The concept of "social statistics" has two interpretations: as a field of science and as a field of practical activity. social statistics as a field of science develops a system of techniques and methods for collecting, processing and analyzing numerical information about social phenomena and processes in society. social statistics as an area of practice is aimed at the performance by state statistics bodies and other organizations of work on the collection and generalization of numerical materials characterizing certain social processes.
Social statistics is a branch of statistics that studies the massive changes that occur in the social life of society over a certain period of time.
The subject of social statistics is society in all its diversity of forms and manifestations, as well as the quantitative side of social phenomena (objectively existing dimensions, levels that are in a state of continuous movement) inextricably linked with their qualitative side.
The purpose of social statistics is to develop such indicators that will be able to reveal the development of the social conditions of people's lives throughout the development of society. Thanks to social statistics, a complete picture of a person's lifestyle is reproduced: his way of life, living conditions in a particular historical period.
Social statistics has the following main tasks:
1) complete the reproduction of the model of state statistics, adapted to the conditions of the development of market relations;
2) to increase the managerial functions of state statistics bodies in general, the process of information display of social phenomena in the country; to form uniform methods and rules for sectoral systems of statistical information; ensure high efficiency and maximum reliability of statistical data;
3) develop scientifically based statistical methods and techniques similar to the needs of society at the present stage and international standards; increase the software-technological and technical level of the system;
4) organize the statistical activities of the executive authorities, create conditions for these bodies to use official statistical standards when they conduct sectoral statistical surveys;
5) prepare statistical information, research and evaluate, draw up national reports, necessary balance calculations; guarantee the completeness and scientific validity of all official statistical information;
6) provide users with access to open statistical information by distributing official reports on the social situation of the country, publishing statistical collections on an equal footing.
No. 116. Methods of measurement and system of indicators
Statistical analysis of phenomena and processes occurring in the social life of society is carried out using methods specific to statistics - methods of generalizing indicators that give a numerical measurement of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an object, the links between them, and the trends in their measurement. These indicators reflect the social life of the society, which is the subject of the study of social statistics. The most significant areas of research in social statistics include:
Social and demographic structure of the population and its dynamics;
Standards of living;
The level of well-being;
The level of public health;
Culture and education;
moral statistics;
Public opinion;
Political life.
For each area of research, a scorecard, sources of information are determined and there are specific approaches to the use of statistical materials in order to regulate the social situation in the country and regions. At the same time, all these directions ultimately provide a single, consistent and integrated information about the picture of social life, about the trends and patterns of development of society.
To display and study the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the phenomena and processes of social life in social statistics, a system of indicators is used. A statistical indicator is the most important category of social statistics. This is a very capacious and widely used concept. It is saturated with specific content in relation to various phenomena, their properties, forms. A statistical indicator is directly related to the quantitative side of a social phenomenon. Therefore, a statistical indicator is a quantitative-qualitative concept. It is impossible to name a specific statistical indicator without mentioning its qualitative content. Such, for example, are indicators of real disposable money income, the volume of paid services, the average life expectancy of the population, and others.
Statistics develops a special methodology obtaining information: selecting, measuring, fixing and aggregating data, as well as their subsequent transformations. Such special methods include: mass statistical observations, grouping method, methods of averages, indices, balance method and a number of others. Statistics as a science includes the following sections: general theory of statistics, economic statistics, sectoral statistics - industrial, agricultural, construction, transport, communications, etc. It is within the framework of sectoral statistics that social statistics is currently being developed.
SOCIAL STATISTICS
Tutorial
(for students of non-economic specialties of all forms of education)
Topic 1. Subject, methods and tasks of social statistics.
1.1 Subject and methods of social statistics.
Social statistics is considered in two directions: as a science and as a field of practical activity. As a science, social statistics develops techniques and methods for collecting, processing, analyzing numerical information about social phenomena and processes in society and a system of indicators for studying these phenomena. As a practical activity, social statistics is aimed at the performance by state statistics bodies and other organizations of work on the collection and generalization of statistical data characterizing various social processes.
