Case is a form of education and a function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a link between the individual parts of a sentence's speech. Other definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.
Possession to perfection of the ability to decline different parts of speech according to cases is a hallmark of a literate, educated person. Often, the school curriculum, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross errors in compiling the correct structure of the sentence, which is why the members of the sentence become inconsistent with each other.
An example of an irregular declension of a word
To understand what is at stake, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of a word.
- The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right away. Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste experience.
There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in Russian are safely forgotten, so the word "taste" has the wrong declension.
The correct variant would be to write the sentence as follows:
- Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing delight in (what?) taste.
How many cases in the Russian language, so many forms of changing the endings of words that determine the correct use of not only the case form, but also the number, gender.
I wonder what percentage of adults who are not associated with writing, editorial, educational or scientific activities remember how many cases are in Russian?
The disappointing results of this year's Total Dictation leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy for most of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, receiving a well-deserved "five".
The largest number of errors were found in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so deplorable. With the correct spelling of words, people do not experience any special problems.
And for their correct declension in a sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in Russian is six.
Brief description of cases
The nominative case most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of the sentence. It is the only one always used without prepositions.
The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.
The dative case defines a period that symbolizes the end of an action.
The accusative case is a designation of the immediate object of the action.
The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which an action is performed.
The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, indicates a place of action or points to an object. Some linguists tend to divide the prepositional case into two types:
- explanatory, answering the questions “about whom?”, “About what?” (characterizing the subject of mental activity, story, narration);
- local, answering the question "where?" (directly the area or the hour of the action).
But in modern educational science, it is still customary to distinguish six main cases.
There are cases of Russian adjectives and nouns. Word declension applies to both singular and plural.
Cases of Russian nouns
A noun is a part of speech denoting the name of objects, acting in a sentence as a subject or object, answering the question "who?" or "what?".
The variety of ways of declension of words makes the multifaceted and rich Russian language difficult for foreigners to perceive. Cases of nouns inflect a word by changing its ending.
Case forms of nouns can change endings, answering questions:
- regarding animate subjects - “whom?”, “to whom?”;
- inanimate objects - “what?”, “what?”.
Cases | Questions | Examples of changing endings | Prepositions |
Nominative | boy(), ball() | ||
Genitive | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | |
Dative | To whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball() | On, for, through, about |
Instrumental | Boy(om), ball(om) | For, under, over, before, with |
|
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Oh, on, in, about, at, about |
Indeclinable nouns
There are nouns that are used in any case without declension endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:
- kangaroo, taxi, subway, flamingos;
- some proper names of foreign origin (Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
- common foreign nouns (Madame, Mrs., Mademoiselle);
- Russian and Ukrainian surnames (Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
- complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
- surnames of women denoting male objects (Alisa Zhuk, Maria Krol).
Changing adjectives
Adjectives are an independent part of speech denoting the signs and characteristics of an object, answering the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”. In a sentence, it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.
Just like a noun, it is declined in cases by changing endings. Examples are shown in the table.
Cases | Questions |
| Prepositions |
Nominative | |||
Genitive | Whom? What? | Good | From, without, at, to, near, for, around |
Dative | To whom? What? | Good | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | Good | On, for, through, about |
Instrumental | For, under, over, before, with |
||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | Oh, on, in, about, at, about |
Non-inflected adjectives
Cases of the Russian language are able to change all adjectives, if they are not presented in a short form, answering the question "what?". These adjectives in the sentence act as a predicate and are not declined. For example: He is smart.
Plural cases
Nouns and adjectives can be in the singular and plural, which also reflect the cases of the Russian language.
The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words depending on the question that the case form answers, with or without the same prepositions.
