The backbone of any country's defense is its people. The course and outcome of most wars and armed conflicts depended on their patriotism, dedication and dedication.
Of course, in terms of preventing aggression, Russia will give preference to political, diplomatic, economic and other non-military means. However, the national interests of Russia require the presence of sufficient military power for its defense. We are constantly reminded of this by the history of Russia - the history of its wars and armed conflicts. At all times, Russia has fought for its independence, defended its national interests with arms in hand, and defended the peoples of other countries.
And today Russia cannot do without the Armed Forces. They are needed to defend national interests in the international arena, to contain and neutralize military threats and dangers, which, based on the trend in the development of the current military-political situation, are more than real.
Composition and organizational structure of the Russian armed forces
Armed Forces of the Russian Federation formed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 1992. They are a state military organization that constitutes the defense of the country.
According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Defense", the Armed Forces are designed to repel aggression and defeat the aggressor, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation.
Russian Armed Forces consist of central bodies of military administration, associations, formations, units, subunits and organizations that are included in the branches and arms of the Armed Forces, in the rear of the Armed Forces and in troops that are not included in the branches and arms of the Armed Forces.
To the central authorities include the Ministry of Defense, the General Staff, as well as a number of departments that are in charge of certain functions and are subordinate to certain deputy defense ministers or directly to the minister of defense. In addition, the High Commands of the branches of the Armed Forces are part of the central control bodies.
Type of Armed Forces- this is their component, distinguished by special weapons and designed to perform the assigned tasks, as a rule, in any environment (on land, in water, in the air). This is the Ground Forces. Air Force, Navy.
Each branch of the Armed Forces consists of branches of service (forces), special troops and rear services.
Under the line of troops is understood as a part of the service of the Armed Forces, which is distinguished by the main armament, technical equipment, organizational structure, the nature of training and the ability to perform specific combat missions. In addition, there are independent types of troops. In the Armed Forces of Russia, these are the Strategic Missile Forces, the Space Forces and the Airborne Forces.
Military art in Russia, as well as throughout the world, is divided into three levels:
- Tactics (the art of combat). Squad, platoon, company, battalion, regiment solve tactical tasks, that is, they are fighting.
- Operational art (the art of conducting battles, battles). A division, a corps, an army solve operational tasks, that is, they conduct a battle.
- Strategy (the art of commanding war in general). The front solves both operational and strategic tasks, i.e., it wages major battles, as a result of which the strategic situation changes and the outcome of the war can be decided.
branch- the smallest military formation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - branch. The squad is commanded by a junior sergeant or sergeant. Usually in a motorized rifle department there are 9-13 people. In the departments of other branches of the armed forces, the number of personnel of the department is from 3 to 15 people. Typically, a squad is part of a platoon, but may also exist outside of a platoon.
Platoon- Several squads make up a platoon. Usually there are 2 to 4 squads in a platoon, but more are possible. A platoon is led by a commander with an officer's rank - junior lieutenant, lieutenant or senior lieutenant. On average, the number of personnel in a platoon ranges from 9 to 45 people. Usually in all branches of the military the name is the same - a platoon. Usually a platoon is part of a company, but it can also exist independently.
Company- several platoons make up a company. In addition, a company may include several independent squads that are not included in any of the platoons. For example, in a motorized rifle company there are three motorized rifle platoons, a machine-gun squad, and an anti-tank squad. Usually a company consists of 2-4 platoons, sometimes even more platoons. A company is the smallest formation of tactical importance, i.e. a formation capable of independently performing small tactical tasks on the battlefield. Company commander Capt. On average, the size of a company can be from 18 to 200 people. Motorized rifle companies are usually about 130-150 people, tank companies 30-35 people. Usually the company is part of the battalion, but often the existence of companies as independent formations. In artillery, this type of formation is called a battery; in cavalry, a squadron.
Battalion consists of several companies (usually 2-4) and several platoons that are not included in any of the companies. The battalion is one of the main tactical formations. A battalion, like a company, platoon, squad, is named according to its type of troops (tank, motorized rifle, engineer-sapper, communications). But the battalion already includes formations of other types of weapons. For example, in a motorized rifle battalion, in addition to motorized rifle companies, there is a mortar battery, a material support platoon, and a communications platoon. Battalion Commander Lieutenant Colonel. The battalion already has its headquarters. Usually, on average, a battalion, depending on the type of troops, can number from 250 to 950 people. However, there are battalions of about 100 people. In artillery, this type of formation is called a division.
Regiment- this is the main tactical formation and a completely autonomous formation in the economic sense. The regiment is commanded by a colonel. Although the regiments are named according to the branches of the military (tank, motorized rifle, communications, pontoon-bridge, etc.), but in fact this is a formation consisting of units of many branches of the military, and the name is given according to the predominant branch of the military. For example, in a motorized rifle regiment there are two or three motorized rifle battalions, one tank battalion, one artillery battalion (read battalion), one anti-aircraft missile battalion, a reconnaissance company, an engineer company, a communications company, an anti-tank battery, a chemical defense platoon , repair company, material support company, orchestra, medical center. The number of personnel of the regiment is from 900 to 2000 people.
brigade- as well as the regiment, the brigade is the main tactical formation. Actually, the brigade occupies an intermediate position between the regiment and the division. The structure of the brigade is most often the same as that of the regiment, but there are much more battalions and other units in the brigade. So in a motorized rifle brigade there are one and a half to two times more motorized rifle and tank battalions than in a regiment. A brigade may also consist of two regiments, plus auxiliary battalions and companies. On average, there are from 2,000 to 8,000 people in a brigade. The brigade commander, as well as in the regiment, is a colonel.
Division- the main operational-tactical formation. As well as the regiment is named after the type of troops prevailing in it. However, the predominance of one or another type of troops is much less than in the regiment. A motorized rifle division and a tank division are identical in structure, with the only difference being that in a motorized rifle division there are two or three motorized rifle regiments and one tank regiment, while in a tank division, on the contrary, there are two or three tank regiments, and one motorized rifle regiment. In addition to these main regiments, the division has one or two artillery regiments, one anti-aircraft missile regiment, a rocket battalion, a missile battalion, a helicopter squadron, an engineer battalion, a communications battalion, an automobile battalion, a reconnaissance battalion, an electronic warfare battalion, a material support battalion, a repair - a recovery battalion, a medical battalion, a chemical protection company and several different support companies and platoons. Divisions can be tank, motorized rifle, artillery, airborne, missile and aviation. In other military branches, as a rule, the highest formation is a regiment or brigade. On average, there are 12-24 thousand people in a division. Division Commander Major General.
Frame- just as a brigade is an intermediate formation between a regiment and a division, so a corps is an intermediate formation between a division and an army. The corps is a combined-arms formation, that is, it usually lacks the sign of one type of troops, although there may also be tank or artillery corps, that is, corps with a complete predominance of tank or artillery divisions in them. The combined arms corps is usually referred to as the "army corps". There is no single corps structure. Each time the corps is formed on the basis of a specific military or military-political situation, and may consist of two or three divisions and a different number of formations of other military branches. Usually a corps is created where it is impractical to create an army. It is impossible to talk about the structure and size of the corps, because how many corps exist or existed, so many of their structures existed. Corps Commander Lieutenant General.
Army- This is a large military formation of operational purpose. The army includes divisions, regiments, battalions of all types of troops. Usually, armies are no longer subdivided according to the types of troops, although there may be tank armies, where tank divisions predominate. An army may also include one or more corps. It is impossible to talk about the structure and size of the army, because how many armies exist or have existed, so many structures existed. The soldier at the head of the army is no longer called "commander", but "commander of the army." Usually the staff rank of the army commander is Colonel General. In peacetime, armies are rarely organized as military formations. Usually divisions, regiments, battalions are directly part of the district.
Front (district)- This is the highest military formation of a strategic type. Larger formations do not exist. The name "front" is used only in wartime for a formation conducting combat operations. For such formations in peacetime, or those located in the rear, the name "district" (military district) is used. The front includes several armies, corps, divisions, regiments, battalions of all types of troops. The composition and strength of the front may be different. Fronts are never subdivided according to the types of troops (i.e., there cannot be a tank front, an artillery front, etc.). At the head of the front (district) is the commander of the front (district) with the rank of army general.
Associations- these are military formations, including several smaller formations or associations, as well as units and institutions. The formations include the army, flotilla, as well as the military district - a territorial combined arms association and the fleet - a naval association.
Military district is a territorial combined-arms association of military units, formations, educational institutions, military institutions of various types and branches of the Armed Forces. The military district covers the territory of several subjects of the Russian Federation.
Fleet is the highest operational formation of the Navy. Commanders of districts and fleets direct their troops (forces) through headquarters subordinate to them.
connections are military formations consisting of several units or formations of a smaller composition, usually various types of troops (forces), special troops (services), as well as units (subdivisions) of support and maintenance. Formations include corps, divisions, brigades and other equivalent military formations. The word "connection" means - to connect the parts. The division headquarters has the status of a unit. Other units (regiments) are subordinate to this unit (headquarters). Together, this is the division. However, in some cases, the brigade can also have the status of a connection. This happens if the brigade includes separate battalions and companies, each of which in itself has the status of a unit. The brigade headquarters in this case, like the division headquarters, has the status of a unit, and battalions and companies, as independent units, are subordinate to the brigade headquarters.
Part- is an organizationally independent combat and administrative-economic unit in all types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The concept of "part" most often means a regiment and a brigade. In addition to the regiment and brigade, division headquarters, corps headquarters, army headquarters, district headquarters, as well as other military organizations (military department, army hospital, garrison clinic, district food depot, district song and dance ensemble, garrison house of officers, garrison household complex service, central school of junior specialists, military institute, military school, etc.). Parts can be ships of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, separate battalions (divisions, squadrons), as well as separate companies that are not part of battalions and regiments. Regiments, separate battalions, divisions and squadrons are awarded the Battle Banner, and the ships of the Navy - the Naval Flag.
Subdivision- all military formations that are part of the unit. Squad, platoon, company, battalion - they are all combined in one word "unit". The word comes from the concept of "division", "divide" - the part is divided into divisions.
To organizations include such structures for ensuring the vital activity of the Armed Forces, such as military medical institutions, officers' houses, military museums, editorial offices of military publications, sanatoriums, rest houses, camp sites, etc.
Rear of the Armed Forces is designed to provide the Armed Forces with all types of materiel and maintenance of their stocks, prepare and operate communications, ensure military transportation, repair weapons and military equipment, provide medical care to the wounded and sick, carry out sanitary and hygienic and veterinary measures and perform a number of other logistics tasks security. The rear of the Armed Forces includes arsenals, bases, warehouses with stocks of materiel. It has special troops (automobile, railway, road, pipeline, engineering and airfield and others), as well as repair, medical, rear guards and other units and subunits.
Quartering and arrangement of troops- the activities of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in the creation and engineering support of military infrastructure facilities, quartering troops, creating conditions for the strategic deployment of the Armed Forces and the conduct of hostilities.
To troops not included in the types and types of troops of the Armed Forces, include the Border Troops, the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Civil Defense Troops.
Border troops designed to protect the state border, the territorial sea, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as to solve the problems of protecting the biological resources of the territorial sea, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation and exercising state control in this area. Organizationally, the Border Troops are part of the FSB of Russia.
Their tasks follow from the purpose of the Border Troops. This is the protection of the state border, the territorial sea, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation; protection of marine biological resources; protection of the state borders of the states - members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on the basis of bilateral treaties (agreements); organizing the passage of persons, vehicles, cargo, goods and animals across the state border of the Russian Federation; intelligence, counterintelligence and operational-search activities in the interests of protecting the state border, territorial sea, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation and protecting marine biological resources, as well as the state borders of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia designed to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state, to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens from criminal and other unlawful encroachments.
The main tasks of the Internal Troops are: prevention and suppression of armed conflicts, actions directed against the integrity of the state; disarmament of illegal formations; compliance with the state of emergency; strengthening the protection of public order, where necessary; ensuring the normal functioning of all state structures, legally elected authorities; protection of important government facilities, special cargo, etc.
One of the most important tasks of the Internal Troops is to participate, together with the Armed Forces, in accordance with a single concept and plan, in the country's territorial defense system.
Civil Defense Troops- these are military formations that own special equipment, weapons and property, designed to protect the population, material and cultural values on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions. Organizationally, the Civil Defense Troops are part of the Russian Emergencies Ministry.
In peacetime, the main tasks of the Civil Defense Troops are: participation in activities aimed at preventing emergency situations (ES); training the population in ways to protect themselves from the dangers arising from emergencies and as a result of military operations; carrying out work to localize and eliminate the threats of emergencies that have already arisen; evacuation of the population, material and cultural values from dangerous zones to safe areas; delivery and ensuring the safety of goods transported to the emergency zone as humanitarian aid, including to foreign countries; providing medical assistance to the affected population, providing it with food, water and basic necessities; fighting fires resulting from emergencies.