Consequently, subject of social statistics is a quantitative analysis, inextricably linked with qualitative, phenomena and processes occurring in the social life of society.
The objects of study of social statistics are divided into two types:
1) the main type of objects are consumers of services, material and spiritual values, information. They are divided into individual objects - this is a person, the population as a whole, certain categories of the population (children, able-bodied population, pensioners and other groups) depending on the social process under study, as well as collective objects - these are groups of people who jointly carry out consumption and jointly participate in social process. These include, for example, a family, a work collective, a horticultural association, members of cooperatives, etc.
2) the second type of objects - these are persons, organizations, structures that provide services to the population, organize any social process. Their activities determine the volume and quality of the services and values provided.
Both types of objects must be studied simultaneously, since the production and consumption of services, values, information are two interrelated aspects of one process (for example, the housing problem). In some cases, both types of objects act as a unit, for example, if a family is building a residential building on its own.
Social statistics is closely connected with other fields of knowledge and sciences, especially with theoretical statistics, which develops general methods for analyzing various phenomena. Partial commonality of objects of study exists in social statistics with demography, sociology, ethnography, labor economics, as well as with sectoral statistics: population statistics, medical statistics, population budget statistics, etc.
Social statistics uses all methods of theoretical statistics to study its subject: statistical observation, summary and grouping of data, relative indicators, average values, dynamics indicators, sample observation, index method, methods for identifying relationships between phenomena, as well as methods of other sciences: sociology, psychology , balance method.
Social statistics includes the following sections:
1) study of the composition of the population (population statistics);
2) study of the structure of families and households;
3) study of the standard of living of the population;
4) statistics of income and expenditure of the population;
5) statistics on the consumption of goods and services by the population;
6) statistics of housing conditions and consumer services for the population;
7) statistics of leisure and free time of the population;
8) employment and unemployment statistics;
9) health statistics;
10) statistics on the level of education of the population and the development of the education system;
11) moral statistics;
12) statistics of political and public life.
1.2 Tasks of social statistics in modern conditions.
The general tasks of social statistics are as follows:
1) current analysis of the situation in the social sphere;
2) analysis of trends and patterns of development of infrastructure sectors;
3) study of the level and living conditions of the population;
4) analysis of the dynamics of social indicators;
5) forecasting the development of social processes;
6) study of factors influencing the change in indicators of the social sphere;
7) determination of the specific weight and ratio of objective and subjective factors influencing the development of the social sphere;
8) study of the interaction of social processes with other components of social development.
In addition, social statistics solves its specific tasks:
1) the formation of a single interconnected system of indicators of social statistics, since the collection of data and the calculation of indicators of social statistics in practice is carried out by different departments of state statistics, and they are included in the system of indicators of socio-economic statistics. In addition, some of them are determined by traditional methods, but new indicators require a modern approach to calculation and analysis;
2) integration of research at the macro level and micro level for a deeper study of the mechanism of social processes, since so far social statistics is focused mainly on the macro level;
3) development of indicators, building models, forecasting for certain groups of the population: socio-demographic, socio-ethnic, socio-cultural;
4) overcoming the incompatibility of indicators of social statistics and indicators of sectoral statistics;
5) modeling of socio-economic relations in order to determine the mechanisms of their interaction in the social system;
6) expanding the range of indicators of opinion statistics, since the psychological factor is a component of social processes;
7) carrying out special measures to eliminate the incompleteness of accounting for factors, the inaccuracy of the data obtained during the survey of the population and the lack of unambiguous criteria, judgments, rating scales.
1.3 Modern organization of statistics in the Russian Federation.
As a practical activity, there are state, departmental and private statistics.
In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 9, 2004 No. 314, the main body of state statistics is the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation as an executive authority (FSGS RF or Rosstat). Until 2004, state statistics was managed by the State Committee on Statistics (Goskomstat RF).
The FSGS is managed by the Government of the Russian Federation (approved by the head of Rosstat). The Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation is a legal entity financed from the federal budget.
