The ancient Greeks are revered as the wise masters of philosophy. They also noticed that a person is “soldered” from two parts: an external manifestation of mental activity and internal mental properties. There are many differences between people, but the most interesting are the features of the inner world. Understanding mental activity and the very concept of the psyche, in fact, is not as difficult as it seems.

Functions of the psyche

In modern psychology, a more precise definition is given, helping to understand the phenomenon itself.

The mind is a mirror. Subjective reflection of the objective world and reaction to it. The basis of the work of the psyche is a set of many “sensually” and “reactionally” directed connections.

Certain areas of the brain are responsible for certain functions. But delegation is also characteristic of the main “thinking” organ of a person, therefore, the entire cerebral cortex is responsible for some forms of manifestation of certain functions. The human psyche performs the following functions:

reflective

emotional

Generating emotional responses to certain situations.

Strong-willed

Possibility of "free" choice. Disputed by most modern psychologists.

Importance for a person

At the end of the 19th century, scientists believed that innateness determines all future life. L. S. Vygotsky believed that the mental development of a person occurs according to historical laws, and not according to biological ones.

A person's abilities are directly related to the level of his development.

The level of development of the psyche establishes the quality of professional activity, the manifestation and direction of the will and the norms of behavior. The biochemistry of the brain, and consequently behavior, is regulated by three departments: the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland. If the glands, which are directed by the listed departments, malfunction, changes are also observed in the mental state of a person.

Processes

The actions taking place in the human mind and the developed emotional reaction to external stimuli. Much the same as the functions.

Regulatory

The other side of the perception of the external. Develop the principles of a system of behavior. Will, motivation, goal setting.

cognitive

Comprehension of a specific situation from all possible angles and the ability to act according to one's idealistic ideas. These include perception, memory and imagination.

Communicative

The need to join forces with people to achieve a certain goal prompted primitive man to invent conscious communication.

states

This is a characteristic of an individual picture of the world and norms of behavior, fixed over a relatively long period of time. Characteristics of mental states can be predicted.

1. emotional. Experienced feelings.
2. Activation. An indicator of the activity or passivity of a person.
3. Temporary. The duration of the state.
4. tonic. They are similar to activation ones, only here a specific moment is meant - whether a person is vigorous, whether he is oppressed.

Properties of the psyche

The main distinguishing features of the psyche are flexibility and learning. The well-known scientist Tatiana Chernigovskaya says that the brain cannot do one thing - not to learn.

The cardinal difference between people and animals is the ability and willingness to influence circumstances in some cases. This is what is called will.

The ability to act on the basis of accumulated experience, and the ability to choose the way of their behavior. In general, properties are relatively stable formations that determine the character of an individual. They are divided into three categories:

1. Life position. Beliefs, ideal self-image, etc.
2. Character and temperament. Congenital psycho-physical properties of the personality and the chosen manner of behavior.
3. Capabilities. Development of will, intellect and predisposition to creativity.

Psychic Phenomena

Psychology studies the foundation, consisting of processes, properties and states of the psyche. However, not all processes are realized by a person. According to scientists, self-consciousness cannot exist separately from the unconscious, superconscious, preconscious and subconscious. Unconscious processes that are the first level of the psyche, such as breathing, reproduction, and often even automatic thinking, are not “brought to the surface” so as not to load the brain.

With their individual unconscious people form the collective unconscious, that is, the history of the entire human race. It was first pointed out by Jung in his work The Structure of the Soul.

General definition of the category "psyche". The main characteristics of the mental sphere. Definition of the category "psyche" in its broad and narrow sense.

Basic forms and mechanisms of adaptive behavior. Instinct, skill (operant behavior), "intellectual" behavior of animals. Physiological bases and mechanisms, their essence and features. Forms of adaptive behavior and their features.

Features of the human psyche. The structure of the human psyche. A systemic sign of the human psyche, distinguishing it from the animal world. A special form of adaptive behavior, its distinctive features.

General definition of the category "psyche". The main characteristics of the sphere of mental

The forms of mental reflection considered in the previous chapter allow us to conclude that the psyche in the sense in which we understand it and use this concept is one of the basic psychological categories.

Consideration of this category will begin with definitions, since in modern psychological literature there are many definitions, from one side or another, revealing the nature, essence and functions of the psyche. In order to be able to single out the most stable characteristics and aspects in this category, for the purposes of methodological analysis, we will consider some definitions of the psyche given by various authors.

1) “The psyche is a function of the brain, a reflection of the objective world” (Galperin P.Ya., 1998, p. 141).

“Psyche is a property of highly organized matter; not any, but only highly organized, therefore, appearing relatively late, at a high level of development of the world. In the language of modern natural science, this is explained simply: the psyche arises only in living bodies, organisms, and not in all, but only in animals, and not even in all animals, but only in those that lead an active, mobile life in a complexly dissected environment. They have to actively and constantly adapt their behavior to the continuous changes in this environment and their position in it, and this requires a new auxiliary apparatus of behavior - mental activity” (ibid., p. 138).

2) “The psyche is a very subtle tool for adapting to the environment” (Rean A. A., Bordovskaya I. V., Rozum S. I., 2001, p. 12).

“The psyche is a systemic property of highly organized matter, which consists in the active reflection of the objective world by the subject, in the construction by him of a picture of the world inalienable from him and self-regulation on this basis of his behavior and activity” (ibid., p. 14).

• 3) “Psyche (from the Greek. psychikos- mental) - an active and biased form of reflection by the subject of the properties and patterns of objective reality and his own life activity, arising, developing and functioning in various types of external and internal activities of the subject. The main functions of the psyche are the orientation of the subject in the world and the regulation on this basis of his (the subject's) activity (Sokolova E.E., 1999, p. 7).
• 4) “Psyche (from the Greek. psychikos- mental) - a form of active display by the subject of objective reality, arising in the process of interaction of living beings with the outside world and performing a regulatory function in their behavior (activity) ”(Meshcheryakov B.G., Zinchenko V.P., 2003. P. 420).
• 5) “The psyche... the property of living highly organized matter, which consists in the ability to reflect through its states the surrounding objective world with its connections and relationships (Stolyarenko L.D., 2006, p. 6).

