Everyone has heard the word adventurer at least once. But not everyone understands it. What character trait is called adventurism? Adventurer - who is it? These questions are very interesting, so let’s figure out what qualities such individuals have, and whether they are useful to a person.
Who are the adventurers?
An adventurer is a person who is not afraid of the most daring ideas; he is an adventurer who takes risks without any doubt.
Adventurism is a special behavior of a person, expressed in his passion for adventure, incidents that can cause strong emotions and a rush of adrenaline.
This can manifest itself in extreme hobbies, risky undertakings, lawless, fraudulent actions, dangerous “exploits” committed by a person just for the sake of entertainment. But is an adventurer always a scoundrel and a swindler?
How to recognize an adventurer?
Adventurism is an individual thing. It may be present or absent in a particular person, which forms his tendency to adventure. If a person makes dangerous deals without any doubts, argues often and is not afraid to take risks, then they say that he has a “vein of adventurism.” These people are restless inventors and eternal adventurers.
An adventurer is a person who sets himself the most daring and extravagant tasks. All actions of such people are aimed at getting closer to their goal.
Adventurers are also characterized by such personality traits as maximalism, enthusiasm and the ability to not stop in the face of difficulties while moving towards their dreams. And adventurers’ distorted sense of fear can even push them to break the law if this is necessary to quickly achieve their goals.
Is it good or bad to have adventurism in your blood?
At first glance, adventurers live cheerfully and carefree; their lives are never boring or monotonous. But there is also another side to the coin. Risk is the main companion of an adventurer. And this is the answer to the question why the lives of many adventurers end tragically.
The desire to get the required dose of adrenaline sometimes forces them to act outside the law. Not all adventurers are necessarily swindlers and swindlers, but almost every criminal has a thirst for adventure, which forces him to commit illegal actions for the sake of his goal.
Some are sure that an adventurer is a dishonest and unprincipled person. This is partly true. Adventurism as a character trait is not inherent in absolutely truthful and law-abiding citizens.
A little more about adventurers
If you think about it, it is adventurous people who most often become heroes of adventure films and books. This is all because their life is full of surprises and exciting, but not always safe events.
Probably the most famous adventurer in Soviet cinema is Ostap Bender. Both individual citizens and entire groups suffered from his cunning scams. But at the same time, this character is optimistic, cheerful and savvy, which arouses the sympathy of many film lovers.
Speaking about movie heroes, one cannot help but recall Agent 007 - a brave, brave, courageous favorite of women. If James Bond's character had not been adventurous, it is unlikely that he would have been able to accomplish his feats.
The personality trait we are considering is characteristic even of some cartoon characters. The cartoon adventurer is His cunning friend Fox Alice has the same qualities. Using all sorts of fraudulent means, this couple tried to extract the last money from poor Buratino.
As you can see, adventurism is not always bad, but at the same time it is not always good. If this character trait is one of the facets of your personality, try to present and use it for the most positive purposes. If your soul asks to commit another adventure, remember that there are limits of law and boundaries of safe behavior that must be adhered to.
Definition
Adventures there may be bold exploits, exciting adventures, aimless adventures, unexpected incidents, major achievements in life or business ventures. Adventurous events generate psychological and physiological arousal, which can be both negative and positive. For some people, adventure, a risky adventure becomes the main thing in life (see extreme sports: street, parkour, etc.). Milan Kundera defines adventure as "a passionate discovery of the unknown."
Adventure- a concept used in many contexts and situations. For example, it is a key component of stories, legends and fairy tales, dramas and plays; used in plots and plots of books, films, musical works and computer games. Adventure also used in education, sports, tourism and other forms of entertainment. Examples of such adventurous genres of use adventures include:
- Adventure film is a film genre.
- Adventure game is a computer game genre.
- Adventurous education - using discussion and challenging the unexpected events for training.
- Adventure racing involves competition between participants; extreme sports.
- Adventure tourism offers tourists the opportunity to have an exciting journey full of encounters and unexpected obstacles.
Adventurer
A character in a play about the 18th century.
List of adventurers
In the history of Europe XVII-XIX centuries. It is customary to single out a category of people with a dubious, sometimes scandalous, reputation, who left a noticeable mark on the events of that era. As a rule, they traveled widely, were active in politics, were suspected of espionage and had unknown sources of income or were impostors, or simply ascribed to themselves an aristocratic or exotic origin. The French adventurers of the 18th century are especially famous. Epithet "adventurer" in this context, it is correct to use for characters who acted approximately before the First World War, i.e. in old regime Europe.