In wartime, the Civil Defense troops solve tasks related to the implementation of measures for the protection and survival of the civilian population: the construction of shelters; carrying out activities for light and other types of camouflage; ensuring the entry of civil defense forces into the centers of destruction, zones of infection and pollution, catastrophic flooding; fighting fires arising during the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions; detection and designation of areas subjected to radiation, chemical, biological and other contamination; maintenance of order in areas affected by the conduct of military operations or as a result of these operations; participation in the urgent restoration of the functioning of the necessary communal facilities and other elements of the system for providing the population, rear infrastructure - airfields, roads, crossings, etc.
http://www.grandars.ru/shkola/bezopasnost-zhiznedeyatelnosti/vooruzhennye-sily.html
Military-administrative division of the Russian Federation
The main military administrative unit of the Russian Federation is the military district of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Since December 1, 2010 in Russia in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 21, 2010 "On the military-administrative division of the Russian Federation"
Four military districts were formed:
Central Military District;
Southern Military District;
Western military district;
Eastern military district.
Western military district
Western Military District (ZVO) It was formed in September 2010 in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 20, 2010 on the basis of two military districts - Moscow and Leningrad. The ZVO also included the Northern and Baltic Fleets and the 1st Air Force and Air Defense Command.
The history of the Leningrad Military District (LenVO) began on March 20, 1918, when the Petrograd Military District was formed. In 1924, it was renamed into Leningradsky. In 1922, the troops of the district took part in the defeat of the White Finnish detachments that invaded Karelia, and in 1939-1940. - in the Soviet-Finnish war. Moreover, at the first stage (before the creation of the North-Western Front), the leadership of military operations in the war was carried out by the headquarters of the LenVO.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the administration of the LenVO was transformed into the field administration of the Northern Front, which on August 23, 1941 was divided into the Karelian and Leningrad fronts. The field administrations of the Northern and then the Leningrad fronts simultaneously continued to perform the functions of a military district administration. The troops of the fronts fought bloody battles with the German troops, defended Leningrad and participated in lifting its blockade.
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the LenVO was re-formed. The field administration of the Leningrad Front participated in the formation of its administration. The troops were quickly transferred to peacetime states, after which they began systematic combat training. In 1968, for his great contribution to strengthening the power of the state and its armed defense, for success in combat training and in connection with the 50th anniversary of the Armed Forces of the USSR, the LenVO was awarded the Order of Lenin. Since May 1992, the troops of the LenVO became part of the established Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces).
The Moscow Military District (MVO) was formed on May 4, 1918. During the Civil War and military intervention in Russia (1917–1922), he trained personnel for all fronts, supplied the Red Army with various types of weapons and materiel. A large number of military academies, colleges, courses and schools operated on the territory of the Moscow Military District, which only in 1918-1919. trained and sent to the fronts about 11 thousand commanders.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, on the basis of the Moscow Military District, the field administration of the Southern Front was formed, which was headed by the commander of the district troops, General of the Army I.V. Tyulenev. By order of the Headquarters of the Supreme Command of July 18, 1941, the headquarters of the Moscow Military District simultaneously became the headquarters of the front of the Mozhaisk defense line being created. Along with this, a lot of work was carried out in the Moscow Military District to form and prepare reserve formations and units for active fronts. Also in Moscow, 16 divisions of the people's militia were formed, which included 160 thousand volunteers. After the defeat of the German troops near Moscow, the Moscow Military District continued the formation and resupplying of formations and military units of all branches of the armed forces, supplying the army with weapons, military equipment and other materiel.
In total, during the years of the Great Patriotic War, 3 front-line, 23 army and 11 corps directorates, 128 divisions, 197 brigades were formed in the Moscow Military District and 4190 marching units with a total number of about 4.5 million people were sent to the active troops.
In the post-war years, elite military formations were deployed on the territory of the Moscow Military District, most of which bore the honorary titles of guards. The district retained its importance as the most important source of mobilization resources and was a major training base for military command personnel. In 1968, the district was awarded the Order of Lenin for its great contribution to strengthening the defense power of the state and success in combat training. After the collapse of the USSR, the Moscow Military District became part of the formed RF Armed Forces. At present, the troops and forces of the Western Military District are deployed within the administrative boundaries of three federal districts (North-Western, Central and part of the Volga) on the territory of 29 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The headquarters of the district is located in St. Petersburg, in the historical complex of the General Staff on Palace Square. The Western Military District is the very first district formed in the new system of military-administrative division of the Russian Federation.
The ZVO troops include more than 2.5 thousand formations and military units with a total number of more than 400 thousand military personnel, which is about 40% of the total number of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The Commander of the Western Military District subordinates all military formations of the types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation deployed on the territory of the district, with the exception of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces. In addition, military formations of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Border Troops of the FSB, as well as units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation performing tasks on the territory of the district are under its operational subordination.
Southern Military District
Southern Military District (SMD) It was formed on October 4, 2010 in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation (RF) of September 20, 2010 "On the military-administrative division of the Russian Federation" on the basis of the North Caucasus Military District (SKVO). It also included the Black Sea Fleet, the Caspian Flotilla and the 4th Air Force and Air Defense Command.
The North Caucasus Military District was established by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars dated May 4, 1918 in the territories of the Stavropol, Black Sea, Dagestan provinces, the regions of the Don, Kuban and Terek troops. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council (RVS) of the Southern Front dated October 3, 1918, the Red Army of the North Caucasus was renamed the 11th Army. In November 1919, on the basis of the cavalry corps, the 1st Cavalry Army was created under the command of S.M. Budyonny.
After the Civil War, in accordance with the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic of May 4, 1921, the Caucasian Front was disbanded and the administration of the North Caucasian Military District was recreated with headquarters in Rostov-on-Don. During the years of the military reform (1924–1928), a network of military educational institutions was created in the district to train military personnel. The troops received new models of weapons and equipment, on the development of which the personnel worked. In the prewar years, the North Caucasus Military District was one of the most advanced military districts.
From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, the soldiers of the 19th Army, formed in May-June 1941 from the military personnel of the North Caucasus Military District, fought courageously and staunchly against the Nazis. In late June - early July, the 50th Kuban and 53rd Stavropol cavalry divisions were formed in a matter of days. In the second half of July, these formations became part of the Western Front. The North Caucasus Military District became a forge of military personnel.
From October 1941, the North Caucasian Military District was stationed in Armavir, and from July 1942 - in Ordzhonikidze (now Vladikavkaz) and prepared marching reinforcements for the active fronts. In early August of the same year, the management of the North Caucasus Military District, together with the newly formed formations and units, was redeployed to the territory of Georgia in Dusheti and subordinated to the commander of the Transcaucasian Front. On August 20, 1942, the North Caucasus Military District was abolished, and its administration was transformed into the administration for the formation and staffing of the Transcaucasian Front.
The main events of the second half of 1942 and the first half of 1943 on the Soviet-German front unfolded within the territory of the North Caucasian Military District. Two great battles took place here: Stalingrad (July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943) and for the Caucasus (July 25, 1942 - October 9, 1943).
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, when the army was transferred to a peaceful position, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense of July 9, 1945, 3 military districts were created on the territory of the North Caucasus: Don, Stavropol and Kuban. In Rostov-on-Don, the headquarters of the Don Military District was located, which in 1946 received its former name - the North Caucasus. Work has begun on the reorganization, arrangement of formations and military units and the restoration of the destroyed infrastructure of the district. In 1968, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his great contribution to strengthening the defense power of the state and success in combat training.
The troops of the North Caucasus Military District played a decisive role in the defeat of illegal armed formations during the counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus. For the courage and heroism shown at the same time, 43 servicemen of the North Caucasus Military District became Heroes of the Russian Federation. In recognition of the merits of the military personnel of the district, by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated August 17, 2001 No. 367, heraldic signs were established for the North Caucasus Military District: the standard of the commander of the North Caucasus Military District, the emblem of the North Caucasus Military District and the insignia of the military personnel "For Service in the Caucasus".
In August 2008, the troops of the North Caucasian Military District took a direct part in the 5-day operation to force Georgia to peace, defeated the aggressor in a short time and saved the people of South Ossetia from genocide. For the courage and heroism shown during this operation, the title of Hero of the Russian Federation was awarded to: Major Vetchinov Denis Vasilievich (posthumously), Lieutenant Colonel Timerman Konstantin Anatolyevich, Captain Yakovlev Yury Pavlovich, Sergeant Mylnikov Sergey Andreevich. The commander of the North Caucasian Military District, Colonel-General Sergei Makarov, was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree, and many of his subordinates for courage, courage and dedication shown in the performance of military duty were awarded the Order of Courage, insignia - St. George's Crosses of the 4th degree and medals "For courage."
On February 1, 2009, Russian military bases were formed in the territories of the Republic of South Ossetia and the Republic of Abkhazia, which became part of the district.
Currently, the troops and forces of the Southern Military District are deployed within the administrative boundaries of two federal districts (Southern and North Caucasian) on the territory of 12 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In addition, in accordance with international treaties, 4 military bases of the district are located outside the Russian Federation: in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Armenia and Ukraine (Sevastopol). The district headquarters is located in Rostov-on-Don.
The commander of the Southern Military District subordinates all military formations of the types and branches of the RF Armed Forces stationed in the district, with the exception of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces. Under its operational subordination are also military formations of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Border Troops of the FSB, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, performing tasks on the territory of the district. The main task of the troops and forces of the Southern Military District is to ensure the military security of the southern borders of Russia.
Central Military District
Central Military District (TsVO) It was formed on December 1, 2010 in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 20, 2010 "On the military-administrative division of the Russian Federation" on the basis of the Volga-Ural and part of the troops of the Siberian Military District. It also included the 2nd Air Force and Air Defense Command.
The history of the Russian army in the Volga region and the Urals goes back to the mists of time, to the time of the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia in 1552. In the 18th century, the first regiments and battalions of the regular Russian army appeared in the border fortresses of the Orenburg region and large cities of the Volga region, the Urals and Western Siberia.
However, the creation in Russia of the military district system as an integral part of the military administration dates back to a later time - to the second half of the 19th century. During the military reform of 1855-1881. The territory of Russia was divided into 15 military districts, in which artillery, engineering, quartermaster and military medical departments were created.
During the Civil War and military intervention (1918–1922), on March 31, 1918, the Supreme Military Council of the Russian Republic decided to change the military-administrative division of the country. In May 1918, 6 military districts were created, including the Volga and Ural military districts (PriVO, UrVO). The Siberian Military District (SibVO) was formed on December 3, 1919 (in accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of November 26, 1993, the historical date of its formation was restored - August 6, 1865).
After the end of the Civil War, the troops of the PriVO took part in the elimination of banditry in the Astrakhan, Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn provinces and in other regions of the country, and also fought against the Basmachi formations in Central Asia.
The formation of the PriVO, Ural Military District and Siberian Military District in the prewar years took place in the conditions of technical re-equipment and organizational restructuring of the Red Army. The main efforts were concentrated on organizing the development of new weapons and equipment, training specialists, and improving the efficiency and quality of combat training. At the same time, the experience of hostilities near the lake was taken into account. Hassan, on the river. Khalkhin Gol and the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939–1940 A little later - in 1940-1941. a lot of work was done to deploy, prepare and send military formations to the border military districts.
The Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) occupies a special place in the history of the Volga, Ural and Siberian military districts. In those years, more than 200 military educational institutions were stationed in the territories of the districts, which trained more than 30% of the total number of command personnel of the army in the field. More than 3 thousand formations, formations and military units were formed, trained and sent to the front here, which took part in hostilities on almost all fronts and in all battles of the Great Patriotic and World War II: in the defense of Moscow, Leningrad, Stalingrad, in battles near Kursk, in the liberation of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states, getting rid of fascism of the peoples of Eastern Europe, the capture of Berlin, as well as in the defeat of the Kwantung Army of militaristic Japan.
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the military districts carried out a large amount of measures to receive troops returning from the front, carry out demobilization and transfer formations, units and institutions to peacetime states. Planned combat training was carried out in the troops, and the training and material base was improved. Much attention was paid to the study and generalization of the experience of the war, its introduction into the practice of combat training. In 1974, for their great contribution to strengthening the defense power of the state, the PriVO, Ural Military District and Siberian Military District were awarded the Orders of the Red Banner.
On September 1, 1989, the PriVO and UrVO were merged into the Volga-Ural Military District (PURVO) with headquarters in Samara. In Yekaterinburg, on the basis of the former headquarters of the Ural Military District, the headquarters of the combined arms army was created. In December 1992, the PUrVO was again divided into PriVO and UrVO, but in 2001 they were merged again.
Currently, the troops of the Central Military District are deployed within the administrative boundaries of three federal districts (Volga, Ural and Siberian) on the territory of 29 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It also includes the 201st military base located in the Republic of Tajikistan. The headquarters of the Central Military District is located in Yekaterinburg.