Cases | Questions | Examples of changing the endings of nouns | Examples of changing the endings of adjectives | Prepositions |
Nominative | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good(s), red(s) | ||
Genitive | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good(s), red(s) | From, without, at, to, near, for, around |
Dative | To whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good, red | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | good(s), red(s) | On, for, through, about |
Instrumental | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good (s), red (s) | For, under, over, before, with |
|
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good(s), red(s) | Oh, on, in, about, at, about |
Features of the genitive and accusative cases
For some people, two cases with seemingly identical questions that the inflected word answers are difficult and somewhat confusing: the genitive case and the question “who?”, and the accusative case with the question “who?”.
For ease of understanding, it should be remembered that in the genitive case the inflected word answers the following questions:
- there was no “who?” at the party (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
- there was no “who?” in the store (seller), "what?" (of bread);
- there was no “who?” in the prison cell (prisoner), "what?" (beds).
That is, the case indicates the ownership of the object, focusing on the event itself, and not on the subject.
In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound as follows:
- brought to the party "who?" (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
- they didn’t bring “who?” to the store (salesperson) "what?" (bread);
- in the prison cell they did not find “who?” (prisoner) "what?" (bed).
The case refers directly to the object around which the action is performed.
The ability to correctly inflect various parts of speech according to cases, number, gender is a hallmark of a smart, literate person who highly appreciates the Russian language and its basic rules. The desire for knowledge, repetition and improvement of knowledge is a hallmark of a highly intelligent person capable of self-organization.
Case is a form of education and a function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a link between the individual parts of a sentence's speech. Other definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.
Possession to perfection of the ability to decline different parts of speech according to cases is a hallmark of a literate, educated person. Often, the school curriculum, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross errors in compiling the correct structure of the sentence, which is why the members of the sentence become inconsistent with each other.
An example of an irregular declension of a word
To understand what is at stake, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of a word.
- The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right away. Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste experience.
There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in Russian are safely forgotten, so the word "taste" has the wrong declension.
The correct variant would be to write the sentence as follows:
- Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing delight in (what?) taste.
How many cases in the Russian language, so many forms of changing the endings of words that determine the correct use of not only the case form, but also the number, gender.
I wonder what percentage of adults who are not associated with writing, editorial, educational or scientific activities remember how many cases are in Russian?
The disappointing results of this year's Total Dictation leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy for most of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, receiving a well-deserved "five".
The largest number of errors were found in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so deplorable. With the correct spelling of words, people do not experience any special problems.
And for their correct declension in a sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in Russian is six.
Brief description of cases
The nominative case most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of the sentence. It is the only one always used without prepositions.
The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.
The dative case defines a period that symbolizes the end of an action.
The accusative case is a designation of the immediate object of the action.
The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which an action is performed.
The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, indicates a place of action or points to an object. Some linguists tend to divide the prepositional case into two types:
- explanatory, answering the questions “about whom?”, “About what?” (characterizing the subject of mental activity, story, narration);
- local, answering the question "where?" (directly the area or the hour of the action).
But in modern educational science, it is still customary to distinguish six main cases.
There are cases of Russian adjectives and nouns. Word declension applies to both singular and plural.
Cases of Russian nouns
A noun is a part of speech denoting the name of objects, acting in a sentence as a subject or object, answering the question "who?" or "what?".
The variety of ways of declension of words makes the multifaceted and rich Russian language difficult for foreigners to perceive. Cases of nouns inflect a word by changing its ending.
Case forms of nouns can change endings, answering questions:
- regarding animate subjects - “whom?”, “to whom?”;
- inanimate objects - “what?”, “what?”.
Cases | Questions | Examples of changing endings | Prepositions |
Nominative | boy(), ball() | ||
Genitive | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | |
Dative | To whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball() | On, for, through, about |
Instrumental | Boy(om), ball(om) | For, under, over, before, with |
|
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Oh, on, in, about, at, about |
Indeclinable nouns
There are nouns that are used in any case without declension endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:
- kangaroo, taxi, subway, flamingos;
- some proper names of foreign origin (Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
- common foreign nouns (Madame, Mrs., Mademoiselle);
- Russian and Ukrainian surnames (Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
- complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
- surnames of women denoting male objects (Alisa Zhuk, Maria Krol).
