Budreyko E. N.

The role of the chemical industry in the development of armaments and defense equipment is extremely versatile. There is practically no one of its species, in the creation of which chemistry would not play a decisive role. Many modern types of weapons, including atomic weapons and their delivery systems, strategic missiles, operational tactical weapons, are based on major chemical discoveries. It can be said that the very development of society, chemical science and industry was stimulated by the need for new types of weapons.

Modern combat operations cannot be imagined without the participation of informational space assets, aviation, artillery, mortars, grenade launchers, but in order for them to "work", they need the latest chemical materials, as well as many thousands of tons of ammunition of a large range of calibers, which, in turn, are equipped with gunpowder and explosives manufactured using modern chemical technologies.

Domestic chemical industry and science during the First World War

The domestic ammunition industry has deep historical roots. Its development at all times characterized the general technical and military-technical level of the country. According to the calculations of the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU), at the beginning of the First World War, the Russian army required annually 7.5 million pounds of smokeless and 800 thousand poods of black powder. This predetermined large purchases of gunpowder abroad. For the period from July 1, 1914 to January 1, 1918, 6 million 334 thousand pounds, or 104 thousand tons of smokeless powder, were received from abroad. Head of GAU A.A. Manikovsky wrote: “The need, calculated according to the Headquarters for the period from November 1, 1916 to January 1, 1918, was expressed in 11 million pounds, or about 700,000 pounds per month. Approximately only one third of this last need could be satisfied by the Russians factories, the remaining two-thirds had to be ordered abroad.

The Russian army intended to wage war relying only on stocks prepared in peacetime. Stocks of combat equipment prepared in peacetime were only enough for the first four months of the war. During the three years of the war, Russia issued orders to only one America (all ammunition) in the amount of about 1,287,000,000 rubles.

In October 1916, in a report to the Minister of War A.A. Manikovsky admits: “At the same time, it should be noted that with a more calm and attentive attitude to this matter, it would be possible to significantly reduce the number of billions spent if, limiting ourselves to orders listed above and acquiring the necessary factory equipment, we turn to the development of the military industry at home and thereby prevent its development in other states at our expense. If this had been done from the moment the true scale of the war became clear, then now the picture would, of course, be different.

The head of the GAU presented to the Minister of War a program for the construction of military state-owned factories; a significant place (~50%) in it was occupied by enterprises for the production of explosives and components for them - toluene, saltpeter, acids, etc.

The war initiated the accelerated development of the chemical industry, new chemical production facilities for Russia were organized for the production of yellow phosphorus for incendiary ammunition, barium salts for pyrotechnics, chloroform, etc.

Thus, already in the initial period of the war, the weaknesses of the Russian chemical industry, its lack of proper connection with science, were exposed.

The hostilities had a negative impact on scientific research: in the Committee for Technical Affairs, the number of applications for inventions decreased by a factor of three compared to peacetime; many young chemists went to the front; secrecy was established; traditional ties with German chemists were broken. However, the scientific community actively launched activities to create a defense industry. Thus, Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatiev (1867–1952), an outstanding scientist who was at the origins of the creation of the military chemical industry in Russia, already in 1915 published a number of articles that analyzed the state of the country's chemical industry from the point of view of the military economy and, most importantly, , priority measures were formulated for its restructuring for the successful conduct of the war with Germany. He wrote: “By the beginning of the war, we had in stock chemical knowledge and cadres of chemists and chemist-engineers ... It was set as a slogan - do nothing at the plant until it is studied in the laboratory, until after laboratory research it is not will be investigated on a semi-factory scale."

A great contribution to the creation of the country's defense industry was made by the teaching staff of universities. This happened despite the fact that by 1914 his number in the field of chemistry and chemical technology was only about 500 people. In addition, the normal course of scientific work in universities was disrupted, part of the financial and intellectual resources went to military needs, educational institutions in Warsaw, Kyiv, New Alexandria were evacuated, and the activity of universities that found themselves in the frontline decreased.

In 1915, the Commission for the Study of the Natural Productive Forces of Russia (KEPS) was established at the Academy of Sciences. Its leading members were V.I. Vernadsky, N.S. Kurnakov, I.P. Walden, V.E. Tishchenko, A.E. Favorsky, A.E. Chichibabin, A.A. Yakovkin. In 1916, ten scientific and scientific-technical societies and five ministries were represented in the KEPS, and the number of members reached 131 people; besides, many scientists were involved in work in the commission on a temporary basis. In 1918, the KEPS included the Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis and the Institute for the Study of Platinum and Other Precious Metals. KEPS had subcommittees on bitumen, clays and refractory materials, platinum, and salts. The Commission was the largest scientific institution in the first third of the 20th century.

