Goals:
Name and show the proposed ways of human settlement, the main areas of high population density on the Earth, the main types of economic activities of people;
- to give knowledge about human settlement on the continents; on the main types of economic activity of the population;
Equipment: hemisphere map, presentation, computer, multimedia projector.
During the classes
I. Organizing time.
II. D/Z check.
IP. Learning new material.
One of the most difficult questions is the question of the place and time of the emergence of man on Earth.
Most scientists believe that Africa is the birthplace of man. It happened about 1 million years ago. No, no, modern man lives on Earth not so long ago. A million years ago, the first intelligent beings appeared, the ancestors of modern man. They walked on two legs, skillfully used their hands to make tools. Perhaps they had the beginnings of speech. But outwardly they were still very far from modern man. (Fig. 75). However, their development did not stand still. These creatures improved, developed their mental abilities, diligently mastered the nature around them. And of course, they changed outwardly. A man of the modern type, almost no different from us, appeared relatively recently, about 40 thousand years ago.
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Topic: HUMAN EARTH DEVELOPMENT.
Goals:
Name and show the proposed ways of human settlement, the main areas of high population density on the Earth, the main types of economic activities of people;
- to give knowledge about human settlement on the continents; on the main types of economic activity of the population;
Equipment: hemisphere map, presentation, computer, multimedia projector.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. D/Z check.
IP. Learning new material.
The emergence of man and his settlement on the planet
One of the most difficult questions is the question of the place and time of the emergence of man on Earth.
Most scientists believe that Africa is the birthplace of man. It happened about 1 million years ago. No, no, modern man lives on Earth not so long ago. A million years ago, the first intelligent beings appeared, the ancestors of modern man. They walked on two legs, skillfully used their hands to make tools. Perhaps they had the beginnings of speech. But outwardly they were still very far from modern man.(Fig. 75). However, their development did not stand still. These creatures improved, developed their mental abilities, diligently mastered the nature around them. And of course, they changed outwardly. A man of the modern type, almost no different from us, appeared relatively recently, about 40 thousand years ago.
By this time people lived not only in Africa. Long before the advent of modern man, the resettlement of primitive people began on the planet. And why would they leave their homeland? Was life bad there? But the fact is that there were more and more people, they needed more food and more space. And since our primitive ancestor was a clever, smart creature and able to adapt to completely new living conditions, he began to explore more and more new territories.
The ways of human settlement ran through the continents, from mainland to mainland. Almost 30 thousand years ago, the ancient tribes ended up in North America, and after 10 thousand years, South America was also mastered(Fig. 76). At the same time as North America, people appeared in Australia. And so it turned out that man settled all over the planet. Only he did not manage to get to Antarctica. But even if he got there, he would hardly like it there.
Human economic activity and its consequences
Man is not an ordinary inhabitant of our planet. This is the only creature on Earth that is endowed with reason. Man's transformation of nature for his own purposes is called economic activity. Along with the development of mankind, the nature of its economic activity has also changed.
Primitive man hunted and collected edible plants, so he did not change nature so much. Its relationship with nature was almost the same as that of any large predator. Man took from nature only what she willingly gave him herself. Can this be considered business activity? Can. Only it was still the most primitive type of economy, which is calledappropriating economy.
But about 10 thousand years ago, human life began to change. Perhaps the climate of the planet has changed or man has become too numerous, but hunting has ceased to satisfy his needs for food. And man began to tame some animals and grow those plants that he had previously simply collected. This is how agriculture comes into people's lives. Agriculture already gave man not only what nature is ready to give by itself. No, with its help, a person began to produce more food than the wild nature is able to give. Man has become less dependent on nature. So there was a transition from appropriating to producing farm (Fig. 77).The transition to a productive economy has led to an increase in the impact of economic activity on nature.
Man captured more and more new territories, replacing natural landscapes with anthropogenic ones. Forests were cut down and burned, fields were laid out on the liberated lands, irrigation systems were laid, settlements and roads were built, wild animals and plants were completely replaced. Imagine, the number of cows on our planet reaches 1.5 billion! This is despite the fact that the average number of many wild animal species is in the tens and hundreds of thousands. There are no words: a cow is a beautiful animal. But imagine how many wild animals would not have enough space in the pastures of the Earth because of the countless herds of cows.