Psychic reflection ... is an active reflection of the world, caused by a certain need, needs; it is a subjective selective reflection of the objective world... The main functions of the psyche: reflection, regulation of behavior and activity” (ibid., p. 9).

Apparently, the given definitions are enough to have material for analysis. Let us highlight the most significant and stable characteristics reflected in them. From the definitions it follows that the psyche is:

• systemic property of highly organized matter;
• active reflection of the objective world;
• subjective reflection of the world in the image;
• fixture tool to the environment;

The main functions of the psyche: regulation (self-regulation) of behavior and activities.

It also indicates the belonging of the psyche subject and construction them inalienable From him pictures of the world.

It is impossible not to notice that two approaches clearly appear, two kinds of definitions of the mental: 1) the psyche is a property highly organized matter, Living creatures; and 2) property subject with the ability to self-regulate and building them inalienable From him pictures of the world.

In the first case, the definition of the psyche is interpreted broadly, extending to higher animals and humans. This approach seems to us more reasonable. In the second case, the definition applies only to the human psyche, since only a person can be a subject with the ability to self-regulate and build a picture of the world. In more detail and justified on the problem, who is subject, who is and who is not, see Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary / ch. Editors: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. M.: Sov. Encycl., 1983. 840 p.

Here we only note that in psychology this concept is interpreted too broadly by some authors. It is also not entirely correct to speak of building a picture of the world in relation to animals. What picture of the world, for example, does a frog have, even if it is a frog princess, or cows, etc.? This is not a picture of the world, but mostly a pale or richer subjective image of perceived reality.

Taking into account the views expressed, we can try to formulate and propose definitions of the psyche that would satisfy us to a greater extent, try to reveal and justify them.

If we interpret the psyche broadly, extending the definition to higher animals and humans, then we can offer the following definition.

Psyche - the highest form of mental reflection inherent in highly organized living organisms, the function of the brain, which consists in the emergence of a systemic quality to actively reflect the objective world in the subjective images of this world, which is a mechanism for active adaptation (adaptation), regulation of behavior and activity in the environment.

As a basis for determining the human psyche, one can take the definition of A.V. Petrovsky. In this case, the definition might look like this:

Human psyche- the highest form of mental reflection, inherent only to a person, a function of the brain, which consists in the emergence of a systemic quality in the subject to actively reflect the objective world in subjective images, in the construction of an inalienable picture of this world from him and self-regulation on this basis of the processes of adaptation, behavior and activity.

These definitions reveal the following characteristics of the mental.

Firstly, the psychic is a property of not all and not only living, but precisely highly organized matter. The psyche is inherent highly organized living beings, it is a function of the brain (central nervous system), that is, it occurs on a certain stage of evolutionary development nature. Views on the development of the human psyche and consciousness will be considered in more detail later.

Second, the psyche is higher form of mental reflection, which consists in the ability of highly organized living organisms actively reflect the surrounding reality. Moreover, the activity of the psyche is interior, and external character.

The manifestation of external activity is adaptive the nature of mental reflection, which allows a living organism and a person to actively adapt to the environment by changing the functions of individual organs, behavior and activity, as well as the ability to anticipation, which provides an opportunity not only to fix the past and present, but also to anticipate the result of the future in separate moments.

The manifestation of internal activity is electoral the relation of a living organism to the outside world, which characterizes its measure of subjectivity.

Activity and a selective attitude towards the outside world underlie mental reflection in the form subjective image of the surrounding world and perform the functions of regulating behavior and activity. Subjective image - it is an ideal reflection of the world, in this image the world doubles. Therefore, the world in subjective images is many-sided and infinitely diverse. It would not be an exaggeration to say that as many animal specimens, individuals, so many subjective worlds, due to the peculiarities of the biological and mental level of development of the species, as well as individual development.

In a person, the mental is closely connected with consciousness, therefore, his perception of the world around him, his subjective image is associated with a new systemic quality - the perfect way, and accordingly, behavior and activities are fundamentally different from the animal world.

The animal acts and organizes its behavior in the "field of perception". P. Ya. Galperin writes: the image is such a beginning of the psyche, without which all other components of mental life lose their meaning .

The image is the manifestation of the field of objects to the subject. No other thing has this property. Things interact with each other, but none of them is revealed to the subject. And with regard to the image, you can say the opposite. In the image, things (not all, but those that fall into the field of the given image) open up to the subject and, in a characteristic way, cease to evoke a direct reaction from the organism. They open up as a field of possible actions (possible, not strictly defined) that have yet to be established, that is, to determine which action will be selected and then performed. And this is a peculiar feature of the image, it reveals things, but at the same time things cease to cause a direct reaction on the part of the organism, but appear before the organism, open before it as a field in which it can act and even must act, because if it should not was to act, then there would be no need for an image. He must act, but he cannot act directly, immediately. One could say this: he cannot act automatically, he must understand this field.

Thus, when it occurs subjective image, then it reveals field of things and the previous automatic reaction is delayed because it is still to be seen whether it will be useful to repeat the reaction that was the last time, whether this reaction will be successful or unsuccessful due to a change in conditions.

Therefore, the image is needed so that the body, before acting, can understand the circumstances, orient itself. Thus, we come to a simple and general conclusion that the image is one of the most important components that makes clear the presence of a need, which helps orientation, because the true reality of mental life is orientation in a situation that requires unconventional actions. This is the main vital function of mental activity.