Conquistadors and other pioneer travelers should be considered as a separate category in the Russian language, although in English they are often classified specifically as adventurers.
| “They wear fantastic uniforms of some Hindustani or Mongolian army and have pompous names, which are in reality counterfeit jewels, like the buckles on their boots. They speak all languages, claim to know all the princes and great men, claim to have served in all armies and studied at all universities. Their pockets are full of projects, their tongues are full of bold promises, they come up with lotteries and special taxes, unions of states and factories, they offer women, orders and castrati; and although they don’t have even ten gold pieces in their pockets, they whisper to everyone that they know the secret of instilgae aip (preparing gold). At the greedy court they show new tricks, here they mysteriously disguise themselves as Freemasons and Rosicrucians, there they present themselves to every prince as experts in chemical cuisine and the works of Theophrastus. For a voluptuous ruler they are ready to be energetic moneylenders and counterfeiters, pimps and matchmakers with rich connections, for a warlike prince - spies, for a patron of the arts and sciences - philosophers and rhymers. They captivate the superstitious with the drawing up of horoscopes, the gullible with plans, the gamblers with marked cards, the naive with secular elegance, and all this under rustling folds, an impenetrable cover of unusualness and mystery - unsolved and, thanks to this, doubly interesting...” |
| Stefan Zweig. |
XVII-XVIII centuries
Mata Hari. She was the daughter of a Dutch shopkeeper, and started a rumor that she was the daughter of an Indian princess. Shot for espionage.
XIX-XX centuries
- Lola Montes - dancer, lover of Ludwig I of Bavaria
- Tolstoy, Fyodor Ivanovich (American)
External links
- Adventure novel. Dictionary of literary terms.
see also
Notes
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:See what “Adventurism” is in other dictionaries:
adventurism- a, m. aventurisme m. 1906. Ray 1998. Tendency to risky adventures or unseemly acts, adventures. Ush. 1934. Brave and honest, he was not capable of adventurism and showing off. He.. will not risk the lives of scouts without benefit,... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
Behavior or activity of someone, characterized by risky, unprincipled actions for the sake of achieving easy success or gain; adventurous spirit... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ADventURISM, adventurism, many. no, husband (book). Tendency to risky adventures or unseemly acts, to adventures. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
ADventURISM, huh, husband. A penchant for adventure. | adj. adventurous, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Noun, number of synonyms: 1 passion (106) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
Political: activities carried out without taking into account objective conditions, awareness of responsibility for the consequences of political actions. Characteristic of groups losing power and not having the opportunity to come to power democratically. Political... ... Political science. Dictionary.
adventurism- schillerization A special type of shine [English-Russian Gemological Dictionary. Krasnoyarsk, KrasBerry. 2007.] Topics gemology and jewelry production Synonyms schillerization EN aventurism ... Technical Translator's Guide
Adventurism- (French aventure) – 1. in psychopathology, a tendency towards risky, dubious undertakings, adventure, motivated solely or predominantly by the need for sensory variety, vivid impressions, thrills, and... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
Adventurer ( adventurer) - an economic freak, ERP, known for his apocalyptic predictions about the coming world crisis, which will eclipse the Great Depression and end (in a bad scenario) with a third world war.
History of success
At the end of 2005, the rise in prices on the American real estate market stopped, and in 2007 the mortgage crisis was already in full swing. The long-term consequences of this (not particularly noteworthy) event were solved by a simple Siberian boy, Mikhail Muravyov aka Adventurer. He sat down, scratched his butt, took a deep breath, and wrote a plan for the crisis.
Mikhail published his ideas on the Rosbalt forum. A terrible seething of shit began, everyone tried to refute the impostor, but the Adventurer skillfully and with great speed fought off the attacks, giving rise to tons of the most creative creativity. The general level of discussion was quite low, and the opponents, who imagined themselves to be great economists, at best knew how to trade Forex. Therefore, the Adventurer expressed his ideas in simple, understandable language. This is how vysers were born about the village of Gadyukino, about selling a toilet door on a desert island, about Goldman Saxovich and crap and others. Kind people even wrote a script that selected only the Adventurer’s messages from the forum thread.
The Clone Wars and the Death of the Adventure
A year after the Adventurer left, Some people decided that on a forum with a attendance of 40,000 hamsters per day, you can make good money (as Khazin, fiercely hated on the Adventure, does), but the well-known Alex the Knife, with his panicky forecasts, prevents the hamsters from selling gold and mutual funds . Moderator Mike Smith, with the assistance of the admin ConstB, organized a military coup on the Adventure and banned Alexsword for sectarian habits and rudeness. The fight over this matter revealed a deep split in “Adventure” into left and right oppositions. The massive invasion of virtuals and trolls lurking under Alex turned almost all economic sectors into trash. The scope of the drama can be assessed in the “Moderation” section. Some of the old-timers (Tukan, Onegin, moderator Savva and some others) left the forum as a sign of solidarity, but local trolls and alien marginal mastodons with karma −9000 clearly felt at ease (Dokhturov, Demura, Tsilya Solomonovna-Dagestan, Muzophil and other well-known financial and political onoliths, who they really don’t like there). The military sections are holding up for now: the moderators there ban trolls with particular cynicism and do not participate in the Clone Wars. However, the cancer that is killing Adventure can penetrate there at any moment.
Split in the party
At present, it is quite obvious that the once united Adventure, in just two years after the departure of the Adventurer, exactly repeated the path of any party in “this country,” not excluding the Party. The guru and founder of the party, the Adventurer plays the role of the ever-living Emperor (or Lenin: all followers of the kagbe are eternally faithful to his ideals and are waiting for his fourth coming and the BP itself, without stopping the holiwar among themselves. Although, perhaps, if the Adventurer had returned, he would have been immediately banned, since ideologues know better what a guru should think, and not what he actually thinks.