Changing adjectives
Adjectives are an independent part of speech denoting the signs and characteristics of an object, answering the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”. In a sentence, it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.
Just like a noun, it is declined in cases by changing endings. Examples are shown in the table.
Cases | Questions |
| Prepositions |
Nominative | |||
Genitive | Whom? What? | Good | From, without, at, to, near, for, around |
Dative | To whom? What? | Good | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | Good | On, for, through, about |
Instrumental | For, under, over, before, with |
||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | Oh, on, in, about, at, about |
Non-inflected adjectives
Cases of the Russian language are able to change all adjectives, if they are not presented in a short form, answering the question "what?". These adjectives in the sentence act as a predicate and are not declined. For example: He is smart.
Plural cases
Nouns and adjectives can be in the singular and plural, which also reflect the cases of the Russian language.
The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words depending on the question that the case form answers, with or without the same prepositions.
Cases | Questions | Examples of changing the endings of nouns | Examples of changing the endings of adjectives | Prepositions |
Nominative | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good(s), red(s) | ||
Genitive | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good(s), red(s) | From, without, at, to, near, for, around |
Dative | To whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good, red | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | good(s), red(s) | On, for, through, about |
Instrumental | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good (s), red (s) | For, under, over, before, with |
|
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good(s), red(s) | Oh, on, in, about, at, about |
Features of the genitive and accusative cases
For some people, two cases with seemingly identical questions that the inflected word answers are difficult and somewhat confusing: the genitive case and the question “who?”, and the accusative case with the question “who?”.
For ease of understanding, it should be remembered that in the genitive case the inflected word answers the following questions:
- there was no “who?” at the party (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
- there was no “who?” in the store (seller), "what?" (of bread);
- there was no “who?” in the prison cell (prisoner), "what?" (beds).
That is, the case indicates the ownership of the object, focusing on the event itself, and not on the subject.
In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound as follows:
- brought to the party "who?" (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
- they didn’t bring “who?” to the store (salesperson) "what?" (bread);
- in the prison cell they did not find “who?” (prisoner) "what?" (bed).
The case refers directly to the object around which the action is performed.
The ability to correctly inflect various parts of speech according to cases, number, gender is a hallmark of a smart, literate person who highly appreciates the Russian language and its basic rules. The desire for knowledge, repetition and improvement of knowledge is a hallmark of a highly intelligent person capable of self-organization.
Russian grammar is one of the most important parts of the language. Grammar allows us to speak confidently correct and without errors. Often the speech of people who do not know grammar sounds very funny, because all the words at the same time sound ridiculous and incoherent. For example, after all, everyone has heard how some foreigner is trying to communicate in Russian. Frankly, they don't work and they look ridiculous. In order not to look like they need to know grammar.
The noun is one of the most important independent parts of speech, which is practically the most common part of speech. It has such inconsistent features as number, case. The case paradigm is change noun depending on the meaning it has in the sentence. In this article, you will learn how to determine cases for nouns what are indirect cases, how to ask them questions correctly, as well as about the cases themselves and their questions.
Cases
The only rule for the correct change of nouns is the correct setting of the ending in connection with the question asked. For native speakers, this is an easy task, but foreigners need to memorize the endings and correctly determine them.
Declension
Also exists 3 types of declension at nouns.
- First decline. The name of the creatures. masculine and feminine with the ending -a, -я. For example, a flask, a pig.
- Second decline. The name of the creatures. masculine and neuter with the ending -o, -e. For example, a tree, a well.
- Third declension. The name of a feminine being with a null ending, or in -ь. For example, horse, horse.
