A crater is a cup-shaped hole at the top of a volcano through which lava, ash, steam, volcanic bombs come out to the earth's surface... A vent is a channel through which lava moves A magma chamber is a molten mantle substance that occurs in separate foci at different depths of the upper mantle Lava is magma that has poured onto the surface . Temperature 750 - 1250оС. The speed of the current is 300 - 500 meters per hour.
Volcanoes are active dormant extinct volcanoes that erupt today or in the memory of mankind. There are 800 of them (in Kamchatka). not erupted in the memory of mankind, but sometimes they begin to act. dormant for thousands of years. (Crimea, Transbaikalia).
The Manua Loa volcano is located on the main island of Hawaii. Its characteristic feature is that basaltic melts pour out here relatively calmly, without explosions. The melt is slightly saturated with gases and has a low viscosity, although unusually spectacular lava fountains sometimes appear. As a result of such an eruption, the volcano has very gentle slopes, on which several craters are located. Volcano Kilauea, located in the Hawaiian archipelago, is the most active volcano at present. The volcano rises only 1.2 km above sea level, but its last long eruption began in 1983 and continues to this day. Lava flows go into the ocean for km.
The largest volcanoes of the planet (practical work with a physical and c / c map) Volcano name Continent where it is located Absolute height Active or extinct coordinates Klyuchevskaya Sopka Eurasia 4750 active 68 N 160 E Vesuvius?? active? Etna?? active? Elbrus?? extinct? Krakatau?? active? Fujiyama?? active? Hekla?? active? Catopaxi?? active? Orizaba?? active?
This video lesson is intended for self-study of the topic “Volcanoes. Hot springs, geysers. With it, you can get an idea about volcanoes, their structure, types and methods of formation. The teacher will talk about hot springs and geysers, as well as their features.
Volcanoes are different, many are at the bottom of the oceans; different periods of time are formed. Underwater volcanoes form volcanic islands.
In the upper part of the mantle, its substance melts, and a magma chamber is formed - the "heart" of the volcano. It is this substance that pours out of the volcano. Under pressure through cracks in the earth's crust and softer rocks, magma rushes upward. When magma flows to the surface, it loses some of its substances and cools down a bit, forming lava flows and ash.
Rice. 2. The structure of the volcano ()
Rice. 3. Volcanic eruption ()
The highest volcano in Russia is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, 4750 meters high. The highest volcanoes of the Earth: Ojos del Salado, Kilimanjaro. The height of the Martian volcano Olympus is 26 kilometers! This volcano is the highest mountain in the solar system.
Rice. 4. Klyuchevskaya Sopka ()
Volcanoes are:
1. Extinct (did not erupt in human memory): Elbrus, Kazbek.
2. Asleep (volcanoes that did not erupt and suddenly began to erupt).
3. Active (erupted relatively recently): Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Etna, Lyama, Asama.
In ancient times, people were very afraid of volcanoes and their eruptions. Currently, volcanoes are objects of study, including such a science as volcanology. Most volcanoes are located within the Pacific Ring of Fire.
In places where there are volcanoes, groundwater temperatures are very high. These waters may gradually come to the surface. Such objects of nature are called hot springs.
Sometimes hot springs can gush under pressure, ejecting hot water and steam from the bowels of the Earth, such objects are called geysers. Geysers are used for heating, for generating energy at the Geothermal Power Plant, for treatment.
Homework
Paragraph 19.
1. Tell us about the structure of the volcano.
Bibliography
Main
1. Initial course of geography: Proc. for 6 cells. general education institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukov. - 10th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2010. - 176 p.
2. Geography. Grade 6: atlas. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2011. - 32 p.
3. Geography. Grade 6: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 32 p.
4. Geography. 6 cells: cont. cards. - M.: DIK, Bustard, 2012. - 16 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosmen-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination
1. Geography: an initial course. Tests. Proc. allowance for students 6 cells. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2011. - 144 p.
2. Tests. Geography. Grades 6-10: Teaching aid / A.A. Letyagin. - M .: LLC "Agency" KRPA "Olimp": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
educational institution
secondary school No. 2 in Ashi
Abstract of a geography lesson
in 6th grade
Topic: “Volcanoes. Geysers»
Completed by: Sukhikh N.V.,
geography teacher,
Educational:
Form the concepts of "volcano", "geyser", "crater", "vent", "magma chamber", "cone"
To form an idea of the origin of volcanoes, geysers
Learn the difference between active and extinct volcanoes
Development of the ability to determine the geographical position of the volcano
Teaching students to analyze, draw conclusions, think independently
Continue the formation of cognitive interest in geography with the help of new information computer technologies
To instill in children a sense of mutual assistance, the ability to work in a team, empathize with a friend
Carrying out career guidance work, on the example of the profession of a volcanologist
Methods: reproductive, explanatory and illustrative, partially exploratory
Terms studied: volcano, geyser, crater, vent, magma chamber, cone, active volcano, extinct volcano, dormant volcano
Equipment:
textbook "Initial course of geography", authors: T.P. Gerasimov; N.P. Neklyukova
educational electronic edition: "Initial course of geography" Grade 6, author Petrova N.N.