Rosstat operates on the basis of the “Regulations on the Federal State Statistics Service”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 2, 2008 No. 420 and on the basis of Federal Law No. 282-FZ of November 29, 2007 “On official statistical accounting and the system of state statistics in RF". Territorial bodies of the FSGS are available in each subject of the federation of the country (in territories, regions, cities, AOs). The Federal State Statistics Service and its territorial subordinate organizations, computer centers, educational institutions, research institutions constitute a single system of state statistics.
The FSGS performs the functions of generating official statistical information on the social, economic, demographic, and environmental situation of the country, as well as functions of control and supervision in the field of state statistical activities on the territory of the Russian Federation (in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation).
The main tasks of the FSGS:
1) provision of official information to the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, federal executive bodies, international organizations, the public, business entities, individuals;
2) development of statistical methodology and systems of statistical indicators that meet the needs of a market economy and international standards (SNA - system of national accounts);
3) coordination of state statistical activities in the country;
4) current analysis of socio-economic processes, compilation of national accounts and balances;
5) forecasting trends in the development of the country;
6) guaranteeing the scientific validity and reliability of statistical information.
The FSGS is headed by a leader appointed by the Government of the Russian Federation, who may have up to four deputies. Structural subdivisions of the central office of the FSGS are departments in the main areas of activity, which include departments.
On the territory of the Omsk region there is the Territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Omsk region (Omskstat). It also includes a computer center.
Omskstat is headed by a head who has four deputies. They supervise sectoral areas of statistical activity. The structure of the regional body is made up of statistics departments, formed as departments of statistics of sectors of the economy and consolidated departments: the department of summary information, the department of statistics of industry (enterprises), the department of agricultural statistics, the department of trade statistics, the department of construction and investment statistics, the department of labor statistics, the department of finance statistics , Department of Statistics of Prices and Living Standards of the Population, Department of Population Census, Department of Social Statistics, Department of Regional Accounts, Department of Maintaining the Unified State Register of Enterprises, etc.
In addition, Omskstat includes general business departments: accounting, financial and economic department, printing department, economic department.
Since October 1, 1999, all employees of state statistical bodies have been transferred to the category of civil servants who carry out their labor activities in accordance with a special provision.
The FSGS and all its territorial bodies have their own addresses on the INTERNET to provide consumers with information:
Rosstat website: www.gks.ru
Socio-economic statistics- a special section of statistical science, a branch that belongs to the number of applied disciplines.
It studies the national economy, the economic potential of society in the inseparable connection and interdependence of all its constituent elements, and also analyzes the results of human activity in all subsystems of the national economy - industries and sectors of the economy.
Subject studies of socio-economic statistics - countries.
An object studies of socio-economic statistics - mass economic and social processes and phenomena.
Research objective- obtaining quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the results of human activity in the national economy.
Socio-economic statistics studies mass economic and social processes and phenomena, reveals their inherent patterns and gives a quantitative and qualitative description of actions.
Theoretical basis socio-economic statistics is, which reveals the system of economic phenomena and processes in their interconnection and interdependence with the help of economic categories and laws.
Methodological basis socio-economic statistics is that develops statistical methods for collecting, processing, presenting and analyzing statistical information.
Modern tasks and system of indicators of socio-economic statistics
task socio-economic statistics advocates preparation of complete and up-to-date information, providing a quantitative and qualitative description of the state and development of .
In modern conditions of the central task socio-economic statistics is the creation of a model of state statistics, adapted to the conditions of development of market relations on the basis of modern systems of indicators that comply with international standards of accounting and statistics.
The system of indicators of SES consists of three groups:
1. Statistics of the economic potential of society- , labor resources,
- production and use of the national product
- market of goods and services
- costs of producing goods and services
- finance
- efficiency of economic activity
- income of the population
- consumption of goods and services by the population
- state and development of industries serving the population
The totality of indicators characterizes the state and development of the national economy as a whole.