Alexsword, hounded by Mike, Konst and the rest of the public who followed the path of the right deviation, exactly repeated the path of Trotsky: he slammed the door and, after a year of verbiage in LiveJournal, organized his own resource Aftershock.su, where a significant part of the “left bloc” moved after him: the eternal historiographer of the party Onegin, the global moderator Savva, Tukan and others. Later, Onegin got involved in the asshole-polymer theme, was bullied by Alex and company, and voluntarily left the forum.
Features of the resource are: a complete lack of search in the feed (as a result, the feed is overflowing with boys, and all the shit is regularly repeated), zero moderation (there are only two moderators, and within the created thread its author is the king and god), the poisonously malicious style of threads and comments , increased level of FGM. In the following year, the “left opposition” gained a large number of followers and became equal in popularity to Adventure. Within Aftershock there are their own factions, but as long as the resource is held by “Alex’s party”, it is not in danger of splitting.
At the Global Adventure itself, the “right opposition” settled down, but the most odious individuals who persecuted Alex were themselves expelled from the forum long ago. The main sections of the forum are controlled by a fairly moderate public that does not have a clear leader. Therefore, the relationship between “Adventure” and “Aftershock” is quite peaceful, there is migration in both directions, many sheets from Aftershock (even Aleksovskys) freely fast on Adventure. But even this does not help the economic sections of the forum, which have long slipped into dull shit and do not deserve attention.
The military branch and the geopolitical section (and after the coup this is the only thing worth reading on Adventure) is a stronghold of the “military opposition” under the leadership of the current Colonel of the General Staff BlackShark and his junta of active and retired military personnel. Trolls, shkolota and sad shit from the economic sections are mercilessly banned here, the drafts are dismantled and smeared against the wall, so here truly winrar threads in the style of the old Adventure have been preserved and the general level of FGM is much lower.
Representatives of the “Left Deviation”, who refused to leave the party, founded the “anti-Orange” websites “Contra-20” and “Together we will win”, spewing tons of hatred against liberals throughout the Runet. The sites are coordinated with Adventures and have a certain popularity in social circles.
Typical forum member
At some point, the owners of the forum decided to make extra money through advertising by inviting advertisers with the inviting slogan “Your Advertising on the Global Adventure. Business context. Qualified audience. A unique focus." It's hard to tell whether advertisers thought the trick was truly unique or whether the context was businesslike. But marketers assessed the audience, and therefore placed targeted advertising on the site.
Russophobia and jazz
Recently, the moderation of the Global Adventure began to pursue a policy of open Russophobia, which periodically flows into violation of Art. 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with the support of these processes from the site administration.
One gets the impression that the “Global Adventure” website is generally a project of MI6, since there people and individual exalted people, including military personnel, lay out their “innermost” thoughts for NATO analysts.
Selling a resource
At the Global Adventure, information is popping up more and more often that at one time, Mikhail Muravyov’s proposals, prepared for Dmitry Medvedev, still had resonance. Since the main strategic decisions in the country were made by Vladislav Surkov for the President, the paper came to him. But he was interested not in the Adventurer’s proposals as such, but in his information resource. High traffic and categories of users made it possible to create a powerful propaganda resource for the current government. The main Internet control program was announced by the structures of the Presidential Administration during the 2008 crisis.
In March 2013, an epic drama played out at the forum, worthy of the pen of Shakespeare’s second cousin - a certain Navigator decided to bring to reason the sect of disintegrator hamsters that had settled on the “Ukraine and Ukrainian-Russian relations” thread, mostly poor losers from St. Petersburg and Moscow and the surrounding area. Considering that most of them, with grief, barely scrape together enough to pay for monthly housing and communal services, it becomes clear that they are not at all delighted that the Stabilization Fund and excess income from the sale of oil abroad will not be used to increase their personal well-being, but to annex the fallen outskirts to the empire. As a result of a multi-day exhausting competition in the Special Olympics on insanity, the Navigator, who renounced his rights as a moderator in another thread, was banned by the local guard Boyarin. After which, higher-ranking henchmen appeared - Dobryak and Black Shark, blocked the thread and directly threatened any Modera riffraff (Boyarin, Chai Nick) with a non-trivial transfer to the category of “lowered”.
This allows us to conclude that the resource is de facto controlled by a programmer from Tomsk, Valentin (a core fan of the Adventurer, who was given a boring toy), as well as Black Shark (who, unlike other forum rogues, did not have to spend money from his military pension to maintain the resource) . And Alex_B, Boyarin, Murkella, Ratibor, Voyager77, problemsolver, Mimokhozhiy, Bublichek, dmitric62, Manyunya and others are just fleas that have taken up residence in the pants of the main rotator.
Also, as it turned out, according to a survey recently conducted on Aventura, on the site, with the exception of trolls, there were only two forum members left who were not susceptible to FGM and CSV in the terminal stage - Nikolaich and Ahmadinejad, who, by coincidence, did not take part in filling out the questionnaires.