When fighting a country that possessed such a traditionally highly developed chemical science and a powerful chemical industry as Germany, it was impossible not to take into account all its capabilities in these areas. However, the use by the German troops of asphyxiating chemicals - chlorine (1915), and then mustard gas (1917) in the battles near the Belgian city of Ypres - came as a surprise to the international community and confronted it with the possibility of conducting large-scale military operations using chemical weapons. Thus, in the final period of the war, Russia was faced with the need to create a new kind of troops - chemical troops, which required the development of entire areas of science and industry.

In 1915, the Military Chemical Committee was organized at the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, which was connected with the needs of defense. A great contribution to strengthening the chemical industry and the country's defense capability was made by scientists - members of the Chemical Committee under the Main Artillery Directorate, where work was carried out in five departments: explosives, asphyxiants, incendiaries and flamethrowers, gas masks, acids.

In 1916, the Military-Industrial Committee was established under the General Staff under the chairmanship of V.N. Ipatiev. In addition to the military, it included a number of prominent scientists, such as Academician (1913) N.S. Kurnakov (1860–1941), founder of a new direction in general chemistry - physical and chemical analysis, founder of the USSR's largest scientific school of physical chemists and inorganic chemists, organizer of the domestic metallurgical industry. The future Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939) A.E. Favorsky (1860–1945), an outstanding organic chemist, author of fundamental research on the chemistry of acetylene derivatives and cyclic hydrocarbons, whose work later served as the basis for the creation of a number of important industries in the USSR, including synthetic rubber; founder of the national school on the chemistry of complex compounds L.A. Chugaev (1873–1922); A.A. Yakovkin (1860–1936), a specialist in the theory of solutions, who developed a method for obtaining pure alumina from domestic raw materials; organic chemist V.E. Tishchenko (1861–1941), future academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1935), author of an industrial method for the synthesis of camphor from turpentine, and others. Regional bureaus of the Military Industrial Committee were organized in various Russian cities.

From an innovative point of view, the war had a stimulating effect on the development of the chemical industry, in fact turning this industry into a testing ground for the development and implementation of new technologies in a short time. An example is the method for obtaining nitric acid from ammonia, developed at the Central Scientific and Technical Laboratory of the Military Department on the initiative and under the guidance of I.I. Andreeva. On November 5, 1915, the Main Artillery Directorate organized a temporary economic and construction commission consisting of chairman V.N. Ipatiev, members of L.F. Fokina, I.I. Andreeva, A.A. Yakovkin and a representative of the Petrograd Institute of Technology N.M. Kulepetova. The latter was entrusted with the design of apparatuses and buildings; he was also appointed chief engineer for the construction of the plant. In the same year, the country's first plant for the production of nitric acid by this method was put into operation. Important changes also took place in other chemical industries: furnaces with installations for capturing benzene, its homologues and ammonia were built at coke enterprises; the transfer of the explosives industry to petroleum raw materials began.

The Russian chemical industry owes its wartime successes to a number of chemists and chemical technologists. An outstanding role in its transfer to a military footing was played by V.N. Ipatiev, who from January 1915 headed the Commission for the Procurement of Explosives of the Chemical Committee under the Main Artillery Directorate. Combining the knowledge and skills of a scientist and a military man, V.N. Ipatiev managed to combine the efforts of the scientific and technical community, military and military-industrial circles, which had a great positive effect on the development of the country's chemical industry and strengthening its defense capability.

V.N. Ipatiev and his colleagues managed to solve a task that seemed impossible: to establish in Russia the production of explosives from benzene and toluene. At the same time, shortly before this (1914), an authoritative commission chaired by Professor A.V. Sapozhnikova concluded that it would take at least a year and a half to organize the production of toluene at new plants, so it is more profitable to buy explosives in the United States.

The Commission for the Procurement of Explosives had to solve a whole range of chemical and technological problems. This became possible only through cooperation with a wide range of chemists and industrialists. Thus, the works of the greatest scientist, later Academician (1939) S.S. Nametkin (1876–1950) in the field of chemistry and oil technology. The technology of benzene and toluene was carried out by I.N. Ackerman, N.D. Zelinsky, S.V. Lebedev, A. E. Poray-Koshits, Yu.I. Augshkap, Yu.A. Grosjean, N.D. Natov, O.A. Gukasov and others. On the instructions of the Committee, a talented Russian scientist, a representative of the St. Petersburg chemical school A.E. Makovetsky (1880–1937).