The distinctive features of the system of indicators of socio-economic statistics are:
- variety of indicators. They can be natural, cost and labor; absolute and relative; quantitative and qualitative; individual and general; sectoral, regional and national economic; varied in quality depending on the nature of the studied phenomena and processes;
- interrelation and unity of indicators, allowing to characterize the most complex process of development of the national economy of Russia;
- historical character system of indicators, according to which the changes taking place in the economy necessarily require the introduction of appropriate changes in the system of indicators of socio-economic statistics.
Macroeconomic models of Russian and international statistics, their purpose, concepts and categories
Russian system of accounting and statistics
The Russian system of accounting and statistics before the transition to a market economy was based on the Marxist concept of social production and was intended to study an economy based on public ownership of and. The macroeconomic model of this system was balance of the national economy(BNH) - a system of tables characterizing the conditions, process and results of the reproduction of material goods and services.
International System of Accounting and Statistics
The international system of accounting and statistics, used by almost all countries of the world, is used to describe and analyze the development of a market economy, which implies the existence, equality and interconnection of independent entities in all areas, regardless of whether they produce tangible products and services or provide intangible services. The results of the activities of both those and others receive the form of goods. The macroeconomic model of this system is system of national accounts(SNA), which in modern conditions has become the most important section of socio-economic statistics and the general system of economic information of countries with a market economy.
System of National Accounts
They are engaged in the development of standards in the field of national accounting. The current standard is the 1993 SNA approved by the Statistical Commission.
The introduction of the SNA into statistical practice is a long process, which is carried out in stages through the transition from the BNC to the SNA. The final stage of the transition period will be the organization of national accounting, coordinated with the introduction of international standards in.
Subject and object of social statistics.
The term ″statistics″ comes from the Latin word status, which means political
condition. Initially, statistics was considered as a collection of information about
state attractions.
The development of statistics as a science proceeded in two directions. First Ascension. in Germany as a descriptive school of state studies, whose representatives (Konring, Achenwal, Schlozer, etc.) believed that the task of statistics is to describe the sights of the state: territory, population, climate, religion without analyzing patterns and relationships between phenomena. The second arose in England, under the name of ″political arithmetic″. The founder of this direction was V. Petty, who believed that the main task of statistics is to identify patterns and relationships of the studied phenomena based on a large number of observations.
Statistics- these are series of numbers that characterize various aspects of the life of the state.
Statistics is a general theoretical science that studies the quantitative side of qualitatively defined mass social phenomena and processes, their composition, distribution, placement in space, movement in time, revealing the existing interdependencies and patterns in specific conditions of place and time.
A clear definition of the object of study is important, because this question acts as a starting point at the stage of collecting information, as well as at the stage of its processing - grouping, classification, building a system of indicators.
object the study of statistics is an individual or a certain group of people, characterized by quantitative and qualitative characteristics of what is objectively occurring in society. Organizations, structures that provide services to the population, organize a particular social process can also be an object.
The subject of statistics- the dimensions and quantitative ratios of qualitatively defined socio-economic phenomena, the patterns of their connection and development in specific conditions of place and time.
Subject of statistics:
Mass social phenomena and their dynamics with the help of statistical indicators.
Quantitative and qualitative phenomena (Digital coverage of society events).
The quantitative side of social phenomena, inextricably linked with their qualitative content, is observed by the process of transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones (regularities).
Development of a phenomenon in time (dynamics)
So, statistics makes it possible to identify and measure the patterns of development of socio-economic
phenomena and processes, the relationships between them.
The most significant areas for research in social statistics are: the social and demographic structure of the population, its dynamics; standards of living; the level of well-being; the level of public health; culture and education; moral statistics; public opinion; political life.
methods of social statistics
The humanities and natural sciences in the process of research widely use statistical methods for collecting, processing and analyzing data. To develop the subject of statistics, special techniques and methods are used, the totality of which forms the methodology of statistics.
Statistical methodology- this is a system of techniques, methods and methods aimed at studying quantitative patterns that manifest themselves in the structure, dynamics and relationships of socio-economic phenomena.