The main trend of the Adventurer in the spring of 2013 is the increasing degradation of the resource as an “Open Research and Discussion Center” - the forum corresponded to this title only during the period of the Adventurer’s presence and until 2011. This was followed by the “news trash” stage - the main forum threads were mainly reposts of articles from news agencies by copy-pastors chasing ratings. Nowadays, the forum is increasingly consumed by disputes, conflicts and just squabbles between characters who have grown tired of everyone for many years, who know each other like crazy - the threads are becoming more and more unreadable, and reading the constant showdowns of local spiders in the bank is becoming uninteresting even for regular visitors (the only exception is the military branches and BPM). Having supplanted Alexvord and Ursus (obvious clinical idiots), the group of local petty Napoleons is actively looking for new enemies - supporters of the Purginyan sect on the Adventure are clearly not up to such a role, so former like-minded people and comrades begin to gnawing at each other with excitement, dividing into new situational allies and groups . Although it is quite possible that such shmuklers and schlemazz who escaped from the madhouse, like Dobryak, mse, Mimohozhego, problemsolvera, Manyuni, Ratibora, Voyagera77, grizzly, AlexaB, Murkella, Rumpelstiltskin, Kievlyanin, AlexandraMoscow, AndreySpb, Bublichek-i, Ple, ElPro, fear, Emperor of the Universe, Old Angel, PH55, Elena (St. Petersburg), Puss in Boots, Slava67, Boyarin, Janus Poluektovich, etc. - who imagine themselves to be great thinkers and strategists, are purely physiologically incapable of any constructive activity and peaceful, conflict-free communication . The problem of falling levels is also recognized at the Adventure itself. They write about it as fortune telling by the flag of the user’s country about the gender of the unborn child, by nickname about the weather for tomorrow and all this to the sound of a shaman’s tambourine, soon it will come to fortune telling on the giblets of a sacrificial sheep in Etchmiadzin and a ritual about the prospects for European integration of Ukraine with Belarus based on the results of the Eurovision Song Contest .
Nevertheless, despite the trends described above, June 2013 became a month of agreement and mutual understanding for the Global Adventure forum. No one was banned and no one was slandered, and the dialogues turned into praises of each other full of politeness. The level of moderation on the GA has reached sky-high heights, and now, even when setting an AU, the moderator is forced to apologize for the inconvenience caused to the forum member: “Gracefully excuse me, sir, but I am forced to shorten the existence of your undoubtedly important comment on our venerable forum, where you are always welcome” - exactly This is what Dobryak and others do now.
But after June came July, and with it came a bill on the liquidation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, after which the distribution of bans began with renewed vigor: local analysts, with bitterness and the use of a banhammer, argue about a wise plan to take away property from academicians and the profound benefits of this for society as a whole and for some comrades personally. Some argue that this is a cunning plan to frame Minister Livanov, while others claim that this is what academicians need.
Hi girshe, ta inshe
“Let’s renounce the old world, shake off its ashes from our feet”? Here the old world means the decrepit Global Adventure. Or maybe the cancerous tumor itself fell off the healthy body of the Global Adventure? One way or another, on the Internet, and on June 17, a serpentarium led by a sweet couple from the rattlesnake Bublichek and the spectacled snake Mimokhozhego, which is shedding its skin and therefore shy of the public, grew up, according to the apt description of the psychopathologist-impostor Janus Poluektovich.
The snake catcher turned out to be a certain Belaichuk Anatoly Anatolyevich, by his main profession a freak, a swindler and a catcher of human souls, by his own admission a lover of corrupt women, who decided to test his technologies of brainwashing on the reptiles that had formed by that time on the Adventure. During the investigation process, who seduced whom and how, we will limit ourselves to bare facts. Among the moderators of the Adventure, Belaichuk initially sown a poisonous seed, from which grew a stinking tree of doubts about the legality of managing the Adventure by the Administrators appointed by Muravyov. Zmeelov clearly explained to a group of moderators that they are the forum. And the readers who create the actual forum content are just rabbits hypnotized by boa constrictors. Belaichuk, with a modest grant, bought the loyalty of these moderators and assured them that the removal of Admins Konstantin and Valentin and the transfer of the forum under his, Belaichuk’s, management, perhaps in the company of selected moderators, would lead to an unprecedented flourishing of the forum under a new stunning name. As a demonstration of his capabilities, Belaychuk financed the Editorial Board to publish two Adventure digests, unworthy of mention due to their complete marginality. The official title of rabbits in the serpentarium is still in development, but the options are like teranals and teranalyds.
The Serpentarium, represented by the Editorial Board, grew by leaps and bounds within the GA itself, but suddenly the history of the USSR repeated itself like a farce. Yezhov-Voyager77 and candidate for Lavrentiy Pavlovich - Ratibor, and Bublichek and Manyunya, famous for their suspicion, missed Trotskyism in the ranks of the Editorial Board. Trotskyism was publicly revealed in the disloyalty of individual members of the Editorial Board during the enchanting ukrosracha. The editorial board was able to fire such moderators as AndreyK, Navygator, Dobryak, the latter being completely kicked out of the forum. The Editorial Board was already celebrating the victory, but when presenting an ultimatum to the Administrators, it suffered a complete fiasco. The miscalculation turned out to be deafening: Konstantin, whom the Editorial Board held for worthlessness, showed resilience, refused to be repressed and wrote “Yuri, you are an asshole” to the presumptuous Yezhov-Voyager77. And he himself purged individual members of the Editorial Board from moderation.
