The most significant group in the special vocabulary are scientific and technical terms that form a variety of terminological systems. Terminological vocabulary includes words or phrases used to logically accurately define special concepts, establish the content of concepts, their distinctive features.

A term is a nominative word or phrase (a noun or a phrase with a noun as a reference word), which is the exact designation of a certain concept of any field of knowledge, production, science, art. Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of knowledge operates with its own terms, which are the essence of the terminological system of this science. Consequently, for a term (unlike any word in general), the main characteristic function is the function of definition, called the definitive one, and the terminological disclosure of the content of the concept itself is the definition.

The semantic essence of the term and its specificity lie in the nature of its meaning, which is established in the process of conscious, deliberate agreement and within the given terminological system, is direct, nominative, syntactically or constructively unconditioned. In different systems, the meanings of terms can be expressed differently - using words and phrases, formulas or other sign systems. Terms are, to a certain extent, an artificial lexical-semantic formation, their semantic essence must necessarily reflect the amount of information, the amount of scientific knowledge that helps to reveal the content of the concept.
Unlike non-terms, words of unlimited use, many of which are ambiguous, terms within the same science, as a rule, must be unambiguous. They are characterized by a clearly limited, predominantly motivated specialization and absolute semantic accuracy. However, the concept of uniqueness, usually used as an absolute differential feature of terms, is somewhat relative. This is most likely a requirement for ideal terminological systems. In real-life terminologies, there are many terms that are characterized by so-called categorical ambiguity. For example, one of the types of terms that have it are nouns with the meaning of an action and its result: bobinage- 1) distribution of turns of something; 2) the cone-shaped or cylindrical shape of the product, acquired as a result of winding (compare also the ambiguity of a number of other terms of textile production: chevauchement, transformation and others). Thus, the term "conversion" in linguistics means: 1) in grammar and vocabulary, a way of expressing subject-object relations in sentences equivalent in meaning ( the machine removes the garbage - the garbage is removed by the machine ), 2) in word formation, a way of forming a new word without the use of affixes, i.e. transition from one part of speech to another without changing the form of the word . This term is widely used in other terminological systems, and in this case one usually speaks of interbranch homonymy. For example, it is used in economics and politics with the meaning of adapting a production or industry to other needs. (conversion of the military-industrial complex). But, having opened a dictionary entry in Petit Robert, we will find that it is also included in a number of term systems: fin. Conversun d "une somme d" argent liquide ef valeurs; math, Conversion des fractions ordinaires en fractions décimale*; inform. Changement de code; milit. Mouvement tournant effectué dans un but tactique; sport. Demi-tour sur place_ effectué par u skieur; psijehan. Somatization d "un conflict psychique.

Thus, due to its etymological meaning (from lat. conversion“I transform, I change”) the term “conversion” is in demand by various branches of human activity.

The rapid growth in the number of terms, due to scientific and technological progress, leads to such negative phenomena as the emergence of ambiguous terms ( accélération, impact, area), synonymous terms, the lack of uniform principles for ordering terminologies.

The ambiguity of terms, as well as their synonymy (linguistics - linguistics), as well as homonymy (reaction - chemical and socio-political) and antonymy (polysemy - monosemy) are usually noted among the shortcomings of many modern terminologies. In this case, apparently, the general lexico-semantic patterns of the functioning and development of the language also apply to terminological systems. Therefore, speaking of unambiguity, ambiguity, homonymy, synonymy of terms, it is necessary to take into account the known real-life relativity of this feature.

Not understanding their meaning, we feel a little out of place when these words refer directly to us. Words that characterize specialized processes and phenomena from any particular branch of knowledge are professional vocabulary.

Definition of professional vocabulary

This type of vocabulary is special words or turns of speech, expressions that are actively used in any person. These words are a little isolated, since they are not used by a large mass of the country's population, only by a small part of it that has received a specific education. The words of professional vocabulary are used to describe or explain production processes and phenomena, the tools of a particular profession, raw materials, the end result of labor, and the rest.