The Commander of the Central Military District subordinates all the military formations of the types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation stationed in the district, with the exception of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces. Also in the operational subordination of the commander of the troops of the Central Military District are military formations of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Border Troops of the FSB, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, performing tasks on the territory of the district.
Eastern Military District
Eastern Military District It was formed on December 1, 2010 in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 20, 2010 "On the military-administrative division of the Russian Federation" on the basis of the Far Eastern Military District (FER) and part of the troops of the Siberian Military District (SibVO). It also included the Pacific Fleet and the 3rd Air Force and Air Defense Command.
Until the middle of the 19th century, the Far East and Transbaikalia were part of the East Siberian Governor General. In 1884, the Amur Governor-Generalship was created (with the center in Khabarovsk), within whose borders the Amur Military District (VO) was located until 1918.
On February 16, 1918, the regional commissariat of the Red Army was created in the city of Khabarovsk - the first central body for managing the armed forces of the Far East. After the start of an open military intervention against Russia in the Far East and the Far North, in accordance with the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of May 4, 1918, within the borders of the Amur, Primorsky, Kamchatka regions and about. Sakhalin, the East Siberian Military District was established (with administration in Khabarovsk).
From September 1918 to March 1920, the armed struggle against the American-Japanese interventionists was carried out mainly in the form of guerrilla warfare. In February 1920, by decision of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, a buffer state was created - the Far Eastern Republic (FER) and its People's Revolutionary Army (NRA) was organized on the model of the Red Army.
On November 14, 1922, after the liberation of Khabarovsk and Vladivostok, the Far Eastern Region was dissolved and the Far Eastern Region was formed. In this regard, the NRA was renamed the 5th Red Banner Army (with headquarters in Chita), and then (in June 1924) was abolished. All troops and military institutions located in the Far East, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, became part of the Siberian Military District.
In January 1926, the Far Eastern Territory was formed instead of the Far Eastern Region. In July-August 1929, Chinese troops attacked the CER, armed provocations began on the state border, attacks on Soviet border outposts. On August 6, 1929, a Special Far Eastern Army (ODVA) was created by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR to ensure the defense of the Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territories and Transbaikalia. For the successful completion of combat missions, the valor and courage shown by the fighters and commanders in the defense of the Soviet Far Eastern borders, in January 1930, the ODVA was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and became known as the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army (OKDVA).
In 1931, the Primorsky Group was created from the troops stationed in Primorye. In the spring of 1932, the Transbaikal group was organized. In mid-May 1935, the Trans-Baikal Military District (ZabVO) was formed on the basis of the administration of the Trans-Baikal Group of Forces OKDVA. On February 22, 1937, the Air Force of the Far East was organizationally formalized.
In connection with the increased threat of an attack by Japan, OKDVA on July 1, 1938 was transformed into the Far Eastern Front (DVF). In July-August 1938 there was a military conflict near Lake Khasan. Formations and units of the 39th Rifle Corps took part in the fighting.
After the events at the lake Khasan, the Far Eastern Fleet Administration was disbanded in August 1938 and the directly subordinate NCOs of the USSR 1st Separate Red Banner Army (OKA) (with headquarters in Ussuriysk) and 2nd Separate Red Banner Army (with headquarters in Khabarovsk), as well as the Northern Army Group, were created . The 57th Special Rifle Corps was stationed on the territory of the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR).
In May-August 1939, the troops of the Far East took part in the battles near the Khalkhin-Gol River. In June 1940, a field department of the Far East Fleet was created. At the end of June 1941, the troops of the front were put on high alert and began to create a deep, multi-echeloned defense in the border zone. By October 1, 1941, in the main areas accessible to the enemy, the construction of field defenses was completed to the full operational depth.
In 1941-1942, during the period of the greatest threat of attack from Japan, formations and units of the first echelon of the front occupied their defense areas. At night, 50% of the personnel were on duty.
On April 5, 1945, the Soviet government denounced the neutrality pact with Japan. On July 28, 1945, the US, British and Chinese ultimatum to surrender was rejected by the Japanese government. By this time, the deployment of three fronts in the Far East was completed: the 1st and 2nd Far Eastern and Transbaikal. The forces of the Pacific Fleet, the Red Banner Amur Flotilla, the Border Troops and the Air Defense Forces (Air Defense) were involved in the operation.
On August 8, 1945, the Soviet government issued a statement declaring a state of war with Japan effective August 9. On the night of August 9, Soviet troops went on the offensive. At 17:00 on August 17, the command of the Kwantung Army of Japan ordered its troops to surrender. On the morning of August 19, the mass surrender of Japanese military personnel began.
In September-October 1945, 3 military districts were formed on the territory of the Far East: on the basis of the Trans-Baikal Front - the Trans-Baikal-Amur Military District, on the basis of the 1st Far Eastern Fleet - the Primorsky Military District (PrimVO), on the basis of the 2nd Far Eastern Fleet - the Far East military district (DVO).
In May 1947, on the basis of the Directorate of the Trans-Baikal-Amur Military District, the Directorate of the High Command of the Far East was formed with the subordination of the Far Eastern Military District, the Primal Military District, the ZabVO (transformed from the Trans-Baikal-Amur Military District), the Pacific Fleet and the Amur military flotilla.
On April 23, 1953, the Far Eastern Military District was reorganized, a new district administration was formed on the basis of the administration of the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Forces in the Far East (with headquarters in Khabarovsk).
On June 17, 1967, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the transfer of the Far Eastern Military District through the succession of the Order of the Red Banner of the former OKDVA. On August 10, 1967, in Khabarovsk, the order was attached to the Battle Banner of the district.
At present, the troops and forces of the Eastern Military District (VVO) are deployed within the administrative boundaries of two federal districts (the Far Eastern and part of the Siberian) and the territories of 12 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The district headquarters is located in Khabarovsk.
All military formations of the types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation deployed in the territory of the district, with the exception of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces, are subordinate to the Commander of the Air Defense Forces. Under its operational subordination are also military formations of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Border Troops of the FSB, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, performing tasks on the territory of the district. The main task of the troops and forces of the Air Defense Forces is to ensure the military security of the Far Eastern borders of Russia.
Tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
The changed foreign policy situation in recent years, new priorities in the field of national security have set completely different tasks for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces), which can be structured in four main areas:
Deterrence of military and military-political threats to security or encroachments on the interests of the Russian Federation;
Protection of the economic and political interests of the Russian Federation;
Implementation of military operations in peacetime;
Use of military force.
The peculiarities of the development of the military-political situation in the world make it possible for one task to grow into another, since the most problematic military-political situations are complex and multifaceted.
The containment of military and military-political threats to the security of the Russian Federation (encroachments on the interests of the Russian Federation) means the following actions of the RF Armed Forces:
Timely detection of a threatening development of the military-political situation or preparation of an armed attack on the Russian Federation and (or) its allies;
Maintaining the state of combat and mobilization readiness of the country, strategic nuclear forces, forces and means that ensure their functioning and use, as well as control systems in order to, if necessary, inflict the specified damage on the aggressor;
Maintaining the combat potential and mobilization readiness of groupings of general-purpose troops (forces) at a level that ensures the repulsion of local-scale aggression;
Maintain readiness for strategic deployment when transferring the country to wartime conditions;
Organization of territorial defense.
Ensuring the economic and political interests of the Russian Federation includes the following components:
Maintaining safe living conditions for Russian citizens in areas of armed conflict and political or other instability;
Creation of conditions for the security of the economic activity of Russia or the economic structures representing it;
Protection of national interests in territorial waters, on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of Russia, as well as in the World Ocean;
Carrying out, by decision of the President of the Russian Federation, operations using the forces and means of the Armed Forces in regions that are a sphere of vital economic and political interests of the Russian Federation;
Organization and conduct of information confrontation.
Power operations of the RF Armed Forces in peacetime are possible in the following cases:
Fulfillment by Russia of allied obligations in accordance with international treaties or other interstate agreements;
Combating international terrorism, political extremism and separatism, as well as preventing sabotage and terrorist acts;
Partial or full strategic deployment, maintenance of readiness for use and use of nuclear deterrence capabilities;
Conducting peacekeeping operations as part of coalitions created within the framework of international organizations, where Russia is a member or has joined on a temporary basis;
Ensuring the state of war (emergency) in one or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the decisions of the highest bodies of state power;
Protection of the state border of the Russian Federation in the airspace and underwater environment;
Enforcement of the regime of international sanctions imposed on the basis of a decision of the UN Security Council;
Prevention of ecological disasters and other emergencies, as well as elimination of their consequences.
Military force is used directly to ensure the security of the country in the following cases:
Armed conflict;
Local war;
regional war;
Large scale war.
Armed conflict- one of the forms of resolving political, national-ethnic, religious, territorial and other contradictions with the use of means of armed struggle. At the same time, the conduct of such hostilities does not imply the transition of relations between the state (states) into a special state called war. In an armed conflict, the parties, as a rule, pursue private military-political goals. An armed conflict can be the result of a proliferation of an armed incident, a border conflict and other limited-scale clashes in which weapons are used to resolve contradictions. An armed conflict may be of an international character (with the participation of two or more states) or of an internal character (with the conduct of armed confrontation within the territory of one state).
Local war is a war between two or more states, limited by political goals. Military operations are conducted, as a rule, within the borders of the opposing states, and primarily affect the interests of only these states (territorial, economic, political, and others). A local war can be waged by groupings of troops (forces) deployed in the area of conflict, with their possible reinforcement through the transfer of additional forces and assets from other directions and partial strategic deployment of the armed forces. Under certain conditions, local wars can develop into a regional or large-scale war.
regional war is a war involving two or more states (groups of states) of the region. It is conducted by national or coalition armed forces using both conventional and nuclear weapons. In the course of hostilities, the parties pursue important military-political goals. Regional wars take place on the territory limited by the boundaries of one region, as well as in the waters, airspace and space adjacent to it. The conduct of a regional war requires the full deployment of the armed forces and the economy, the high tension of all the forces of the participating states. If nuclear-weapon states or their allies participate in this war, there may be a threat of the use of nuclear weapons.
large scale war- this is a war between coalitions of states or the largest states of the world community. It can be the result of the expansion of an armed conflict, local or regional war by involving a significant number of states in them. In a large-scale war, the parties will pursue radical military-political goals. It will require the mobilization of all available material resources and spiritual forces of the participating states.
Modern Russian military planning of the activities of the Armed Forces is based on a realistic understanding of the available resources and capabilities of Russia.
In peacetime and in emergency situations, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, together with other troops, must be ready to repel an attack and defeat an aggressor, to conduct both defensive and offensive active operations in any variant of unleashing and waging wars (armed conflicts). The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must be able to successfully solve tasks simultaneously in two armed conflicts without carrying out additional mobilization measures. In addition, the RF Armed Forces must carry out peacekeeping operations - independently and as part of multinational contingents.
In the event of an aggravation of the military-political and military-strategic situation, the RF Armed Forces must ensure the strategic deployment of troops and contain the aggravation of the situation at the expense of strategic deterrence forces and forces of constant readiness.
Tasks of the Armed Forces in wartime- to repel an enemy aerospace attack with available forces, and after a full-scale strategic deployment, solve problems simultaneously in two local wars.
Wednesday, June 22, 2011 01:12 am + to quote pad|
GENERAL COMPOSITION AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ARMED FORCES In preventing wars and armed conflicts, the Russian Federation gives preference to political, diplomatic, economic and other non-military means. However, the national interests of the Russian Federation require the presence of sufficient military power for its defense. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces) play a major role in ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation. |
||
|
|
GROUND TROOPS
The Ground Forces (SV) is one of the main types of armed forces, which is assigned a decisive role in the final defeat of the enemy in the continental theater of operations and in capturing important land areas.
In peacetime, the Ground Forces are entrusted with the tasks of comprehensively preparing command and control bodies and troops for combat operations, maintaining stocks of weapons, military equipment and materiel, assisting border troops in protecting the state border and assisting military formations of other ministries and departments in the fight against terrorism. and illegal armed groups. They can also take part in peacekeeping operations in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation, in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.
With the outbreak of war, the main burden falls on the Ground Forces to repel enemy aggression with combat-ready groupings of troops in peacetime, to ensure the strategic deployment of the Armed Forces and to conduct operations to defeat the aggressor in cooperation with other branches of the Russian Armed Forces. In addition, in wartime, the Ground Forces must solve the problems of territorial defense, the formation, training and dispatch of strategic reserves for their intended purpose and replenishment of troop losses.
In Russia, the SVs trace their history from princely cavalry squads, as well as foot and cavalry militias.
In the 17th-18th centuries The SV received a structured permanent organization, which included platoons, companies (squadrons), battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions, and at the beginning of the 19th century. and army corps.
During the Great Patriotic War, being the most powerful and diverse service of the Armed Forces in terms of composition and methods of combat operations, the Ground Forces played the main role in the defeat of the fascist army.