Library of electronic visual aids in geography grade 6-10,
thematic presentation "Volcanoes",
atlases, physical map of the hemispheres.
Stages of the lesson.
Organizing time
Knowledge update
Learning new material
Consolidation of knowledge
Knowledge check (testing)
Lesson summary
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Teacher activity |
Student activities |
Today we have guests at the lesson, we are glad to see them! We will work as usual. Make sure you have everything you need for the lesson on your desk. Guys, which of you will work well, listen carefully, give full answers for the work in the lesson will receive good grades. The teacher encourages the children to do a good job in the lesson |
Children check the equipment necessary for work in the lesson |
I take a small amount of ammonium dichromate. I set it on fire (observing all safety rules), when the combustion process is underway, it feels like a small volcanic eruption is taking place. And How? Interesting? Scary? So - the topic of our lesson is "Volcanoes" Open notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson "Volcanoes" |
Watching the experience Know the topic of the lesson Write down the topic of the lesson |
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3. Learning new material Today in class we will:
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Familiarize yourself with the objectives of the lesson |
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Let's look at the slides and try to formulate a definition - a volcano is .. (slide show) |
Review the slides and formulate a definition of a volcano |
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But Vasya Yashbulatov knows where the name “volcano” came from and he will tell us now. So, you understand that the volcanoes were named after the god of fire and blacksmithing. |
Listen to the message “Where did the name “volcano” come from?” |
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The volcano has a certain structure. Open p. 49, read point 1, consider fig. 31 |
Read point 1 on page 49, consider the drawing in fig. 31 |
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A crater is a hole, a depression on the top of a volcano, from which magma pours (shows) How many craters are shown in fig. 31? A vent is a channel through which magma rises. It can be vertical or inclined (shows) How many channels in fig. 31? A magma chamber is an accumulation of magma in the earth's crust, near the boundaries of the mantle. Show it. Cone - a volcanic mountain formed by solidified lava (shows) Guys, who can go to the blackboard and tell about the structure of the volcano? |
Answer questions 1 vertical and 3 inclined 1 person at the blackboard talks about the structure of the volcano |
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We know that magma is pouring out of a volcano, but is it more correct to call it? Lava is a product of a volcanic eruption. In addition to it, there are other products that we will now consider. Products of a volcanic eruption: I will tell, and you must fill out the scheme Lava- has a temperature of 1000 degrees, can move at a speed of 50 km / h (like an electric train). Lava is liquid, viscous, very viscous. The appearance of the cone of the volcano depends on what kind of lava. If the lava is liquid, then the slopes of the volcano will be gentle, such a volcano is called a shield volcano. If the lava is viscous, or very viscous, then the slopes will be steep, this type of volcano is called central. |
– lava Fill out the scheme Review slides
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Volcanic bombs- pieces of lava ranging in size from 5 cm to several meters. They acquire their form in flight. They are formed from viscous lava |
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volcanic ash– small particles of lava fragments up to 2 mm in size. It has nothing to do with the ash that comes from burning paper or wood. YOU KNOW THE FOUNTAIN. |
 Geyser |
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What is a geyser? If you are at a loss, then page 52, find the definition What does the word "geyser" mean in Icelandic? Most often, the work of a geyser begins with a small splash of water, then steam begins to stand out and, finally, with a loud hiss, whistle, roar, a column of hot water rises from the ground | |
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Guys, I suggest you watch the animation and answer the questions: What conditions are necessary for a geyser to form? |
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Only if all 3 conditions are realized, then the geyser will work. There are very few places like this on Earth.
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6. Summary of the lesson |
It should be noted that the main attractions of Iceland are natural, created by God himself. The most famous of them, of course, are geysers. Even the word "geyser" itself came from Iceland - this is how one of the geothermal springs northeast of Reykjavik was named at one time.
Now the Valley of Geysers is the most popular place for pilgrimage for tourists. Scattered throughout the valley are many peculiar wells, in which blue water gurgles. The gurgling is caused by boiling as the water temperature reaches 100 degrees! The air smells slightly of hydrogen sulfide. "Wells" are protected from the curious - if you fall into it, you can get a specific soup.
In recent years, the original Geyser has lost its former strength and rarely breaks out to the surface. It was replaced by the Strokkur geyser. Watching him is fascinating. The geyser seems to breathe and in a huge natural "tub" the water rises and falls slightly. It seems that he is gathering his strength, and suddenly makes the strongest "spit" into the sky, rising to a height of 20-30 meters. It always happens unexpectedly, causing wild delight among the audience. The geyser even has benches to make it more convenient to watch this natural show. "Spits" Strokkur, on average, once every ten minutes.