The place of this type of vocabulary in the language system used by a particular nation

There are several important questions concerning various aspects of professionalism that linguists are still studying. One of them: "What is the role and place of professional vocabulary in the system of the national language?"

Many argue that the use of professional vocabulary is appropriate only within a certain specialty, so it cannot be called national. Since the formation of the language of specialties in most cases occurs artificially, according to its criteria, it does not fit the characteristics of common vocabulary. Its main feature is that such vocabulary is formed in the course of natural communication between people. In addition, the formation and formation of a national language can take a fairly long period, which cannot be said about professional lexical units. To date, linguists and linguists agree that professional vocabulary is not a literary language, but it has its own structure and characteristics.

The difference between professional vocabulary and terminology

Not all ordinary people know that the terminology and language of the specialty differ from each other. These two concepts are distinguished on the basis of their historical development. Terminology arose relatively recently, the language of modern technology and science refers to this concept. Professional vocabulary reached its peak of development during the time of handicraft production.

Also, the concepts differ in terms of their official use. Terminology is used in scientific publications, reports, conferences, specialized institutions. In other words, it is the official language of a particular science. The vocabulary of professions is used "semi-officially", that is, not only in special articles or scientific papers. Specialists of a certain profession can use it in the course of work and understand each other, while it will be difficult for an uninitiated person to learn what they are saying. Professional vocabulary, examples of which we will consider below, has some opposition to terminology.

1. The presence of emotional coloring of speech and imagery - the lack of expression and emotionality, as well as imagery of terms.
2. Special vocabulary is limited to colloquial style - the terms are independent of the usual style of communication.
3. A certain range of deviation from the norm of professional communication - a clear correspondence to the norms of the professional language.

Based on the above characteristics of terms and professional vocabulary, many experts tend to the theory that the latter refers to professional vernacular. The difference in these concepts can be determined by comparing them with each other (steering wheel - steering wheel, system unit - system unit, motherboard - motherboard and others).

Varieties of words in professional vocabulary

Professional vocabulary consists of several groups of words:

• professionalism;
• technicalisms;
• professional jargon.

Professionalisms are lexical units that do not have a strictly scientific character. They are considered "semi-official" and are needed to denote any concept or process in production, inventory and equipment, material, raw materials, and so on.

Technicisms are words of professional vocabulary that are used in the field of technology and are used only by a limited circle of people. They are highly specialized, that is, it will not be possible to communicate with a person who is not initiated into a certain profession.

Professional jargon words are characterized by reduced expressive coloring. Sometimes these concepts are completely illogical, and only a specialist in a particular field can comprehend them.

In what cases is professional vocabulary used in the literary language?

Varieties of a special language can often be used in literary publications, oral and sometimes professionalism, technicalism and professional jargon can replace terms with a poorly developed language of a particular science.

But there is a danger of the widespread use of professionalisms in periodicals - it is difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish concepts that are close in meaning, so many may make mistakes in the processes, materials and products of a particular production. Excessive saturation of the text with professionalism prevents it from being perceived correctly, meaning and style are lost for the reader.

Special or professional-terminological vocabulary includes two groups: terms and professionalisms.

Words and phrases used in a certain branch of science, technology, and art constitute terminological and professional vocabulary [Lekant 2007].

The most significant group in the special vocabulary are scientific and technical terms that form a variety of terminological systems. Terms are the names of concepts in a certain field of science, technology, art. Terminological vocabulary includes words or phrases used to logically accurately define special concepts, establish the content of concepts, their distinctive features. The emergence and functioning of such vocabulary is due to the development of science, technology, art; it has a pronounced social character and is under the control of society.
Terminology is one of the most mobile, rapidly replenishing parts of the national vocabulary. Modern researchers note that the accelerating pace of the scientific and technological revolution over the past decades has led and is increasingly leading to an avalanche-like growth of information in all areas of knowledge, production and scientific activities.