Noun change different declensions.
| Question | 1 declension (plural) | 2 declension (plural) | 3rd declension (plural) | |
| Nominative pad. | who what? | tire (tires), moms (moms) | spaceship (spaceships) | horse (horses) |
| Parental fall. | who?, what? | tires (tires), moms (moms) | spaceship(s) | horses (horses) |
| Dative pad. | to whom; to what? | tire (tires), mom (moms) | spaceship (spaceships) | horses (horses) |
| Accusatory pad. | who?, what? | tire (tires), mom (moms) | spaceship (spaceships) | horse (horses) |
| Creative pad. | who?, what? | tire (tires), mother (mothers) | by spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Prepositional fall. | About who about what? | about a tire (about tires), about mom (about moms) | about a spaceship (about spaceships) | about a horse (about horses) |
In Russian there is such a thing as indirect cases- these are all cases, except for the nominative.
All of them have their meaning:
Determinants
There are many ways to determine the case of a noun. The fastest, easiest and most efficient way to date is to use qualifiers. Different cases can be determined using the following determiners.
The use of determiners makes it easier to change nouns by case. To do this, it is enough to put this word before the noun, and then ask a question and put the correct ending. For each case, it is enough to memorize one word.
In addition, the question is of great importance for determining the case. The table gives an idea of what prepositions are used with case forms of nouns in Russian.
Cases are the foundation of the grammar of the Russian language and everyone is required to know each of them by heart. But remembering all of them is very easy, two days of cramming is enough to remember them for a lifetime. Good luck!
Oh, this declension ... When studying a noun, it is this topic that makes you rack your brains properly in order to remember all unstressed endings in various cases and numbers. How to determine the declension of nouns? The table and examples will make the task easier! Let's try to figure it out and become even a little more literate!
What is declination?
The declension of a noun (a table of examples is given in the text) is a change in the case of a word and its number. Consider the examples in the table.
The declension table of nouns by cases shows that all nouns are divided into groups depending on what endings they acquire in the form of a particular case. Accordingly, all words related to the same elephantine will have the same set of endings. Knowing how to determine the declension, you can avoid mistakes in writing noun endings in a weak position, in other words, not under stress.
How many declensions can a noun have?
The table of declensions of nouns by cases, given in the previous section, showed that any words of the same declension in the form of the same case will have the same endings. It presents the three most common types of declension in our language. But he is known to be very rich, and there are no simple rules in it. In addition to the three presented, there are other types of declensions.
So, what types of declensions exist? The most common are the first, second and third declension.
A separate group is made up of words that end in -s: intent, crime, agreement, etc.
The next group is words ending in -and I: mania, Natalia, waist, session, commission, etc.
There is a small group of words ending in -me, which are also inclined in a certain way: time, tribe, etc. Such words are called dissimilar nouns (a separate paragraph of the article will be devoted to them). Words such as the path and the child are also considered to be divergent.
And finally, there are words that cannot change either by cases or by numbers, and in all forms they "look" the same. These are indeclinable, or invariable, nouns: kangaroo, kiwi and others.
Why do you need to be able to determine the declination?
How to determine the declension of a noun, the table will tell us a little later. But very often the question arises as to why this should be done? Why memorize all these cases, endings, a lot of "special" words that need to be remembered? But for what. Let's take the word "path" as an example: I'm walking down the path or I'm walking along the path? How to be? What letter to choose? And here's another word: "winter". It is also feminine with the ending -a-. We put in the same case: (to whom? What?) - winter. But we already know that all words of the same declension acquire the same ending when changed. So you need to write like this: I'm walking along(to whom; to what) footpath. Issue resolved!
How to determine the declension of a noun? The table and examples in the following paragraphs will help you not to make a mistake in this rather simple question!
Nouns 1 declension
These are feminine and masculine words that have endings in their initial form -a or -I(recall that the initial form for a noun is nominative and singular).
There are a lot of feminine words with such endings in Russian: mom, Masha, pajamas, apartment, work, daughter, and many, many others. There are fewer masculine words, but they exist and are very common: dad, grandfather, Vasya, Petya and other male names.
