The reasons for the favorable economic and geographical position. Water resources of the Republic of Mari El

The main rivers are the Volga and Vetluga. In the recent past, four rivers of the republic: Ilet, Yushut, Bolshoi Kundysh, Bolshaya Kokshaga - were among the ten cleanest rivers in Europe. The development of industry and agriculture has led to the deterioration of the state of surface and groundwater.

The cleanest rivers are: Lazh, M. Sundyr, B. Sundyrka, B. Kokshaga, B. Kundysh, Rutka and Ilet. The most polluted rivers of the republic are the Ronga (n. Sovetsky), Turechka (n. Mari-Turek), Serdyazhka (n. Sernur), Paranginka (n. Paranga), Nemda (n. Kuzhener and Novy Toryal) and the river. Need (p. Mikhailovsky). Easily oxidizable BOD5 substances, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, metal compounds, phosphates and oil products prevailed among the pollutants discharged into water bodies. Of the lakes, the cleanest are lakes. Carp and Thorn.

Most of the water bodies are assigned to the 3rd class of moderately polluted waters.

The quality of river water in most water bodies of the republic, as well as the Cheboksary and Kuibyshev reservoirs, was still affected by transboundary pollution that came from the territories of neighboring subjects of the Russian Federation.

Despite the measures taken in recent years, the state of the republic's surface and underground waters is still alarming. So the state of small rivers is catastrophic - their flow is reduced, and the quality of water does not meet environmental and sanitary requirements. Surface waters, to a greater extent than groundwater, are subject to anthropogenic impact. Especially great is the impact of wastewater from industrial, agricultural and municipal enterprises and surface runoff from fields, agricultural facilities, ecologically and sanitaryly unimproved territories of populated areas and industrial facilities. The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements, there is a tendency to increase the pollution of water resources, and therefore the requirements for the efficiency of treatment facilities are increasing. Wastewater treatment at treatment facilities is ineffective due to non-compliance with the technological regulations for the operation of treatment plants. In recent years, there has been an unsystematic allocation of land plots in the republic for the construction of social facilities without taking into account the protection of water bodies from pollution.

More than 30% of the pollution of water bodies is contributed by the enterprises of the pulp and paper industry JSC "Marisky Pulp and Paper Mill" in Volzhsk, as well as treatment facilities of the housing and communal services of Yoshkar-Ola. The discharge of wastewater from the plant has a negative impact on the state of the aquatic ecosystem of the river. Volga, as it worsens the hydrochemical state of the Kuibyshev reservoir for a number of pollutants.

The state of surface and ground waters is alarming. The most polluted are the sections of the rivers Malaya Kokshaga (below the discharge of wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant in Yoshkar-Ola) and Nolka (below the discharge of storm water from the Yoshkar-Ola plants).

One of the problems in the republic is the flooding of territories when the level of the Cheboksary reservoir rises, the degradation of ecosystems in the reservoir zone and in the territories adjacent to them.

The groundwater

The territory of the Republic is located within the Eastern European artesian region. The large thickness of sedimentary deposits and the different lithological composition of water-bearing rocks determined a wide variety of hydrochemical types of groundwater, among which fresh, mineral waters and brines are distinguished.

The Republic has significant drinking-quality groundwater resources, the reserves of which are estimated at 3.2 million m3/day, which is 4.2 thousand liters/day per person. (with a water consumption standard of 200 l/day), despite this, the provision of the population with good quality drinking water remains at a low level.

Therapeutic mineral waters are represented by 2 types: nitrogen mineral waters that do not contain specific components (chloride-sulfate, sodium-calcium, magnesium-calcium, calcium), which are used as medicinal and drinking local sanatoriums, and mineral waters with specific components ( ferrous, iodine, bromine, with a high content of boron, hydrogen sulfide).

The brines are distributed almost everywhere below the Sakmarian stage of the Lower Permian, however, there are no explored deposits of industrial mineral waters in the republic. Currently, mud baths of the republic use bromine brines with a high content of iodine and boron, as well as hydrogen sulfide waters.

The mineral waters of the Republic of Mari El are of interest for both medicinal and drinking purposes. Their quality and reserves allow wider use of available mineral water resources for spa treatment and bottling.

On the territory of the republic, two stable sources of pollution of underground aquifers were found in the Medvedevsky district near the village of Kuchki, where the dump of liquid industrial waste of the vitamin plant and the solid waste dump of Yoshkar-Ola are located, and in the Zvenigovsky district, in the village. Suslonger hydrolysis plant.

surface waters.

Most of the water bodies are assigned to the 3rd class of moderately polluted waters.

The groundwater.