Therefore, the third feature and the objective necessity of the mental is revealed in its functions and mechanisms, which provide, on the basis of the subjective image, the appropriate form of adaptive behavior, actions and reactions.

• See Leontiev A.N. Problems of the development of the psyche. M.: Publishing house of APN RSFSR, 1959. pp. 159-176.
• See also: Psychology: words. / ed. A. V. Petrovsky. M., 1990.
• See Galperin P.Ya. Lectures on psychology: textbook, manual for university students. M.: Prince. house "University": Higher. school, 2002. 400 p.

Chapter 1. Introduction to Psychology

2. The concept of the psyche

Traditionally, the concept of the psyche is defined as a property of living highly organized matter, which consists in the ability to reflect the surrounding objective world with its states in its connections and relations.

Any joint labor of people presupposes a division of labor, when different members of the collective activity perform different operations; some operations immediately lead to a biologically useful result, other operations do not give such a result, but act only as a condition for its achievement, i.e. these are intermediate operations. But within the framework of individual activity, this result becomes an independent goal, and a person understands the connection between the intermediate result and the final motive, i.e. understands the meaning of the action. meaning, as defined by A.N. Leontiev, and is a reflection of the relationship between the purpose of the action and the motive.

Table 2.

Activity is an active interaction of a person with the environment, in which he achieves a consciously set goal that arose as a result of the appearance of a certain need, motive in him (Fig. 1.5).

Motives and goals may not coincide. Why a person acts in a certain way is often not the same as what he acts for. When we are dealing with activity in which there is no conscious goal, then there is no activity in the human sense of the word, but impulsive behavior takes place, which is directly controlled by needs and emotions.

Under behavior in psychology, it is customary to understand the external manifestations of a person's mental activity.

Fig.1.5 Activity structure

Behaviors include:

1. certain movements and gestures (for example, bowing, nodding, clasping hands),
2. external manifestations of physiological processes associated with the state, activity, communication of people (for example, posture, facial expressions, looks, reddening of the face, trembling, etc.),
3. actions that have a certain meaning, and finally,
4. actions that have social significance and are associated with norms of behavior.

An act is an action, performing which a person realizes its significance for other people, i.e. its social meaning.

The main characteristic of activity is its objectivity. By object is meant not just a natural object, but a cultural object in which a certain socially developed way of acting with it is fixed. And this method is reproduced whenever objective activity is carried out. Another characteristic of activity is its social, socio-historical nature. A person cannot independently discover forms of activity with objects. This is done with the help of other people who demonstrate patterns of activity and include a person in a joint activity. The transition from activity divided between people and performed in an external (material) form to individual (internal) activity constitutes the main line of internalization, during which psychological neoplasms are formed (knowledge, skills, abilities, motives, attitudes, etc.) .

Activities are always indirect. Tools, material objects, signs, symbols (internalized, internal means) and communication with other people act as means. Carrying out any act of activity, we realize in it a certain attitude towards other people, even if they are really and not present at the time of the activity.

Human activity is always purposeful, subject to the goal as a consciously presented planned result, the achievement of which it serves. The goal directs the activity and corrects its course.

Activity is not a set of reactions, but a system of actions cemented into a single whole by the motive that motivates it.
A motive is something for which an activity is carried out; it determines the meaning of what a person does. Basic knowledge about activities, motives, skills are presented in diagrams.

Finally, the activity is always productive, i.e. its result is transformations both in the external world and in the person himself, his knowledge, motives, abilities, etc. Depending on what changes play the main role or have the largest share, different types of activity are distinguished (labor, cognitive, communicative, etc.).

Human activity has a complex hierarchical structure. It consists of several levels: the upper level is the level of special activities, then the level of actions, the next is the level of operations, and finally, the lowest is the level of psychophysiological functions.

Action is the basic unit of activity analysis. Action is a process aimed at achieving a goal.

Action includes as a necessary component an act of consciousness in the form of setting a goal, and at the same time, action is at the same time an act of behavior, realized through external actions in inseparable unity with consciousness. Through actions, a person shows his activity, trying to achieve his goal, taking into account external conditions.

The action has a structure similar to the activity: the goal is the motive, the method is the result. There are actions: sensory (actions to perceive an object), motor (motor actions), volitional, mental, mnemonic (memory actions), external object (actions aimed at changing the state or properties of objects in the external world) and mental (actions performed during inner plane of consciousness). The following components of action are distinguished: sensory (sensory), central (mental) and motor (motor) (Fig. 1.6).

Rice. 1.6 Action components and their function

Any action is a complex system consisting of several parts: indicative (managing), executive (working) and control and corrective. The indicative part of the action provides a reflection of the set of objective conditions necessary for the successful implementation of this action. The executive part performs the specified transformations in the action object. The control part monitors the progress of the action, compares the results obtained with the given samples and, if necessary, provides correction of both the indicative and executive parts of the action.

An operation is a specific way of performing an action. The nature of the operations used depends on the conditions in which the action is performed and the experience of the person. Operations are usually little or not realized at all by a person, i.e. this is the level of automatic skills.

Speaking about the fact that a person performs some kind of activity, one should not forget that a person is an organism with a highly organized nervous system, developed sensory organs, a complex musculoskeletal system, psychophysiological functions, which are both prerequisites and means of activity.

For example, when a person sets himself the goal of memorizing something, he can use different actions and memorization techniques, but this activity relies on the existing mnemonic psychophysiological function: none of the memorization actions would lead to the desired result if the person did not have a mnemonic function. Psychophysiological functions constitute the organic foundation of the processes of activity.

Sensorimotor processes are processes in which the connection between perception and movement is carried out. In these processes, four mental acts are distinguished:

1. sensory moment of reaction - the process of perception;
2. the central moment of the reaction - more or less complex processes associated with the processing of the perceived, sometimes the difference, recognition, evaluation and choice;
3. motor moment of reaction - processes that determine the beginning and course of movement;
4. sensory corrections of movement (feedback).