Agriculture proved to be able to feed a much larger number of people than simple hunting and gathering. As a result, the world's population began to grow rapidly. This means that the need for fields and pastures has increased.
The manufacturing industry continued to develop. For many centuries, all the items necessary for a person to live: clothes, shoes, furniture, dishes, tools, weapons - were produced by artisans in numerous, but small workshops. By the 17th century handicrafts could no longer provide goods for the growing population. And it gave wayindustry (Fig. 78).In large factories equipped with complex machines, much more products can be produced. But this requires more coal, metal, wood and other natural materials in order to process them in industrial plants. The amount of extracted natural resources is growing rapidly. New mines and quarries are being built. New roads are being laid to transport minerals mined in nature to factories and deliver finished products to many cities. And cities are growing, because with the advent of plants and factories in them, the number of urban residents has grown. And all this does not happen in a vacuum. All this construction comes at the expense of nature. Human economic activity is spreading more and more widely on the planet, more and more strongly affects the nature of the planet.
You remember that in nature, in the natural complex, everything is interconnected. And even if economic activity affects only one of the natural components, it changes the whole face of nature in this place. Or maybe it leads to its complete destruction.
Of course, there are territories on Earth that are not subject to human influence, and there are many of them. However, we must definitely remember that their existence depends entirely on the will of man, on his readiness to keep these corners of the nature of his native planet untouched. At least so that our distant descendants can say: “What a beautiful planet we got!”
IV. Consolidation of the lesson.
1. About 1 million years ago, the ancestors of modern man appeared in Africa, possessing the rudiments of reason. The man of the modern type appeared 40 thousand years ago. Approximately 10 thousand years ago, man inhabited all the continents of the planet, except for Antarctica.
2. Man is engaged in the transformation of nature, that is, economic activity. The first type of such activity was hunting and gathering. Agriculture appeared almost 10 thousand years ago. Even later, in the 17th century, the development of industry began. As a result of the development of agriculture and industry, human impact on nature has expanded and intensified.
V. Summing up.
VI. Homework: § 16
Geography Grade 7
Lesson topic: Earth planet of people
The date of the…………….
Lesson Objectives:
· To acquaint students with the areas of modern population distribution, the main areas of human economic activity.
· To reveal the ecological consequences of human activity on nature.
・Cultivate a sense of respect for the environment
Equipment: Map of the hemispheres, a presentation prepared by the teacher "Earth development by man", atlas maps, contour maps.
Lesson form: non-standard lesson-TV show.
During the classes
To our present Earth, to its snows and blizzards
brontosaurs did not crawl, pterodactyls did not fly.
This is their personal misfortune, no one is responsible for it.
Lost, went the wrong way
Death was found in a dead end branch...
The tree of life rustles its leaves,
Branch - to the right and branch - to the left
"Man" reasonable sits at the top of this tree
And a century passes over him. Turn. gyres
Is it possible that man is a dead end branch of nature?!
(R. Rozhdestvensky)
Presentation of the guests of the TV studio: expert-ecologist, expert-geographer, student-television presenter, teacher-understudy.
Teacher: Guys, today you must understand the extent of the catastrophe hanging over our Earth and, without being afraid, find ways of a possible way out of it with your participation in the future, when you become adults.
TV presenter student It has been about 1 million years since man appeared on Earth.
In ancient times, when man was still a gatherer and hunter, he was in harmonious unity with the surrounding nature and completely dependent on it.
The ancient homeland of mankind Africa and South-Eastern Eurasia. Having mastered convenient places for life, a person settles on other continents.
Slides 3-5.
Class task: Draw the ways of human settlement on the continents on the contour map.
The settlement of new lands accelerated the development of animal husbandry and agriculture, and the population gradually increased. If 15 thousand years ago there were about 3 million people on Earth. That is currently about 7 billion people.
Class task: Identify densely populated areas of the world on a map.
The trouble came when a person began to extract in nature not only what was necessary for life, but engaged in the predatory destruction of its riches, when, blinded by the lust for profit, he stopped thinking about the consequences.
Slide 6. One zookeeper in the Bronx (USA) hung an ordinary mirror on the wall of the enclosure with the inscription: “You are looking at the most dangerous animal on Earth”
Why?
Only man is capable of exterminating entire species of animals.
Here are a few species from the huge list of losses.
Slides 7-11.Look carefully at these animals. They are not here!