Active work for the needs of defense was carried out at the universities. At Kazan University, professors A.E. Arbuzov and A.Ya. Bogorodnitsky together with the head of the Department of Pharmacology V.N. Boldarev, researchers of methods of protection against various toxic substances developed methods for obtaining various medical preparations. S.N. Reformatsky at the plant of the Physico-Chemical Society of Kyiv University established the production of medicines.

Of particular importance among scientific developments was the creation of N.D. Zelinsky (1861–1953), an outstanding Russian and Soviet scientist, future academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929), one of the founders of organic catalysis and petrochemistry of a universal gas mask (together with engineer A. Kumant, 1915), in which activated carbon was used as a sorbent.

The widespread use of the Zelinsky gas mask during the period of hostilities owes the troops to the activities of N.A. Shilov (1872–1930), a remarkable scientist and patriot of Russia, professor at the Higher Technical School named after A.I. N.E. Bauman and the Commercial Institute (later - the Institute of National Economy named after G.V. Plekhanov), who since 1915 devoted himself to the development of protection measures against asphyxiating gases, and then to the study of the phenomenon of adsorption in the broadest aspect, becoming the creator of the modern method for studying activated carbons and the foundations of the theory of the action of a gas mask - the doctrine of dynamic activation. For fundamental research on the neutralization of the action of asphyxiating gases, N.A. Shilov was specially marked by the command of the Western Front.

Thus, the results of the activities headed by V.N. Ipatiev, the Commission for the Procurement of Explosives not only brought tangible practical results, but also largely changed the outlook on the development of the domestic chemical industry.

Already by 1916, the issues of supplying the army with chemical products, in addition to the commission headed by V.N. Ipatiev, was involved in a number of organizations, including: the Commission of asphyxiants, the Military Chemical Committee, the Committee for Military Technical Assistance, the chemical department of the Central Military Industrial Committee, the chemical department of Zemgor, the chemical departments of the Moscow and other provincial branches of the Military Industrial Committee, Office of the Supreme Head of the Sanitary and Evacuation Unit.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.portal-slovo.ru were used.

METALS IN MILITARY

Chemistry teacher Bessudnova Yu.V.

Copper, No. 29 . During the Great Patriotic War, the main consumer copper was the military industry. An alloy of copper (90%) and tin (10%) is gunmetal. Cartridge cases and artillery shells are usually yellow. They are made of brass - an alloy of copper (68%) with zinc (32%). Most artillery brass cases are used more than once. During the war years, in any artillery battalion there was a person (usually an officer) responsible for the timely collection of spent cartridges and sending them for reloading. High resistance against the corrosive action of salt water is characteristic of marine brasses. This is brass with tin added.

Molybdenum, No. 42 . Molybdenum is called a "military" metal, since 90% of it is used for military needs. Steels with the addition of molybdenum (and other micro-additives) are very strong, they are used to prepare the barrels of guns, rifles, guns, aircraft parts, and cars. The introduction of molybdenum into the composition of steels in combination with chromium or tungsten unusually increases their hardness ( tank armor).

Silver, No. 47. Silver alloyed with indium was used to make searchlights (for air defense). Searchlight mirrors during the war years helped to detect the enemy in the air, at sea and on land; sometimes tactical and strategic tasks were solved with the help of searchlights. So, during the assault on Berlin by the troops of the First Belorussian Front, 143 searchlights of huge aperture blinded the Nazis in their defensive zone, and this contributed to the quick outcome of the operation.

Aluminum, No. 13. Aluminum is called the "winged" metal, since its alloys with Mg, Mn, Be, Na, Si are used in aircraft construction. The finest aluminum powder was used to produce combustible and explosive mixtures. The filling of incendiary bombs consisted of a mixture of powders of aluminum, magnesium and iron oxide, mercury fulminate served as a detonator. When the bomb hit the roof, a detonator ignited the incendiary composition, and everything around began to burn. A burning incendiary composition cannot be extinguished with water, as hot magnesium reacts with it. Therefore, sand was used to extinguish the fire.

Titanium has unique properties: almost twice as light as iron, only one and a half times as heavy as aluminum. At the same time, it exceeds steel by one and a half times in strength and melts at a higher temperature, and has high corrosion resistance. Ideal metal for jet aircraft.