Until the end of the 50s, the SV was considered the main branch of the Armed Forces of the USSR. After the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces, their role changed: they lost their leading position to a new type - the Strategic Missile Forces. But their importance in defeating the enemy did not diminish at all.
At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, a rethinking of the role and significance of the Ground Forces took place. Now their development is given the closest attention.
Ground forces include motorized rifle, tank troops, missile troops and artillery, air defense troops, which are military branches, and special troops (reconnaissance formations and units, communications, electronic warfare, engineering, NBC protection, nuclear technical, technical support, automobile and rear guards) , as well as military educational institutions, military units and rear services. (The structure of the Army is clearly presented on the published poster, which is included in the set "Armed Forces-Defenders of the Fatherland", published by the "Armpress" publishing house).
Organizationally, the Ground Forces consist of combined arms armies, army corps, motorized rifle (tank), artillery, machine gun and artillery divisions, motorized rifle and air assault brigades, weapons and equipment storage bases (BKhVT), military property storage bases (BHI) , district training centers (OTC), fortified areas, individual military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations. In addition, the Ground Forces include military bases stationed outside the Russian Federation.
The aforementioned associations, formations, units and institutions are consolidated into six military districts: the Leningrad Military District (LVO), the Moscow Military District (MVO), the North Caucasian Military District (SV O), the Volga-Ural Military District (PUrVO), the Siberian military district (SibVO), Far Eastern military district (FER).
Let us briefly consider the types of troops and individual special troops included in the SV.
Motorized troops. Designed to conduct combat operations independently and jointly with other branches of the military and special forces. They are capable of operating under conditions of use of both conventional weapons and nuclear weapons. Possessing powerful fire, high mobility, maneuverability and resistance to the effects of weapons of mass destruction, motorized rifle troops can break through the prepared and hastily taken enemy defenses, develop an offensive at high rates and to great depths, destroy the enemy together with other branches of the military, and consolidate and hold the occupied terrain. . Motorized rifle formations and units have the ability to quickly make marches over long distances, conduct maneuverable combat operations at any time of the year and day, in any weather and on different terrain, independently force water barriers, capture important lines and objects, as well as in create a stable defense in a short time. They can be used as air and sea landings.
For the convenience of conducting combat operations, as well as command and control of troops, motorized rifle subunits, units and formations are created.
Subunits are organized organizationally in such a way as to ensure high mobility on the battlefield and rapid deployment into battle formation, ease of control, the ability to conduct a stubborn and prolonged battle in any situation, the ability to independently conduct combat operations and deliver a powerful fire strike from long and short ranges. Motorized rifle units include squad, platoon, company and battalion.
The ancestor of the current motorized rifle troops is the infantry. She appeared on the battlefield from the moment of the outbreak of wars and for a long time remained the most numerous branch of the army.
After the Great Patriotic War, the infantry received armored personnel carriers and new types of weapons, which increased its striking power, firepower and maneuverability, and gave it new combat qualities. In 1956-1957. instead of rifle and mechanized units and formations, motorized rifle units began to be created. The name "motorized rifle troops" as a kind of troops was introduced in 1963.
Tank forces. They constitute the main strike force of the Ground Forces. They are designed to conduct combat operations independently and in cooperation with other branches of the military and special forces. They are used mainly in the main directions for inflicting powerful and deep blows on the enemy. Possessing great firepower, reliable protection, high mobility and maneuverability, tank troops are able to make the most complete use of the results of nuclear and fire strikes and achieve the final goals of a battle and operation in a short time.
On the offensive, tank troops resolutely attack the enemy, destroying his tanks, manpower, weapons and combat equipment. They rapidly develop the offensive into the depth of defense, hold the captured lines and objects, repel counterattacks, force water barriers, pursue the retreating enemy, conduct reconnaissance, and also perform a number of other tasks.
In defense, tanks with well-aimed fire from the spot and sudden counterattacks destroy advancing enemy tanks and infantry and firmly hold their positions. The great firepower of tanks, their maneuverability and ability to withstand missile, artillery and air strikes make it possible to create a stable and active defense.
For the convenience of conducting combat operations, tanks are reduced to platoons, companies and battalions. The primary unit is the tank.
The idea of creating a tank was born at the beginning of the 20th century and was caused by the need to pave the way for the infantry where it could not be done with the help of artillery.
Tanks first appeared in the battle on the Somme on September 15, 1916. They were heavy, clumsy, slow-moving British tanks. However, despite the design flaws of the first tanks, their appearance showed that these weapons are of exceptional importance for combat.
The first Soviet tank was built at the Sormovo plant. In total, in 1920, 15 light tanks were produced according to the design of engineer Maksimov.
Tank building received a special scope during the pre-war five-year plans. Then tanks of classic models were created - T-34 and KV, which were highly effective combat vehicles. During the war years, Soviet designers Kotin, Dukhov, Morozov continued to work on improving our tanks. A new heavy IS tank was created, more powerful than the KV tank. The T-34 tank has been improved. By the end of the war, Soviet troops had fifteen times more tanks than at the beginning of it.
Rocket Forces and Artillery (RV&A). They are the main firepower of the Ground Forces. They are designed to inflict effective fire damage on the enemy.
In the course of hostilities, RV&A can perform very diverse fire missions: suppress or destroy enemy manpower, fire weapons, artillery, rocket launchers, tanks, self-propelled artillery mounts and other types of enemy military equipment; destroy various defensive structures; forbid the enemy to maneuver, carry out defensive work or restore destroyed objects.
The primary firing units in the RV&A are a gun, a mortar, a rocket artillery combat vehicle, a launcher, capable of performing individual fire missions.
The guns and mortars of each battery have a permanent serial number. A tractor is assigned to each tool. An artillery tractor and a gun attached to it are usually called a train. In combat, the gun operates, as a rule, as part of a firing platoon, BM, PU - as part of a battery.
One of the first references in history to the use of guns in Russia dates back to 1382. For several days (August 23-26), the heroic defenders of Moscow, repelling the assault on the troops of Khan Tokhtamysh, used, as the Nikon Chronicle says, not only bows and crossbows, but they also fired from mattresses and cannons. This is the first date of the use of artillery pieces that has come down to us. From it, the history of the military branch is counted.
During the Great Patriotic War, artillery was a formidable and powerful force both in the offensive and in defense.
A complete surprise for the Nazis was the appearance in the arsenal of our army of rocket artillery - the legendary Katyushas. For the first time, the installation of rocket launchers was used by the battery of Captain I. Flerov on July 14, 1941 near Orsha. Their fire then made a stunning impression on the enemy.
Now the RV&A consist of formations, units and subdivisions. The missile troops include brigades of tactical missiles and large-caliber multiple launch rocket systems, while artillery includes formations, units and subunits of howitzer, cannon, rocket, anti-tank artillery, mortars, anti-tank systems and artillery reconnaissance.
Structurally, the formations of the RV&A are reduced to the reserve of the Supreme High Command, district, army (corps) sets and sets of artillery of combined arms formations, units, subunits - divisional, brigade, regimental, battalion and company.
The Air Defense Troops of the Ground Forces (Air Defense of the SV) are designed to cover groupings of troops and their rear facilities from enemy air strikes. They are capable of independently and in cooperation with the Air Force forces and means to destroy aircraft and unmanned aerial attack vehicles, to combat enemy airborne assaults on flight routes and during their release, as well as to conduct radar reconnaissance and notify troops of an air enemy.
The appearance in the ground forces of special artillery units to fight enemy aircraft dates back to the period of the 1st World War. In the Russian army, the first special gun for combating enemy aircraft was a three-inch automobile anti-aircraft gun of the 1915 model from the Putilov factory. A lot of bright pages in the national military history were written by the Air Defense Forces of the SV during the Great Patriotic War. Suffice it to say that during the Battle of Stalingrad alone, our anti-aircraft artillery destroyed over 270 enemy aircraft, or 37 percent of all German aviation participating in these battles. In total, during the years of World War II, anti-aircraft gunners of air defense units and formations of the fronts shot down more than 21,000 enemy aircraft, destroyed hundreds of tanks and guns, and a huge number of Nazis. 182 air defense units became guards, 250 were awarded orders, and 55 anti-aircraft gunners were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
On August 16, 1958, by order of the Minister of Defense, all military air defense facilities were merged into the Air Defense Forces of the SV. So a new kind of troops appeared.
Troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection (RCB protection). The modern system of NBC protection can be divided into several interrelated subsystems: identification and assessment of the NBC situation; ensuring the protection of troops (forces) and the survivability of command and control bodies from the effects of damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction (WMD); reducing the visibility of troops and objects from the means of reconnaissance and guidance of enemy weapons.
At the present stage, the threat of the use of chemical and biological agents, as well as radioactive substances, by international terrorists is significantly increasing.
In order to prevent the threats of extremists from becoming a reality, the specialists of the NBC protection troops, together with a number of ministries and departments, in particular the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Security Service and the Ministry of Health, are carrying out a set of measures aimed at preventing and timely localization of possible lesions.
To solve the tasks ahead, the troops of the RChB protection include formations, units, universities, research institutions, bases for the production, repair and storage of weapons and equipment of the RCBZ.
Of particular relevance today is the development of remote reconnaissance equipment, which significantly increases its efficiency. This eliminates the contact of personnel with contaminated atmosphere and terrain. At the same time, the problem of centralized acquisition of intelligence data in real time in various units of the troops is being solved.
Currently, the process of improving personal protective equipment is actively underway: the physiological load on the soldier is reduced, the protective properties are optimized from various damaging factors that disable a person. A good example of this approach is the program for equipping a soldier of the 21st century. It involves the creation of a dynamic protection system that can provide an increase or decrease in the protective and operational properties of the kit, depending on the current situation.
The task of reducing the effectiveness of optical-visual, photographic, television, laser, infrared reconnaissance of the enemy, and the use of high-precision weapons is extremely urgent. In this regard, the role of the use of camouflage and visibility reduction means based on aerosols, foams and special materials is growing. The basis of aerosol products is traditionally made up of smoke grenades, containers and cars, checkers, shells, bombs, generators, as well as smoke control systems.
The date of formation of the troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection is the day of signing the order of the Revolutionary Military Council on November 13, 1918 on the creation of a chemical service. However, military chemists appeared in the Russian army during the First World War. Chemical troops were especially developed during the Great Patriotic War. It was reliably known that Nazi Germany was preparing to use chemical weapons. Rapid adequate measures were required that would contribute, on the one hand, to the effective solution of the tasks of identifying and neutralizing the forces and means of a chemical attack by the enemy, and, on the other hand, to increasing the survivability of our subunits and units. Then, in a relatively short time, universal separate chemical protection battalions were deployed, which, with minor changes in the staffing structure, have survived to the present day ...
The Chernobyl disaster became a severe test for the RCB protection troops. The experience of eliminating the consequences of this catastrophe was not easy for the chemical troops. At the same time, he largely influenced the government's decision on their development. As part of the troops, mobile formations and units equipped with special equipment were formed, allowing them to perform the most complex work to eliminate emergencies at military and industrial facilities. In August 1992, the chemical troops were renamed the troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection.
Engineering Troops. Designed to support combat operations of all types of aircraft and combat arms. They must ensure high rates of attack, including the destruction of strong enemy strongholds covered by mine-explosive barriers, create insurmountable defensive lines in a short time, and help protect people and equipment from all types of destruction. In peacetime, they perform a number of specific tasks, which, in terms of their significance and complexity, are equated to combat ones. This is, first of all, demining areas in areas of former military operations, 4VTs neutralization of explosive objects in "hot spots". Military engineers are involved in the protection of bridges and other hydraulic structures from glaciers and floods, solve problems of eliminating the consequences of accidents and disasters of a natural and man-made nature.
By decree of Tsar Peter I dated January 21, 1701, the first engineering school was established, in which the training of a corps of military engineers for the Russian army began. This day is considered the Day of the formation of the engineering troops.
Today, the basis of the engineering troops is made up of engineer-sapper, pontoon-bridge, positional, barriers and barriers, camouflage formations, units and subunits. They also include bases for the storage and repair of engineering weapons, universities.
Formations and units of other special troops of the ground forces - communications, reconnaissance, electronic warfare, nuclear-technical, technical support, automobile and rear protection - perform tasks as intended.
Victor SHATOKHIN
|
AIR FORCE
The modern Air Force was created as a result of the transformation in 1998 of the Air Force and the Air Defense Forces. They are entrusted with a strategic task of national importance - reliable protection of administrative-political, military-industrial centers, communication centers, forces and means of higher military and state administration, facilities of the Unified Energy System and other important elements of the national economic infrastructure of Russia from attacks by an aggressor from aerospace .