The water management fund of the republic is 476 rivers and streams with a total length of about 7 thousand km, 689 lakes with a total area of 2.5 thousand hectares, 185 ponds and reservoirs for complex purposes with a total water volume of 97.6 million m3, sections of the Cheboksary and Kuibyshev reservoirs on the river Volga with an area of 60 thousand hectares and 7.8 thousand hectares, respectively.

According to the results of chemical studies conducted in 2002, a significant part of the controlled water bodies is classified as "moderately polluted" water - the Kuibyshev reservoir, the Cheboksary reservoir, the transboundary and estuarine sections of the Bolshaya and Malaya Oshla rivers, the Sarda, Rutka, Vetluga, Sura, Sundyr, Malaya Yunga, Sumka, sections of the rivers Malaya Kokshaga, Bolshaya Kokshaga, B. Yunga; the class of "polluted" waters includes the rivers Lunda, Bui, Urzhumka, a section of the river. M. Kokshaga, section of the river. Nemda below the treatment facilities of the village. Kuzhener, transboundary sections of the B. Yunga and B. Oshla rivers; the class of "dirty" waters includes the mouth sections of the rivers Ilet, Yushut, Bolshaya Kokshaga, Nemda below the treatment facilities of the village. New Torjal, Serdyazhka, Nolka, section of the river. Malaya Kokshaga below the wastewater treatment plant in Yoshkar-Ola.

Surface water bodies received 75.6 million m3 of wastewater from industrial enterprises (3.1 million m3 more than in 2001), of which 63.8 million m3 were polluted (3.3 million m3 more than in 2001). m3 more than in 2001). In addition, 5.59 million m3 of normatively pure wastewater was discharged into water bodies, and 6.39 million m3 of normatively treated wastewater. The increase in the volume of wastewater discharges is explained by the increase in water consumption at OJSC "Mari Pulp and Paper Mill".

As in previous years, groundwater remains the main source of water supply in the Republic of Mari El. Surface water bodies are polluted by the enterprises of housing and communal services in Yoshkar-Ola (almost two thirds of the volume of polluted wastewater discharges in the republic), as well as by Mari Pulp and Paper Plant JSC (23.32 million m3 of polluted wastewater are discharged) .

Most sewage treatment plants in cities and district centers are outdated, physically worn out, and require reconstruction. In 2002, in accordance with the approved standards for the discharge of pollutants, 3 sewage treatment facilities operated: two in the city of Volzhsk, belonging to MUE "Vodokanal", and one in the village. Soviet (MU MPKH of the Soviet district). As in previous years, they were dumped into the r. Turechka wastewater of JSC "Mari-Turek Butter and Cheese Plant".

In order to ensure the standard treatment of wastewater discharged into water bodies, work has begun on the reconstruction of sewage treatment facilities at individual enterprises:
the construction of the second treatment line at the OSK MUP "Vodokanal" in Yoshkar-Ola is underway;
during the year, work was started and completed on the overhaul of a block of tanks at the OSK MUP "Vodokanal" in Kozmodemyansk;
within the framework of the republican targeted investment program for 2002, during the year, the construction of sewage treatment plants with wastewater discharge onto the terrain in the Kundushtur PNDI with a capacity of 100 m3 of wastewater per day was started and completed.

At the same time, the construction of treatment facilities started in the 1990s in the settlements of Novy Toryal and Kuzhener has been suspended, and outdated treatment facilities in the town of Zvenigovo, the settlements of Novy Toryal, Kuzhener, Sernur, Krasnogorsky, Mochalishche, the villages of Lyulpany and Kosolapovo do not provide wastewater treatment . Further operation of these structures creates the risk of emergency situations and extremely high pollution of water bodies.

Of particular concern is the state of treatment facilities in the village. Paranga. The treatment facilities commissioned in 1999 still do not provide the design degree of wastewater treatment (the reason is that commissioning work has not been carried out), which is the cause of pollution of the water intake - the river. Paranginka. The work on the second launch complex was started without completing the work and ensuring the satisfactory operation of the facilities of the first launch complex.