Magnesium, No. 12. The property of magnesium to burn with a blinding white flame is widely used in military technology for the manufacture of lighting and signal rockets, tracer bullets and projectiles, and incendiary bombs. Metallurgists use magnesium to deoxidize steel and alloys.

Nickel, No. 28. When the Soviet T-34 tanks appeared on the battlefields, German experts were amazed at the invulnerability of their armor. By order from Berlin, the first captured T-34 was delivered to Germany. Here the chemists took over. They found that Russian armor contains a high percentage of nickel, which makes it super-strong. Three qualities of this machine - fire power, speed, armor strength- had to be combined so that none of them was sacrificed to the other. Our designers, led by M. I. Koshkin, managed to create the best tank of the period of the Second World War. The turret of the tank turned at a record speed: it made a full turn in 10s instead of the usual 35s. Due to its light weight and size, the tank was very manoeuvrable. Armor with a high nickel content not only proved to be the strongest, but also had the most favorable angles of inclination, so it was invulnerable.

Vanadium, No. 23 . Vanadium called "automotive" metal. Vanadium steel made it possible to lighten cars, make new cars stronger, and improve their driving performance. Soldiers' helmets, helmets, armor plates on guns are made from this steel. Chrome vanadium steel is even stronger. Therefore, it began to be widely used in military equipment: for the manufacture of crankshafts for ship engines, individual parts of torpedoes, aircraft engines, and armor-piercing shells.

Lithium, No. 3. During the Great Patriotic War, lithium hydride became strategic. It reacts violently with water, and a large volume of hydrogen is released, which fills balloons and rescue equipment in case of aircraft and ship accidents on the high seas. The addition of lithium hydroxide to alkaline batteries increased their service life by 2-3 times, which was very necessary for partisan detachments. Tracer bullets with the addition of lithium during the flight left a blue-green light.Wolfram, No. 74. Tungsten is one of the most valuable strategic materials. Tungsten steels and alloys are used to make tank armor, shells for torpedoes and shells, the most important aircraft parts and engines.

Lead, No. 82. With the invention of firearms, the manufacture of bullets for guns, pistols and buckshot for artillery began to consume a lot of lead. Lead is a heavy metal and has a high density. It was this circumstance that caused the massive use of lead in firearms. Lead projectiles were used in antiquity: the slingers of Hannibal's army threw lead balls at the Romans. And now bullets are cast from lead, only their shell is made from other, harder metals.

Cobalt, No. 27. Cobalt is called the metal of wonderful alloys (heat-resistant, high-speed). Cobalt steel was used to make magnetic mines.

Lantan, No. 57. During World War II, lanthanum glasses were used in field optical instruments. An alloy of lanthanum, cerium and iron gives the so-called "flint", which was used in soldiers' lighters. Special artillery shells were made from it, which spark during flight when rubbing against the air.

Tantalum, No. 73. Specialists in military technology believe that it is expedient to manufacture some parts of guided missiles and jet engines from tantalum. Tantalum is the most important strategic metal for the manufacture of radar installations, radio transmission stations; metal reconstructive surgery.

MBOU Lyceum No. 104, Mineralnye Vody. "The role of metals in Pobeda » . 70 - anniversary of the Victory dedicated to... the work of a student of 8 in the class of Mikhailov Ivan. 2015

Relevance This study consists in the fact that there are almost no real participants in the events of the Great Patriotic War in life, our peers know about the war only from books and films. But human memory is imperfect, many events are forgotten. We must know the real people who brought victory closer and gave us the future. Working on the project, from books, encyclopedias, newspaper and magazine articles, we learned more and more new facts about the contribution of science to the Victory. This must be told, this material must be multiplied and stored so that people know and remember to whom we owe years of peaceful life without war, who saved the world from the plague of fascism.

Epigraph. “We were given hands to hug the earth And warm her heart. Memory is given to us to raise the fallen And sing eternal glory to them, A fragment of a shell pierced a birch, And the letters lay down on the granite... Nothing is forgotten, nothing is forgotten Nobody is forgotten!

Hypothesis.

What is the role of metals in the Great Patriotic War?

• Learn about the contribution of chemical scientists to the cause of the great Victory over Nazi Germany.
• Get information about new, previously unknown facts about the application of the properties of certain metals.