A twofold process is taking place: a sharp increase in special terms accessible only to specialists, the number of which in each highly developed language grows extremely and amounts to millions, many times exceeding the generally accepted vocabulary, and at the same time, an intensive penetration of special terminology into the general literary language. Special terminology becomes the main source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the literary language.
The semantic essence of the term and its specificity lie in the nature of its meaning, which is established in the process of conscious, deliberate agreement and within the given terminological system is direct, nominative, syntactically or constructively unconditioned by anything. In different systems, the meanings of terms can be expressed differently - using words and phrases, formulas or other sign systems. Terms are, to a certain extent, an artificial lexico-semantic formation, their semantic essence must necessarily reflect the amount of information, the amount of scientific knowledge that

help to reveal the content of the concept.
Unlike non-terms, words of unlimited use, many of which are ambiguous, terms within the same science, as a rule, must be unambiguous. They are characterized by a clearly limited, predominantly motivated specialization and absolute semantic accuracy. However, the concept of uniqueness, usually used as an absolute differential feature of terms, is somewhat relative. This is most likely a requirement for ideal terminological systems. In real-life terminologies, there are many terms that are characterized by so-called categorical ambiguity. For example, one of the types of terms that have it are nouns with the meaning of an action and its result : winding- 1) distribution of turns of something; 2) a cone-shaped or cylindrical shape of the product, acquired as a result of winding (compare also the ambiguity of a number of other terms of textile production: overlapping, processing, and others).
The ambiguity of terms, as well as their synonymy (linguistics - linguistics), as well as homonymy (reaction - chemical and socio-political) and antonymy (polysemy - monosemy) are usually noted among the shortcomings of many modern terminologies. In this case, apparently, the general lexico-semantic patterns of the functioning and development of the language also apply to terminological systems. Therefore, speaking of unambiguity, ambiguity, homonymy, synonymy of terms, it is necessary to take into account the known real-life relativity of this feature.
Among the word-forming distinguishing features of terms is the regularity (uniformity) of their formation within a certain terminological system. The formation of terms occurs constantly in different ways. Along with the process of creating new names, terminology of words already existing in the language is observed, that is, their rethinking (transfer of the name), as a result of which secondary, in this case, specially terminological nominations arise. For the formation of terms are used:

Metaphorical transfer of the name: the loop(sport.), pelvis(honey.), shepherd's bag(bot.), - similarity of form; pillow(geol.), sail(arch.), golden ratio(sq.) - similarity of function;

The actual lexical method, that is, the formation of words and phrases based on native Russian words (charging, the mother substance is physical);

Lexical and derivational, that is, the creation of terms using existing in the Russian language or borrowed word-building elements, morphemes, according to the models available in the language.

The most productive among them are addition and affixation. So, different types of addition of bases and words are used. Addition of complete bases: cotyledon, oxygenated and so on; addition of truncated stems (complex abbreviated words): hyperbaric apparatus, space navigation and others; the use of foreign language elements of air-, auto-, aero-, bio-, video-, zoo-, geo-, hydro-, hyper-, inter-, iso-, macro-, micro-, para-, pan-, radio- , tele-, ultra-, electro- and others: aeronomy, biophysics, hydrometeorological service, zooplankton and other; abbreviation: AMS(automatic interplanetary station), MN(magnetic saturation), computer(electronic computer); a mixed way, that is, a combination of complex partially dissected names and different word-building elements: hydro-sandblasting perforation.

Terms formed by addition can be indivisible lexicalized units ( cosmology, biocybernetics and so on), but they can also be units of incomplete lexicalization, that is, those that are not one indivisible lexeme ( vector function, alpha particle), as evidenced by the hyphenated spelling of words.