The 1st declension noun table will compare words with stressed and unstressed endings to show that all words in a given declension will have similar case endings.
Nouns 2 declensions
These are masculine words that have (it is not expressed by a letter in the nominative case, but "appears" in other forms) and neuter with endings -o, -e: raft, horse, lake, sea, field, etc. The table of nouns of the 2nd declension will show which endings the words acquire when changing in cases.
As you can see, in the accusative case they have different endings. And only forms of the prepositional case with an unstressed ending can cause difficulties, so you should remember that in this form you need to write - e.
Nouns 3 declensions
These are feminine words with a zero ending. They all end in a soft sign: mouse, brooch, region, passion, and so on. Let's see what endings these words acquire in different forms.
It is very easy to remember: in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, such words acquire the ending - and.
Nouns with -ie, -ia
The word "aspiration" is of the middle gender, but it cannot be attributed to the 2nd declension; the word "mantle" is feminine, but does not change, like the words of the 1st declension. The declension table of nouns by case will show the difference in endings.
As can be seen from the table, the words -s differ from the words of the 2nd declension only in the prepositional case, and the words in -and I from words of the 1st declension - in the dative and prepositional.
Please note that words ending in -ya, in all forms behave like words of the 1st declension. Therefore, for example, the forms of the same name Natalia and Natalia will decline differently: (give) Natalia, Natalia, (talk) about Natalia, about Natalia.
Table of declension endings for nouns
Let us summarize what has been said with a table of case endings for words belonging to different declensions.
| case | -1 skl- | -2 skl- | -3 skl- | -s | -and I |
| I.p. | paw, bullet | __ -o, -e house, dish | |||
| R.p. | paws, bullets | home, food | |||
| D.p. | paw, bullet | home, food | |||
| V.p. | paw, bullet | __ -o/-e house, dish | |||
| etc. | -oh/-she paw, bullet | -om/-em house, food | greatness | ||
| P.p. | about the paw, about the bullet | about the house, about the dish | about greatness |
Let's hope that no one will have difficulty choosing the right ending and determining the declension of nouns in Russian. The table explained everything in great detail.
It should be noted that -s and -and I cannot be singled out as a separate morpheme, ending. In this case, these are just the letters that the word ends with. such words are the topic of another article.
The declension of nouns in the plural (the table here, in general, without the need) very rarely causes difficulties, since the letters are mostly clearly audible. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases in the plural, all three declensions will have the same endings. We suggest you independently decline any words in the plural and make sure of this.
Inflected nouns
There are few dissimilar words among the nouns of the Russian language. Why are they divergent? Because they cannot be attributed to any one declension, in different cases they "behave" differently. These are words ending in -me(there are only about ten of them), the words "path" and "child". Let's look at the features of the declension of nouns in the Russian language (table) - those words that are considered heterogeneous.
| I.p. | stirrup | path | child |
| R.p. | stir-en-and | put-and | dit-yat-i |
| D.p. | stir-en-and | put-and | dit-yat-i |
| V.p. | stirrup | path | child |
| etc. | stir-en-eat | put-em | dit-yat-ee |
| P.p. | oh stir-en-and | about the way | oh dit-yat-i |
As you can see, the word "child" is inclined in a very special way. The word "way" in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases "behaves" like the word of the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental - like the word of the 2nd declension. Well, words ending in -me, in oblique cases acquire the suffix -en-.
These words must be remembered so as not to make a mistake in choosing the right ending.
Indeclinable words
Basically, these are borrowed words - which came from other languages. They can denote the names of animals, plants, dishes, as well as the names or surnames of people, the names of objects. Having come into our language, such words retained the peculiarity of not changing their form when they get into a sentence. In whatever case or number such a word needs to be put, it will sound the same.
- Pour me coffee - admiring morning coffee - talking about coffee.
- This is my cockatoo - I don't have a cockatoo - feed the cockatoo - remember about the cockatoo.