Project tasks. - trace the role played by metal elements in the war;- find out what chemists did for the great Victory. Pay attention to their steadfastness, courage, selflessness, evaluate their contribution to the cause of Victory over the enemy; -to realize the connection between chemistry, history and literature;- to instill in students a sense of patriotism, devotion and love for their homeland, respect for veterans of the war and home front, to promote a sense of pride in the selfless work of scientists during the war years, to show and confirm the importance of chemical knowledge for life.

“I don’t see my enemy, the German designer, who is sitting above

with their blueprints... in a deep sanctuary.

But, not seeing him, I am at war with him ... I know that no matter what the German comes up with, I have to come up with a better one.

I gather all my will and fantasy

all my knowledge and experience ... so that on the day when two new aircraft - ours and the enemy - collide in the military sky, ours will be the winner "

Lavochkin S.A., aircraft designer

“ It was necessary to own knowledge to create the best tanks, aircraft, in order to free all peoples from the invasion of the Nazi gang as soon as possible, so that science can again calmly go about its peaceful work, so that it can put the entire amount of natural wealth at the service of mankind, put the entire periodic table at the feet of a liberated and joyful humanity ” . Fersman A.E., academician

Arbuzov Alexander Erminingeldovich

He made a drug - 3,6 diaminophthalimide, which has a fluorescent ability. This drug was used in the manufacture of optics for tanks.

Kitaygorodsky Isaac Ilyich

Created armored glass, which is 25 times stronger than ordinary glass.

Favorsky Alexey Evgrafovich

He studied the chemical properties and transformations

substance is acetylene. Developed the most important method for obtaining vinyl esters used in the defense industry

Fersman Alexander Evgenievich

He performed special work on military engineering geology, military geography, on issues of strategic raw materials, camouflage paints.

When Soviet T-34 tanks appeared on the battlefields, German experts were amazed at the invulnerability of their armor, which contained a large percentage of nickel and made it

heavy duty

Aluminum is called the "winged" metal.

Aluminum was used to protect aircraft, as radar stations did not pick up signals from approaching aircraft. The interference was caused by aluminum foil tapes; approximately 20,000 tons of aluminum foil were dropped during raids on Germany.

Tracer bullets with the addition of lithium during the flight left a blue-green light.

Lithium compounds are used in submarines to purify the air.

A colossal mass of iron has been spent on the globe in the course of wars. During the Second World War - about 800 million tons.

More than 90% of all metals that were used in the Great Patriotic War are iron.

For the manufacture of armor for tanks and guns, steel was used (an alloy of iron, tungsten with carbon up to 2% and other elements)

There is no such element with the participation of which so much blood would be shed, so many lives would be lost, so many misfortunes would occur.

Iron alloys in the form of armor plates and castings 10-100 mm thick were used

in the manufacture of hulls and turrets of tanks, armored trains

Scary iron

distant war

incendiary bomb

tank armor

rifle

Vanadium is called "automobile" metal. Vanadium steel made it possible to lighten cars, make new cars stronger, and improve their driving performance. Soldiers' helmets, helmets, armor plates on guns are made from this steel.

The name of this disease is tin plague. Soldier's buttons should not be stored in the cold. Tin chloride ( IV ) - a liquid used to form smoke screens.

Without germanium there would be no

radio locators

Cobalt is called the metal of wonderful alloys (heat-resistant, high-speed)

Cobalt steel was used to make magnetic mines

Specialists in military technology believe that it is expedient to manufacture some parts of guided missiles and jet engines from tantalum.

Initially, tantalum was used to make wire for incandescent lamps.

• Based on the information obtained, the following can be done: conclusions:

• The role of metals in the Victory in the Second World War is very large.

• Only the mind, resourcefulness, selfless work of our chemical scientists allowed metals to fully show their properties and thereby bring the long-awaited Victory closer.
• I would like to hope that the power of this wonderful science - chemistry - will be directed not to the creation of new types of weapons, not to the development of new toxic substances, but to the solution of global universal problems.

Who said about the chemist: “I fought a little”, Who said: “He shed little blood?” I call my chemist friends as witnesses, Those who boldly beat the enemy until the last days, Those who marched in the same ranks with the native army, Those who defended my homeland with their breasts. How many roads, front lines have been traveled ... How many young guys died on them ... The memory of the war will never fade, Glory to the living, fallen chemists - the honor is doubly. Senior Lecturer, DHTI former front-line soldier Z.I. Badgers