Ideomotor processes connect the idea of ​​movement with the execution of movement. The problem of the image and its role in the regulation of motor acts is the central problem in the psychology of correct human movements.

Emotional-motor processes- these are processes that connect the performance of movements with emotions, feelings, mental states experienced by a person.

Interiorization is the process of transition from external, material action to internal, ideal action.
exteriorization is the process of transforming an internal mental action into an external action.

The main activities that ensure the existence of a person and the formation of him as a person are communication, play, learning and work.

It has already been noted that our needs push us to action, to activity. A need is a state of need experienced by a person for something. The states of an organism's objective need for something that lies outside it and constitutes a necessary condition for its normal functioning are called needs. Hunger, thirst, or the need for oxygen are the primary needs, the satisfaction of which is vital for all living beings. Any disturbance in the balance of sugar, water, oxygen, or any other component necessary for the body automatically leads to the appearance of a corresponding need and to the emergence of a biological impulse that, as it were, pushes a person to its satisfaction. The primal drive thus generated sets off a series of coordinated actions aimed at restoring balance.

Maintaining a balance in which the body does not experience any needs is called homeostasis. From here homeostatic behavior- this is a behavior that is aimed at eliminating motivation by satisfying the need that caused it. Often human behavior is caused by the perception of certain external objects, the action of some external stimuli. the perception of certain external objects plays the role of a stimulus, which can be as strong and significant as the internal impulse itself. The need to move, to receive new information, new stimuli (cognitive need), new emotions allows the body to maintain an optimal level of activation, which allows it to function most efficiently. This need for stimuli varies depending on the physiological and mental state of the person.

The need for social contacts, communication with people is one of the leading ones in a person, only with the course of life it changes its forms.

People are constantly busy with something, and in most cases they decide what they will do. To make a choice, people resort to the process of thinking. Motivation can be viewed as a “selection mechanism” for some form of behavior. This mechanism, if necessary, responds to external stimuli, but most often it chooses the opportunity that at the moment best suits the physiological state, emotion, memory or thought that came to mind, or unconscious attraction, or innate characteristics. The choice of our immediate actions is also guided by our goals and plans for the future. The more important these goals are to the naga, the more powerfully they guide our choices.

Thus, there is a hierarchy of different needs from the most primitive to the most refined. The hierarchical pyramid of needs was developed by the igvest psychologist Maslow: from innate physiological needs (the need for food, drink, sex, the desire to avoid pain, parental instinct, the need to explore the world around, etc.) - to the needs for security, then to the needs for affection, love , then to the needs for respect, approval, recognition, competence, then to cognitive and aesthetic needs (in order, beauty, justice, symmetry) - and, finally, the need to understand the meaning of one's life, in self-improvement, in self-development, self-realization.

But one and the same need can be satisfied with the help of different objects, with the help of different actions, i.e. in various ways objectified. In the process of objectifying a need, two important features of a need are revealed: 1) initially there is a fairly wide range of items that can satisfy a given need; 2) there is a quick fixation of the need on the first object that satisfied it. In the act of objectification, a motive is born as an object of need.

A motive is an objectified need, it is a need for a given object that prompts a person to take action. One and the same motive can be satisfied by a set of different actions, and on the other hand, the same action can be motivated by different motives. Motives give rise to actions, i.e. lead to goals. These are motives. But there are also unconscious motives that can manifest themselves in the form of emotions and personal meanings. emotions arise only about such events or results of actions that are associated with motives. The leading main motive determines the personal meaning - the experience of an increased subjective significance of an object or event that finds itself in the field of action of the leading motive.

The set of actions that are caused by one motive is called a special type of activity (game, educational or labor).

TEST QUESTIONS

1. What is the subject of psychology as a science?
2. List and give a brief description of the main views on the psyche and its role.
3. What are the main functions and manifestations of the psyche?
4. How is the development of forms of behavior and reflective function interconnected in the process of evolution? Is it related to the development of the nervous system?
5. Why can't the complex behavior of ants be called labor? What are the characteristic features of labor that have played an important role in the development of human consciousness?
6. What circles of influence of nature on the psyche exist?
7. What research methods are used in psychology?
8. What is the relationship between the psyche and the body, between the psyche and the brain?

LITERATURE

1. Hegel. Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences. T. 3. M., Thought, 1977
2. Vygotsky L.S. The history of the development of higher mental functions. Sobr. op. T. 3. M., Pedagogy, 1983
3. Leontiev A.N. Problems of the development of the psyche. M., 1987
4. Godefroy J. What is psychology. In 2 vol. M., Mir, 1992
5. Yarvilekto T. Brain and psyche. M., Progress, 1992
6. Platonov K.K. Entertaining psychology. M., 1990
, M., 1997
7. Shibutani T. Social Psychology . Rostov n/a, 1998
8. Romanov V.V. Legal Psychology. M., 1998
9. Methods of research in psychology: quasi-experiment. M., 1998
10. Chufarovsky Yu.V. Legal Psychology. M., 1998

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Introduction

1. The essence of the human psyche

1.1 The concept of the psyche

1.2 Features of the psyche

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Man as a product of nature and society is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. In relation to the topic under discussion, we are interested in a person as an integral part of the control system, which is able to make decisions and develop control actions, as well as execute them.

The state and behavior of a person is always determined by his thoughts and feelings, reflecting reality, and the will that directs his behavior. The science of mental reflection of reality in human activity and behavior is called psychology.

The psyche (Greek "spiritual") is the property of the human brain (highly organized matter) to reflect reality. This is something intangible, but inherent in man (soul). The inner world of man, his consciousness. This is a set of mental phenomena and processes. A specific product of human activity in its interaction with the environment.