Serpentariy was able to take revenge by portraying himself as victims of administrative arbitrariness. This version was initially a resounding success - few people could resist Mimohozhego’s deceitful but colorfully florid memorandum. So the members of the Editorial Board, who themselves turned out to be Trotskyists, are digging into their serpentarium on the Princes’ Islands. Stupefied rabbits swim towards them. Having chosen the independent “Ukrainian” option of declaring their independence from the Civil War, the terrarium of snakes sincerely does not understand why the metropolis “cut off their gas.” After all, the Civil Aviation Administration is obliged to advertise their resource and not forbid intoxicating comrades with the spirit of independence. Particularly satisfying is the thesis: “We are the same GA, only better,” which finally made this resource a Svidomo anti-adventurous project, just as Ukraine is a Svidomo anti-Russian project. It is impressive that most of the admins and moderators of the serpentarium have Ukrainian roots.
The Administrators and adherents of the traditional Adventure, who did not see the six-month large-scale conspiracy unfolding before their eyes, should be considered complete assholes throughout history. According to indirect signs, the moles in the Editorial Board kept Konstantin in the know, but he was in a daze in front of the cobras and did not dare to raise the question head-on. As a result, the cunning serpentarium gave him cancer. To this day, the true history of the conspiracy has not been conveyed to the public, to the obvious benefit of the Terranals and the Terranals, who are actively conducting open and secret campaigning on the Adventure for relocation to the serpentarium. Myths of Mimokhozhego are still in circulation among the uninitiated. Today, the activity of reptiles in the serpentarium has reached several hundredths of a percent of the Adventure, but a significant part consists of copying from the Adventure and washing the bones of adventurers who did not sell to the teranalys.
Qui prodest or revenge of TerraAnaliti?
The answer to Mimohozhego’s favorite question “Qui prodest?” is emerging more and more clearly. The Adventure, on its last legs, suffered a crushing triple defeat from the emigrants expelled from the Adventure to TerraAnalitica. The first defeat: all the key moderating posts of the Adventure are now occupied by TerraAnalitika moderators. Second defeat: Dobryak and Navigator, who were the key moderators of the Adventure for years, are today in the position of outcasts of the Adventure. The third defeat should be called the Third Great Victory of TerraAnalytics. At one time, it was Bublichek, the leader of the exiles from the Adventure, who organized a benefit performance for the toucan on the Adventure, which curiously coincided in time with the exodus, and immediately after that the toucan was elevated to the Global Moderator of the Adventure with very remarkable results: the Russian Development Problems branch was completely destroyed, Dobryak , who simultaneously with the toucan became another Global Moderator, was deposed and freezing in an unheated bathhouse, on the Ukrainian branch, which served as the reason for the split of the Adventure, the toucan soared as the leader of the most radical faction “Get out of my refrigerator!” The administration of the Adventure stands helplessly and weakly as an outside observer. When Bublichek made her famous bet, http://forum.terraanalytica.ru/topic/141-nepoliticheskie-pari/, she knew for sure. that the toucan will not let her down. It is easy to predict that the day is not far off when Tukan and Belaychuk will formalize behind the bottle the transition of Adventure to TerraAnalitika as one of its branches. Sic transit gloria mundi.
Lord, how boring we live! The spirit of adventurism is disappearing in us! We stopped climbing into the windows of our beloved women...
Irony of Fate or Enjoy Your Bath!
Throwing yourself headlong into an incomprehensible adventure is stupidity of the highest degree. But still such tempting stupidity!
Oleg Roy. Sliding Wanderer
Adventurism as a personality quality is a tendency to unjustifiably risky, dubious, dangerous enterprises, to adventures undertaken with the expectation of random success and motivated solely or predominantly by the need for sensory variety, vivid impressions, thrills, and often also fame and glory.
Adventurism is enterprising recklessness. The pawn crossed the entire field - dodging knights and bishops, making its way between the towers, bypassing the queen. It was difficult, but I got over it. He stands on the last square, wiping sweat from his forehead. To her a voice from heaven: - Congratulations! Now you can finally become a queen! - Don't want. - Your right. You can choose. Do you want to be an officer? - No, I don’t want to. - A horse? - What more! - And who then? - I want a pawn. - But why? - Yes, that’s how... I like it. - But why then did you have to go across the entire field and take risks?! - Well, I decided to see if I could. I could.
Adventurism is eccentric risk-taking. Risk-taking is reasonable, because it is capable, under conditions of uncertainty, of adequately assessing the probable danger and making a choice of rational behavior leading to the achievement of goals and fulfillment of intentions - success. In contrast to risk-taking, adventurism as a personality quality, despite the fact that it is most often presented in a romantic, attractive form, is inherent, as a rule, in psychopathic individuals in whom the passion for “adventures”, “incidents”, “impressions” rages, the search for everything new and new sources of “adrenaline”.
There are so many examples in history when prisoners, infected with adventurism, make a mad escape without any chance of success just days before the end of their sentence. Describing the adventurism of convicts, F.M. Dostoevsky in the story “Notes from the House of the Dead” reports on the risky and doomed to failure escapes of convicts who only dreamed of their “freedom”, whose term of imprisonment was coming to an end and who saw the dangers of escape as unlikely not the main meaning of his monotonous life, both in prison and earlier, outside it.