The role of the Air Force in ensuring the national security of the country in the military sphere is constantly growing. Versatility, speed, range, high maneuverability are the distinguishing operational and strategic properties of the Air Force. They manifest themselves in the ability to conduct effective combat operations day and night in simple and difficult weather conditions, in various physical spheres: on land, at sea and in aerospace; in readiness to strike with the use of high-precision weapons from short, medium and long ranges against various ground and sea surface objects (targets); use conventional and nuclear weapons; conduct aerial reconnaissance in the interests of all types of aircraft; carry out landing, transportation of troops and military equipment, solve a number of other tasks throughout the entire depth of the operational formation of enemy troops and in the deep rear. No other branch of the Armed Forces possesses such operational properties.
In a large-scale war, the Air Force is capable of solving a complex of operational-strategic tasks. In particular, this may be the defeat of enemy aviation, anti-aircraft and nuclear missile groups;
air support for the Ground Forces; weakening the military-economic potential of the enemy; defeat of its operational and strategic reserves in the areas of their concentration and on the routes of advance.
Attempts to theoretically substantiate the possibility of flying on an aircraft heavier than air were first made by the Italian scientist Leonardo da Vinci at the beginning of the 16th century. In 1754, the Russian scientist M. Lomonosov proved the possibility of flying such an apparatus by building a model of a helicopter type driven by a spring. In 1881, in Russia, naval officer A. Mozhaisky received a "privilege" (patent) for an aircraft with a steam engine, which was built in 1882 with flaws in the power plant. After completion during takeoff in 1885, he crashed.
The leading role in creating the scientific foundations of aerodynamics was played by Professor N. Zhukovsky, his student Academician S. Chaplygin and other Russian scientists.
The First World War accelerated the development of aviation.
The combat use of aviation caused the appearance of means of combating an air enemy. In the Russian army, the first battery of 75-mm naval guns adapted for firing at aircraft was formed in October 1914. In 1915, the production of the first anti-aircraft guns began and the world's first RBVZ-S-16 fighter aircraft was built.
Subsequently, military aviation and air defense systems developed in parallel.
In May 1954, the post of Commander-in-Chief of the country's Air Defense Forces was established.
Until March 1998, the Air Force and Air Defense of the country existed as independent branches of the Armed Forces. Now they are combined into one view.
The organizationally unified Air Forces consist of the Special Purpose Command, the air army of the Supreme High Command (strategic purpose) - VA VGK (SP), the air army of the Supreme High Command (military transport aviation) - VA VGK (VTA), the air army, and the armies of the Air Force and air defense.
These associations (combinations) are directly subordinate to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief. Thus, in the structure of the new Russian Air Force, the principle of centralized control of aviation formations by the Air Force Command remained unshakable.
SPECIAL PURPOSE COMMAND. Created in September 2002 on the basis of the Moscow Air Force and Air Defense District. Parts of the Command will become the basis for creating the head section of the country's aerospace defense. The SSN works closely with the Space Forces, which include a separate space-rocket defense army.
LONG-TERM AVIATION (VA VGK (SN) - an integral part of the strategic nuclear forces (ASYaS), the main striking force of the Air Force, capable of effectively hitting important objects of aviation groups (air bases, aircraft carriers) in a conventional war , carrier ships of SLCMs, energy facilities, facilities of the highest military and state administration, ammunition production plants, large fuel storage facilities, railway, road, sea (ocean) communications, maritime (ocean) transportation infrastructure, etc.
MILITARY TRANSPORT AVIATION (VA VGK (VTA), - the main means of landing troops and military equipment in the interests of operations in the continental and ocean theaters of war; it is the most mobile means of delivering materiel, military equipment, food, units (subdivisions) to specified areas different branches of the Armed Forces.
Structurally, the Air Force consists of aviation, anti-aircraft missile troops, radio engineering troops, which are branches of the Air Force, special troops, as well as units and institutions of the rear (The structure of the Air Force is presented on the poster, which is included in the set "Armed Forces - Defenders of the Fatherland", published by "Armpress" publishing house).
Air Force aviation has to solve a variety of tasks. As a result, it is highly heterogeneous. Types of aviation: bomber, assault, fighter aviation, air defense, reconnaissance, transport, special and army.
Bomber aviation is armed with long-range (strategic) and front-line (tactical) bombers of various types. It is designed to defeat groupings of troops, destroy important military, energy facilities and communication centers mainly in the strategic and operational depth of the enemy’s defense.
Assault aviation is intended for aviation support of troops, destruction of manpower and objects mainly on the front line, in the tactical and immediate operational depth of the enemy, as well as for combating enemy aircraft in the air.
Air defense fighter aviation is the main maneuvering force of the air defense system and is designed to cover the most important directions and objects from enemy air attacks. It is capable of destroying the enemy at maximum ranges from the defended objects.
Reconnaissance aviation is designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance of the enemy, terrain and weather, and can destroy enemy hidden objects.
Reconnaissance flights can also be carried out by bomber, fighter-bomber, attack and fighter aircraft.
Reconnaissance aviation is subdivided into tactical, operational and strategic reconnaissance aviation.
Transport aviation is designed to transport troops, military equipment, weapons, ammunition, fuel, food, airborne landings, evacuation of the wounded, sick, etc.
Special aviation is designed for long-range radar detection and guidance, refueling aircraft in the air, conducting electronic warfare, radiation, chemical and biological protection, providing control and communications, meteorological and technical support, rescuing crews in distress, evacuating the wounded and sick.
Army aviation. Its main purpose is to support the Ground Forces on the battlefield. It is entrusted with fire tasks, tasks of combat and logistic support.
Anti-Aircraft Missile Forces (ZRV) represent the main air defense firepower in the Air Force. The ZRV is entrusted with the task of directly covering troops and facilities from attacks by modern and advanced enemy air attack weapons. At the same time, in contrast to fighter aviation, which strikes an air enemy at distant approaches, ZRV groupings are intended mainly to repel enemy air strikes against troops and objects. Subdivisions, units and formations of air defense missiles have a higher fire output and have a significantly shorter reaction time than fighters. ZRV are less "sensitive" to weather and climatic conditions, do not require the creation of a complex and expensive infrastructure for support.
The Radio Engineering Troops (RTV) perform the following main tasks:
detect enemy air attack means in the air, identify them and carry out continuous tracking; determine the coordinates, composition, direction of movement and the nature of the actions of an air enemy, provide information about him to the command, troops and civil defense bodies; exercise control over the flights of their aircraft. Radar information issued by the RTV is used for target designation of anti-aircraft missile systems and guidance of fighters on air targets, as well as for controlling the combat operations of units and formations.
|
|
|
|
NAVY
|
Attachment 1
Theoretical material for the implementation of practical work "TYPES AND KINDS OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, THEIR PURPOSE AND FEATURES OF THE SERVICE".
Appointment of the RF Armed Forces.
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are a state military organization that forms the basis of the country's defense.
They are designed to repel aggression against the state, armed defense of the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation to carry out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations.
The changed foreign policy situation in recent years, new priorities
The tasks of ensuring national security have set tasks for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which can be structured in four main areas:
1) containment of military and military-political threats to the security or interests of the Russian Federation;
2) ensuring the economic and political interests of Russia;
3) carrying out military operations in peacetime;
4) the use of military force to ensure the security of the Russian Federation.
The peculiarities of the development of the military-political situation in the world make it possible for the fulfillment of one task to grow into another, since the most problematic military-political situations from the point of view of the security of the Russian Federation are complex and multifaceted.
Today, one of the priorities in the development of the Russian Armed Forces is still the preservation of the potential of the strategic deterrence forces. The main goal of the Russian policy in this area is to prevent any kind of forceful pressure and aggression against Russia or its allies, and in the event of its unleashing, the guaranteed protection of its sovereignty, territorial integrity and other vital national interests of the state. This policy of the Russian Federation in the field of strategic deterrence is the core of the entire national security system of the country and is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the current Russian legislation.
In accordance with the main provisions of the military doctrine of Russia, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation can also be used to counter internal sources of military threats and to assist the country's population in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.
Composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The military organization of the state serves the purpose of ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation. The military organization of the state includes the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which constitute its core, and other troops, military formations and bodies designed to perform military security tasks by military methods, as well as their control bodies.
The leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation - the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are controlled by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation and the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces.
Currently, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of three types: the Ground Forces (SV), the Air Force (Air Force), the Navy (Navy) - and three independent branches of service: the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN), the Airborne Troops (VDV), Space Troops (KV). The structure of the Armed Forces also includes the central bodies of military administration, associations, formations, military units and organizations that are part of the branches and types of troops of the Armed Forces, the rear of the Armed Forces and special troops that are not related to the types and types of troops.
Type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation- this is a part of the Armed Forces of the state, distinguished by special weapons and intended for conducting military operations in a certain area (on land, sea, in air and outer space).
Each type usually consists of military branches, special troops and rear.
Type of army- this is an integral part of the branch of the Armed Forces (except for three independent branches), including military formations that have the main types of weapons and military equipment peculiar only to them, as well as mastering the methods of their combat use.
Special Troops designed to ensure the combat activities of the types and types of troops and assist them in the performance of combat missions.
Special forces include formations, units, institutions and organizations of intelligence, communications troops, electronic warfare (EW), psychological operations, engineering troops, troops of radiation, chemical and bacteriological protection (RCBZ), nuclear technical, technical support, aeronautical units, automobile, road and pipeline troops, engineering, airfield and aviation technical units, formations, units and subunits of the search and rescue service, metrological, topogeodesic, hydrographic, hydrometeorological (meteorological) units, organizations and military units for the construction and quartering of troops.
Military district The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the main military-administrative unit of the Russian Federation, a combined-arms operational-strategic territorial association of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and is intended to carry out measures to prepare for armed defense and for the armed defense of the Russian Federation, the integrity and inviolability of its territory within the established limits of responsibility.
In military-administrative terms, the territory of Russia is divided into six military districts: Leningrad, Moscow, North Caucasian, Volga-Ural, Siberian and Far East.
Each military district includes military command and control bodies, associations, formations, military units, organizations of the Armed Forces and military commissariats located on its territory.
The military districts are headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation. The operational management of the military district is carried out by the General Staff, which ensures control over the implementation of decisions of the Minister of Defense.
Direct control of a separate military district is carried out by the commander of the troops of the military district, he is the direct chief of all the personnel of the military district.
The fleet is an operational-strategic association of the Navy. The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the Northern, Baltic, Black Sea, Pacific and Caspian flotillas.
The fleets are designed to perform strategic, operational-strategic and operational tasks in the operational zones of the oceanic (maritime) theater of operations (theater of operations) assigned to them independently and in cooperation with formations and formations of other types of the Armed Forces. The fleets are made up of:
Ø submarine, surface forces,
Ø naval aviation,
Ø coastal troops, consolidated into associations and formations (parts).
In addition, each fleet includes units of special troops, units and institutions of the rear.
To control and comprehensively support the combat and daily activities of the forces, the fleet has control, basing and support systems. The fleet is led by a commander.
Associations- these are military formations, including several smaller formations or associations, as well as units and institutions. The formations include the army, flotilla, as well as the military district - a territorial combined arms association and the fleet - a naval association.
connections are military formations consisting of several units or formations of a smaller composition, usually various types of troops (forces), special troops (services), as well as units (subdivisions) of support and maintenance. Formations include corps, divisions, brigades and other equivalent military formations.
Military Unit- an organizationally independent combat and administrative-economic unit in all types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Military units include all regiments, ships of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, individual battalions (divisions, squadrons), as well as individual companies that are not part of battalions and regiments. Regiments, separate battalions, divisions and squadrons are awarded the Battle Banner, and the ships of the Navy - the Naval Flag.
To the institutions of the Ministry of Defense include such structures for ensuring the vital activity of the Armed Forces, such as military medical institutions, officers' houses, military museums, editorial offices of military publications, sanatoriums, rest houses, camp sites, etc.
to military schools include military academies, military universities, military institutes and their branches, Suvorov schools, the Nakhimov Naval School, the Moscow Military Music School and cadet corps.
Part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation may be part of the joint Armed Forces or be under joint command in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation (for example, as part of the UN peacekeeping forces or collective
peacekeeping forces of the CIS in the zones of local military conflicts).
Types of the Armed Forces.
Ground Forces (SV)- the most numerous type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, designed to conduct combat operations mainly on land. In terms of their combat capabilities, the Ground Forces are capable, independently or in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces, of repulsing enemy invasion, its air and sea assault forces, firmly holding occupied territories, areas and lines, conducting an offensive in order to defeat enemy troop groups, and delivering fire strikes to a great depth. In its composition, the Ground Forces have various types of troops, special troops and services. Organizationally, the Ground Forces consist of formations, formations, military units and subunits.
The Ground Forces are also the most ancient branch of the Russian Armed Forces. They lead their history from the princely squads of Kievan Rus.
Today, the Ground Forces include:
Ø type of troops - motorized rifle, tank, rocket troops and artillery, air defense troops;
Ø special troops - reconnaissance, communications, electronic warfare, engineering, radiation, chemical and biological protection, nuclear-technical, technical support, automotive and rear protection.