The economic potential of the republic is not distinguished by the presence of a large number of industrially significant natural resources. But at the same time, Mari El has large reserves of building stone, expanded clay, brick and tile raw materials, carbonate rocks for liming soils, facing stone, peat, sapropel, mineral waters and mud. Exploration of other minerals is underway. The main natural wealth of the Republic of Mari El is the forest, the total area of the forest fund is more than 1200 thousand hectares or 57% of the territory of the republic.
The mineral resource base of non-metallic minerals of the Republic of Mari El is represented mainly by deposits of building raw materials, namely gypsum and anhydrite, building stone, expanded clay and brick-tile clay, carbonate rocks for the production of lime and cement, sand suitable for construction work and road construction, glass production and the production of silicate bricks and, to a much lesser extent, deposits of agrochemical raw materials. There are 35 enterprises operating in the republic engaged in the extraction of solid minerals. Crushed stone and rubble of carbonate rocks, silicate and red (ceramic) bricks, wall materials, expanded clay, dark green glassware, building sand, flour for liming soils, peat, peat briquette and sapropel are produced.
On the territory of the Republic of Mari El, a significant number of deposits of solid non-metallic minerals are concentrated - glass sand, carbonate rocks, peat, sapropel.
In terms of the number of explored reserves, the quality of quartz sands and their predicted resources, the Republic of Mari El occupies one of the first places in the European part of Russia.
The balance of solid mineral reserves in the republic includes 67 deposits of 11 types of construction raw materials. Of these, 27 are being developed, 30 are in reserve, 13 are being prepared for development.
Within the territory of the republic there are a large number of lakes, the features of water and mineral nutrition of which, as well as sufficient moisture content of the territory, contribute to the formation in these reservoirs of sapropelic and mineral mud enriched with iron sulfides, which have a high balneological value.

Mineral resources
Solid non-metallic minerals. A significant number of deposits of solid non-metallic minerals are concentrated on the territory of the Republic of Mari El: building materials, glass sand, gypsum, peat, sapropel.
For many years ahead, the republic is provided with such types of raw materials as carbonate crushed stone of medium and low strength, building stone, expanded clay, brick-tile clay, building sand, peat. On the territory of the Republic of Mari El, there is a wide distribution of peat deposits. Peat is used mainly as a fuel (90% of the extraction).
There are 451 peat deposits on the territory of the Republic of Mari El, of which 137 have an area of more than 10 hectares. The developed part of the peat massifs is located in the western part (within the Mari lowland). The total geological reserve of peat is 156,748.1 thousand tons, incl. balance reserves are 115391.2 thousand tons.
The deposits of the low-lying type are the most widespread (73.62% of the total reserves), high-moor peat - about 19%. In 1996, the government of the republic adopted a resolution "On the protection and rational use of peat bogs in the Republic of Mari El", in which 13 deposits with a total area of 16.7 thousand hectares are classified as specially protected areas (natural monuments). In addition, 12 deposits with a total area of 26.8 thousand hectares have been identified as promising protected areas of republican significance. The share of peat deposits taken under protection is 1.9% of the territory of the republic.

Sapropel. Within the territory of the republic there are a large number of lakes, the features of water and mineral nutrition of which, as well as sufficient moisture content of the territory, contribute to the formation in these reservoirs of sapropelic and mineral mud enriched with iron sulfides, which have a high balneological value.
More than 60 deposits of lacustrine sapropel with total resources of 11 million tons have been discovered in the republic. Of these, 5 deposits with reserves of 1.7 million tons have been explored in detail.
At present, there are 22 deposits with balance reserves of 2457 thousand tons on the balance sheet. Only the Vodozerskoye field with balance reserves of 633 thousand tons is being developed.

forest resources
The territory of the Republic of Mari El belongs to the subzones of the southern taiga and mixed (broad-leaved-coniferous and coniferous-broad-leaved) forests. The distribution of forests within the territory under consideration is uneven and varies depending on specific natural and forest conditions. With a noticeable reduction in coniferous plantations, they are replaced by deciduous forests (birch and aspen forests). On the right bank of the Volga, oak forests have been preserved in small spots, especially in the floodplains of the left tributaries of the Volga.
The area of forest lands as of 01.01.2006 is 1412 thousand hectares, including 1301.6 thousand hectares covered with forest vegetation, which are mainly located in the west of the republic and in its central part.
To assess the potential of forest resources, the indicator of forest cover was taken. The forest cover of the territory, other things being equal, determines the resource potential for the development of the forest sector of the economy. The proportion of land covered with forest vegetation is quite high and on average for administrative districts is 56% of the total area of the republic. This is an average indicator of forest cover, which gives a very approximate idea of the forest resource potential of the regions, since the size of the reserves depends on the productivity of forests and their age structure. In terms of districts, it is very heterogeneous and varies from 11% to 83%.
Forestry activities for the use and restoration of the forest fund on the territory of the republic are carried out by 21 forestries. The forestries manage 670.5 thousand hectares of forests of groups I and II, which are possible for exploitation, with a total timber reserve of 104.7 million cubic meters, of which 20.9 million cubic meters are mature and overmature.