The famous adventuress Sonya Zolotaya Ruchka planned her first escape from Sakhalin Island together with the prisoner Blokha. Refusing his escape plan, she proposed her own theatrical adventure - to play a hard labor assignment. Dressed in a soldier's dress, she began to escort Flea. The flea was caught first. Sonya, who continued her journey alone, got lost and went to the cordon. For her adventurous secondary escape, she was handed over to the terrible Sakhalin executioner Komlev. Stripped naked, surrounded by hundreds of prisoners, under their encouraging hooting, the executioner inflicted fifteen lashes on her. Sonya the Golden Hand did not utter a sound, crawled to her room and fell onto the bunk. For two years and eight months, Sonya wore hand shackles and was kept in a damp solitary cell with a dim, tiny window covered with fine bars. When the authorities cut her some slack, she decided to escape again. She walked about two miles and, having lost strength, fell. The guards found her. A few days later the Golden Hand died.
Adventurism is incompetent actions carried out without taking into account the specific situation. This is a disregard for risks, realistic assessments and forecasts. This is ignoring the specifics of the real situation and the balance of forces. For example, the adventurism of N.S. Khrushchev, combined with his other qualities of voluntarism and impulsiveness, almost led to World War III in 1962 after he ordered the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis lasted 38 days. The world was on the brink of nuclear war and complete destruction. Within the country, the spike of Khrushchev's adventurism and voluntarism resulted in the dominance of corn, the destruction of personal plots, the mass slaughter of livestock, the plowing of virgin lands and, as the apotheosis of adventurism, the solemn promise given to the Soviet people at the Twentieth Congress of the CPSU to build communism before 1980, leaving America far behind. . All sources of social wealth should, according to the adventurous Khrushchev, flow in full flow and lead to the implementation of the great principle “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” People joked: - Communism. There is a notice on the door of the grocery store: “Today there is no need for bread, butter and meat.” That is, political adventurism corrupts and splits society, plunges it into the abyss of disbelief. People see that an adventurous politician is irresponsible, arrogant and deceitful.
Adventurism easily finds allies in the face of a number of personality traits - selfishness, frivolity, suggestibility, conformity and gullibility. A person with demonstrated adventurism loves variety, change, space, he loves to appear before others in a new capacity. The great Italian adventurer Giovanni Giacomo Casanova appeared before his contemporaries as a writer, translator, chemist, mathematician, historian, financier, lawyer, diplomat, musician, as well as a gambler, lover, duelist, secret agent, and alchemist.
There are many examples of the activities of adventurers in Russian history. Suffice it to recall the adventurous couple of False Dmitry I (Grishka Otrepyev) and Marina Mnishek. This couple is undoubtedly one of the hundred greatest adventurers in world history. Young Otrepiev was a dissolute scoundrel. Throwing off his monastic robe, he fled to Lithuania and declared himself a prince - the son of Ivan the Terrible. The Polish king Sigismund III and the first dignitaries of the state, including Chancellor Lev Sapieha, became interested in the adventure of defrocking. Historian-biographer I.A. Muratov says that a certain slave Petrushka, a Moscow fugitive who ended up in Moscow at the age of one as a prisoner, worked in the service of the chancellor. Secretly indulging in the intrigue, Sapieha announced that his servant, who was now called Yuri Petrovsky, knew Tsarevich Dmitry well from Uglich. When meeting with the impostor, Petrushka, however, could not find what to say. Then Otrepiev, saving the matter, himself “recognized” the former servant and began questioning him with great confidence. Here the slave also recognized the “prince” by his characteristic features: a wart near his nose and unequal length of his arms. Apparently, Otrepiev’s signs were communicated to the slave in advance by those who prepared the staging. Sapieha rendered the impostor an invaluable service. At the same time, Yuri Mnishek began to openly patronize him. One of Mnishek’s slaves also “recognized” Tsarevich Dmitry in Otrepievo.
Taking advantage of the people's dissatisfaction with the reign of Boris Godunov, False Dmitry led a campaign against Moscow. Soon he was already in Moscow. On May 8, 1606, the impostor married Marina Mnishek in Moscow. Tsar Dmitry was popular among Muscovites, but they were irritated by foreigners who arrived in the capital in the Mnishek retinue. The penniless nobles boasted that they had installed “their own king” in Moscow. Taking advantage of the irritation of Muscovites against the Poles, who came to Moscow with Marina and indulged in various outrages, the rebellious boyars led by Vasily Shuisky sounded the alarm on the night of May 16-17, announced to the people who had come running that the Poles were beating the Tsar, and, sending crowds against the Poles , they broke into the Kremlin themselves. False Dmitry, who spent the night in the queen's chambers, rushed to his palace to find out what was happening. Seeing a crowd approaching the Kremlin (of the 100 “Germans” guarding the Tsar, Shuisky prudently sent away 70 people in the evening; the rest were unable to resist and laid down their arms), the Tsar tried to climb down from the window along the scaffolding arranged for illumination. If he had managed to leave the Kremlin, who knows how events would have turned out. But he stumbled, fell and injured his leg. False Dmitry first tried to defend himself, then ran to the archers, but the latter, under the pressure of boyar threats, betrayed him, and he was shot by Valuev. The people were told that the king was an impostor. They burned his body and, loading a cannon with ashes, fired in the direction from which he had come.