Motorized rifle troops designed to conduct combat operations independently and jointly with other branches of the armed forces and special forces. They are capable of operating both in the conditions of the use of conventional weapons and nuclear weapons.
Motorized rifle troops can break through the prepared enemy defenses, develop an offensive at a high pace and to a great depth, destroy the enemy together with other branches of the military and hold the occupied territory.
Tank forces- the main striking force of the SV and a powerful means of armed struggle, designed to solve the most important tasks in various types of military operations.
They are resistant to the damaging factors of nuclear weapons and are used primarily in the main areas of defense and offensive. Tank troops are capable of making fullest use of the results of fire strikes and achieving the final objectives of combat and operations in a short time.
Rocket troops and artillery are the main means of nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy in front-line, army (corps) operations and combined arms combat.
The Rocket Forces of the Ground Forces include formations and parts of operational-tactical missiles of front-line and army subordination and tactical missiles of army and divisional subordination.
Artillery consists of formations and units of howitzer, cannon, rocket, anti-tank artillery, mortars, anti-tank guided missiles and artillery reconnaissance.
Air defense troops are one of the main means of defeating an air enemy. They consist of anti-aircraft missile, anti-aircraft artillery and radio engineering units and subunits and are designed to cover the combat formations of the SV from an air enemy.
Air Force (Air Force)- the most mobile and maneuverable type of the Armed Forces, designed to ensure military security and protect Russia's interests on the country's air borders; to protect the administrative, industrial and economic centers and regions of the country, groupings of troops, important military and government facilities from air and space strikes; ensuring combat operations of the Ground Forces and the Navy, other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the performance of special tasks; to deliver air strikes against enemy air, land and sea groupings, its administrative-political and military-economic centers, to destroy enemy facilities and troops.
The Air Force is armed with combat, combat training, transport, special aircraft and helicopters, anti-aircraft missiles, weapons and military equipment of special forces and rear.
As a branch of the Air Force, it consists of associations, formations and units of aviation and air defense (Air Defense), units and subunits of special forces and rear services.
Organizationally, the Russian Air Force consists of a district, armies (corps), divisions, brigades and regiments and includes the types of forces:
Ø ■ long-range aviation;
Ø ■ military transport aviation;
Ø ■ front-line aviation (bomber, assault, fighter and reconnaissance);
Ø ■ army aviation.
Types of air defense troops that are part of the Air Force:
Ø ■ anti-aircraft missile troops;
Ø ■ radio engineering troops.
Long-range aviation- the main strike force of the Air Force, capable of effectively hitting important targets of aviation groups, carrier ships of sea-based cruise missiles, energy facilities and facilities of the highest military and state administration, nodes of railway, automobile and sea communications.
Military transport aviation- the main means of landing troops and military equipment in the interests of operations in the continental and oceanic theaters of war, it is the most mobile means of delivering materiel, military equipment, food, units and subunits of various types of the Armed Forces and military branches to specified areas.
Front-line bomber and attack aviation designed to provide air support to the Ground Forces in all types of military operations (defense, offensive, counteroffensive).
Frontline Fighter Aviation is designed to destroy enemy air attack weapons when solving the tasks of covering groups of the Armed Forces, economic regions, administrative and political centers, military and other objects.
Frontline reconnaissance aviation designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance in the interests of all types of the Armed Forces and combat arms.
Army aviation is intended for fire support of the Ground Forces, it is also entrusted with the tasks of combat and logistic support.
Anti-aircraft missile troops are designed to cover troops and facilities from enemy air attacks.
Radio-technical troops are designed to detect enemy air attack means in the air, identify them, escort them, notify the command, troops and civil defense bodies about them, and to control the flights of their aviation.
Navy (Navy) refers to the types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and is designed to ensure the security and protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime at the ocean and sea frontiers.
The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups at sea and in bases, disrupting enemy ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting Ground Forces in operations in continental theaters, landing amphibious assaults, and participating in repelling enemy landings and perform other tasks. The Navy consists of naval strategic nuclear forces and general purpose forces.
The structure of the Navy is determined by the geographical position of the Russian Federation and consists of four fleets: the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic and Caspian Flotilla and includes the types of forces:
Ø ■ submarine force,
Ø ■ surface forces,
Ø ■ naval aviation,
Ø ■ coastal troops (marine infantry and coastal rocket and artillery troops),
Ø ■ parts and divisions of provision and maintenance.
submarine forces are designed to destroy enemy ground targets, search for and destroy enemy submarines, strike at groups of surface ships, including aircraft carriers, landing detachments and convoys, both independently and in cooperation with other forces of the fleet.
surface forces are designed to search for and destroy submarines, to fight against surface ships, to land amphibious assault forces on the coast of the enemy, to detect and neutralize mines, and for a number of other tasks.
Naval aviation designed to destroy ship groupings, convoys, enemy landings at sea and in bases; to search for and destroy enemy submarines, disrupt surveillance and control systems in maritime theaters; to cover groupings of their ships, conduct reconnaissance and issue target designations in the interests of using weapons by naval forces.
Coastal troops designed to defend the coast of the country and important objects (front) on the coast, as well as coastal communications from attacks by the enemy fleet.
Parts and divisions of support and maintenance designed to ensure the basing and combat activities of the submarine and surface forces of the fleet.
Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN) are an independent arm of the Russian Armed Forces and are designed to solve the problems of nuclear deterrence of an attack from outside in the interests of the Russian Federation and our allies, to ensure strategic stability in the world.
Organizationally, the Strategic Missile Forces consist of associations and formations. They are armed with silo-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, double-based missiles (mine and railway), as well as missiles with mobile launchers. The Strategic Missile Forces are distinguished by their enormous destructive power, high combat readiness and accuracy in delivering nuclear missile strikes against enemy targets; practically unlimited range; the ability to strike simultaneously at many strategic targets, to successfully overcome air and missile defenses; independence of combat use from weather conditions, time of year and day. The basis of the weapons of the Strategic Missile Forces are stationary and mobile missile systems.
In the process of reorganization, the Strategic Missile Forces retained their combat capabilities and the ability to carry out nuclear deterrence tasks.
The plan for the construction and development of the RF Armed Forces provides for the qualitative development of the Strategic Missile Forces by re-equipping them with new Topol-M missile systems, which have more advanced combat and technical characteristics. This complex will form the basis of the Strategic Missile Forces grouping in the future. They have no analogues in the world.
Airborne Troops (VDV)) - a highly mobile independent branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. They are designed to cover the enemy in the air and conduct combat operations in his rear. As a means of the Supreme High Command, they are capable of solving their operational and tactical combat tasks independently or as part of the Ground Forces groupings both in large-scale wars and in local wars and armed conflicts. In addition, the Airborne Forces can independently or jointly with the multinational force conduct peace and stability operations under a UN mandate (CIS) and perform various special tasks.
The airborne troops consist of combat formations and military units, special troops, support units for military command and control, military educational institutions and training units.
At present, the Airborne Forces have four airborne divisions, one separate airborne brigade, a training center, the Ryazan Institute of the Airborne Forces, and support and maintenance units.
Space Force (KB)- an independent branch of the military, designed to cover important objects of state and military control from an enemy nuclear missile attack, to ensure combat operations of other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and to perform special tasks.
The Space Forces consist of formations of rocket and space defense, military units for launching and controlling spacecraft. The Space Forces are armed with anti-missile systems, space systems and complexes for various purposes.
The Space Forces prepare and launch all launch vehicles, control the vast majority of spacecraft in orbit, develop and order space complexes and systems. The Space Forces monitor the observance of international obligations on the limitation of strategic offensive arms, ensure space communications and global navigation.
The development of the branches of the Armed Forces and branches of service is closely connected with the economy of our state, with the possibilities for creating new, more advanced models of military equipment and weapons. Therefore, the current military reform should ensure the creation of such an organizational and staffing structure of the Armed Forces that would maximally correspond to the military doctrine adopted in the state, and would also allow maximum use of the combat capabilities of military equipment and weapons at minimal cost.
Staffing of the RF Armed Forces
In the law on military duty and military service in Art.2.
Military service is a special type of federal public service performed by citizens who do not have the citizenship of a foreign state. The recruitment of the RF Armed Forces is carried out on a voluntary basis - under a contract and on the basis of conscription.
The procedure and requirements for entering military service under a contract are considered by Articles 32-35 of the Federal Law on military duty and military service.
Conscription of citizens for military service - Article 22 - 31 of the Federal Law on military duty and military service.
The leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation - the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Within the limits of his authority, he issues orders and directives that are binding on the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies of the Russian Federation.
Carrying out direct control of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The President of Russia approves their structure and composition up to and including the unification, as well as the number of personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The list of military posts filled by senior officers in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops is also approved by the President of the Russian Federation. He also has the right to appoint military personnel to these positions! and awarding them the highest officer ranks.
The President of the Russian Federation occupies an independent and exceptionally important place in the system of ensuring the security of the state and the armed protection of its citizens. Its powers are aimed at ensuring the coordinated interaction of all branches of power in protecting the state sovereignty of Russia, strengthening the defense capability of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. He has a special responsibility to the people for the state of the Russian Armed Forces and their readiness to defend their state and their people.
Armed Forces Command is carried out by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation through the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which is the main body of operational control of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is a federal executive body pursuing state policy and exercising state administration in the field of defense, as well as coordinating the activities of federal ministries and other federal executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on defense issues.
General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the central body of military control and the main body of operational control of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which coordinates the activities of other troops, military formations and bodies to carry out tasks in the field of national defense.
The Ministry of Defense of Russia, in addition to the General Staff of the Armed Forces, includes services, main and central directorates, main commands of types, commands of branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Logistics Directorate of the Armed Forces, and other administrative bodies.
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of central bodies of military administration, associations, formations, military units and organizations that are part of the types and types of troops of the Armed Forces, the Rear of the Armed Forces and special troops that are not related to the types and types of troops (slide).
Type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation- this is their component, distinguished by special weapons and designed to perform the tasks assigned to them. The types of the Armed Forces include: Ground Forces, Military - Air Force (Air Force), Military - Marine Fleet (Navy).
The branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include: Space Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces, Air - landing troops. Under kind of troops refers to part of the service of the Armed Forces; distinguished by basic armament, technical equipment, organizational structure, the nature of training and the ability to perform specific combat missions for interaction with other branches of the armed forces.
Special Troops serve to ensure the types and types of troops and assist them in the performance of combat missions. These include: engineering troops, chemical troops, radio engineering troops, signal troops, automobile troops, road troops and a number of others.
Military district is a territorial combined-arms association of military units, formations, educational institutions, military institutions of various types and branches of the Armed Forces. A military district, as a rule, covers the territory of several subjects of the Russian Federation.
Fleet is the highest operational formation of the Navy. Commanders of districts and fleets direct their troops (forces) through headquarters subordinate to them.
Associations are military formations , including several connections or associations of a smaller scale, as well as parts and institutions. The formations include the army, the flotilla, as well as the military district - a territorial combined arms association and the fleet - a naval association.
connections are military formations consisting of several units or formations of a smaller composition, usually various types of troops (forces), special troops (services), as well as units (subdivisions) of support and maintenance. Formations include corps, divisions, brigades and other equivalent military formations.
Military Unit- an organizationally independent combat and administrative-economic unit in all types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Military units include all regiments, ships of 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, separate battalions (divisions, squadrons), as well as separate companies that are not part of battalions and regiments. Regiments, separate battalions, divisions and squadrons are awarded the Battle Banner, and ships of the Navy - Military - sea flag.
To institutions The Ministries of Defense include such structures for ensuring the vital activity of the Armed Forces as the military - medical institutions, houses of officers, military museums, editorial offices of military publications, sanatoriums, rest houses, camp sites
K military-educational institutions include military academies, military universities, military institutes and their branches, Suvorov schools, the Nakhimov military - naval school, the Moscow military music school and cadet corps.
Part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation may be part of the joint Armed Forces or be under joint command in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation (for example, as part of the UN peacekeeping forces or the CIS collective peacekeeping forces in zones of local military conflicts). The recruitment of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation with personnel is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation: military personnel - by conscription of citizens of the Russian Federation for military service on an extraterritorial basis and by voluntary entry of citizens of the Russian Federation into military service; civilian personnel - through voluntary employment.
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include the types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation:
Ground Forces, Air Force and Navy. Each branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consists of branches of troops (forces), for the comprehensive support of the combat activities of the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in their composition includes special troops and rear.
Ground Forces are the most numerous branch of the Armed Forces and form the basis of groupings of troops in strategic directions. They are designed to ensure national security and protect our country from external aggression on land, as well as to protect Russia's national interests within the framework of its international obligations to ensure collective security.
Ground troops - it is also the most ancient branch of the Russian Armed Forces. They lead their history from the princely squads of Kievan Rus.
October 1, 1550 is considered the day of the formation of the Ground Forces, when Ivan IV (the Terrible) issued a decree on the formation of a permanent archery army.