Feelings, ideas, thoughts of an individual create in him subjective images and models of the external world, which, being transformed in the brain, pass into various forms of activity and behavior. A person, studying the functions of the brain and his psyche, thereby cognizes the mechanisms of his own activity, cognizes himself.

The mental life of a person, his inner world cannot be understood regardless of his activity. Conversely, a person always expresses an attitude towards what he knows or does. The state of a person's psyche (confidence, cheerfulness, hope, or, conversely, anxiety, irritation, worries) have a strong influence on his behavior and on the results of his work.

The purpose of the work is to consider the features of the human psyche and behavior.

1. The essence of the human psyche

1.1 The concept of the psyche

The psyche is a general concept that unites many subjective phenomena studied by psychology as a science. In accordance with the idealistic understanding of the psyche, there are two principles in the world: material and ideal. They are independent, eternal, not reducible and not derivable from each other. Interacting in development, they nevertheless develop according to their own laws.

A normal, healthy human psyche should be distinguished by:

1) The necessary set of receptors, coupled with the mechanism of adequate reception of all stimulus signals coming from the bio- and infosphere, while the breadth and depth of the sources of irritation should cover at least half of the macro- and microcosmic spheres. The process should figuratively resemble the reports of special correspondents from the scene.

2) Balanced reflectivity, including the average sufficient strength of the reactions of both excitation and, if necessary, and inhibition of the corresponding RAD. At the same time, the evaluative-analytical processing of information coming from the reception system through the relationship with consciousness should be clearly carried out, thus ensuring the breadth and direction of reflectivity towards rationality, noosphericity.

3) The presence of all four signal subsystems, the development of which and the relationship with consciousness would be confirmed by everyday practice of judgments, decisions made, actions taken, lifestyle and behaviors.

The resulting parameters of the individual psyche of each person depend, as we have already said, on the organization of the neuropil of the cerebral cortex and are reflected in the indicated ordinates, reflecting the degree of adequacy of reflectivity and the infospheric orientation of the psyche, more precisely:

Reflectivity - from complete non-perception to ultra-high excitability.

The state of the signal subsystems - from the presence of only the first to the possession of a complete set of all four.

Infospheric orientation - noospheric direction, non-gaspheric influence, mixed.

Any deviations from the designated area characterize one or another degree of its underdevelopment or distortion. In other words, a human psyche that is extremely reflective should be considered normal for the present time, while a person is able to restrain his emotions, if necessary, under any circumstances. In addition, his psyche must have the ability to adequately respond to stimuli of all four signal subsystems in a wide range of macro- and microcosmic spheres, functioning in a noospheric orientation mode, reflecting the influence of non-gaspheric phenomena.

What methods of assessing the parameters of the psyche (one's own, someone else's) are currently known? A psychiatrist using his hammer with a banal blow to the knee can only determine the degree of reflectivity of some APCs of the 1st signal subsystem. Nothing more. Even how a person reacts to the beautiful or the ugly, the psychiatrist is not able to find out right away. The functional centers of other signal subsystems can be reliably assessed only in the course of long-term observations of a person's behavior in life, which is difficult for specialists outside the walls of the clinic to do. Other methods of checks and tests, including interviews, are not yet effective.

Therefore, it should be borne in mind that the normal operation of the functional centers of the second signal subsystem, for example, is expressed in obedience, discipline, reasonable subordination of the individual. The balancing of these centers and the filling of the corresponding RAD with content is carried out in the process of educating a person, and the imbalance or lack of the required RAD manifests itself with a lack of education or its complete absence.

Mental abnormality of a person entails a wide range of mental disorders - from mild short-term behavioral deviations (neurosis and other so-called borderline conditions) to severe long-term diseases associated with deep significant disorders and functional changes in psychoneurotic activity, accompanied by a violation of the reflection of reality and behavior ( psychosis, areflexia, etc.).

These deviations affect, first of all, the adequacy of the individual's reflectivity to certain events and phenomena of life, which in one way or another is reflected in the character and manner of his behavior (disturbances of calmness, balance, foresight, prudence, reasonableness, etc.), and also as a result on all parameters of his mentality.

The summative effects of individual psyches are ultimately reflected in the indicators of the social psyche, the mental climate, the atmosphere of a given society, and the breadth of the macrocosmic spheres of its reflectivity.

The results of these summative phenomena give us the normal mental state of a given society, society: either public calm, accompanied by its harmonious development, or public unrest, public psychosis up to hysteria, often accompanied by some kind of public cataclysms (up to revolutions), public euphoria, public apathy, panic in society, etc.

1.2 Features of the psyche

The psyche is the main, basic, historically earliest component of the mentality. The rest (algorithmic module, intellect and consciousness) were formed later in the process of human evolutionary development. The psyche should be understood as a kind of reflection of the organism, i.e., its ability to various reflexes, more precisely, its manifestation of reactionary abilities to stimuli of both the inner and outer worlds of a person. Being the most important, if not the main sign of Life in general and an indicator of the development of any organism, the psyche itself has a phylogenetic period of development, historically comparable in time only with the duration of Life itself from the moment of its origin on planet Earth, and continues its improvement to this day. Let us dwell on the features of the development of the psyche from a philosophical, strictly scientific point of view in more detail.

About the psyche at present, we can say that this is the most studied part of the human mentality (see the mass of literature on psychiatry and psychology). But, first of all, I would like to give a description of the essence of mental processes, made by V.M. Bekhterev: “Another feature of the functional activity of the cerebral cortex, already identified during the initial studies in relation to the brain centers, is the mutual change of the phenomena of excitation and inhibition, which we encounter with the repeated resumption of stimuli that cause combination reflexes, because each combination reflex, upon its repeated renewal gradually fades away or is inhibited and, on the other hand, the inhibited reflex after the cessation of stimuli is again disinhibited after one time or another. Regardless of such internal inhibition and internal disinhibition, we also have the process of external inhibition, which occurs under the influence of some third-party external stimulus during the period of manifestation of the reflex, just as we have external disinhibition, carried out under the influence of external stimulus produced during the period of inhibition of the reflex.