Marina was saved literally by a miracle. Running out of the bedroom, she came across the conspirators on the stairs, but, fortunately, was not recognized. The queen rushed to the chambers of her court ladies and, as they said, hid under the skirt of Chamberlain Barbara Casanowska (her distant relative). Soon the conspirators broke into the room. Marina's only defender, her page Matvey Osmolsky, fell under bullets, bleeding. One of the women was mortally wounded. The crowd behaved extremely obscenely and, with abusive words, demanded to know where the king and his “heretic” wife were. The boyars took everything from her: her husband’s gifts, money and jewelry, a rosary and a cross with relics. Marina, however, did not regret what she had lost too much. According to rumors, she said that she would prefer to have the black child returned to her, which was taken from her, rather than all the jewelry and decorations. Marina was blinded by the shine of the crown, and not by the shine of gold. Both then and later she was looking not for wealth or even power as such, but for honor and splendor. Soon the Mnisheks, their relatives and servants (375 people in total) were exiled by Shuisky to Yaroslavl. The death of the first impostor did not discourage his supporters. One of the confidants of the murdered tsar, Mikhail Molchanov, fled from Moscow to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the May days of 1606, telling along the way about the miraculous salvation of the dead man. Many believed (especially since the torn corpse exhibited by the Shuiskys on Red Square in a buffoon mask was unrecognizable). It was beneficial for Mniszech to believe this news. False Dmitry II appeared in Starodub in mid-1607. In May 1608, the impostor's troops, consisting of Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians, defeated Shuisky near Volkhov.
Meanwhile, the tireless Mniszech was bargaining with yet another “son-in-law.” False Dmitry did not spare promises. Mniszek was promised 300 thousand zlotys (but only on condition of the capture of Moscow), and in addition the entire Seversk land and most of Smolensk. On September 14, the agreement was concluded. On September 20, 1608, one of the leaders of the Tushins - the Lithuanian magnate Jan Petr Sapieha - solemnly escorted Marina to the camp of False Dmitry II. Apparently, a few days later, a Catholic priest secretly married Marina to the “king”. Fearing that he would be handed over to the king, at the end of December 1609 the impostor fled from Tushin to Kaluga. Marina was left alone in the camp. On January 5 (15), 1610, she turned to the king with a request for guardianship and help. “If happiness played willfully on anyone,” Marina wrote, “it was me; for it raised me from the nobility to the heights of the Muscovite kingdom, from which it pushed me into a terrible prison, and from there it brought me to an imaginary freedom, from which it plunged me into a freer, but also more dangerous bondage... A perverse fortune deprived me of everything, only the legal the right to the Moscow throne remained with me, sealed by the crowning of the kingdom, confirmed by the recognition of me as an heiress and the double oath of all Moscow state officials.”
Sigismund delayed negotiations with the Tushins in every possible way. Then Marina tried to influence the army. Going around the camp, she managed to raise a significant part of the Don Cossacks and some other detachments. But Ruzhinsky managed to suppress this protest. Fearing punishment and, probably, extradition to the king, Marina fled from Tushino, dressed in men's attire. Why did she risk herself, rushing to her previously hated husband, thrown onto a false throne? She was driven by the same pride. Marina could not, did not want to admit herself defeated. In a message to the army, left in her tent, she wrote: “I am leaving to defend my good name, virtue itself, - for, being the mistress of nations, the queen of Moscow, I cannot return to the class of Polish noblewoman and become a subject again...” The shine of the royal crown was fleeting, like a sunbeam, but there was no going back. Having lost her way, Marina ended up in Dmitrov, occupied by the troops of Jan Peter Sapieha. The Tushino “hetman” advised her to return, and again the answer was: “Should I, the Queen of All Russia, appear to my relatives in such a despicable form? I am ready to share with the king everything that God sends to him.” Going to Kaluga, Marina decided to go to the end. But first Dmitrov was besieged by the troops of Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky. The assault was short-lived (due to lack of supplies), and the besieged did not behave too bravely. They said that Marina herself climbed the wall of the fortress and shamed the soldiers, citing herself as an example: “What are you doing, cowards, I’m a woman, and I’m not confused.”
After a series of military failures, Marina and False Dmitry had to flee to Kaluga. They were accompanied by 500 Cossacks. On December 12, 1610, False Dmitry II was killed. Marina was shocked by the news of her husband's death. She turned out to be almost the only one who mourned him sincerely. Pregnant in her last months, the queen “ran out of the castle, tore out her hair and, not wanting to live without a friend, asked that they kill her too.” They say that she even inflicted wounds on herself (fortunately, not dangerous). Residents of Kaluga initially treated her with sympathy. But the boyars, who wanted to swear allegiance to Prince Vladislav, sent her to prison. At the beginning of January 1611, she gave birth to a son, baptized according to the Orthodox rite and named Ivan in honor of his “grandfather.” During the Troubles, Marina's four-year-old son was publicly hanged outside the Serpukhov Gate. The death of Marina herself, which followed soon, in the same 1614, is mysterious. In Kolomna they showed in the local Kremlin “Marinka’s Tower”, where the former queen allegedly died in custody. But the chronicle sparingly noted that “Marinka died in Moscow.” Perhaps her death was hastened - it is not difficult to kill a person in prison... Pushkin once said that Marina Mnishek “was the strangest of all pretty women, blinded by only one passion - ambition, but to a degree of energy, fury that is difficult to imagine "
Petr Kovalev 2013
If you believe the discoveries of modern genetics, it turns out that great heroes and great villains are almost brothers. They have a lot in common. This is common - the adventurism gene. Let's talk about him.