Message:
1. About Steller's Cow
Steller's cow was discovered in 1741 by Georg Steller, the expedition doctor V.I. Bering. At first, Steller believed that he was dealing with an ordinary manatee and called the animal "manat". “If you would ask me how many I saw them on the island, then I would immediately answer - they cannot be counted, they are countless ...” Steller wrote.
“The smell and taste of fat is very pleasant and tastes much better than the fat of marine and domestic animals. This fat can be stored even on the hottest days, does not go out and does not stink. The meat is red, denser than beef, it does not differ in taste from it, it is stored for a long time on hot days, without smell ... The milk of cows is fatty and sweet, thick and tastes like sheep, ”Steller wrote in his notes.
As a result of predatory fishing, by 1768 the Steller's cow was completely exterminated
2. About the passenger pigeon
The passenger pigeon lived in large numbers in North America, the total number of the colony was estimated at 160 million individuals on an area of 2200 sq. km. Sometimes there were up to a hundred nests on one tree. These birds became cannon fodder for the local population, they were killed for the sake of interest.
3. Dodos
Dodos were flightless birds the size of a goose. Presumably, an adult bird weighed 20-25 kg., reached a meter in height, the paws of a dodo with four fingers resembled those of a turkey, the beak was massive. Dodos could not fly, swim well, run fast. As a result of centuries of evolution, dodos lost their wings, only a few feathers remained on them, and the tail turned into a small crest. Dodos were found on the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean. Dodos completely died out with the advent of Europeans on the islands. Dodo hunting became a source of replenishment of ship supplies. To hunt, it was enough to approach and hit the head with a stick.
4. About bison
Bison were killed for fun, on a bet...to speed up the movement of trains, "just like that." There was a company for their complete destruction. Having shot the bison, the "hunter" took only the tongue. The main task of the "buffalo hunters" was to kill as many as possible, to kill the animals faster than they multiplied. “Only a madman can do this,” said the Indians. America and Canada had to spend a lot of effort and time to save the bison as a species.
Here are the first environmental consequences of economic activity.
Question to the class:
1. What did these consequences lead to?
2. What contribution could you make to wildlife conservation in the future?
Cattle breeding and agriculture are the basis of agriculture, and the development of agriculture greatly changes natural complexes.
Slides 12-15
Reference: It takes 100 years to form 1 cm of soil. Fertility can be lost in one field season. Every year, rivers carry about 25 billion tons of water into the oceans. tons of soil.
Annual soil erosion from 14% in Russia to 44% in the USA.
Question.
What are the main causes of desertification?
Desert- its space is slowly and steadily expanding. This process is associated primarily with the immoderate economic activity of man.
There are many reasons for desertification. This includes excessive grazing, when the maximum load on the pasture leads to the destruction of the vegetation cover and soil erosion. This is the predatory felling of trees and shrubs near dwellings, which sets in motion sands that cover fields and villages.
Question: How to fight desertification?
The fight against desertification is one of the main areas of international cooperation in the field of protecting the nature of the planet. Planting saxaul forests, improving desert pastures by sowing various herbs, reclamation of saline soils. Unfortunately, the scale of desertification far outstrips the front of the fight against undesirable environmental consequences. Conducted events are more often episodic. Slides 16-17
Reference: Currently, the area of forests is about 3.9 billion hectares (about 30% of the land surface). More than half of the world's forest area (51%) is located on the territory of four countries: Russia - 22%, Brazil - 16%, Canada - 7%, USA - 6%
Question: What are the main reasons that change the natural complexes of forests?
Every year, forests are destroyed on an area of 125 thousand square kilometers, which is equal to the territories of countries such as Australia and Switzerland combined. The main reasons for the destruction of forests are: the expansion of agricultural land and deforestation in order to use wood. Forests are cut down in connection with construction, frequent fires that occur through human fault.
Question: What are the environmental consequences of deforestation?
Environmental consequences are the cause of the disappearance of the natural complex, oxygen reduction, atmospheric pollution with harmful gases, and the forest is a kind of filter. Deforestation over large areas, as a rule, increases surface water runoff and increases soil erosion. Various types of plants and animals disappear.
Question: What plants in our area are protected?
What activities are needed to restore forests?