The point is, therefore, of the replacement of one process by another, and this proves that there is no opposition between the two processes, for these two processes, being active, are in conditions of a functional relationship. This relationship of both processes is revealed not only in time in the form of a change from one to another, but also in space, because under normal conditions, the excitation of one brain function is accompanied by the inhibition of other functions and vice versa (the so-called Sherrington induction "a). But this is not enough. We meet here even with a special relationship between both processes, because in the case of a particularly strong excitation of one of the functions, not only all other areas of the cerebral cortex are inhibited, but it also attracts impulses from other parts of the cortex.In this case, any third-party irritation does not cause the usual local reflexes , and further enhances the degree of excitation of the active center.

Thus, these processes of generalization of the reflex and its successive differentiation seem to be closely related to each other, being an expression of the same process of excitation and inhibition in different phases of its development.

From the foregoing, it is clear that the action of stimuli does not seem to be the same, for the same stimulus under certain conditions can excite the combination reflex or disinhibit a temporarily extinguished combination reflex, under other conditions it can act in an inhibitory way on the educated combination reflex. In other words, not a single stimulus has an absolute significance in relation to the nature of the influence, but only a relative one, because its action is determined not at all by its properties, but by its relationship with the state of the apparatus on which this action falls. This is what I designate as the law of relativity in the activity of the centres.

Further, in associative reflexes, a very important process of substitution is revealed, consisting in the fact that the stimulus that previously acted in the sense of causing a differentiated associative reflex can be replaced by another stimulus capable of causing such a differentiated associative reflex.

So, according to most definitions, the psyche, first of all, means the ability of the central nervous system of the human brain to interact with its environment, the biosphere and the infosphere, i.e., to maintain its body in the mode of active functioning and the ability to adequately respond to phenomena and events taking place around, in the interests of the given organism itself, in the interests and for the benefit of the society of which it is a member, in the interests of the environment itself, as its habitat. Elemental aspects of the psyche: sensations, perceptions, feelings, will, mental analysis, adequate speech or motor reaction in the form of excitation or inhibition. The psyche is in unity with somatic (bodily) processes and is characterized by activity-passivity, integrity, correlation, self-regulation, communication, adaptation, etc.

The psyche is not a function of the body with initially set parameters. It, like other components of the mentality, appeared at a certain stage of the biological evolution of organic forms of matter and is in the process of constant improvement. Its elemental base is a spectrum of reflex and reflex-algorithmic arcs common to the entire human mentality, as well as analytical-initiatory-associative functions of centers in all their combinations and relationships.

Let's not go too deep into the initial period of the birth of the psyche, i.e. describe its signs in protozoa - amoebae, shoes, bacteria, etc. Let us omit this period, only noting that these signs existed and exist, as their liveliness obviously exists, in general, characterized precisely by the reaction of the organization of their organisms to changing environmental factors. The proof that their reflectivity is adequate to these changes is the very fact of the existence of modern representatives of protozoa (bacteria, viruses, microbes, fungal spores, etc.) until now. At the same time, to understand the nature of the psyche, it is still necessary to know how it originated, developed, and still functions in organisms of the first generation, i.e., among representatives of the plant world.

As you know, one very important feature of the structure of plant stems in the process of their evolution was the inclusion in the structure of their organisms of a signaling subsystem, which has its branches in almost all organs of the plant. However, the main communication channels pass through the stems. Through these channels, the body's internal information flows from one subsystem to another, thus coordinating in time the onset and termination of certain reactions programmed by the algorithms of the corresponding functional cells. The same signals serve to make corrections to the indicated algorithms.

It should be noted that the very concept of an organism includes the presence of a conditionally integral biological system with the obligatory presence of a signal subsystem. It is thanks to the signaling subsystem that a certain accumulation of organic cells is combined into a system of a single organism. In the simplest organisms of plants, the signal subsystem arose at first also in a rather rudimentary state, developing over time into the primitive first signal subsystem, which at the same time laid the foundation for the emergence of spirituality in the body.

2. Individual characteristics of behavior

A person lives and acts, performing certain actions. His activities and communication with other people are united by a single concept of "behavior". In the behavior, in the actions and deeds of a person, his main socio-psychological properties are manifested.

Human behavior, his actions and actions depend on:

biological and psychological characteristics of his body;

conditions of life and from various influences on it, from how a person's interaction with the world of material and spiritual culture, as well as with people around him, is organized.

To correctly explain human behavior, it is necessary:

know their mental life;

understand the interaction of the environment and consciousness;

be able to observe the external manifestations of the human psyche;

be able to interpret them correctly.

It is these knowledge and skills that form the basis of the socio-psychological qualities of a leader.

There are two types of orientation of human behavior:

reactive;

active.

Reactive behavior is basically a reaction to various internal and external stimuli.

Active behavior is associated with a person's ability to consciously choose goals and forms of behavior to achieve the chosen goals.

To control human behavior, adequate means of navigation are needed: ideas, faith, methods, etc. It is impossible to control the behavior of people without knowing and not taking into account their mental characteristics.

For a long time in psychological science, the personality as a separate phenomenon was taken as the basis of theoretical analysis. Relationships with personality were implied, but were not the subject of a specific study. But man is a product of nature and society. Throughout his life, he is exposed to a vast set of social factors, which are defined as the social environment. Therefore, the psychology and behavior of an individual cannot be understood without connections (relationships) with other people.