- Roman Dumas - dedicated to Dumas - writes about Dumas.
It is wrong and illiterate to decline such words in a sentence. Everyone knows the phrase-joke "I'm sitting in a kin on the front row with a feast in my tooth." Let's not be like the hero of this joke! Inflected words must be used correctly, and indeclinable ones do not need to be changed at all.
Summing up
Determining the declension of nouns (table above) is not at all a complicated process that will help you avoid mistakes when writing. Let's try to summarize all of the above.
There are three main declensions in Russian, but there are also special words ending in -and I and - ie, and a few odd words. Words are divided into three main groups depending on the gender and ending in the nominative case.
All words of the same declension in have similar endings. They can be learned so as not to make mistakes. And you can do it differently: instead of a word with an unstressed ending, substitute any word of the same declension, but in which the stress falls on the ending. The letter at the end of these words will be the same!
Words on -and I and -s are not included in the three main groups, because they change in cases and numbers in a special way, and they need to be remembered.
You should also remember a small group of divergent words. Their set of endings does not match any of the above declensions, which is why they require special attention.
And finally, indeclinable words: they do not change, in whatever context they are used. Decline in a sentence words such as movie, coat, coffee, purse, kangaroo,- a sign of low literacy and general culture.
We hope that the article turned out to be useful and helped to understand such a difficult topic as the declension of a noun. The table and examples were clear, and therefore choosing the right ending is now not difficult.
Be smart!
Parts of speech are taught in elementary school. Some of them are combined into special groups on special grounds. The pronoun, the numeral, the noun and the adjective are included in the group of inflected parts of speech, that is, they change in numbers and cases. You need to understand what declension is in order to correctly write the endings of the forms of one word that changes in cases.
How to determine the case of a noun - learning to determine the declension
The Russian language divides all nouns into 3 declensions:
- Type 1 - words m.r. and f.r. ending in -a or -я. For example, rainbow, road, snake, track.
- Type 2 - words m.r. and cf., ending in -o or -e or having a zero ending. For example, education, house, oatmeal.
- Type 3 - words of female language ending in a soft sign. They have a null ending. For example, doe, tribute, spruce, night.
Words of the same type of declension have the same endings when changing in cases. Therefore, when doubts arise when spelling case endings, you need to look at the change rules for the entire declension group to which the word belongs.
How to determine the case of a noun - features of cases
- We ask the question to the noun from those members of the sentence with which it is associated.
- Nominative case - questions who? what? For example, healer, forest. You can use an additional word: ( there is) who? – medicine man, (is) what? - forest.
- Questions whom? what? answers the genitive case with an additional word No. For example, ( no) who? - medicine man, (no) what? - the woods.
- Dative. Questions about the noun to whom? what? with an added word to give. For example, (give) to whom? - healer, (give) what? – forest.
- Accusative. Using questions whom? what? with an added word see. For example, ( see who? - healer, (see) what? - forest.
- Instrumental. Asking questions by whom? how?. You can use an additional word admire. For example, ( admire) who? - a healer, (admire) what? - forest.
- Last, Prepositional, answers questions about whom? about what? with the help of a word think. For example, who to think about? - sorcerer, think about what? - forest.
How to determine the case of a noun - how to distinguish the Nominative from the Accusative
Some forms of the Nominative and Accusative sometimes overlap because they answer the same question. what?
Consider suggestions:
- The snow was falling in big flakes.
- When we went outside, we saw snow.
Word snow answers the question what? in both sentences, has the same form, but different syntactic meaning.
In the first case, snow is the subject, in the second, the circumstance. That is snow performs the action in the first sentence, and in the second the action is performed on it.
Noun snow in 1 sentence is in the Nominative case, in 2 - in the Accusative.
We examined the questions and auxiliary words of each of the cases. We considered the case of the coincidence of the word forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases. We analyzed how the syntactic role helps to determine the case in case of difficulties.