Forests are subject to protection and regulation of use as a source of timber, protection from forest fires. Often the cause of fire is a childish prank, careless handling of fire in the forest, explanatory work is needed among students and the adult population.
An excerpt from a poem is read Gennady Mikhasenko "BrAZ" (Funeral romance).
Incomprehensible in nature!
Take at least a root crop!
In our miracle garden
Sweeter than a radish, horseradish grows!
Vegetables are monsters!
Is it vegetables?!
Not a carrot, but just a shame
sparing no effort,
You will tear out not a carrot, but a temple
Blessed Basil.
How can you not remember the hell
eight-horned root crop,
What can not be pulled from the garden
Or rot, or a freak.
These stools of BrAZ,
Worse than a witch's evil eye
Look into the distance, bro
Poison haulm
Rises from BrAZ
Our death and infection
Exercise: Explain why the poem describes such phenomena?
Question: What impact do urban businesses have on the environment? Try to explain.
Exercise: Complete the diagram in your workbooks
Human economic activity
Lesson Summary: The nature around us is seriously sick, which means that we are sick too. Our duty is to be a “Man” with a capital letter. Therefore, each of us must act like a human being.
Students can be judged based on the following criteria:
1. Performing work on the contour map.
2. Filling in the table in notebooks
3. Students' answers to the questions posed.
4. Performances by students with additional messages.
Homework. Paragraph 16, prepare an abstract on the topic: Natural zoning
The beginning of the development of the Earth
Ancient people settled in the valleys of large rivers - the Nile, Ganges, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus. It was in these territories that the first civilizations began to form, which received the names "river".
Land development
By the beginning of the Middle Ages, some continents, seas, islands and even oceans remained undiscovered. The peak of human development of the earth fell on the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries.
Countries of the world
Today, people live on all continents of our planet, with the exception of Antarctica. However, even there there are research stations where scientists are working hard to study the mainland.
All countries that exist on the planet were created during the historical process. Their inhabitants are united by a common cultural and spiritual heritage.
Even now it cannot be said that our planet has been fully developed, since there are separate regions that require detailed study.
Ancient people settled in the valleys of large rivers - the Nile, Ganges, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus.
It was in these territories that the first civilizations began to form, which received the names "river".
The climate on these lands was favorable for life, fertile lands contributed to agriculture. Humanity began to develop new lands with the birth of trade.
In search of new trade routes, new territories were opened, which soon after their opening were settled by settlers.
Land development
By the beginning of the Middle Ages, some continents, seas, islands and even oceans remained undiscovered.
The peak of human development of the earth fell on the era of the great geographical discoveries.
It was then that such lands as North America, Australia, South America, and the Pacific Ocean were discovered. New territories attracted the inhabitants of Europe with their natural resources - the continents were gradually settled by settlers.
Mostly settlers settled on fertile lands: in mountainous regions, natives lived. The development of the mountains became necessary with the beginning of the flourishing of industrial production.
By the end of the 19th century, people settled even in remote areas, which was due to the development of production and the transport system.
Countries of the world
There are 193 independent states in the world, as well as several dozen dependent territories that were formed in different historical periods.
Today, people live on all continents of our planet, with the exception of Antarctica.
However, even there there are research stations where scientists are working hard to study the mainland.
Studying geography, you can see that on some continents there are much more countries than on the rest. This is due to many factors, in particular, the climatic properties of the territories, the availability of water resources, and the features of the relief.
So on the territory of Eurasia there are more than 90 states, while on the mainland Australia there is only one country.
All countries that exist on the planet were created during the historical process.
Their inhabitants are united by a common cultural and spiritual heritage.
The geographical positions of countries that are located on the same mainland can be radically different from each other: there are countries - peninsulas, countries of the island, countries that do not have access to the sea.
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Today there are more than 7 billion people on Earth, and each of them has three children. Although the number of inhabitants has increased over hundreds of years, the number of people has not increased as quickly.
Many people are constantly influencing population growth.
In developed countries, most children are vaccinated to avoid various diseases. In the African state of Chad, only half of children are vaccinated, and almost 21% of children die before the age of five.
On average, only the life expectancy of people has not increased, but, according to some reports, their growth.
Scientists believe this is due to improved nutrition and health.
Word of the masses
If you give this book to every person on the planet and place all these books one after the other, then this series of books will go around the earth 48 times.
Computers, the Internet and television help people get an education.