Very productive and different types of term formation by the method of affixation (prefixed, prefixed - suffixal): swirl, ground, reduction and etc.

No less productive is the lexico-semantic way of replenishing the terminological vocabulary; that is, the creation of a term in the process of scientific (or technical) rethinking of well-known words. This process goes in two ways:

1) by a complete rethinking of the existing word and the subsequent separation of the newly created unit from the source word. Thus arose, for example, one of the terminological meanings of the word elementary in combination elementary particle;

2) by using the transfer of the name, taking into account the emerging associations. This is how the terminological meaning of the word snow arose - a special kind of image. This method allows in some cases to create terminological names with elements of expression in semantics, for example: wormy image, dead time, alien atom. [Special vocabulary, its functions 2012]
Foreign borrowings play a significant role in replenishing terminological systems. For a long time, many international scientific, technical, economic, cultural, historical, socio-political terms of Latin and Greek origin have been known in the language, for example: agglutination, binary; humanity, dictatorship, literature and other words from the Latin language; agronomy, dynamics, grammar, space, democracy and others from Greek. Many terms came from other languages.

The use of borrowed terminological vocabulary is primarily associated with the specifics of the field of activity - in scientific and technical literature, in professional communication. However, the modern language is characterized by the use of terms in everyday, everyday speech [Valgina 2012].

The spread of scientific and technical terminology, its intensive penetration into different spheres of life leads to the fact that in the language, along with the process of terminology of commonly used words, there is also a reverse process - mastering the literary language of terms, their determinology . Frequent use of philosophical, art history, literary criticism, medical, physical, chemical, industrial and technical and many other terms

and terminological phrases made them common lexical units, for example: argument, concept, consciousness; drama, concert, romance, contact, tension, resonance; analysis, synthesis, and others as well fulcrum, freezing point, boiling point, center of gravity and
etc. Many of these words and phrases in general literary use have a different, often metaphorical, meaning: catalyst- a (special) substance that speeds up, slows down or changes the course of a chemical reaction, and catalyst- (portable) stimulant of something.

Determinologization of professional and technical names is facilitated by oral speech, systematic broadcasts on relevant topics on radio and television. The inclusion of special words in this case is due to the subject and genre of publications (or oral transmissions), that is, caused by a certain situation. The dissemination and then complete or partial (which is more often observed) determinologization of professional terminological names is also helped by works of art in which these words are used for a specific stylistic or characterological purpose; the desire to update the generally accepted tone of the narration, focusing on unusual word usage for a work of art.
However, excessive saturation of artistic and journalistic works with scientific and technical terminology reduces the strength of their impact and artistic value.

Through the media, as well as due to the active introduction of technology into the life of a modern person, special concepts and terms become active components of the everyday vocabulary. Moreover, similar lexical introductions into the colloquial vocabulary are observed. Of course, such vocabulary is often transformed, sounds distorted, altered: “She x-ray works. In the apartment limit lives.

Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions that are characteristic of the speech of people in one field of activity and are everyday and expressive-figurative names in this occupation.

Production" words and expressions are created "for themselves", as duplicates or synonyms of the terms of the chosen field of activity. Often, professionalisms replace the missing members of the terminological system. For example, in technology: burner nose, shaft neck, spike body. These semi-official names give liveliness and looseness to speech, have expressive and emotional connotations.

Distinctive features of professionalisms are the oral nature of use, figurative meaning, the intersection of the semantics of the names of different types of labor activity, the lack of systematic organization in the nominative series.