On the one hand, people act, being endowed with consciousness and will. For them, any social phenomenon has its own "psychological aspect", since social patterns are manifested only through other people.

On the other hand, in the joint activities of people, certain types of connections (relations) arise between them. These relationships have a great influence on the psychology of people and are manifested in their actions, actions and behavior. Without analyzing the relationship of a person with other people, it is impossible to understand the behavior of an individual person.

The science of society as an integral system and its individual processes and social groups is called sociology (lat. "society, -logy"). Sociologists have identified a number of values ​​that any normal person aspires to.

These common needs and interests are:

material living conditions; interesting job;

social stability.

These common needs and interests must be known and met! But how?

The manifold and complex features of man can only be explored through the combined efforts of psychology and sociology. The branch of psychology that studies the laws of behavior and activities of people, due to the fact of their belonging to social groups, is called social psychology.

The decisive role in the development of the human psyche belongs to labor - the most characteristic way for a person to interact with the environment. Man, like animals, adapts himself to the environment. But unlike them, he subordinates the external environment to himself, that is, he carries out a purposeful, conscious transformation of the natural, industrial and social environment. It is this ability of a person that determines the main feature of his behavior - the ability to predict events, plan actions and strive to achieve certain goals.

There are two real and functionally interrelated aspects in human behavior:

1. Incentive, which provides (stimulates) the direction and activity of behavior. Stimulation of behavior is associated with the concept of motivation, which includes the idea of ​​interests, needs, goals, motivations, intentions and aspirations that a person has;

2. Regulatory, which is responsible for how behavior develops from beginning to end (until the goal is achieved) under certain conditions. The regulation of behavior is provided mainly by various kinds of processes and states.

Modern production is a complex and dynamic system based on labor collectives. The success of their production activities largely depends on the active attitude to work of ordinary members of the team, on the moral and psychological climate in the team and on the ability of the leader to manage people's behavior.

Managing people requires taking into account not only your own thoughts and feelings, but the thoughts and feelings of other people.

The ability of a leader to correctly understand the behavior of subordinates, to create a creative mood and enthusiasm (spiritual uplift) in the team in solving production problems - this is what constitutes the essence of the social and organizational function of management.

A necessary condition for the successful performance of such a function is the knowledge of the basics of psychology, sociology and pedagogy by the leader. The leader often faces tasks that cannot be solved without socio-psychological knowledge.

The leader in his work with people must distinguish between such concepts as a person, individuality, personality, group, collective. Orientation in these concepts will help him to more accurately imagine the totality of factors that affect the employee and determine his behavior, which will help to better understand the need for an integrated approach to the organization of work and management.

In the development of technology and organization of labor, it is necessary to observe the most important qualitative features of a person: his physical structure, his mental properties. The manager should always keep in mind that each employee has their own needs and interests, which determine their life position and motivate their attitude to work.

The problem of individual awareness of the conditions and goals of human activity is of great interest for organizational (social) management, for a correct understanding of the behavior of a subordinate, for establishing scientifically qualified relations between a leader and subordinates.

Conclusion

In everyday life, we are often convinced of the dependence, or rather, the interdependence of physical well-being and mental state. There are many observations about the direct influence of the psyche on human health. At present, science knows that the human body is a highly self-organizing and self-regulating system. The human brain during its evolution has acquired a special property - the highest plasticity, that is, the ability to adapt to the most diverse and unexpected conditions of existence.

The development of the psyche is, first of all, a regular change in mental processes over time, expressed in their quantitative, qualitative and structural transformations.

Like any phenomenon in nature, the psyche has its own history of development and the laws by which this development took place. The development was long, it went a long way from the lowest and, consequently, primitive forms to the highest perfect ones. There are two ways of the history of the development of the psyche: phylogeny - historical development (covers the entire process of the evolution of a species, more global), phylogeny determines ontogeny by creating the natural prerequisites and social conditions necessary for it; ontogeny - development from birth to death of a species, more specific and short for a particular individual. The ontogeny of the human psyche has a stage-by-stage character. The sequence of its stages is irreversible and predictable.

Human development is a continuous dynamic of change. These changes are especially evident when comparing an infant, a schoolchild, an adult and an old man. For many centuries there has been a mystery of the emergence of consciousness, emotional experiences, creative ups and downs, a complex inner world in a person who, at birth, is so fragile and helpless, deprived of the opportunity to speak about his experiences and needs.

Bibliography

psyche individual behavioral

1. Kudryavtsev V.T. The Dialectics of Human Appropriation of Culture: Universality and Creativity // Human Philosophy: Dialogue with Tradition and Perspectives. M., 1988.

2. Kudryavtsev T.V. Psychology of vocational training and education. M., 1985.

3. Leontiev A.N. Problems of the development of the psyche. 4th ed. M., 1981.

4. Matyushkin A.M. The main directions of research of thinking and creativity // Psikhol. magazine. 1984. No. 1.

5. Godfroy J. What is psychology. T.2: Per. from French - M.: Mir, 1996. - 376 p.

6. Stetsenko A.P. Psychological structure of meaning and its development in ontogeny: Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... cand. psychol. Sciences. M., 2004.

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The human psyche as a complex system consisting of separate hierarchically organized subsystems. Mental processes, properties, states. The structure of the brain. The interaction of the psyche and features of the brain. The structure of the nervous system.

Psychology is a modern and multifaceted science. Translated from ancient Greek, “psychology” is the science of the soul, and, therefore, its subject is the “soul”, or psyche. But what is the psyche and psychic phenomena? There are different points of view on such a complex and multifaceted phenomenon as the "psyche" or "soul". Most of them refer to either an idealistic or a materialistic interpretation. In domestic psychological science, when studying mental phenomena, as a rule, they proceed from the standpoint of dialectical materialism.