In developed countries, information about health, nutrition and possible diseases is available at the touch of a button.
30,000-12,000 years ago Modern humans began to spread throughout the world.
Between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, there was a Neolithic revolution: many people switched from hunting and gathered to agriculture and began to lead a sedentary lifestyle.
The first places were built 5000 years ago.
Until 2000. The entire population of the world today is smaller than the American population.
1300. 60% of the population of Europe and Asia died due to an epidemic of bubonic plague ("black death"), the carriers of which were rats.
1400 The world's population reached 300 million: 62% lived in Asia, 14% in Europe, 10% in Africa, 8% in North America and 6% in South America.
1500-1800 Approximately 12 million African slaves were Europeans exported to North and South America.
During the transportation, about 5 million people were killed.
1550 Approximately 90% of the Abordins in the Americas died from diseases such as chicken flu and measles, which were brought here by Europeans.
1750 Industrial Revolution: Advances in technology improved living conditions and the world's population began to grow rapidly.
1850-1930 Mass migration to North America from Europe and Asia.
1914-1920 About 10 million people died during the First World War.
About 100 million people (about 6% of the world's population) have died from pandemic influenza in Spain.
1960 Life expectancy skyrocketed due to antibiotics and improved medical care.
The world population reached 3 billion: by the end of the 1960s, it began to increase to 2.04% per year.
1939-1945 Over 50 million people died during World War II.
2050 The world population is expected to reach 9 billion.
There were very few of us in the beginning. And recently our number has increased significantly and continues to grow, especially in developing countries.
Improving healthcare
In the developed world, many people began to live much longer than before.
This is worrisome as the country is resource constrained, although fewer children are being born in developed countries.
Human development of hard-to-reach territories of the Earth. The mountains
The mountains , elevated areas of the earth's surface that rise steeply above the surrounding area. But how many of them are mountains on Earth? There are mountains on all continents and many large islands - in Greenland, Madagascar, Taiwan, New Zealand, British, etc. The mountains of Antarctica are largely buried under the ice sheet, but there are isolated volcanic mountains, such as Mount Erebus, and mountain ranges, including the mountains of Queen Maud Land and Mary Byrd Land - high and well-defined in relief.
Australia has fewer mountains than any other continent. In North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa, cordillera, mountain systems, ranges, mountain groups and single mountains are represented. The Himalayas, located in the south of Central Asia, are the highest and youngest mountain system in the world. The longest mountain system is the Andes in South America, stretching for 7560 km from Cape Horn to the Caribbean Sea. They are older than the Himalayas and apparently had a more complex history of development.
The mountains of Brazil are lower and much older than the Andes.
But it turns out that by drawing only four lines on the globe, we will cover almost all the high mountains of the world.
They form the four mountain belts of the Earth.
1) The Mediterranean-Himalayan belt includes the highest mountains of Europe - the Alps, the Caucasus, the Pamirs and the entire Himalayan complex. The formation of the belt began about a billion years ago and continues to this day, although the most important processes occurred 20 million years ago. In this belt there are many high sharp peaks and sharp depressions between the ridges. Moreover, the farther to the east, the higher the mountains become: the highest peak of the Mont Blanc Alps is 4807 m, and the Himalayan Chomolungma is 8848 m.
In the eastern part of the belt there is a huge high-mountainous plain of Tibet, and the Eastern Pamir is a bit like it.
2) The North Pacific belt covers the mountains of the Pacific coast of Asia and the giant Cordillera system. Here, not too high ridges are interspersed with flat areas. The width of the Cordilleras, which run along the coast of North America, reaches 1000 km, and in some places exceeds 1500 km. But on the other hand, there are no such sharp ridges, deep valleys and such sharp contrasts as in the first mountain belt in the North Pacific.
For example, the height from the Oymyakon depression to the Verkhoyansk ridge increases gradually, over tens of kilometers. The peaks of the Asian part of the belt rarely exceed 2000 m, and in the Cordillera - 4000 m. Only volcanoes rise higher: Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m) in Kamchatka, Orisoba (5700 m) in Mexico.
3) Only one mountain system belongs to the East Pacific belt - the Andes, or the South American Cordillera.
These are one of the highest mountains in the world (the highest peak of Aconcagua is 6960 m) with clear long ridges, which, even in the very part of the Andes, do not move more than 700 km from the coast. The height of these mountains is especially impressive, since the western slopes of the Andes descend directly to the Pacific Ocean, and the eastern slopes to the vast lowlands lying almost at sea level.