• Bogdanova N.A. From the experience of working metals of the main subgroups. //Chemistry at school. - 2002. - No. 2. - P. 44 - 46.
• Gabrielyan O.S. Handbook of a teacher of chemistry. Grade 9 - M.: Blik and K0, 2001. - 397 p.
• Gabrielyan O.S., Lysova G.G. Toolkit. Chemistry grade 11. - M.: Bustard, 2003. - 156 p.
• Evstifeeva A.G., Shevchenko O.B., Kuren S.G. Didactic material for chemistry lessons. - Rostov-on-Don.: Phoenix, 2004. - 348 p.
• Egorov A.S., Ivanchenko N.M., Shatskaya K.P. Chemistry within us. - Rostov-on-Don.: Phoenix, 2004. - 180 p.
• Internet resources
• Koltun M. World of Chemistry. - M.: Children's literature, 1988. - 303 p.
• Ksenofontova I.N. Modular technology: we study metals. //Chemistry at school. - 2002. - No. 2. - S. 37 - 42.
• Kuzmenko N.E., Eremin V.V., Popkov V.A. Beginnings of chemistry. - M .: Exam, onyx 21st century, 2001. - 719 p.
• Kurdyumov G.M. 1234 questions in chemistry. – M.: Mir, 2004. – 191 p.
• Ledovskaya E.M. Metals in the human body. //Chemistry at school. - 2005. - No. 3. - P. 44 - 47.
• Pinyukova A.G. Independent investigation on the topic "Alkali metals". // Chemistry at school. - 2002. - No. 1. - S. 25 - 30.
• Sgibneva E.P., Skachkov A.V. Modern open chemistry lessons. 8-9 grades. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2002. - 318 p.
• Shilenkova Yu.V., Shilenkov R.V. Module: the structure of atoms, physical and chemical properties, the use of alkali metals. //Chemistry at school. - 2002. - No. 2. - S. 42 - 44.

The veterans will leave. How can we not forget them?

How can we keep them in our hearts with you?

Or everything that got at such a price,

It will be sold out by us, it will be forgotten ...

Yuri Starodubtsev

Sometimes it seems to me that the soldiers

From the bloody fields that did not come,

They didn’t fall into this land once,

And they turned into white cranes.

They are still from the time of those distant

Isn't that why so often and sadly

Are we silent, looking at the sky?

Rasul Gamzatov

• 1. The use of metals in military affairs
• 2. The use of non-metals in military affairs

NONMETALS

A colossal mass of iron was spent in all wars

Only during the First World War, 200 million tons of steel were consumed, during the Second World War - about 800 million tons

Iron alloys in the form of armor plates and leaves 10-100 mm thick are used in the manufacture of hulls and turrets of tanks, armored vehicles and other military equipment

The thickness of the armor of warships and coastal guns

reaches 500 mm

In the thirteenth apartment

Livin' famous in the world

What a wonderful conductor.

Plastic, silver.

More about alloys

I won fame

And I am an expert in this field.

Here I am rushing like the wind,

in a space rocket.

I descend into the abyss of the sea,

Everyone there knows me.

I'm visible in appearance

Even with an oxide film

Covered, she is my strong armor

And I am the metal of the space age,

Recently entered the service of man,

Although in technology I am a young metal,

But I won my own glory.

I am heat-resistant and heat-conducting,

And in nuclear reactors is suitable,

And in alloys with aluminum, titanium,

I'm needed like rocket fuel

In terms of lightness, I have no equal in alloys

I am magnesium light and active,

And indispensable in technology:

In many motors you will find parts,

For lighting rockets

There is no other element!

An alloy of copper and zinc - brass - is well processed by pressure and has a high viscosity

It is used for the manufacture of cartridge cases and artillery shells, as it has good resistance to shock loads created by powder gases.

Titanium is used in the production of turbojet engines, in space technology, artillery, shipbuilding, mechanical engineering, nuclear and chemical industries.

Titanium alloys are used to prepare the main rotors of modern heavy helicopters, rudders and other critical parts of supersonic aircraft.

And I'm a giant, I'm called a titan.

helicopter propellers,

Steering wheels

And even parts of supersonic aircraft

are made of me

This is what I need!

Separate stages of obtaining nuclear fuel take place in a helium protective environment

In containers filled with helium, fuel elements of nuclear reactions are stored and transported.

Neon-helium mixture is filled with gas lamps, indispensable for signaling devices

Rocket fuel is stored at the temperature of liquid neon

Polymer metals are widely used in the construction of field and protective structures, the construction of roads, runways, crossings over water barriers.

Many of the most important parts of aircraft, machines, machine tools are pressed from Teflon plastic.

Chemical fibers containing carbon are used to make durable auto and air cords.