Professionalisms are characterized by significant differentiation in the designation of special concepts, tools and means of production, the names of objects, actions, and so on. For example, in meteorology, in accordance with the distinguishable types of snowflakes, there are several of their names: an asterisk, a needle, a hedgehog, a plate, a fluff, a column. In hunting speech, there are many names for a fox (by color and breed), for example, simple, red, forest, moth, red-brown, cross, black-brown, black, white, karsun, karaganka, pompous fox and so on. In the speech of carpenters and joiners, there are many varieties of instrument, for the name of which in the literary language there is the word planer: shavings, hunchback, road builder, bear, and so on. [Special vocabulary, its functions 2012]

Professionalisms are formed metaphorically: cracker, bull (technical), flies (marine), plates (geographical); lexical and derivational: shoulders (sewing), filly (zool.); collocation: gearbox, zone of silence, white noise (tech.), invertebrate column, acute abdomen, cornerstone glaucoma, spinal cord (med.). [Lecant 2007]

In the literary language, narrow professional words usually do not receive wide distribution, that is, the scope of their use remains limited. Special and professional vocabulary is used in fiction and memoirs, in the speech of characters when describing professional activities, etc. [Special vocabulary, its functions 2012]

Thus, special terminology becomes one of the sources for replenishing the vocabulary of the literary language.

Terminology is the most representative part of the special vocabulary, in which the specificity of the vocabulary of people belonging to the same professional group is most clearly manifested. In the field of each individual profession associated with a particular branch of social production or science, there is always a larger or smaller supply of vocabulary related to objects or concepts that are essential to the industry.

The role of terminological vocabulary in the modern Russian language is increasing. So, in the dictionary of V.I. Dal placed only 200 sports terms, in the dictionary of D.N. Ushakov - 800, in the Small Academic Dictionary - 1400, and in total there are more than 25 thousand of them in modern sports terminology.

Terminological vocabulary is opposed to commonly used, firstly, by its meaningful connection with the objects of a special area, and secondly, by the fact that within the framework of special communication it has a very high frequency.

In the language of science, three layers of vocabulary are distinguished: 1) non-terminological - words with an abstract meaning - essence, attribute, object; 2) general scientific - speed, frequency; 3) actually terminological - special names in the field of professional communication - peritonitis, tectonic, diffraction.

Terms constitute the most regulated part of the vocabulary of the language, in a certain sense - the most artificial, consciously regulated, created and provided for regulation. Consider the signs of terminology.

The question of the motivation of the term deserves special consideration. As is known, a motivational sign (even if it exists) does not play a significant role in the process of functioning of commonly used words. And what about the terms? Is the quality of motivation necessary, is it useful for terms that are fundamentally oriented primarily to communication with non-linguistic objects? It is difficult to give a definite answer here. On the one hand, the meaning of a term should be determined by the scientific definition and not depend on the meaning of the words that are used to form it. This is fully met by foreign terms, conditional terms such as Newton's binomial, Kohr's assumption, black box(in cybernetics) or noise(in information theory), as well as terms like ACS, LIK, Uranium-235. On the other hand, in any terminological system we encounter derivative words that are connected by word-formation relations, for example: syllable - syllabic principle, sign - sign, variant - invariant. The only thing that is undesirable is the desire to exaggerate the meaning of the motivational feature in determining the content of the term. For example, the term atom derived from the Greek word "indivisible", this feature is absolutely incompatible with the modern understanding of the structure of the atom. Another example: it would be illegal within the framework of modern case theory to define the term case, associate it with the meaning of the verb fall, although there is an etymological connection.

Despite the foregoing, the terms are mostly subject to the laws of the Russian language. So, the ways of forming new terms are the same as for ordinary words, for example: computer memory(semantic way), Control block(compound name), sanding(suffix way), hydropower(phrasing). At the same time, within the framework of these general methods, features characteristic of terminology appear.

In terminology, more often than in ordinary words, one can indicate the person who created (or proposed) this or that term. For example, the term biosphere introduced by V.I. Vernadsky, the 104th element of the Periodic system was named kurchatov G.A. Flerov, term spaceship was proposed by S.P. . Korolev. It is in the terminology that the percentage of foreign words (especially international ones) far exceeds the corresponding indicators in the field of common vocabulary. It is in it that the standard international elements of composition, genetically related, are used with maximum activity.