The general basis of the statistical method of cognition is dialectical method, according to which social phenomena and processes are considered in the development of interconnection and causation.
Statistics is based on such dialectical categories as quantity and quality, causality and regularity, individual and general.
In the process of research, statistics can also use other general scientific methods:
Analogy is the transfer of the properties of one object to another.
Hypotheses are scientifically based assumptions about possible causal relationships between phenomena.
Statistical methods are used comprehensively (systemically). This is due to the complexity of the process of economic and statistical research, which consists of three main stages:
1. Collection of primary statistical information. At this stage of the study, due to the need to take into account the whole variety of facts and forms of implementation of socio-economic processes and in accordance with their mass character, method of mass statistical observation, providing universality, completeness and representativeness (representativeness) of the received primary information.
2. Statistical summary and processing of primary information.. At this stage, the information collected in the course of mass observation is processed by the method of statistical groupings , which makes it possible to single out socio-economic types in the studied population, a transition is made from the characterization of single facts to the characterization of data united in groups of quantities. Grouping methods differ depending on the objectives of the study and the qualitative state of the primary material.
3. Generalization and interpretation of statistical information. At this stage, statistical information is analyzed based on the application generalizing statistical indicators : absolute, relative and average values, variations in the closeness of communication and the rate of change of socio-economic phenomena over time, indices, etc. Analysis allows you to check the cause-and-effect relationships of the phenomena and processes under study, determine the influence and interaction of various factors, evaluate the effectiveness of managerial decisions , possible economic and social consequences of emerging situations.
objectstudy of socio-economic statistics is society in all its diversity of forms and manifestations. This connects socio-economic statistics with all other sciences that study society, the processes occurring in it, the laws of its development - with political economy, the economics of industry, agriculture, sociology, etc. In this object common to all social sciences, each of them finds its own a specific aspect of the study - any characteristic essential properties, aspects, relations of the phenomena of social life, certain areas of people's activities, etc.
But do social phenomena have such properties, such a side that could be studied only by socio-economic statistics and, consequently, constitute the subject of knowledge of statistical science? The answer to this question is not very simple. Throughout the history of the development of socio-economic statistics, disputes have arisen and still arise on this issue. As noted in Chap. 1, some argue that socio-economic statistics has a specific subject of knowledge and therefore is a science, others deny that it has an inherent subject of knowledge only and consider it a doctrine of the method (statistical method of research). The latter argue that everything that socio-economic statistics studies is the subject of other sciences. However, it is necessary to distinguish between the object and the object of knowledge. Already from what has been said above about the social sciences, it is clear that one and the same object, depending on the complexity and diversity of its properties, relations, etc., can be studied and in many cases is studied by a number of sciences.
Has a subject of knowledge and socio-economic statistics. Naturally, the question arises: what are the objective properties of the phenomena of social life that constitute the subject of knowledge of statistical science?
Phenomena of social life along with qualitative certainty inherent and quantitative certainty. Both of these aspects are inextricably linked. At any given historical moment, social and economic phenomena have certain dimensions, levels, and there are certain quantitative relationships between them.
These are, for example, the population of the country on a certain date, the ratio between the number of men and women, the growth rate of gross domestic product, its growth rate, and much more. It is these objectively existing dimensions, levels, quantitative relations that are in a state of continuous movement and change, which in general represent the quantitative side of economic and social phenomena, the patterns of their change, and constitute the subject of knowledge of socio-economic statistics.
Thus, socio-economic statistics studies the quantitative side of mass social and economic phenomena in close connection with their qualitative side, i.e. Qualitatively defined quantities and the regularities manifested in them. It studies production in the unity of the productive forces and production relations, the influence of natural and technical factors on quantitative changes in social life, the impact of the development of society and production on the environment.
Socio-economic statistics studies the production, consumption of material and spiritual goods in society, the patterns of their change, the economic and social conditions of people's lives.
With the help of a system of quantitative indicators, socio-economic statistics characterizes the qualitative aspects of the phenomena of social relations, the structure of society, etc.