Without the products of the rubber and tire industries, cars would stop working, electric motors, compressors, pumps would stop working, and, of course, airplanes would not fly.

Topic:"Water. Known and unknown."

Tasks:

• Integrate knowledge about the properties and significance of water in nature from courses in physics, chemistry, biology.
• To systematize knowledge about the physical properties of water, to develop knowledge about the chemical properties of water, about the types of chemical bonds using the hydrogen bond as an example.
• To reveal the role of water in the origin, development of living organisms on Earth.

Equipment: computer, program disks (chemistry, biology), multimedia presentation on the topic of the lesson, reference notes.

DURING THE CLASSES

class greeting. Today we have an unusual lesson. This is a lesson that combines knowledge of biology, chemistry, physics. Such lessons are called integrated, because. help to combine the knowledge of all sciences to create a holistic view of the object under study. Today we will talk about the substance of the planet, unusual in its properties, which has special properties and, of course, the most important for all living things - this is the substance water. The topic of our lesson is “Water. Known and unknown.
We have to find out what properties of water determine its significance for life on Earth.
As an epigraph to our lesson, we chose the words of Leonardo da Vinci: "Water has been given the magical power to become the sap of life on earth."

Biology teacher. About the role of water in nature, academician I.V. Petryaev: “Is water just a liquid that is poured into a glass? The ocean that covers almost the entire planet, our entire wonderful Earth, in which life originated millions of years ago, is water.

The boundless expanse of the ocean
And the quiet backwater of the pond,
The jet of the waterfall and the spray of the fountain,
And it's all just water.

Chemistry teacher. Clouds, clouds, fog carrying moisture to all living things on the earth's surface, this is also water. Endless ice deserts of the polar regions, snow covering almost half of the planet, and this is water.

slide 4

As if dressed in lace
Trees, bushes, wires.
And it seems like a fairy tale
In fact, it's just water.

Physics teacher. Beautiful, unreproducible is the variety of colors of the sunset, its golden and crimson tints; solemn and gentle are the colors of the sky at sunrise. This ordinary and always extraordinary symphony of color is due to the scattering and absorption of the solar spectrum by water vapor in the atmosphere. This is a great artist - water. Boundless variety of life. It is everywhere on our planet. But life is only where there is water. There is no living being if there is no water.

Biology teacher. Let's look at the globe.

Our planet is called the Earth by an obvious misunderstanding: does it have to land? its territory, and everything else is Water! It would be correct to call it the planet Water!

Finding water in nature:

3/4 of the globe
97% oceans and seas
3% lakes, rivers, groundwater
70% contain animal organisms
90% contain fruits of cucumber, watermelon
65% of human body weight

(First, the student tries to formulate a general conclusion)

Conclusion: Water is the most abundant substance on earth. There is no such mineral, rock, organism, which would not include water. (with advent)

Chemistry teacher. By whom, when and by what methods was the qualitative and quantitative composition of the water molecule determined?

Lavoisier is entrusted
To check everything
Performed an experiment with Laplace.
Analyzed everything
He synthesized water
And he proved: she is not an element

Student writes the equation on the blackboard water synthesis equation

Chemistry teacher. To prove that water is not an element, and also to confirm the composition of water, Lavoisier and the chemist Jacques Meunier carried out the famous experiments on the decomposition of water.

Work continued
He sees in decay
Water in the trunk, heated red-hot.
And this is the only way
To affirm the truth:
It decomposes into gases.

Student writes the equation on the blackboard water decomposition equation

Chemistry teacher. The study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of a substance is based on two methods: synthesis and analysis. Let's remember the essence of these methods. (Working with a basic abstract)

Disk (chemistry):

Let's give a general description of water according to the chemical formula.

Exercise: Write down the molecular formula of water and calculate its molecular and molar mass, mass fractions of elements

Molecular formula - ?
Mr (H 2 O) \u003d?
M(H 2 O) \u003d?
w(H) = ?
w(O) = ?

Writing on the board for students

Molecular formula - H 2 O
Mr(H 2 O) = 18
M (H 2 O) \u003d 18 g / mol
w(N) = 11%
w(O) = 89%

Physics teacher. Let's remember the physical properties of water. Water is an amazing liquid - it has special properties. For water, as if the laws were not written! But, thanks to these special properties, life was born and developed. Let's list the physical features of water.