4) The Afro-Asian belt stretches from the southern tip of Africa to the Sea of Okhotsk in eastern Asia. This is the youngest mountain belt, which began to form only 40 million years ago. Interestingly, here the mountains formed in the middle of the lithospheric plate, and not on the edge. The African plate is still intact, but a fault is planned in it, just where a chain of lakes now runs from north to south - Tanga-Nyika, Nyasa, etc.
On the same line are seismic zones, and active volcanoes, and the African part of the mountain belt. In Africa, it includes Draconic…
Dispersal of man on the continents. Most scientists believe that the ancient homeland of man is Africa and Southwestern Eurasia. Gradually, people settled on all continents of the globe, with the exception of Antarctica (Fig. 38).
It is assumed that at first they mastered the territories of Eurasia and Africa, convenient for life, and then other continents. On the site of the Bering Strait, there was land, which about 30 thousand years ago connected the northeastern part of Eurasia and North America. Through this land "bridge" ancient hunters penetrated into North and then into South America, up to the islands of Tierra del Fuego. Humans entered Australia from Southeast Asia.
Findings of fossil remains of people helped to draw conclusions about the ways of human settlement.
main areas of settlement. Ancient tribes moved from one place to another in search of better living conditions. The settlement of new lands accelerated the development of animal husbandry and agriculture. Gradually, the population also increased. If about 15 thousand years ago there were about 3 million people on Earth, then at present the population has reached almost 6 billion people. Most people live on the plains, where it is convenient to cultivate arable land, build factories and factories, and place settlements.
There are four areas of high population density on the globe - South and East Asia, Western Europe and the eastern part of North America. This can be explained by several reasons: favorable natural conditions, a well-developed economy, and the age of settlement. In South and East Asia, in a favorable climate, the population has long been engaged in agriculture on irrigated lands, which makes it possible to collect several crops a year and feed a large population.
Rice. 38. Proposed ways of human settlement. Describe the nature of the regions through which the resettlement of people took place
In Western Europe and in the east of North America, industry is well developed, there are many factories and plants, and the urban population predominates. On the Atlantic coast of North America, the population settled here from the countries of Europe.
The main types of economic activities of people. Their influence on natural complexes. The nature of the globe is the environment of life and activity of the population. Being engaged in farming, a person influences nature, changes it. At the same time, different types of economic activity affect natural complexes differently.
Agriculture changes the natural complexes especially strongly. Significant areas are required for growing crops and raising domestic animals. As a result of plowing, the area under natural vegetation has decreased. The soil has partially lost its fertility. Artificial irrigation helps to get high yields, but in arid areas, excessive watering leads to soil salinization and reduced yields. Domestic animals also change the vegetation cover and soil: they trample the vegetation, compact the soil. In arid climates, pastures can turn into desert areas.
Under the influence of human economic activity, forest complexes experience great changes. As a result of uncontrolled logging, the area under forests around the globe is shrinking. In the tropical and equatorial zones, forests are still being burned out, making room for fields and pastures.
Rice. 39. Rice fields. Each sprout of rice is planted by hand in water-filled fields.
The rapid growth of industry has a detrimental effect on nature, polluting the air, water and soil. Gaseous substances enter the atmosphere, and solid and liquid substances enter the soil and water. During the development of minerals, especially in an open pit, a lot of waste and dust arise on the surface, deep large quarries are formed. Their area is constantly growing, while soils and natural vegetation are also destroyed.
The growth of cities increases the need for new land areas for houses, construction of enterprises, roads. Nature is also changing around large cities, where a large number of residents rest. Environmental pollution adversely affects human health.
Thus, in a significant part of the globe, the economic activity of people has changed natural complexes to one degree or another.
Complex cards. The economic activity of the population of the continents is reflected on complex maps. According to their conventional signs, you can determine:
- mining sites;
- features of land use in agriculture;
- areas for cultivation of cultivated plants and breeding of domestic animals;
- settlements, some enterprises, power plants.
Depicted on the map and natural objects, protected areas. (On a comprehensive map of Africa, find the Sahara. Determine the types of economic activities of the population in its territory.)