Our ancestors were homebodies
By analyzing the DNA of the natives of the Hawaiian Islands, geneticists have concluded that the archipelago was colonized by people from Africa (or vice versa) approximately 2,300 years ago, and their journey across the Earth from a historical point of view began not so long ago. “No animal migrates like humans,” says Svante Pääbo, director of the Leipzig Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. – Neanderthals lived before us for hundreds of thousands of years, but they were not travelers. In just 50 thousand years we have populated the entire earth.”
Svante Pääbo claims that the number of people who strive to open new horizons is only increasing, and they already dream of conquering deep space. Among them is Michael Barratt, a diver, pilot, doctor, sailor, one of the 12 people undergoing training for a flight to Mars. Meanwhile, he knows that there is not much chance of returning back. But that doesn't stop him. His thirst for new discoveries overpowers the risk of mortal danger. The question “why?” is answered by the human genome. It turns out that such people have a mutation in the DRD4 gene, which received the code allele 7R.
What do the statistics say?
The 7R allele of the DRD4 gene was discovered in 1999 by a group of geneticists from the University of California at Irvine led by Chuansheng Chen. It was they who discovered why curiosity is stronger than the instinct of self-preservation. It turns out that human brain cells produce a special protein “dopamine receptor D4”, which is related to “pleasure”.
So, the DRD4 gene is responsible for this very protein. Moreover, Californian scientists have found that this gene occurs in various variations, and most often in the form of 4R. Its owners strive for new sensations, but not so much as to take risks.
But in 20% of people, DRD4 has the 7R variation, which has little effect on “pleasure.” It is precisely these “lucky ones” who cannot sit still, since neurochemical balance requires more vivid impressions. And in fact, a statistical analysis of the behavior patterns of such people revealed a general pattern - a tendency towards adventurism. Moreover, over 12 years of research, it turned out that 7R is most often found in people whose ancestors left their historical homeland in search of a better life.
Uncontrollable sex
Englishwoman Jolie K. visited a family psychiatrist for a long time about sexual promiscuity. “I had two or three sexual partners a week, although I didn’t want sex,” says Jolie K. “But when I took drugs that reduce libido, I felt bad.” To the question, why don’t tranquilizers help in these cases? - answered scientists Penke, L. and Miller, G. F. (2007) in the article “Genetic Evolution of Personality.” In their opinion, almost all transsexuals and people prone to sexual promiscuity have the 7R allele.
However, this variation is the result of changes in human society. “As a result of the tightening of the environment, the stability of married couples was disrupted,” reflects Penke, L. “New connections initiated disproportionately more impressions than happens in a stable society. In subsequent generations, the excess of emotions was compensated by the DRD4 mutation, so as not to overreact to novelty. Now, in a stable society, people with 7R are forced to seek additional experiences.”
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
In American pedagogical practice, the theory of “farmers and hunters” dominated for a long time. Simply put, teachers classified quiet children as “farmers,” and active children as “warriors.” It was believed that heredity leaves its mark on the behavior of students.
However, in the late 80s of the last century, the term “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” (ADHD) was unexpectedly introduced. This approach allowed psychiatrists to prescribe sedatives to “daredevils.” And in fact, the children became calmer. But after stopping this “treatment,” their hyperactivity only intensified.
The situation changed quite recently when a direct relationship was established between ADHD and the adventurism gene. There was even an idea to sort schoolchildren into classes depending on the presence of 7R and 4R variations in the child’s DRD4 gene. However, they abandoned this idea, because in adulthood, they will one way or another make contracts with each other.
Einsteins and Frankensteins
Many experts and analysts are confident that a person with the 4R allele is unlikely to be capable of murder. And this could be the basis for an exculpatory alibi. On the contrary, among those who have the “adventurism” gene, there are real monsters. At the same time, scientist Kenneth Kidd, who was on the team that discovered the DRD4 gene, believes that 7R should not be demonized.
In particular, studies have shown that many “adventurers” become excellent scientists who put forward the most incredible hypotheses and then prove them. “This is just a gene variation that arose due to external conditions,” Kenneth Kidd is convinced. – Remember, the gene for digesting lactose. 15,000 years ago, almost no one carried this gene because it did not provide any advantage. But when the first farmers in Europe began herding cows, offering people a completely different way of life, this gene gave humanity access to a reliable source of nutrition: milk. It's the same here. If carriers of the adventurism gene receive advantages in the form of a scientific and entrepreneurial career, then it will intensify.”
And most likely, this is exactly how it will be. Consequently, Einsteins...and Frankensteins will be born more and more often.