The subject of the study of socio-economic statistics are also the processes taking place in the population - the birth rate, marriages, life expectancy, etc.
Statistical data show characteristics trends, patterns of development social and economic phenomena and processes, connections and interdependence between them.
Socio-economic statistics has developed a system of scientific concepts, categories and methods through which it cognizes its subject. The most important part of this system is the system of main indicators of the state and development of the economic and social life of society.
Many phenomena become precisely defined, significant only when they are statistically expressed, i.e. presented in the form of quantitative statistical indicators. It is impossible, for example, to form a clear idea of the yield of any crop in a country without a generalized statistical expression of it in the form of an average yield, or to imagine the size of automobile production without statistical data on the output of automobiles by the country's industry, and so on.
Without quantitative characteristics it is also impossible to imagine with sufficient clarity many economic categories of a general nature, the categories of political economy. What, for example, is the composition of social capital? This is the average value of its buildings in the sectors of the country's economy. K. Marx explains the concept of the structure of an industry and the economy as a whole as follows: “Numerous individual capitals invested in a particular branch of production differ more or less in their structure from each other. The average of their individual structures gives us the composition of the total capital of a given branch of production. Finally, the total average of these average structures of all branches of production gives us the composition of the social capital of a given country...”*.
* Marx K., Engels F. Op. T. 23. S. 626-627.
Statistical data reveals many regularities of mass social and economic phenomena under the given conditions of place and time, which otherwise cannot be revealed. The strength of their action also cannot be assessed without socio-economic statistics. Such regularities are called statistical. Their study is an important task of statistical science. As an example, we present the following data (Table 2.1).
As can be seen from Table. 2.1, in the figures of the fourth column, a regularity is revealed: the older the women who gave birth to children in 1973, the smaller the proportion of boys among newborns. In other words, the younger the mother, the more often they have boys. The exception to this rule is the last age group of elderly mothers. But due to its relatively low specific gravity, it cannot affect the general pattern. The last group has a relatively small number of births - only 20 thousand, while all groups, in each of which this pattern is preserved, account for 4 million 386 thousand births.
Table 2.1
Distribution of children born in the USSR in 1973 by sex and age of the mother
Very curious conclusions can be drawn from Table. 2.2.
Table 2.2
Age-specific fertility rates
* When determining the relative indicators of this age group, the number of women aged 15-19 was conditionally taken.
** Including those born to mothers under 15 and over 49.
*** Average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime.
Table data. 2.2 show, firstly, that the largest number of births falls on the young age of women - 20-29 years old, and secondly, the number of births on average per year per 1000 women under the age of 20 is noticeably increasing (almost from year to year), and, thirdly, from year to year and for all ages of women, the birth rate is systematically decreasing (the total coefficient in 1997 compared with 1990 fell by 35%). This indicates an extremely unfavorable demographic situation.
Socio-economic statistics is currently a complex, widely branched branch of knowledge. It is a system of scientific disciplines with a certain specificity and a certain independence. The main sections (branches) of socio-economic statistics as a science are:
§ theory of statistics, which deals with the essence of statistics as a science, its subject, general categories, concepts, principles and methods;
§ economic statistics and its sectoral statistics that study the economy of the national economy as a whole and its individual sectors (statistics of industry, agriculture, forestry, transport, communications, construction, water management, geology and exploration of mineral resources, trade, etc.);
§ social statistics and its sectoral statistics that study social phenomena (political statistics, statistics on the standard of living and consumption of material goods and services, housing and communal services and consumer services for the population, public education, culture and art, health care, physical culture and social security, science and scientific service, management);
§ population statistics, which studies the processes and phenomena occurring in the field of population - the number, composition of the population, birth rate, mortality, population migration, etc.
The branches of socio-economic statistics as a single social science are interconnected, they complement and enrich each other. Many indicators of statistics of individual industries are so rich in content that they can be used by other industries, because they contain versatile information. Above, we pointed out the birth rate, death rate, and composition of the population as phenomena studied by population statistics. At the same time, these same indicators are important for characterizing various social processes. They are also necessary for other branches of statistics, as they are associated with many economic and social conditions of society, depend on them and, in turn, have a certain influence on them. Naturally, such indicators are studied by several branches of statistics, each of which uses its own information contained in these indicators.