Countries of the world. People living in the same territory, speaking the same language and having a common culture, form a historically established stable group - an ethnos (from the Greek ethnos - people), which can be represented by a tribe, nationality or nation. The great ethnic groups of the past created ancient civilizations and states.
From the history course, you know which states existed in ancient times in Southwest Asia, North Africa and in the mountains of South America. (Name these states.)
Currently, there are more than 200 states.
The countries of the world are distinguished by many features. One of them is the size of the territory they occupy. There are countries that occupy the whole mainland (Australia) or half of it (Canada). But there are countries that are very small, like the Vatican, for example. Its area of 1 km - just a few quarters of Rome. Such states are called "dwarf". The countries of the world also differ significantly in terms of population. The number of inhabitants of some of them exceeds hundreds of millions of people (China, India), in others - 1-2 million, and in the smallest - several thousand people, for example, in San Marino.
Rice. 40. Timber floating leads to river pollution
Countries are also distinguished by geographic location. Most of them are located on the continents. There are countries located on large islands (for example, Great Britain) and on archipelagos (Japan, Philippines), as well as on small islands (Jamaica, Malta). Some countries have access to the sea, others are hundreds and thousands of kilometers away from it.
Many countries differ in the religious composition of the population. The most widespread in the world is the Christian religion (Eurasia, North America, Australia). In terms of the number of believers, it is inferior to the Muslim religion (the countries of the northern half of Africa, Southwest and South Asia). In East Asia, Buddhism is widespread, and in India, many profess the Hindu religion.
Countries also differ in the composition of the population, in the presence of monuments created by nature, as well as by man.
All countries of the world are also heterogeneous in terms of the features of economic development. Some of them are more developed economically, others are less.
As a result of the rapid growth of the population and the same rapid growth in the demand for natural resources throughout the world, human influence on nature has increased. Economic activity often leads to adverse changes in nature and to the deterioration of people's living conditions. Never before in the history of mankind has the state of nature deteriorated so rapidly on the globe.
The issues of nature protection, preservation of conditions for the life of people on our planet have become one of the most important global problems affecting the interests of all states.
- Why are population densities different in different parts of the world?
- What types of economic activities of people change the natural complexes most strongly?
- How has the economic activity of the population in your area changed natural complexes?
- Which continents have the most countries? Why?
The development of the earth by man lasted for more than one millennium, but even now it is difficult to say that this process of studying our planet is over. Although, probably, there is not a single corner of our earth where a human foot has not set foot, there are still many secrets and discoveries ahead of mankind. This knowledge will help to better understand the processes taking place on the entire planet as a whole and the future fate of our civilization.
Scientists consider Africa to be the birthplace of life on the planet, with its warm and comfortable climate. About 2 million years ago, the gradual settlement of ancient people began in Eurasia and further north. As the early human tribes die out, this process ends. More than 100,000 years ago, from the time of the emergence of a reasonable person, the second stage of the development of earthly space by people begins.
The first communities of people, called river communities, arose in the places where the full-flowing rivers of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates flowed. The choice of these sites for settlement was due to the natural features of the lands located around the rivers. The fertile soil, the availability of fresh water and game for hunting, made these places suitable for life. In the future, the number of people began to grow steadily, and the process of land development and the resettlement of peoples began to occur with constant regularity. Based on research and excavations, scientists have made amazing discoveries about the places of migration of ancient people. This way of land development in the distant past passed through the land, which is now under the water column of the Bering Strait.
Sometimes large groups of people and even nationalities left their native and habitable places and went in search of easier living conditions to uncharted lands. New lands made it possible to more effectively develop and develop lands for arable land and provided food and shelter for the growing ancient tribes. Having learned to make tools for obtaining food and protection from wild animals, people no longer needed the rocky shelters of caves so much. Therefore, they more and more willingly settled on flat lands, providing pastures for domesticated animals and fields for agriculture.
As it happened historically, there are places on the planet with a higher density of human settlement, and there are uninhabited, sparsely populated areas. The favorable, mild climate of these places, the presence of fertile lands, a sufficient amount of easily extracted natural resources, make these places the most attractive when choosing a place of residence not only for ancient, but also for modern people. Such places include most of Europe, America and South Asia. The northern regions, with cold winters and short periods of heat, have not yet been sufficiently developed. Therefore, mankind has yet to make many important discoveries in the development of the earth.
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