hope of an early solution to such problems as hunger, disease, etc.
And today we can say that science in modern society plays an important role in many sectors and areas of people's lives. Undoubtedly, the level of development of science can serve as one of the main indicators of the development of society, and it is also, undoubtedly, an indicator of the economic, cultural, civilized, educated, modern development of the state.
The functions of science as a social force in solving global problems are very important.
modernity. An example of this is environmental issues. As you know, rapid scientific and technological progress is one of the main reasons for such phenomena dangerous to society and man as the depletion of the planet's natural resources, air, water and soil pollution.
Consequently, science is one of the factors of those radical and far from harmless changes that are taking place today in the human environment. Scientists themselves do not hide this. Scientific evidence is also playing a leading role in scoping and
parameters of environmental hazards.
The growing role of science in public life has given rise to its special status in modern culture and new features of its interaction with various layers of social consciousness. In this regard, there is an acute problem of singularities
scientific knowledge and its correlation with other forms of cognitive activity (art, everyday consciousness, etc.).
The main functions of science include the following:
1) the cognitive function is given by the very essence of science, the main purpose of which is precisely the knowledge of nature, society and man, the rational-theoretical comprehension of the world, the discovery of its laws and patterns, the explanation of a wide variety of phenomena and processes, the implementation of prognostic activity, that is, the production of a new scientific knowledge;
2) the worldview function is, of course, closely related to the first, its main goal is the development of a scientific worldview and a scientific picture of the world, the study of the rationalistic aspects of a person’s attitude to the world, the rationale for a scientific worldview: scientists are called upon to develop worldview universals and value orientations, although, of course, the leading philosophy plays a role in this matter;