Spectators are patiently waiting for the next "spitting" of the geyser
But one should not think that geysers are only for entertainment. Geysers are the backbone of Iceland's wealth. In the bathrooms of hotels, you can see a remarkable sign, which indicates that cold water comes from a well, is environmentally friendly and suitable for drinking. With regard to the use of hot water, a warning should be cautious, since its temperature reaches 80 degrees. Hot water comes from thermal springs. This, by the way, is evidenced by a slight smell of hydrogen sulfide.
Geysers supply the population of Iceland with hot water, heat apartments and allow electricity to be generated at thermal power plants. It is for this reason that electricity, heating and hot water supply costs literally a penny. In other countries, where a lot of fuel is spent for this, this part of the utilities accounts for the lion's share of the costs. In Iceland, everything is turned upside down - Icelanders have to cool water instead of heating it in order to use it. Reykjavik is supplied with heat by the thermal springs of the Nesjavetpir valley.
Garden "Eden" in the village of Hveragerdi
Swimming lovers are especially lucky, because Reykjavik has several open-air thermal pools, where the water temperature reaches 42 degrees and you can swim all year round. And in the vicinity of the capital, there is the village of Hveragerdi, where there are many greenhouses heated with thermal heat. It is also known for the Garden of Eden, under the glass roof of which tropical plants grow, bananas hang from palm trees, and orange tangerines hang on branches. All this is possible thanks to geysers.
Only one thing is alarming - if underground water comes to a boil, what processes are taking place there and will they not cause a catastrophe on a countrywide scale in the future?
The next attraction of Iceland is volcanoes. There are not many countries in the world that have their own active volcanoes. Iceland has them. In 1973, on the island of Heimei, part of the Westman Archipelago, there was a volcanic eruption of such force that all 5,000 inhabitants had to be evacuated. The city on the island suffered the fate of Pompeii - it was buried under a layer of ash. Later, the city was rebuilt, but there are still many traces of a natural disaster. By the way, the archipelago includes 15 islands, and all of them were formed as a result of volcanic activity over the past 10 thousand years.
Hekla volcano is located in the Tjorsardalur valley. During the development of the island, it erupted 20 times. The eruptions lasted for several months, destroying all life around. In total, there are about 200 volcanoes in Iceland, of which Hekla, Laki and Askja are active. The highest point of the island is the volcano Hvannadalshnukur with a height of 2.119 meters.
The volcanic history of Iceland is visible to the naked eye - almost all of its territory is a volcanic plateau with lava flows. Mosses and lichens give the illusion of green landscapes, but dead rock is hidden under a thin layer of greenery. Roads are built from black basalts and tuffs, paths are sprinkled with slag-like crumbs. There is practically no soil in the country.
Of course, Icelandic volcanoes are dormant most of the time. Therefore, especially curious people go to see the crater of the Kerid volcano near Reykjavik. About 3,000 years ago it was the crater of an active volcano. Now at the bottom of a giant brown funnel is a lake with blue water. Scuba divers venture into its depths.
To be continued…
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Slides captions:
Volcanoes. Hot springs The purpose of the lesson: to form an idea of the origin of volcanoes, geysers.
Volcanoes of the world A volcano is a geological formation that has arisen above a crack in the earth's crust, through which lava erupts onto the earth's surface. Lava is (from lat. Collapse, fall) - magma that has poured out onto the surface. Lava has a temperature of 1000 C and flows down the slopes at a speed of 50 km/h
The structure of the volcano Crater is a depression located at the top. it is the molten mass of the deep zones of the Earth. it is a vertical or inclined channel through which lava flows. it is a volcanic mountain formed by solidified lava
Scheme of the formation of volcanoes On land Lava burns through the earth's crust Thin oceanic crust At the bottom of the oceans In the fault zone Continental Earth's crust Volcanoes
The geographical position of the world's volcanoes
Volcanoes Active Extinct Dormant
Active volcanoes of the Earth Volcano Kilauza. Hawaiian Islands
Volcano Kilausa. lava eruption
Island New Zealand
Volcano Galemaumau
Volcano Osorno in Chile
Volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka
Mount Fuji in Japan
Extinct volcanoes Volcano in the Andes
Mount Kilimanjaro
Geysers of the Earth A geyser is a source that periodically ejects fountains of hot water and steam. Magma comes close to the surface, heats the groundwater, which begins to gush.
Geysers of the world
Yellowstone National Park Old Faithful Geyser
Valley of Geysers. Kamchatka. It holds the record for the number of large and small geysers. There are over a hundred of them! The water temperature in the geysers is from +94 to 99 C, the duration of the water eruption is from 1 to 20 minutes.
The largest geyser is the Giant, the height of its fountain reaches 50 m, the column of steam above it rises above 400 m. From endless eruptions, the entire valley is in puffs of steam. This unique valley was discovered in 1941 by geologist T.I. Ustinova.
The heat of the Earth is widely and widely used in Iceland. There are more than 200 sources of hot water with a temperature of + 100 C. On the island, the energy of hot springs sets in motion the turbines of power plants, heats houses in cities and towns. The capital of Iceland - Reykjavik - is heated only by natural hot water. This is one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
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