Bright pages in the military history of the Fatherland are the defeat of the knights of the Livonian Order by the squads of Prince Alexander Nevsky on the ice of Lake Peipus in
1242, the victory of the regiments of the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy over the hordes of Mamai on the Kulikovo field in 1380, the defeat of the Swedes near Poltava by the army of Peter 1 in
1709, the victory of A.V. Suvorov under Rymnik (1789) and Izmail (1790), the expulsion of the Napoleonic army by the troops of M.I. Kutuzov in 1812.
The exploits of Russian soldiers and officers on the bastions of Sevastopol in 1854 - 1855, on the Shipka Pass and near Plevna in 1877 - 1878, at the walls of the Port - Arthur and in the fields of Manchuria in 1904 - 1905, during the First World War 1914 - 1918 created the immortal glory of Russian weapons.
During the Great Patriotic War, the decisive contribution to the defeat of a cruel, experienced and strong enemy was made by the ground forces, who won victories in the grandiose battles near Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk, on the Vistula, Danube and Oder. In the postwar years, the Ground Forces remained the most numerous branch of the Armed Forces, the backbone of the general forces.
Ground forces may conduct military operations independently or in cooperation with other services and branches of the Armed Forces. They are able not only to repel an aggressor's invasion in the continental theaters of operations, to destroy its large airborne assault forces, firmly holding the lines and areas they occupy, but also to conduct an offensive in order to defeat the invading enemy grouping.
The ground forces have the ability to deliver fire strikes to great depths, provide cover for troops and facilities from an air enemy, perform reconnaissance, electronic warfare, CBRN, and engineering support tasks.
In accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation, the Ground Forces may be involved in peacekeeping operations conducted under the auspices of the UN Security Council.
The main tasks solved by the Ground Forces:
a) in peacetime:
Maintaining high combat and mobilization readiness of command and control bodies, formations, military units and institutions;
Ensuring the guaranteed transfer of troops from peaceful to martial law in a timely manner in order to fulfill the tasks of repelling enemy aggression in cooperation with the branches, branches of the Armed Forces and other troops;
Preparation of command and control bodies and troops for conducting combat operations and performing other tasks in accordance with their purpose;
Creation and maintenance of stocks of weapons, military equipment and materiel in volumes that ensure the solution of the tasks facing the Ground Forces;
Participation in peacekeeping operations conducted under the auspices of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation;
Rendering assistance to the border troops of the FSB of Russia in the defense of the State Border of the Russian Federation;
Participation in the elimination of the consequences of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.
b) in wartime:
Completing tasks for. the plan for the strategic deployment of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;
Localization (suppression) of possible military conflicts, repulse of enemy aggression by combat-ready groupings of troops in peacetime, and, if necessary, - with the mobilization of formations and units;
Carrying out defensive and counter-offensive operations to defeat the aggressor together with the types, branches of the Armed Forces and other troops (with the participation of the armed forces of the CIS countries that have signed the Collective Security Treaty);
Participation in repulsing an aerospace attack by the enemy, conducting airborne, amphibious and other joint operations of the branches of the Armed Forces;
Participation in the suppression of attempts to commit terrorist acts at strategically important facilities;
Formation, preparation and dispatch of strategic reserves for their intended purpose, replenishment of losses of troops in personnel, weapons and military equipment according to the specialties and nomenclature of the Ground Forces.
The ground forces include: military command and control bodies, motorized rifle and tank troops, missile troops and artillery, air defense troops, which are the branches of the troops of the Ground Forces, as well as special troops (formations and units: reconnaissance, communications, electronic warfare, engineering, RKhBZ, technical security, automobile and rear protection), military educational institutions, military units and institutions of the rear, other military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations.
Ground forces organizationally consist of combined arms armies, army corps, divisions, brigades, regiments, separate units, other formations, units and organizations.
Associations and formations of the Ground Forces form the basis of military districts - Moscow (MVO), Leningrad (LenVO), North - Caucasian (SKVO), Privolzhsko - Ural (PurVO), Siberian (SibVO), Far East (FOR).
Motorized rifle troops- the most numerous branch of the armed forces, which forms the basis of the Ground Forces and the core of their battle formations. To destroy ground and air targets, they are equipped with missile systems, tanks, artillery and mortars, ATGMs, anti-aircraft missile systems and installations, and effective means of reconnaissance and control.
Motorized rifle troops perform the following tasks:
- on the defensive- to hold the occupied areas, lines and positions, repel enemy strikes and inflict defeat on his advancing groupings;
- on the offensive (counter-offensive)- to break through the enemy's defenses, defeat groupings of his troops, capture important areas, lines and facilities, force water barriers, pursue the retreating enemy;
- lead oncoming battles and battles, operate as part of naval and airborne assault forces.
Possessing high combat independence and versatility, they are able to perform these tasks in various physical - geographical and climatic conditions, day and night.
Tank forces constitute the main strike force of the Ground Forces. They are designed to conduct combat operations mainly in the direction of the main attack. Possessing firepower, reliable protection, high mobility and maneuverability, tank troops are able to make the most complete use of the results of nuclear and fire strikes and achieve the final goals of a battle and operation in a short time.
Rocket troops and artillery are the basis of the firepower of the Ground Forces. They are designed to inflict effective fire damage on the enemy. In the course of hostilities, the Rocket Forces and artillery carry out a variety of fire missions: suppression and destruction of enemy manpower, fire weapons and other types of military equipment; destruction of various defensive structures; forbidding the enemy to maneuver, carry out defensive work or restore destroyed objects.
Air defense troops of the Ground Forces designed to cover groupings of troops and objects of their rear from enemy air strikes. They are capable of destroying aircraft and unmanned air attack aircraft independently and in cooperation with the Air Force forces and means, combat enemy airborne assaults on flight routes and during their release, carry out radar reconnaissance and notify troops of an air attack.
Engineering Troops are designed to ensure high rates of offensive, including the destruction of strong enemy strongholds, to create insurmountable defensive lines in a short time, to help protect people and equipment from all types of destruction. In peacetime, they perform a number of specific tasks, which, in their significance and complexity, are equated to combat ones: first of all, demining the area, disarming explosive objects, etc.
Formations and units of other special forces of the Ground Forces - reconnaissance, communications, electronic warfare, engineering, NBC protection, technical support, automotive and rear protection - perform tasks for their intended purpose.
Air Force(Air Force) - type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, designed to protect the country and groupings of troops from enemy strikes from air and space, to destroy military facilities and enemy rear, to ensure combat operations of troops (forces) of other types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
In terms of its combat capabilities, the Air Force can conduct military operations independently or in cooperation with other services and branches of the Armed Forces.
In August 1912, a special authority for the military administration of aviation and aeronautics was created as part of the Russian Army.
By the beginning of the First World War, Russia had 39 detachments, which included 263 aircraft intended for military use.
During the war years, air defense began to take shape structurally to cover the most important centers of the country. One of the first (December 8, 1914) was the air defense of the capital of Russia - Petrograd and its environs, which organizationally included anti-aircraft artillery batteries, a network of air surveillance posts and air crews. The names of the creators of the “Russian school of air combat” K.K. are inscribed in the history of the First World War. Artseulova, E.N., Krutenya, P.N. Nesterova,
A.A. Kozakova, N.A. Yatsuka. By the end of the First World War, aviation became an independent branch of the Ground Forces.
With the development of military aviation, the organizational formation of air forces (since 1928 - - air defense) defense. On August 31, 1924, an anti-aircraft artillery regiment was created in Leningrad for the first time in the interests of air defense.
In 1932, the Air Force received the status of an independent branch of the military. The Red Army Air Force was organizationally divided into military, army and front-line aviation.
In 1933, heavy bomber aviation was structurally formalized. In May 1932, the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army was created, separate brigades, divisions, and air defense corps were formed. By November 1941, the air defense forces of the country's territory acquired the status of an independent branch of the military.
In January 1942, air defense aviation took shape organizationally as part of the country's air defense forces. During the years of the Great Patriotic War, the Air Force and the Air Defense Forces destroyed more than 64 thousand enemy aircraft in air battles, with anti-aircraft fire and at airfields. Over 280 thousand military pilots and air defense soldiers were awarded orders and medals, 2513 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union,
65 pilots were awarded this title twice and two - A.I. Pokryshkin and I.N. Kozhedub - thrice.
The main tasks solved by the Air Force:
a) in peacetime:
Protection of the state border of the Russian Federation in the airspace;
Prevention of flights of aircraft violating air traffic regimes;
Cover from air attack important administrative - political, economic and military objects of the state.
b) in wartime:
- gaining and maintaining air supremacy, air support for troops and forces;
The defeat of objects of military-economic potential, military command, as well as important government and military facilities of the enemy.
Military - the air force successfully solves the tasks of ensuring the peacekeeping functions of the Russian troops in the framework of the implementation of the UN decision and the agreements of the countries - members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization.
The Air Force includes:
Types of troops - aviation, anti-aircraft missile troops, radio engineering troops;
Special Troops - reconnaissance, communications, radio engineering support and automated control systems, electronic warfare, engineering, RKhBZ, aeronautical, meteorological, technical support;
Units and institutions of the rear;
Scientific - research organizations;
Military - educational establishments;
Training and testing centers.
The Air Force consists of:
Special Purpose Command (KSpN), stationed on the territory of the Moscow Military District;
Air Army of the Supreme Command for Special Purposes (VA VGK (SN) (headquarters in Moscow);
Air Army Supreme High Command Military - transport aviation (VA VGK (VTA) (headquarters in Moscow);
Armies of the Air Force and Air Defense, stationed in the territories of the LenVO, North Caucasian Military District, PURVO, Siberian Military District, and Far East Military District, consisting of air defense corps, divisions, brigades, regiments, separate units;
Other formations, units and organizations.
According to its purpose and tasks to be solved, Air Force aviation is divided into long-range, front-line, military transport and army aviation, which include bomber, attack, fighter, reconnaissance, transport and special aviation.
Long-range aviation is the main strike tool of the Air Force. It is designed to destroy enemy groupings of troops, aviation, navy and destroy its important military, military-industrial, energy facilities, communication centers mainly in the strategic and operational depth, and is also involved in conducting aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
Front-line aviation- the main strike force of the Air Force, solving problems in combined arms, joint and independent operations. It is designed to engage enemy troops and targets in operational depth in the air, on land and at sea. It can be used for aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
Army Aviation Designed for aviation support of the Ground Forces by destroying ground, mainly small-sized, armored mobile targets of the enemy, mainly at the forefront and in tactical depth, as well as for solving the problems of comprehensive support for combined arms combat and increasing troop mobility. At the same time, army aviation units and subunits perform fire, airborne transport, reconnaissance and special combat missions.
Military transport aviation is the means of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and provides air transportation of its troops, military equipment and cargo, as well as airborne landings.
Anti-aircraft missile troops(ZRV) are designed to cover important administrative, political, industrial, economic, military facilities and other objects of the country from air attack.
Radio engineering troops(RTV) are intended for conducting radar reconnaissance of an air enemy, issuing radar information to air defense units and aviation, as well as for monitoring the use of the country's airspace.
Navy is designed to ensure the protection of the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies in the World Ocean by military methods, repel aggression from sea and ocean areas, defeat enemy naval forces in strategic ocean areas and sea zones, defeat its military and economic potential, as well as to solve other tasks in the field of national defense in cooperation with other forks and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The creation of the Russian Navy dates back to the end of the 17th century. At the initiative of Peter I during the winter of 1695/96. in the depths of Russia, near Voronezh on the Don, near Moscow on the Oka, in other cities and villages, hundreds of rowboats and two sailing ships were built: the Apostle Peter and the Apostle Paul. The appearance of the Russian fleet near Azov ensured the victory, under the impression of which the boyar Duma on October 30, 1696 decided: "Sea ships should be ...".
The priority task of the fleet is to prevent the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of aggression, repulse it, cover the country's facilities, forces and troops from oceanic and sea areas, inflict defeat on the enemy, create conditions for preventing hostilities at the earliest possible stage and concluding peace at conditions that meet the interests of Russia. In addition, the task of the military - The Marine Fleet is the conduct of peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international allied obligations of the Russian Federation.
To solve a priority problem - to prevent the outbreak of war, as part of the country's strategic nuclear forces in the Navy, naval strategic nuclear forces have been retained, which have certain advantages in comparison with the Strategic Missile Forces and strategic aviation. With such basing, nuclear weapons are withdrawn from the territory of their own state, which reduces the threat to the civilian population and, most importantly, - submarines are the least vulnerable in comparison with other types of basing nuclear weapons.
In addition to naval strategic nuclear forces, the Navy has general-purpose forces. In the event of aggression, they must repel enemy strikes, defeat strike groups of his fleet and prevent them from conducting large-scale and deep sea operations, as well as, in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ensure the creation of the necessary conditions for the effective conduct of defensive operations in continental theaters of military operations. .