Socio-economic statistics, based on the provisions of political economy, explores the quantitative expression of many economic categories, the dynamics, structure, relationships of specific economic phenomena, the patterns of their development in given conditions of place and time. At the same time, it enriches political economy with statistical data, knowledge of facts, knowledge of the concrete manifestation of the laws of social development in certain conditions of place and time, and specific research methods. Without this, economic science cannot do without it.
The methodological basis of socio-economic statistics is dialectics. Based on its laws, socio-economic statistics develops specific techniques, methods of research, corresponding to the nature of the phenomena it studies and constituting as a whole the method of socio-economic statistics, or, in other words, its methodology. Socio-economic statistics uses the methods of deduction and induction in its research.
Since in this textbook we consider socio-economic statistics as an academic discipline, i.e. in a narrowed form - without the theory of statistics, it should be noted that in its research, socio-economic statistics uses the methods and principles of the theory of statistics, relies on them and develops them. This is primarily the method of mass statistical observation, the method of groupings, the method of generalizing indicators - absolute and relative values, average values, the index method, etc. The balance method, the method of mathematical statistics, is of great importance in socio-economic statistics.
In the study and analysis of socio-economic processes and phenomena, mathematical methods are widely used, for example, when analyzing the balance of intersectoral relations, identifying the influence of various factors on increasing production efficiency, etc. Industry statistics in their entirety are not covered in this course.
Phenomena and processes studied by socio-economic statistics are in a state of continuous movement, quantitative and qualitative changes. Their sizes, structure, properties, essence and forms of manifestation, patterns of development change. At the same time, statistical methods and research methods should also be modified in relation to the changes that the phenomena and processes themselves undergo, i.e. taking into account the specific features of the studied objects, place and time.
The areas of application of statistical methods also need to be radically improved and expanded. Moreover, statistical methods, methods of mathematical statistics, modeling and forecasting must be used in combination, which will allow for a deeper analysis of phenomena and processes, obtain scientifically based conclusions, and more accurately determine objective trends and patterns.
Reforming the general methodological foundations of statistics during the transition to a market economy is manifested in a change not only in the composition and economic content of indicators, but also in the methods of their calculation.
In recent years, specialists from state statistics and other economic departments, together with scientists - statisticians and economists - have done a lot of work to improve the methods for calculating traditional indicators; substantiation of the methodology for calculating new indicators characterizing emerging and developing market relations in the Russian economy; creation of the necessary methodological documentation.
To approximate the methodology of statistical accounting to international practice in state statistics since 1992, they began to use a relative indicator - the "index of physical volume", reflecting the change in the mass of produced material goods, excluding the influence of price dynamics in the current period compared to the base one, which was especially important in conditions of high level of monetary inflation.
Due to the fact that significant institutional changes are taking place in the Russian economy, the non-state sector of the economy is being formed, foreign capital is being attracted, small businesses are appearing and a large number of individuals engaged in independent economic activity, it has become impossible to use continuous methods of accounting for the activities of enterprises; there was a need to provide an objective reflection of the processes taking place in the economy in a different way. The completeness of accounting had to be compensated by scientifically substantiated methods of additional calculations of statistical indicators. Such methods have been developed. They allow:
firstly, to carry out additional calculations for an unaccounted range of economic entities. These mainly include small enterprises (which do not submit statistical reports both during the year and at its end) and individuals engaged in economic activities. These objects, as surveys have shown, are often not registered with the relevant executive authorities, which makes it difficult to record their activities, especially in terms of cost indicators;
secondly, to carry out additional calculations to the full range of reporting enterprises and organizations for certain categories of accounting units (small, joint, foreign and other enterprises and organizations). The collection and development of data for these enterprises during the year is carried out at a later date than for other enterprises. However, there is a need for data for a specific time period for the full range of reporting enterprises;