Word to students (work using a reference note)

Basic summary:

Water density = 1000 kg / m 3
Specific heat capacity of water с = 4200 J/kg0С
Boiling point t = 1000C
Specific heat of vaporization g = 2300 000 J/kg
Freezing point t = 00С
Specific heat of freezing = 330000 J/kg

Student.First feature: According to its chemical structure, water is supposed to melt and boil at low temperatures, which do not exist on earth. There would be, therefore, neither solid nor liquid water on Earth, but there would be only steam. And it boils at 1000C.

Student.Second feature: Water has a very high specific heat of vaporization. If water did not have this property, many lakes and rivers would quickly dry up to the bottom in summer, and all life in them would perish.

Student.Third feature: freezing, water expands by 9% in relation to the previous volume. Therefore, ice is always lighter than unfrozen water and floats upwards. Under such a “fur coat”, even in winter in the Arctic, marine animals are not very cold.

Student.Fourth feature: high heat capacity. Water has 10 times more than iron. Due to the exceptional ability of water to absorb heat, the temperature changes slightly when it is heated and cooled, so marine life is never threatened by either strong overheating or excessive cooling.

Physics teacher. Let's solve an interesting problem on the heat capacity of water. To what height can a 4 ton elephant be raised if the same amount of energy is required to heat 3 liters of water from 200C to boiling?

Biology teacher. The earth would have cooled down and become lifeless long ago if not for water. Terrestrial water absorbs and releases a lot of heat, thereby "equalizing" the climate. And the water molecules scattered in the atmosphere protect from cosmic cold. One poet wrote of a raindrop:

Slide 14

She lived and flowed on the glass.
But suddenly she was enveloped in frost,
And the drop became motionless,
And the world is warmer.

Chemistry teacher. We have considered the physical properties of water, and now let's recall its chemical properties. The chemical properties of any substance are manifested in their interaction with other substances.

Disk (chemistry):

Scheme "Chemical properties of water" (soundless)

Writing on the board by students:

1. With metals
2. With separate non-metals
3. With basic oxides
4. With salts
5. With acidic oxides (reaction with CO 2)

Biology teacher. But in living cells, water and carbon dioxide are involved in another, much more complex and important reaction.

Student. This process occurs in plant cells and is called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, solar energy is stored in organic matter. The starting compounds for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. Molecular oxygen is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis.

Chemistry teacher. And now let's solve the problem. Determine the mass of glucose that is formed when 132 g of carbon monoxide (IV) is absorbed by the plant during photosynthesis.

Biology teacher. What other vital processes, besides photosynthesis, occur in plants with the participation of water?

Student. Plants need cooling. Therefore, they have to constantly evaporate water. As a result, thermal energy is released.

Biology teacher. Water is a good solvent. Soil mineral salts dissolve in water. In search of water and mineral salts, plant roots penetrate into the earth, sometimes to great depths.

Slide 18

And between plants war reigns.
Trees, grass grow fervently up,
And their roots in the ground, carrying their work,
They are arguing over soil and moisture.

Disk (biology): Water is the basis of life.

Biology teacher. Human life also depends on water. Water makes up more than half of the human body weight (65%). It is part of the blood, digestive juices, tears and other fluids.

Biology teacher. For a normal existence, a person must consume about 2 times more water than nutrients. The loss of 12-15% of water leads to metabolic disorders, and the loss of 25% of water leads to the death of the body.

Chemistry teacher. The world's population consumes 7 billion m3 of water every day. Water is the only wealth of our planet that has no substitutes. For their needs, a person uses only fresh surface and underground waters, which require preliminary purification. Fresh water accounts for only 3% of its total reserves. Therefore, the problem of water pollution is very acute.

Student's message about water pollution and protection.

Physics teacher. Now let's summarize the knowledge about the properties of water, which we talked about today in the lesson.

Water is part of all living organisms and is a participant in all life processes.
Important chemical processes take place in an aqueous solution, because water is a good solvent.
Water is a habitat for many organisms.
Water - hydrogen oxide - is a very reactive substance.
Water is the Earth's most important thermoregulator

Biology teacher. An essential component of all living things. Water!
You have no taste, no color, no smell; you can not be described, you enjoy, not understanding what you are. You are not only necessary for life, you are life itself. With you, bliss spreads throughout the whole being, which cannot be explained only by our five senses ...
You are the greatest wealth in the world... Antoine de Saint-Exupery

Chemistry teacher. With these words of Antoine de Saint-Exupery, who miraculously escaped death from thirst in a hot desert, we want to finish our lesson on the most unique and amazing substance on Earth - Water!