Mari El Republic- a subject of the Federation in the east of the European part of Russia. The republic is located in the east of the East European Plain in the middle reaches of the Volga. In the east of the republic there is Vyatsky Uval, the surface of which is dissected by river valleys and ravines, in the south-west there is the marshy Mari lowland.

The Republic of Mari El is part of the Volga Federal District. The administrative center is the city of Yoshkar-Ola.

The territory of the republic is 23,375 km 2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) is 684,684 people.

Surface water resources

The water bodies of Mari El belong to the basin of the Caspian Sea - the Volga River.

The river network of the republic is represented by 476 rivers with a total length of about 7,144.56 km (the density of the river network is 0.31 km / km 2), most of which belong to small rivers and streams. Most of the rivers belong to the Middle Volga basin, only some rivers in the north-east of the region belong to the river basin. Vyatka (right tributary of the Kama River). The rivers of Mari El are characterized by mixed nutrition with a predominance of snow. The rivers belong to the Eastern European type of water regime, which is characterized by spring floods with a sharp rise in water level, summer-autumn low water, interrupted by rain floods, winter low water. The rivers freeze in November and open up in April. In addition to the Volga itself, the main rivers of the region are its tributaries - Vetluga, Sura and others. The medium and small rivers of Mari El (Ilet, Yushut, Bolshoi Kundysh, Bolshaya Kokshaga, Voncha and others) are often named among the cleanest rivers in Europe and the world, but the development of industry and agriculture leads to a gradual deterioration in the quality of their waters. Among the regions of the Federal District, Mari El occupies the last place in terms of the length of the river network.

The area and number of lakes and artificial reservoirs, swamps and wetlands are not constant, they depend on natural (water regime, climatic phenomena, swamping, etc.) and anthropogenic (drainage or watering of territories, flow regulation, etc.) factors.

Groundwater resources

The predicted groundwater resources of Mari El are 3,315 thousand m 3 /day (3.91% of the total volume of predicted groundwater resources of the Volga Federal District and 0.38% of Russia). Among the regions of the federal district, the republic ranks first in terms of the volume of predicted groundwater resources.

republics as of January 1, 2015 amount to 399 thousand m 3 /day, which corresponds to the degree of knowledge of 12.04%.

As of January 1, 2015, 204.2 thousand m 3 /day were extracted and extracted from the groundwater bodies of Mari El, including 86.5 thousand m 3 /day at the deposits. is 21.68% - the third indicator among the regions of the federal district after the Perm Territory and the Republic of Mordovia.

Provision of the population with water resources (as of 2015)

Provision of the population of Mari El with river runoff resources is 114.746 thousand m 3 /year per person, which is higher than the average Russian indicator (31.717 thousand m 3 /year per person) and significantly higher than the indicator of the Volga Federal District (8.533 thousand m 3 /year per person) ). According to this indicator, the Mari El Republic ranks second among the regions of the federal district after the Ulyanovsk region.

Provision of forecast groundwater resources is 4.833 m 3 /day per person, which is also higher than both the average Russian indicator (5.94 m 3 /day per person) and the indicator of the federal district (2.856 m 3 /day per person). According to this indicator, the Mari El Republic ranks third among the regions of the federal district after the Kirov and Penza regions.

Below is the dynamics of the provision of the population of Mari El with river runoff resources in 2010–2015.

Water use (as of 2015)

The intake of water resources from all types of natural sources in Mari El is 77.02 million m 3, of which most of them are from underground water bodies (66.1%). Below is the dynamics of fresh water intake in Mari El in 2010–2015.

The total water loss during transportation in the republic is 1.85 million m 3, which is 2.4% of the withdrawn water, which is lower than both the federal district indicator (5.42%) and the average Russian indicator (11.02%). Below is the dynamics of water losses during transportation in the region in 2010–2015.

- 75.89 million m 3. A significant part of the water was used for drinking and domestic, as well as industrial needs (53.67% and 32.98%, respectively), agricultural water supply and irrigation accounted for 3.76% and 2.17%, respectively. Below is the dynamics of water consumption in the region in 2010–2015.

Domestic water consumption per capita in Mari El is 59.385 m 3 /year per person, which is higher than both the average Russian indicator and the indicator of the federal district (56.205 and 53.841 m 3 /year per person, respectively). According to this indicator, the Mari El Republic ranks third among the regions of the federal district after the Samara and Saratov regions. Below is the dynamics of household water consumption per capita in the region in 2010-2015.

in Mari El - 195.21 million m 3 or 72.01% of the total water consumption of the region. Below is the dynamics of direct-flow and circulating and re-sequential water consumption in the republic in 2010-2015.

Functions for the provision of public services and the management of federal property in the field of water resources on the territory of the republic are carried out by the Department of Water Resources of the Upper Volga BVU in the Republic of Mari El.