Psyche - this is a property of highly organized living matter, which consists in the active reflection of the objective world by the subject, in the construction by the subject of a picture of this world inalienable from him and in the regulation of behavior and activity on this basis.

From this definition follows a number of fundamental judgments about the nature and mechanisms of manifestation of the psyche. Firstly, the psyche is a property of only living matter. And not just living matter, but highly organized living matter. Consequently, not every living matter has this property, but only that which has specific organs that determine the possibility of the existence of the psyche. Secondly, the main feature of the psyche is the ability to reflect the objective world. What does this mean? Literally, this means the following: highly organized living matter with a psyche has the ability to obtain information about the world around it. At the same time, the receipt of information is associated with the creation of a certain mental image by this highly organized matter, i.e. subjective in nature and idealistic (non-material) in essence, an image that, with a certain measure of accuracy, is a copy of the material objects of the real world. Thirdly The information received by a living being about the surrounding world serves as the basis for regulating the internal environment of a living organism and shaping its behavior, which generally determines the possibility of a relatively long existence of this organism in constantly changing environmental conditions. Consequently, living matter, which has a psyche, is able to respond to changes in the external environment or to the effects of environmental objects.

It must be emphasized that there is a very significant number of forms of living matter that have certain mental abilities. These forms of living matter differ from each other in terms of the level of development of mental properties. What are these differences?

The elementary ability to respond selectively to the influence of the external environment is already observed in the simplest forms of living matter. So, the amoeba, which is just one living cell filled with protoplasm, moves away from some stimuli and approaches others. At its core, amoeba movements are the initial form of adaptation of the simplest organisms to the external environment. Such an adaptation is possible due to the existence of a certain property that distinguishes living matter from non-living matter. This property is irritability . Outwardly, it is expressed in the manifestation of the forced activity of a living organism. The higher the level of development of the organism, the more complex the manifestation of its activity in the event of a change in environmental conditions. Primary forms of irritability are found even in plants, for example, the so-called "tropism" - forced movement.

As a rule, living organisms of this level react only to direct influences, such as mechanical touches that threaten the integrity of the organism, or to biotic stimuli. For example, plants react to light, the content of trace elements in the soil, etc.

The further development of irritability in living beings is largely associated with the complication of the living conditions of more developed organisms, which, accordingly, have a more complex anatomical structure. Living organisms of a given level of development are forced to respond to a more complex set of environmental factors. The combination of these internal and external conditions predetermines the occurrence in living organisms of more complex forms of response, called sensitivity .

A distinctive feature of sensitivity in comparison with irritability is that with the appearance of sensations, living organisms get the opportunity to respond not only to biologically significant environmental factors, but also to biologically neutral ones, although for the simplest representatives of this level of development, such as worms, molluscs, arthropods, leading are still biologically significant environmental factors. However, in this case, the nature of the response of animals with sensitivity to environmental factors is fundamentally different from the response of living organisms of a lower level. Thus, the presence of sensitivity allows the animal to respond to an object that makes sense to him before direct contact with him. For example, an animal of a given level of development of the psyche can react to the color of an object, its paws or shape, etc. Later, in the process of development of organic matter in living beings, one of the main properties of the psyche is gradually formed - the ability to advance and holistic reflection of the real world. This means that in the process of evolution, animals with a more highly developed psyche are able to receive information about the world around them, analyze it and respond to the possible impact of any surrounding objects, both biologically significant and biologically neutral.

In itself, the appearance in a certain class of animals of sensitivity, or the ability to sense, can be considered not only as the birth of the psyche, but also as the appearance of a fundamentally new type of adaptation to the external environment. The main difference of this type of adaptation is the appearance of special processes that connect the animal with the environment - the processes of behavior.

Behavior – it is a complex set of reactions of a living organism to environmental influences. It must be emphasized that living beings, depending on the level of mental development, have behavior of varying complexity. We can see the simplest behavioral responses by observing, for example, how a worm changes its direction of movement when it encounters an obstacle. At the same time, the higher the level of development of a living being, the more complex its behavior. For example, in dogs we are already seeing manifestations of anticipatory reflection. So, the dog avoids meeting with an object that contains a certain threat. However, the most complex behavior is observed in humans, who, unlike animals, have not only the ability to respond to sudden changes in environmental conditions, but also the ability to form motivated (conscious) and purposeful behavior. The possibility of implementing such a complex behavior is due to the presence of consciousness in a person.

Consciousness – the highest level of mental reflection and regulation, inherent only to man as a socio-historical being.

From a practical point of view, consciousness acts as a continuously changing set of sensory and mental images that directly appear before the subject in his inner world and anticipate his practical activity. We have the right to assume that similar mental activity in the formation of mental images occurs in the most developed animals, such as dogs, horses, dolphins. Therefore, a person is distinguished from animals not by this activity itself, but by the mechanisms of its flow, which originated in the process of human social development. These mechanisms and features of their operation determine the presence in a person of such a phenomenon as consciousness.

As a result of the action of these mechanisms, a person distinguishes himself from the environment and is aware of his individuality, forms his own "I-concept", which consists in the totality of a person's ideas about himself, about the surrounding reality and his place in society. Thanks to consciousness, a person has the ability to independently, that is, without the influence of environmental stimuli, regulate his behavior. In turn, the "I-concept" is the core of his system of self-regulation.

So we can highlight four main levels of development of the psyche of living organisms :

1. irritability,

2. sensitivity (feelings),

3. behavior of higher animals (externally conditioned behavior),

4. human consciousness (self-determined behavior).

It should be noted that each of these levels has its own stages of development.

Only man possesses the highest level of development of the psyche. But a person is not born with a developed consciousness. The formation and evolution of consciousness occur in the process of physiological and social development of a particular individual (ontogenesis). Therefore, the process of formation of consciousness is strictly individual, due to both the peculiarities of social development and genetic predisposition.