1. The meanings of terms are specific in the sense that they express scientific concepts that require a fairly precise definition in accordance with the level of development of a particular branch of knowledge.

2. Terms always function as members of certain term systems. Within the terminology of a particular industry, they are naturally related to each other, and the content of one term is formed and comprehended against the background of others. Semantic relationships in the terminology are identified and emphasized by the systematic design. So, the same suffixes are used in the names of language units (phoneme, lexeme, morpheme), in the titles of sections of linguistics (as in other sciences), a model of compound words is used with the element -logy (morphology, phonology, lexicology, phraseology, morphonology, accentology etc.). The names of atomic accelerators are created according to the model with the component -tron (bevatron, betatron, kosmotron, synchrotron, synchrophasotron, synchrocyclotron, phasotron, cyclotron); the names of the newly discovered components of a living cell are decorated with the element - soma (chromosome, ribosome, informasome, centrosome). The models by which the terms of one series are formed can be specialized within the framework of individual sciences. So, in geology with the help of the suffix -it names of minerals are formed from proper names (altaite, baikalite, voluevit, sparrowite, lomonosovite etc.), and in medical terminology, the homonymous suffix is ​​used to form the names of inflammatory diseases from the names of the organs of the human body (colitis, nephritis, gastritis, meningitis, cholecystitis, bronchitis, pleurisy etc.). It is in the use of certain models that the regularity of terms, the possibility of their artificial and conscious formation are clearly manifested.

3. The ideal requirement that can be made to the term is the requirement of unambiguity and the absence of synonyms. In different term systems, the same lexemes can be used to denote different concepts. For example, the word reduction as a chemical term it means "liberation from oxidation", in biology it means "simplification of the body associated with the loss of function", in technology - "lowering the force of pressure or tension", in linguistics - "weakening the sonority of vowels", in medicine - "insertion a piece of bone instead of a damaged one", in history - the seizure of indigenous lands from feudal lords in Sweden in the second half of the 18th century. From a lexicological point of view, all these meanings can be considered as ambiguity, but since each of these terms is included in its own terminological system and, functioning in it, does not correlate in any way with another that outwardly coincides with it, this phenomenon is more correctly defined as intersystem terminological homonymy.

Task 28. Complete test tasks (based on the content of the text from task 24)

1. Terminological vocabulary is used:

a) in professional communication;

b) in scientific and educational and scientific activities.

2. Words system, element, function, factor, method refer to:

a) general scientific vocabulary;

b) terminological vocabulary.

3. Words terminal, osteochondrosis, flash memory, quantum generator refer to:

a) general scientific vocabulary;

b) terminological vocabulary.

4. Specify the method of formation of the following terms: immunogenetics, neurobionics, sitall (silicate and metal):

a) semantic way;

b) vocabulary.

5. Specify the method of formation of the following terms: Darwinism, drilling, ionization:

a) suffix;

b) semantic.

6. Specify the method of formation of the following terms: laser beam, solar generator, phraseological unit:

a) vocabulary

b) compound name.

7. Define a series where all units are included in one term system:

a) bronchitis, cystitis, pleurisy, altaitis, arthritis;

b) phoneme, morpheme, lexeme, phraseme;

c) cardiography, tomography, radiography, phraseography.

Task 29. Based on the content of the text (task 24) and using these grammatical constructions, make a linguistic description of the concept term.

1. In the language of science, ...

2. Terminology is...

3. Terminological vocabulary differs from ...

4. Terms make up...

5. New terminological lexical units are formed ...

6. A set of terms of a certain discipline with branched semantic and conceptual links between elements forms ...

7. Semantic relationships in the term system are emphasized ...

8. The term has...

Task 30. Write a description of the scientific discipline (specialty) you are studying(definition of which branch of science it belongs to, subject of study, history of development, well-known scientific theories, scientific schools, division into areas, basic terms).