Powers in the field of water relations transferred to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the functions of providing public services and managing regional property in the field of water resources on the territory of the republic are carried out by the Department of Environmental Safety, Nature Management and Population Protection of the Republic of Mari El.

The State Program "Environmental Protection, Reproduction and Use of Natural Resources for 2013-2020" is being implemented on the territory of the region, which includes the subprogram "Development of the water management complex of the Republic of Mari El". Among the tasks of the program are the construction of bank protection structures, increasing the operational reliability of hydraulic structures, restoration and environmental rehabilitation of water bodies.

In preparing the material, data from the State reports "On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the state and use of water resources of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the state and use of land in the Russian Federation in 2015", “On the ecological situation in the Republic of Mari El for 2015”, the collection “Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2016". The ratings of regions in terms of surface and underground water resources do not take into account the indicators of cities of federal significance -

The main factors characterizing the favorable economic and geographical position of the Republic of Mari El include:

location of the republic in the center of Russia;

proximity to federal highways;

favorable location of the main natural resources of the republic (forests, agricultural land) to potential consumers of raw materials;

the importance of the territory of the republic for solving environmental problems at the federal and interregional levels, in particular, related to the state of the Volga basin and large forests;

passage through the territory of the republic of main gas and oil pipelines.

Natural resource potential

The specifics of the organization of the territory of the republic is largely related to the nature of the distribution of natural resources.

Minerals

All known fossils of the Republic of Mari El are rocks of sedimentary origin.

The distribution of minerals and the nature of their occurrence are closely related to the geological history and forms of the land surface of the region. In the deposits of the Permian period, which cover a significant part of the republic, there are limestones, dolomites, marls, gypsums, anhydrides, sandstones, sands and high quality clays.

Among the Jurassic deposits are known plastic clay, painted in dark colors, and phosphorites.

The deposits of the Tertiary period are represented soft-plastic clays.From Quaternary deposits are common clay and sand, as well as deposits peat, swamp ore.

This vast group of sedimentary rocks is heterogeneous in terms of formation conditions. Among them are minerals of mechanical (clastic), organic and chemical origin.

Mechanical origin: crushed stone, pebble, gravel, sand, sandstone, clay, conglomerate.

organic origin: limestone, oil, dolomite, marl, peat, phosphorites, sapropel, mineral mud of sapropel and silt mineral sulfide type.

Chemical origin: gypsum, calcareous tufa, brown iron ore, mineral springs.

On the territory of the Republic of Mari El, as of January 1, 2008, 383 deposits and 538 manifestations of 16 types of mineral raw materials were registered. There are 39 enterprises operating in the republic that extract mineral raw materials.

In terms of explored reserves, quality quartz sands and their predictive resources, the Republic of Mari El occupies one of the first places in the European part of Russia. Based on the explored reserves of glass sands, one of the most attractive and promising industries in the coming years may be the glass industry.

The location of deposits and promising prospective areas near the railway and navigable rivers makes it possible to reduce the cost of their transportation to consumers and, under favorable mining and technical conditions, to make quarry products competitive.

Figure 5 Mining production index for the Republic of Mari El (percentage per year)

Compilation source: Russian Statistical Yearbook 2010

Water resources

The Republic of Mari El is rich in inland waters. Some of them originate in the spurs of the Mariysko-Vyatka rampart, and some rivers flow to the northeast and belong to the Vyatka basin, others to the southwest and are tributaries of the Volga. There are 476 large and small rivers on the territory of the republic. The number of all water flows in the republic is about 600, their total length is more than 7000 km.

The largest and most famous rivers are the Volga, Vetluga, Bolshaya Kokshaga, Ilet, Malaya Kokshaga, Sundyr, Bolshoi Kundysh, Rutka, Maly Kundysh, Yushut, Nemda, Studenka, Yuronga, Sura, Lunda, Arda, Nolka, Petyalka, Irovka, Lazh, Bui, Tolman and others.

The length of rivers in the territory of the republic:

Volga - 155 km.

Vetluga - 115 km.

Rutka - 124 km.

B. Kokshaga - 158 km.

M. Kokshaga - 212 km.

Ilet - 190 km.

Sura - 30 km.

There are more than 600 lakes in the Republic of Mari El, and more than 200 of them are large.

Most of the lakes of the Mari El River are considered to be among the cleanest in the European part of Russia, and their water is used for economic and recreational purposes. Most of the lakes are located in picturesque places and have scientific and health significance, are natural monuments. The rivers Volga, Vetluga and Sura flowing within the republic are completely navigable during the entire navigation.

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