The basis of the general forces - The Navy is a submarine force that forms the core of the strike potential of the fleet, as the most versatile, mobile and powerful branch of forces capable of effectively fighting any naval adversary. Their main element is nuclear submarines.
Intraspecific structure of the Navy includes: submarine forces, surface forces, naval aviation, air defense forces, ground and coastal forces, which are the branches of forces (search) of the Navy, as well as support units and subunits (intelligence, naval engineering, NBC protection, communications, radio engineering, electronic warfare , technical support, search engine - and emergency - rescue, hydrographic service), rear units and organizations, other units and organizations.
Organizationally, the Navy consists of four fleets: the Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea, as well as the Caspian Flotilla and the Novorossiysk military - sea area. The corresponding flotillas, squadrons, naval bases, divisions, brigades and regiments are brought together in these formations.
The basis of the Northern and Pacific Fleets are strategic missile submarines and multi-purpose nuclear submarines, aircraft-carrying, amphibious and multi-purpose surface ships, naval missile-carrying and anti-submarine aviation.
The basis of the Baltic, Black Sea fleets and the Caspian flotilla are multi-purpose surface ships, "mine - minesweepers and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile - artillery troops and attack aircraft.
Currently, the Navy is armed with strategic missile submarines, multi-purpose nuclear and diesel submarines, combat surface ships of the main classes, ships and boats of coastal action, aircraft and helicopters of naval aviation. The special geographical position of individual regions of the Russian Federation implies the presence in the fleets of coastal troops, air defense forces and means intended for the defense of these territories.
The structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes branches of the Armed Forces RF - Strategic Rocket Forces, Space Forces, Airborne Forces, as well as troops that are not included in the types and types of troops.
The formations, formations and units of the military branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carry out their assigned tasks in close cooperation with each other and with ground, naval and aviation groupings of troops (forces), using their inherent means of armed struggle, forms and methods of conducting military operations. Each branch of the Armed Forces consists of formations (except for the Airborne Forces), formations and units designed to solve certain operational-strategic, operational and tactical tasks. In order to comprehensively ensure the combat activities of the combat arms of the Armed Forces, they include special troops and rear services.
Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN)) - are intended for nuclear deterrence of a potential adversary and the destruction of objects of its military and economic potential by nuclear missile strikes during the war. The Strategic Missile Forces are equipped with intercontinental and medium-range missiles, the latest automated controls, are constantly on duty and are always ready for a retaliatory strike against an aggressor.
Organizationally, the Strategic Missile Forces consist of missile armies and divisions, training grounds, military educational institutions, enterprises and institutions.
The basis of the armament of the Strategic Missile Forces are stationary and mobile (ground and railway) missile systems.
The history of the Strategic Missile Forces dates back to December 17, 1959, when the Main Command of the Strategic Missile Forces was created by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Strategic Missile Forces armed with intercontinental ballistic missiles and
(until 1987) medium-range missiles, became the main component of the strategic nuclear forces and made the main contribution to achieving military-strategic parity between the USSR and the USA.
Since 1992, a fundamentally new stage in the development of the Strategic Missile Forces began. As part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia were formed as a type of its Armed Forces.
In 1992-1996 the liquidation of missile systems in Ukraine and Kazakhstan was carried out, the Topol mobile missile systems deployed in Belarus were withdrawn to Russia.
In 1997, the Strategic Missile Forces, the Military Space Forces, the rocket and space defense forces of the Air Defense Forces were merged into a single branch - the Strategic Missile Forces. In June 2001, the Strategic Missile Forces were transformed into two types of troops - the Strategic Rocket Forces and the Space Forces.
The Space Forces are designed to detect the start of a missile attack on the Russian Federation and its allies; combating enemy ballistic missiles; maintaining in the established composition of orbital constellations of military and dual-use spacecraft and ensuring the use of spacecraft for their intended purpose; control of outer space; ensuring the implementation of the Federal Space Program of Russia, international cooperation programs and commercial space programs.
The Space Forces include formations and military units of missile attack warning, anti-missile defense and space control systems; State test cosmodromes "Baikonur", "Plesetsk" and "Svobodny"; Main test center for testing and control of space facilities named after G.S. Titov; military educational institutions.
In June 1955, the first space military units were formed and the construction of the Baikonur cosmodrome began, and in 1957 the world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched from the cosmodrome. In the same year, the construction of a launch complex for ICBMs, the current Plesetsk cosmodrome, began in the Arkhangelsk Region.
In 1970, the Dniester missile warning system was put on alert. Subsequently, the Dnepr, Daryal and Volga radars, space-based missile attack warning systems were introduced into the system.
In 1972, the Outer Space Control Center (CKKP) was put into service. With further improvement and creation of new means of observing space objects, the capabilities of the Central Control Commission for Space Control and the development of the control system of outer space as a whole were carried out. In 1988 and 1999 the next stages of modernization of the hardware and software computing complex of the Central Control Commission were completed. In 1999, the TsKKP with the new Elbrus-2 computer complex was put into operation and put on combat duty.
In November 1997, the military space forces and the rocket and space defense forces were included in the Strategic Missile Forces. However, in 2001, a decision was made to recreate the Space Forces as an independent branch of the military.
Airborne Troops (VDV)- a highly mobile branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, designed to cover the enemy by air and perform tasks in his rear.
As a reserve of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, the Airborne Troops are capable of solving operational and tactical combat missions both in a large-scale war and in local conflicts independently or as part of the Ground Forces groupings. Airborne Forces - a branch of the armed forces, 95% consisting of units of constant readiness. Airborne troops or their separate units can be used as parachute landings behind enemy lines.
Organizational Airborne Troops consist of military command and control bodies, airborne and air assault formations and units, as well as special troops (reconnaissance, communications, engineering, aviation, technical support), a training center, rear units and organizations, other units and organizations.
On August 2, 1930, at the exercises of the Moscow Military District, the possibility of landing a parachute assault force consisting of twelve fighters was shown for the first time.
From the first day of its existence, the Airborne Forces are rightfully referred to as the "forefront troops", the elite of the army. During the years of the Great Patriotic War, all formations were awarded the title of Guards. Tens of thousands of soldiers and officers were awarded orders and medals, and 296 paratroopers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
In the post-war period, the Airborne Forces, as the most combat-ready and mobile troops, were repeatedly involved in combat missions. Afghanistan is a special line in the history of the Airborne Forces. For their courage and heroism in the Afghan war, 17 paratroopers became Heroes of the Soviet Union, and more than 24 thousand were awarded high state awards.
Since the late 1980s, paratroopers have more than once stood up as a shield between the warring parties in Baku, Karabakh, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Transnistria, in the zone of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict and in assisting in resolving the armed conflict between Serbia and Croatia in Yugoslavia. Since 1994, the paratroopers have had to fight in the vanguard of many military operations carried out by troops in Chechnya.
The rear of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is intended for the rear and technical support services of the troops (forces). Performs the functions of a link between the country's economy and the troops (forces).
In the interests of all types of the Armed Forces (arms of the armed forces, special forces), it performs the following main tasks:
Reception from the country's economic complex of stocks of materiel and rear equipment, storage and provision of troops (forces) with them;
· Planning and organizing, together with the transport ministries and departments, the preparation, operation, technical cover and restoration of communication lines and vehicles;
· delivery to troops (forces) of all types of materiel;
· provision of military transportation, basing of aviation and naval forces;
· technical support for rear services;
medical, veterinary and sanitary, commercial and household, apartment and operational support (in wartime), etc.
The Logistics of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes: central bodies of military command and control of the Armed Forces and other bodies of military command; special troops (automobile, road, rail, pipeline); formations, military units and subdivisions of material, transport, engineering-airfield, airfield-technical support and rear protection; medical units, military units and institutions; organizations (bodies) of rear services (bases, warehouses, factories, workshops, detachments, trains, laboratories, etc.), military units and combat support units (engineering, RCBZ rear, rear communications).
Organizationally, the forces and means of the Logistics of the Armed Forces are part of all associations, formations, military units and subunits, and are also directly subordinate to the central authorities. In the rear system of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, it is customary to distinguish the following links:
In terms of the scale and nature of the tasks performed - strategic, operational and military rear;
By affiliation - the rear of the Center, front, district, naval base, divisional, brigade, regimental, battalion and rear divisions.
In the political arena of any state, there is always that kind of internecine conflicts that are quite difficult to resolve by diplomatic means. Due to certain circumstances of external relations, most world countries prefer to maintain their own army, which, if necessary, can be used to defend and protect the state.
Military arsenal of the countries of the world
Now, in the struggle for primacy in the number and power of the armed forces, several states compete, including:
- China;
- Russia;
- Turkey;
- Japan.
The United States has achieved its leadership position due to the high development of the research and development industry, for the maintenance of which funds come from the federal budget. Unfortunately, the Russian Federation is significantly inferior to both the United States and China in terms of the level of equipment with military equipment, but the main advantage in the Russian army is its many years of experience gained on the basis of the wars experienced in the previous century.
In the event of a military threat, Russia has the opportunity to deploy an army, the size of which is 2 times the size of the army trained by the United States. The size of the population plays a significant role in this balance of power, and our country is in an advantageous position in this aspect.
Despite the time-hardened and honed combat skills, Russian discipline is significantly inferior to the Japanese, which somewhat undermines its military world authority. But, nevertheless, our country is still among the strongest powers in terms of the army, it is in charge of the largest number of nuclear weapons, and in this aspect it is the absolute leader.
Staff strength of the national army
As of 2018, the total composition of the Russian troops has more than a million soldiers, which puts the country in the third position in terms of costs in this field of activity. The ground forces are currently recognized as the most numerous - about 400 thousand people. Aviation and navy have approximately the same number of military personnel, 150,000 in each branch of service. This distribution is due to the fact that armies operating on land are capable of performing a much wider range of military tasks, they have the prerogative to act more quickly than units with a specific function.
In comparison with other types of troops, they have certain advantages, for example, tank divisions are directed to locations where it is likely to break through the defenses of a potential enemy, that is, their actions involve multi-stage preparation and include more opportunities and ways to achieve the goal. But at the same time, ground forces are not ubiquitous, there are territories in which they are practically useless.
At such locations, bombers and fighters come into play if the goal is to destroy enemy ammunition or equipment, which may be located in hard-to-reach places. The readiness of the navy to take advantageous positions on the water will make it possible to gain advantages over the enemy in order to carry out subsequent tasks. In recent years, the renewal of the air and naval forces in Russia has been going on constantly, the methods of conducting combat operations have been modernized, and their condition has been continuously monitored. As a result, the high professional competence of military personnel.
Space Forces, consisting of just over 120 thousand people, were created in the state of active military units in order to detect enemy missile installations. Their responsibilities include supplying information to the General Staff about the likelihood of missile attacks, recognizing a threat that can come from space by monitoring the behavior of space objects.
The smallest are the airborne troops, their total number is 35 thousand soldiers. The military tasks of this unit are one-sided, so the percentage of the total number of Russian armies is minimal.
Reserve of mobilization troops of the Russian Federation
Along with the active army in Russia there is a potential and organized reserve. Assuming how many people can be called up for service in the event of martial law, the experts set the figure at 31 million. According to statistical indicators, in Russia 2018 shows a trend towards a decrease in this number by 4 times, and a further reduction in the potential reserve is expected.
Specialists reckon 20 thousand people to the organized structure. An elementary explanation for this is the lack of need for additional numbers of people, because in the near future a direct threat from other states is not expected.
Proposed changes in the Russian army
The military training of Russia in the future provides for a number of reforms. Compared to the data for 2017, the domestic army has increased by 250,000 armed fighters, so there is a shortage of so-called "non-combat" military specialties, and in the future, the bias in subsequent recruitments will be made on them. An attempt was made to reduce the number of military personnel involved in some ranks. For example, it was planned to replace warrant officers with sergeants as an alternative, but this technique failed, since most of the sergeants did not enter into a long-term contract for further service.
The size of the Russian army cannot but affect the composition of military equipment. This includes the creation of reliable and safe bases for the storage of ammunition, the optimization of military construction, it is planned to introduce new models of tanks, aircraft, and anti-aircraft guns. However, at present, in comparison with foreign analogues, the armament of the Russian army requires additional scientific and technical developments.
Ultimately, the strength of the RF Armed Forces in recent years has reached the quantitative dimensions with which the country is able to compete with Western and Eastern states. The total amount of funds allocated to improve the security of Russia has increased by 50% over the past five years, but this is still not enough for the military purchases required today. The Russian army needs a rational distribution of the financial fund between its real needs. This is one of the main shortcomings of the modern military training of the country, although the corresponding question has already been raised in the highest instances.
In general, the military leadership of the Russian Federation is undeniable. Our state has managed to achieve a level of modifications at which it has clear advantages, mainly due to the disposal of the most powerful nuclear weapons in the world. According to experts, Russia adequately ensures the security of its citizens.
